Heat

transfer is basic and naturally

very
visible phenomena
of Nature .

II :
Heating a metal rod . ( conduction )
→

Boiling of water ( convection )

- Heat
coming from sun to earth ( radiation)

Transfer of heat from one body to another

body may take place by any one of the

following
modes .

① Conduction

convection
②
③ Radiation
 = :*:::÷=
I ease

flame Jdconduction

=Tg=27c
IT .¥mtI
↳ 1- body
radiation
=
35°C

after
some Final =
27°C

time
① Conduction 's
-
- . . .

mode
of Heat
transfer in which

energy flow without net displacement

of matter

④#

→ → - n TB
paredes
a- EFFIE
±.
Temp .
Temp .

bath bath

( Thigh ) insulation (Tww)

( maintained )I ( maintained
)
so that

no
energy leak

\
steady state : -

x
→die

o .
'
II Te
T
H 50°C die 49.9°C
•
'
49.8°C

Tna Ti Tae
TIGH =
=

→
→

H, H2

→ de
dt
Hi -
-

Ha steady state
Hi > He Abso 'Ib

Hick e.mil Release ←

Steady state : When temperature of the each cross–section of the bar
becomes constant for different cross–sections is called steady state.

under
steady state
311491A
→
dQ
• ⇐ x
constant
=
meat
uTMdkT
Heat
time
steady Wrt
→ =

uniform → wrt position

da is known as heat unsent
z
and devoted as in
A B C

T T
H L

F) a
=

diet) ,
=
daleth
TA > TB > To
 D=

T
TH I

W
connect →
steady
seat at
 TL

±iaa±
00000
ELI

sspqlid radial flood

¥⇐%
B ction: -

The transfer of energy by actual motion of particle of medium from

one place to another is called convection. It is predominant is fluids
(liquids and gases). - n
* d2
life
an
wame Heavy
colder

Sif
*
44) *
*********
*********** -
position

Parcels *
A
position *-
Planet 1
planet 2

Off
t
-

does not exist

↳
acetum exist
1¥
Radiation
① Radiation : -

in
transfer
electromagnetic of
→ Heat form
radiation .

speed
→
occurs at
of light .

( fastest mode
of heat

transfer)
→ No medium is
required .

Em radiation
B
-

m
A M
za
K radiates
→
Every body above o -
.
 &
Temp.
but
Temdiff

27100k3
 of metals
[in
case

*
ction:
-

0: Temperature
-
- .

d
H, - -> Hz

H= H2
M
-
-
-... .

Equation for
-
↑

nermal ction-e
Heat
-> = -
o
&

& =
H
S - the
-
x

do =
Temperature gradient

in =
Heat cuscent.

metals
of heat
->
are
good conductor

as well as electric current.

Q

T T
H L
= look
&5€m = 20°C

5cm 's

-15=5 We →
Mac
t
find heat current .
i

Tf -
Ti Ie

fading
in = -
KA .

=
-
5
(5×10-4) [ GDI)
[-3×1]
5×5×10-4

asxio-tx-I-fio.IT
25×80×10-2=0.8 Watt
-25
=
 ( d 01dm)

→ wine

,¥f ⇐ ⇐

#
.
# If material
of conductor & cross

section aka are

uniform throughout
length of conductor .

)
in
⇐u)
= -
KA -

IH -
du = -

KA -
do

ingen = -

isagoge
in L =
-
KA CDD

in =
-

KACI) u

ite =
KA
( THigh[Twow)
 in
date KATI
=
-
KA -

T n
-

Tl
( in 2) .
=
KAL -

)
DT

Tg Dt
ich
-
-
-
- -
- - -
- .
-

. se

!
o
L
K
O

or
in
under steady
state
D R
=

(d)
AT A

under steady
state
=

D
ze

{
As Area 4
ith
⇐ uniform }
-

Kare

-
 →
EXE
-
Temp .
Temp .

bath bath

cook) insulation Coo

( maintained ) ( maintained
)
cussent
find heat
if :

K = & SI units

length = Iom .

Age of Cros section = O -

01 M2

II in
(data)
= =
- KA -

-2×001
( DIX )
=

2×001
( %)
=

o -2 w

←
O
-
X-D
Temp .
Temp .

bath bath

cook) insulation Coo

( maintained ) ( maintained
)
cussent
find heat
if :

K = LIK SI units

length = Iom .

Age of Cros -

section = O -
01 M2

do KA It
in
-
.

= cons =
=

* due

in = -
e .
A -

DI
L
Te du
O
.

finnan
0
d
=
-

f
too
Adt

in pea )! ta
-

it ,
L
=
100A
I
in =

@xAL)
100×0.01×2
TO
O
21
-
Axial
flow cuniform]
*

&
Pi i
#
P
L

inner radius - a S

find
outer

heat
radius

current
+ b

10,s
in -

kA(t)
=

in kz(b
a2)/IT)
-
=
=

at(T
=
=in
kb )
=

-
 Q
i a a
a

P I P 1 P 1
P I
-
#I
a a a a

Noother
L * L * L * L *

Y
Y Y Y

~
niform (K)
radius + b
inner radius outer
Radial
-> a

for find heat cuscent: -

integration
Area
Nform: -

in
a
-
=
kA-

in
k(2zre)()
-

b -

Eadejaake.dT T
av
-

9
dV

Ol

inen
=>

(6(a) =cake(T1 Tc) -

dCTT
TE
E
One end of a brass rod 2m long and having 1 cm radius is maintained at
250°C. When a steady state is reached, the rate of heat flow across any

too,
cross–section is 0.5 cal s–1. What is the temperature of the other end K = 0.26
cal s–1 cm–1 °C–1. - =

en D#¥)
↳ 250 =Emk=o
=

in = o . 5
cat =
- KA -
DI
TL g DX

O .

5 =
0.26×2×12 x

200
I

(0.372×002)=1
at =

a-

T -

250 =
122.4 T= 372.42

122 4 127.6
250 T
.
-
=
=

→
 behaviour
Anomalous
of waters -

=>
->

volumeidle

Lo
-

Reason
-

structure
cage

atan
Tempc
of icedue

to

H-bonding.

in
 250
TO
-

K low
-
#

ice -

IfEffo
# Ex
-

i
-
40C
......
. . . .

↳- -.
90+

I
gloo
 Growth of ice on lakes : -

→ ice grows from top to bottom .

Aquatic life is very blessed due

to this else their survival would be

impossible .

Due to fact that water has maximum

temp
surrounding
while
at
density 4°C ,

water at to
falling
starts 4°C moves
,

lowermost
layer .

Ice start top

forming
and as
from
thickness ice increases to bad
of due

extra
conductivity of ice it acts as
layer of protection for water beneath

Thus water
at
depths is sustained

near
temp
.

a c .
- eT

=
. . .

. . . = =
= = = =
. . . . . . . . . . .

............
............
............

............

=======
. . .

8
.....
............

- ............
............
. . . . . . . .

=======
. . . . .
. . .

............
............
............

............

=======
. . .
.....
............
............
............

............

=======
. . .
.....
............
............
............
. . . . . . . .

=======
. . . . .
. . .

............
............
. . . ........

water has man density heal 40

-
-
 '
C
-
10

Q
Ix
n

Lom 140-4
-

II -

- - -

s i =
-

.
-
-
-
-
-

4°C
Rice K, K2
=
Kwater =

find thickness
In
steady state
of ice

So In : state
steady
fin
at

Yee
←
-
"

, in ,
= inn
ice -

O
-
c ⇐ -

waterline
Eater
=

+ KA
date KA
date
-

7- -

g. a
-

ki CA )
=KzA
Co -

)
n

4 aka = to Co a) -

ke
@ kztloki ) se = too Ki

¥÷ =⇐÷,
a
-

-
 cuseeut
Basics
of electricity : -

Ohm 's law ; - V=

-

↳ Villa

"-k
Er
=

=
! =

to
Current flow from higher potential
--

potential
Series combination
-

TT
nm
Rs

mm Ref =
Rit Rs
Rl Rn d
Equivalent
-_

combination :
parallel -

Ri
-

ht Teifi
't
Ra
Reg = MRI
Rit Rz
Thermal Resistance : -

in =
# = -
KA

⇐a)Eat
at -

( )
FA
AT
=
=
in

DT = it .

BT → Temp .

difference
in = heat cuss art

R -7 They mat resistance

a-
ten $
-

$
 "B
VA →umR_ VA -

VB = I R
i
CA > ) "
B

Ti Li k , A
T2
• D •

A in B

(471-2)
⇐ -

T2 ) =
it -

R
E
2L , KIA L , 2K , A
,

look 0°C
LILA ,
Esk)

d) Net heat cusseut .

④ find temperature of junction

Ri Rz

mm1-
loor
✓JOV
R3
Ri
Ez R2
÷ R3=f¥÷
-
-
-
-

I
I
4
( IKA)
4h
§kA aka

SR
UR R
mm 5k
-L_t Et
JR 52
Reg
ER
-

-
 Reg =

E ( Laa) -
-

I ¥a)

( E FA)
T Tz too In
-

=
, =

too
Eu ( Fa ) In
=

FI) #
'
n -

④
too TFT i
=L ( A)
)
Ck
doo T
-

HEA
=

T = 200 C
 Junction law : -

steady state :
-

Hindi energy
widow

µ
EI ( incoming ) =
energy
iz
oil
(outgoing)
7-
K AFIF } SEE,
steady /
a
" tis
i
titis
,

Iq
=

I it
,
In a

iz is
X
iz is
\
>
e

i, + iz -113=0

At steady state Net

charge flowing through
is
any junction zero

3-1194124 current

= addict current

heat current too theorem

In case
of ,

is valid .
 Li KIA
,
Lz , K ,A
A A B C

.at?!jimo.i'q'
÷
-

a "
.

↳ K, A
,

902
D
iHz=lH,-imz
find Relation btw Lise so
that
is heat in nod AB
there no
flow -

fB=2oo
in
(90-232)
BD : = KA
-

①
in ②
KACI)
Bc : =
-

① =②
Foz ,
=

2oz ,
¥5712
c , Any rate ; ¥EH2
x (A) 4 =
am Lz= 7M
,
↳ =£m

⑦ L ,
= 5M ↳ = 2M
, 13=73
=

h2=4m
XL 5M ↳
MIL
-
-

, =
E
F- 200°C
io -

-
KA
( GI ) -1 KA
( Ef )
¥
10×10-4×600 +10,4104×150
=
ice
( oooo
Ok
I ① ¥ ⇐

I ,
If -115=0-75 watt

µ
A km2 f-Im
10M¥
=
K =

find i ) POI supplied

by
burner ice WII WII
A
at
steady state
TD rate at
melting
which ice is

=ddfO=dftCMD=
TD rate at 06
dry
which steam is
forming L -

on one
amz=⇐) Gu .DE#
§ yo i
:-# *

steam
#
-

oils =
my
to =
title

KALLE) dna Csny

(47-3)
=
=
KA +
↳ cal -4 Joules
 '

¥
L ,
2K , A 2L ,
3K , A

look F
=

K 3L A
, ,

find temp .

of junction
Ad :
for Approx
)
-

Soi: iz i ,
-_
it is
i.
¥
B
.

Coo )
T
T

⇐ t¥¥
50
-

=
c-
-

Ioo=3LtCjI
Sounds
 Guide
:

afreet
genuinely practice
£
Solution

TTt

stuff ardent
#
Radiation
prevost 's theory of heat exchange : -

→ All bodies emit as well as absorb heat

at all temperatures above zero Kelvin

→ A body placed in a
sussoundiny will cool
or heat depends upon
following .

HL
HL

E¥E¥£F
w I →'

re re →
if
Ts
I Tae
Ts s

TB 7 Ts TBT Ts TB =
Tg

Hz > H , HI 7 Ha Hi = Ha

temp
cooling Healing
No .

change .
Btackbody
ideal
Black
body is an
concept where

it absorbs all radiations to it

falling
( a =D and emits all radiations produced
in it Ce -
D
All bodies other than black body are

known as
grey bodies .

g←①t
fobrodublack
Qi Qa -
-

Qi
=

{
the
Absorbed

retaliation
= incident
radiation

@ op -

-
Qe
heat
produced =
emitted
heat radiation .
 →
15522
St
→ 23-343
Ot

-Cu→62)
Some basic terms & Definitions : -

3.37¥:*:
↳ 3g Qabsorbed @ reflected )

÷
:÷÷:÷÷§ IT
. . .mn. . radiation

@ transmitted)

Transmitted Radiation
+
Incident
Radiation
=

Reflected Radiation
+

Absorbed Radiation
 -
emissivity : -

Ts

To e=

•
\
*E
'

for generated
black
body all radiation
will be emitted .

e- I
-
* Lili .
=

•
It +
g
Orto
O
:]
:# ¥
±
:÷
.

1004 40% 20% 9040

.

Is 0.4 0.2
⇐
reflecting , → absorbing
1 =
ttr ta

↳ transitivity
for black
body
C- = 2=0 9=1

Qt=tQi
Qr=VQi

Qa= adi
 :
(D perfect reflector
-

8=1 9=0 ,
t=O

(2) Perfect absorber

{ I :3;)
'

⇐ o
, r=o a= ,

transmitter
(3) Perfect
( t =/ ,
9=0 , r=o)
Stefan boltz law : -

man

Eat a -14
{ tennis sina.IE
.

:} .

LA

da
-14
§
=
An
a-

r is constant

- = 5.67×10-8 ( innately)
↳
Kelvin
 Heat
exchange to radiation
due : -

die EA T 't
LT > B)
= -
let
It

§}Q
"

⇐ = RA -184 Tss

ATM T

Fa = an
2g
3 Ae
=
EARTH e
a. , A

Net Heat loss :

do
-

At
= e Ar ( TY -

Tg 4)
 Rateofcoo-ing.SI
#

= ear ( Ta -

Tsi)
at

T >
Tg It
#

do = EA -
CTU Tsd) It
-

1-
Ms dt EA ( 74 Tsu) dt
gin -70 = -
- - -
.

mm
-

Route s

dat )
,

EAMICTY Tsi
-

= -

$ →
s

rate of # sate of fall of

cooling temp .
.

for spherical object

-

date email ( TY
-

EY
S
Yap S
-

3%-54
- Tsa )
§ Two bodies
spherical are at same

kept in
surrounding Find
temp . & same .

their rate of
cooling
ratio
out the
of .

Given: SA : SB = 421

RA '
-

RB = 281

A : ya R2 SA g SB =3 : )

EA e B 136
FV or =

Moo

HEAR ) C¥=ea¥
@ Tibet
* Eat )
e , At

Eaten)C ,

⑦ Eat #
= ,

f 's)
'

t.lu ) HIGH .

(1/144)
 Tse tda
cooling )
Rate of
Li ) comment on

I
-

T
(2) comment Rate Heat lost
q on
of
MII
F. If (A) I > I ④ I > z

⇐ Sie ) cs.se ) ( )
e I - I
LD TAII%t

¥7
I I date =¥)
I ⇐¥y=HEat ⇐n±¥ .
. .

⑨ )=¥t¥)
( deaf
c ea¥E÷EE
Newton 's law of cooling : -

( NII
dat -_fA£ ) ( TY Tsn )
-

let btwtemp of system &

difference
is not so high
swdounding
T =
Tp t DT

Y Tsh)
diet ertms ( Est ist )
-
-

ez [
Tsi
Ect Et )4 ,
-

I
]]

ertms Tsd
[ 41¥ ]
=
it - I

4 ear
¥3 AT

dat = KAT 19=4 ear -63

↳
#

Ms
rate of fan
of temp .
*I .ffort
Like aw
*

did focus like a crane

-
...

251; sleep like

dog.
a

BEIC: Not a
tody (E)

S getting
Not
Bad:-+ involved
 Tse)
dat K ( T -
-

DI -
K . It
=

T Tse t
-

7)d¥→ kfdt
-

O
T

Tf
Kt
en ft -

t ) =
-

gu÷Iuy
-

en
f ) =
-

Kt

Kt
Cf ) ( T Tx) e
-

Tse
-

=
-

Kt
Tf = Tg t
Tf Tg) e-

↳ Kt
Of =
Og + CO -

Os) e
-
 B = 2oz

I
50°C → 400C tn
40°C → Soc t =
??
=

NLC →
Valid

en( IIIT ) -
-
-

let

①
en
ftp.go/---kxio
= em
go ) =
-
10K elm 1213
)
②
ay
keen
-

en
( 1/2 )
(10/20) =
-

let =

①⑦ ffI÷=t¥
 t =
Lolli
oh
(2/3)
=

Amite ( Ap
prod
(In )
en
ein
= -

-
l n 2
=

us
lo ( 2)
f- en
=

en 2 = 0 .

693

biz = I . I
Lu 5 = 1 .
6 I
=
# When AT is not very
large .

dat = KC T -

)
Ts

↳
FI KC City) Tse)
-

↳
Avg temp .

of
body
 Tg -_ 20°C

Y :
sooo → 48°C E- 2mi

4¥ -
Loc t= ?

Iff KC
II) Tse)
-

↳
Avg temp .

of
10dg
① so y ,

=K( )
-

49 -

20
=

Kut )
⑨ 48-+1 =
-

20

(E) (F) t
-3¥
-

1581271
min
§ =

e a

Tsa)
A¥=
LTU 3€
①
=

EAR
-

② 't
TOY
diet
LT tooo
LAI
-

=
=

= e
( Az) - TTY Tsi
-

) + I
(E) 4*4-84)
3oz +
Iced =

6.0£
 Bulb Bubb

Room 1
E
Energy
Room 2

Energy E
lat attage

¥
I =

I = energy
-

Area x time
 ensity - per unit
*
time unit
energy
falling
per Area

-
power per unit Area.

Intensity -
real time
*
for point sources -

RI
source
RE
Re
aim
- is
↓ #watt)

②
(B) for line source E-

r.
2

I I
Is
IT .

E Is

÷ .

II.
E Is

① 3
, =
P
-

Qar , e

Ia =

4¥ )
Emmiwe :

Shindig's }
:L
-

} &
Joule
-

←
M2
T 2g
-

I
← → wm
Z

Heat released due to

temp
E
of surface
=

A¥me

old
ta #
E =
EI .

Sun
star

F- Zook temp look

R= Re R' Retz
-

( Assume black bodies ?

#

C) Esan
-
=
?? In =
??
Estate Osteen
D

dQ=Q=eA -
T
't

do ,ldtt I #

douldt E¥z=taidfu=rI
T

ftp.a/xfTIz)4AiFrTz4 =

=
16

= 9×16

64
=
 CARTY
# =

as black body e- I

do ARTY
=
a-

DI Airy # Rft .
Til
=

dt= -

doz Arts ?
Harz 434
a-

c÷jf÷Y
(2) 21494 2×2×2×242112
TTY
tu
I
 E=
Iz -

old
at
=

¥z=
ta feta
-

¥¥=tI
.

TTZY

⑨
2×2×2×2
U
Y ✓ 4
# 's law :
Kirchoff
-

To

Ess L
Ess L

TO TO

Black Body Normal body

( $9 me dimensions)
( same dimension )
Energy incident on both → Same

→
Oi

Energy Absorbed by Black body → Qi

-

I - Normal body → a Qi
⑧

EB = OI

} ¥
A = a

aaai
E -
,
-

'

¥ =

t.az -
-

Ef ,
=
- -
=
Ers
 Statement
of Kirchoff's law
:$ A
good
Absorber is a
good
$
emitter also

BBS :
ma
'

f- -

Black-body
 Solar constant : -

Ts

HRs d fee
Sun da
= e Ar TY
Black Body a- -

E- I )
E =
et Ts
"
p = e A Tg
y → Stefan 's
law
-

"
= e -
( Ya Rg 2) Tg

Intensity of radiation
reaching
solar

earth
I P
Ha Rst TH
=
e
)
-
=

q ,
-

U hd2

I = er k$2134
§ -

DL
solar
constant
#
solar
Intensity of
radiation earth
reaching
 Concept of projected area .

projected Area is the area

of shadow
wall placed
of any 3D
figure on a

in
path of eight .

Slp here
l , R l l R he,

or

↳ .

'R
l

an
e

l
 Power received by earth
-

solar radiation

q
intensity
earth
reaching.

Solar
) earth
Power
=
× Projected
constant
Area .

' 4
= r e
Rg Tg
- x EREZ
d2
EM waxes : -
C for EM wares

speed of light
-

=
3×108 ails
=3 love Kurds
.

f -
frequency
N =
wavelength

Electromagnetic spectrum : -

Radio Micro IR visible ultraviolet X -

ray V -

rays .

zn¥red
-

-
{ ROY G B IV
}
D

' t tf
Eef .

← at
a
 Spectral emissive power : -

according to definition of radiation

a
body above o Kelvin always
emit radiation

This radiation contains every

present in
single frequency EM

spectrum let
's
Eg
-
=E
-
=

=
100 J
-

M2 Dec
-

T
t to dtdd → DE

5£00 Ar
Sto t -
ol A- of
IE
0.25151ms
Ey =

old

↳ Spectral emissive power .

E -

J
O
Ea old.

8$
 → Spectral energy distribution curve

→ Bell shaped
subj curve
-

dat TT eroded

men
L
③
F

at T t
II

→ spectral energy distribution curves are

continuous
{ i. e
.
all
wavelengths are

f
emitted but proportion of
wavelength is
different
-

d E Coia )

increases
As
wavelength the amount
→
,

of radiation first increases , becomes

maximum and then decreases .

=
→ for bodies at
high temperature pre -

t
wavelength is low Ent
wavelength
with highest
f- Xm d
YT
intensity .

this is known as Wein 's displacement

law .

Am T =
constant = b

b =
Wein 's constant
= 2.89 X 10-3 Mk

↳ meter -
Kelvin
-
1