CORONAVIRUSES AND NOROVIRUSES##BY : RAJA PARDOMUAN HARAHAP

What is the best means of detecting norovirus?

1
The symptoms are the best means of diagnosing the infection, but RT-PCR and
quantitative real-time PCR are the methods that can also be used. There are also
ELISA tests for immunologic detection.

Animal coronaviruses have caused outbreaks of what disease?

2
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) in China, Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS-CoV) in Middle East.

What is the morphologic appearance of coronaviruses under electron micrograph?

3
Corona-like appearance because the surface projections of their virions.

What is the genome component of norovirus?

4
Positive-sense ssRNA

What is the genome component of human coronavirus?

5
Positive-sense ssRNA

What is the structure of the coronavirus allows the virus to endure the conditions
in the gastrointestinal tract and be spread by the fecal-oral route though the
virus is enveloped?
6
Corona formed by the glycoproteins

What virus whose step in protein synthesis is similar with human coronavirus and
norovirus?
7
Togavirus

What protein of coronavirus is transmembrane matrix protein?

8
E1 glycoprotein

What is the viral attachment protein (VAP) of coronavirus?

9
E2 glycoprotein

What is the optimum temperature for human coronavirus growth?

10
330C-350C. Rhinovirus = 330C

What is the first most likely causative agent of common cold?##1. Rhinovirus#2.
Metapneumovirus#3. Coronavirus#4. Respiratory syncytial virus#5. Influenza virus#6.
Parainfluenza virus
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1

What is the receptor of norovirus?##1. Duffy blood group antigen #2. ABO blood
group antigen#3. Sialic acid#4. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein 1
(TIM-1)
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2
What organ or tissue is not a target of animal coronavirus? ##1. Lung#2. Kidney#3.
Liver#4. Skin#4. Gastrointestinal tissue
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4

What is not the suspicious contaminated food by Norwalk virus?##1. Water#2.

Shellfish#3. Poultry#4. Raspberries#5. Food service
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3

Norwalk virus illness might be prevented by any of the following except##1.

Avoidance of raw fruits#2. Live, reassortant vaccine#3. Careful handwashing#4.
Avoidance of local drinking water#5. Avoidance of raw oysters
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2

A 20-year-old man was on a 3-week tour of Italy with other college students. One
day he abruptly became ill with nausea and vomiting followed 5 hours later by
abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea. No fever was noted. Which of these viruses is
the most likely cause of the man’s illness?#1. Calicivirus#2. Rotavirus#3.
Reovirus#4. Adenovirus#5. Astrovirus
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1

An outbreak of epidemic gastroenteritis occurred at a wooded summer camp 24 hours

after a party for visiting families. Some of the visiting parents also became ill.
Samples taken 2 weeks later from the well that was the source of drinking water at
the camp were negative for fecal coliforms. The most likely source of the outbreak
was:##1.Mosquitoes or ticks, present in high numbers in the area#2. Contaminated
food served at the party#3. A nearby stream used for fishing#4. A visiting parent
who was developing pneumonia#5. The swimming pool
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2

SARS coronavirus shares some characteristics, but not all, with human coronavirus
HCoV-OC43. Which of the following statements is true for SARS coronavirus?##1.
Causes annual outbreaks during the winter#2. Is distributed worldwide#3.
Populations at high risk of disease include health care workers#4. Natural hosts
are palm civets
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3

An epidemic of acute respiratory virus infections occurred among the elderly

residents of a nursing home. Influenza viruses and coronaviruses, which can cause
serious respiratory disease in the elderly, are suspected. Which of the following
characteristics is shared by these viruses?##1. Segmented genome#2. Infectious RNA
genome#3. High frequency of recombination during replication#4. Single serotype
infects humans#5. Negative-sense genome
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3

The following are common characteristics of coronaviruses, except for one. Which is
not correct?##1. Possess cross-reactive antigens with influenza viruses#2. Contain
the largest genomes among RNA viruses#3. Can cause gastroenteritis#4. Are
distributed worldwide
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1
What is the temperature for animal coronavirus growth?
21
370C

What is the target cell of coronavirus?

22
Ciliated epithelial cells

What is the animal coronavirus in Middle East region?

23
Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV)

Name type of cell where MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV replicate.

24
Epithelial cells, lymphocytes, leukocytes

What is the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus?

25
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2)

Regarding norovirus, which one of the following is most accurate?##1. The diarrhea
is caused by an exotoxin that increases cyclicAMP#2. There are no neutrophils or
red cells in the stool#3. Ritonavir, a protease inhibitor, is the drug of choice
for chronic diarrhea#4. Ingestion of undercooked hamburger is a common mode of
acquisition of norovirus#5. The diagnosis of norovirus-induced diarrhea is by the
detection of a fourfold or greater rise in antibody titer to the virus
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2

A 63-year-old woman develops fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, and cough. It is

early in the winter respiratory virus season, and the patient’s physician does not
know what viruses are present in the community. Which of the following viruses is
not a cause of acute respiratory disease?##1. Influenza virus#2. Adenovirus#3.
Respiratory syncytial virus#4. Coronavirus#5. Rotavirus
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5

Based on sequence analysis and serologic assays, the most likely origin of the SARS
coronavirus is which of the following?#1. Recombination between a human and an
animal coronavirus that created a new virus#2. Jump of an animal coronavirus into
humans#3. Mutation of a human coronavirus that resulted in increased virulence#4.
Acquisition of human cellular genes by a human coronavirus via recombination that
allowed viral evasion of the host immune response
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2

The coronavirus SARS epidemic of 2002–2003 resulted in many cases and deaths. What
is the primary route of transmission of human coronaviruses?##1. Fecal–oral#2.
Respiratory#3. Blood#4. Perinatal mother-to-infant#5. Sexual activity
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2

Coronavirus infections in humans usually cause a common cold syndrome. However, a

recent outbreak of SARS was characterized by pneumonia and progressive respiratory
failure. The prevention or treatment of these diseases can be accomplished by##1. A
subunit vaccine#2. A cold-adapted live-attenuated vaccine#3. The antiviral drug
amantadine#4. Infection control measures, including isolation and wearing of
protective gear#5. The antiviral drug acyclovir
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Kodua poisoning