Blood Circulation and Transportation

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Blood Circulation and Transportation
2.1 Transports System in Humans
n Structure of heart
n Function of the heart
n Blood vessels and their functions
n Comparison between arteries, veins and capillaries
n Path of blood flow in the circulatory system
2.2 Human Blood
n Blood constituents and their function
n Blood group and compatibility
2.3 Transport System in Plants
n Transport tissues in plants
n The transportation of water through xylem

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 Blood Circulation and Transportation

n The transportation of food through phloem

n Transpiration
n Factors that affect the rate of transpiration
n Role of transpiration in transport

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 2.1 Transport System in Humans
Structure of the heart
To head
Aorta and body
From head To lungs
and body Pulmonary artery
Semilunar
From lungs
valve
Pulmonary vein
Vena cava Left atrium

Right atrium Bicuspid valve

Tricuspid Left ventricle

valve
Septum
Right ventricle
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 2.1 Transport System in Humans
Functions of the heart

n A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the whole body

n Deoxygenated blood from the whole body flows back to the
right atrium via the vena cava. It then, sends blood to the right
ventricle and the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary
artery. The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs to
picks up oxygen
n Oxygenated blood flows to the left atrium through the
pulmonary veins. Blood passes from the left atrium into the left
ventricle. Then, it is pumped out from the heart into the aorta
which distributes blood to various parts of the body
n Responsible for distributing oxygen and nutrients to the body
and carrying away carbon dioxide and other waste products
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 2.1 Transport System in Humans
Blood vessels and their function

Direction of
Blood capillary blood flow
Artery Valve
opens

Vein
Blood Blood Valve close
enters flows out to prevent backflow
of blood
(a)Capillary joins artery and (b) Action of semilunar valve
vein at the wall of the vein

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 2.1 Transport System in Humans
Comparison between arteries, veins and capillaries

Characterisitcs Arteries Veins Capillaries

Appearance Connective tissue Connective tissue
Smooth Smooth
muscle muscle Lumen
Lumen Lumen
Endothelium
Endothelium tissue Endothelium tissue tissue
Thickness of Thick, muscular, Thin, less Very thin and
wall elastic elastic, less only one cell
muscular thick
Blood pressure High Low Very low
Size of lumen Small Big Very small
(diameter)

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 2.1 Transport System in Humans
Characterisitcs Arteries Veins Capillaries
Presence of No Yes No
valve
Type of blood Oxygenated Deoxygenated Oxygenated
transported blood except blood except blood and
the pulmonary the pulmonary deoxygenated
artery vein blood
Function Transport Transport Connect the
blood from the blood from the arteries and the
heart to the body tissues to veins
body tissues the heart
Rate of blood Fast Slow Very slow
flow
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 2.1 Transport System in Humans
Path of blood flow in the circulatory system
Head
and neck
Artery Hands
Pulmonary Pulmonary
Lungs vein
artery
Heart
Vena Aorta
Vein cava
Heart
Liver

Stomach and
intestine
Kidneys
Deoxygenated blood
Legs
Oxygenated blood

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 2.1 Transport System in Humans
n The human blood circulatory system is divided
into
* Pulmonary circulation : Deoxygenated blood
returning from the organs and tissues of the body
travels from the right ventricle to the left atrium
* Systemic circulation : Carries oxygenated blood
from the heart to all tissues in the body except
lungs and return deoxygenated blood which
carries waste products back to the heart

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 2.2 Human Blood
Blood constituents and their functions
Blood is a vital fluid tissue made up of liquids and
solids
The liquid component of blood is called plasma,
which is light yellow in colour
The solid component consists of blood cells,
namely red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets
Plasma and blood cells in blood can be separated
from a blood sample by using a centrifuge

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 2.2 Human Blood
Red blood White blood
Characteristics Platelets
cells cells

Shape Cytoplasmic fragment

Biconcave disc No fixed shape of cells that has no
fixed shape
Estimated size 8 m 10 m 2–3 m
Presence of
No Yes No
nucleus
Bone narrow
Place of
Bone narrow and lymph Bone narrow
production
node

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 2.2 Human Blood
Red blood White blood
Characteristics Platelets
cells cells
A few days to
Life span 120 days 8 – 10 days
many months
Presence of
Yes No No
haemoglobin
Number per
About 5 About 7 About 200 000
cubic millimeter
millions millions to 400 000
(mm3)
Transport
oxygen and Defence and Help in blood
Function
carbon immunity clotting
dioxide
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 2.2 Human Blood
Blood group and compatibility
The human blood is divided into four groups namely group A,
B, O and AB
People with blood type O are called universal donors because
they can donate blood to any blood group. They can receive
blood from group O only
People with blood type AB are called universal recipients
because they can receive blood from any blood group. They
can donate to group AB only
Transfusion is a process of blood transfer from a donor to a
recipient
Agglutination will occur when the blood of two incompatible
groups are mixed together
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 2.2 Human Blood
Compability of different blood groups

Recipient’s blood Donor’s blood type

type A B O AB

A / X / X

B X / / X

O X X / X

AB / / / /

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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
Transport tissues in plants

Xylem Phloem
n A long hollow tissue n A soft living tissue
strengthened by fibre n Rich with protoplasm
Features n Does not contain

protoplasm
n Gives support to plant n Transports the product
with its thick and of photosynthesis
strong wall (glucose) from the leaf
Functions n Transports water and to the rest of the plant
mineral salts from the for consumption or
roots to other parts of storage
the plant
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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
Monocotyledonous plant Dicotyledonous plant

Root Xylem Hair

Phloem root
Hair root
Phloem Cortex
Epidermis Xylem Epidermis
Endodermis
Stem Xylem Xylem Cortex

Phloem
Phloem
Epidermis Epidermis
Leaf Xylem Xylem

Phloem Phloem

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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
The transportation of water through xylem

Red-coloured
part

Cross section of a stem

Red-coloured Red-coloured
solution part

Balsam plant Cross section of a root

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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
Procedures
n A balsam plant is immersed into a beaker filled with a red-
coloured solution. The plant is then exposed to sunlight
n After one day, the epidermis of the stem and leaf is observed

n A thin slice of the root and stem is cut and observed under a
microscope
Observation
n Some red bands are found at the veins of the leaf and some
part of the stem and root
n From the cross section of the stem, it is observed that xylem
tissues arranged in rings in each vascular bundle are coloured
red
Conclusion
n Those red bands are xylem tissues which transport water from
the root to the stem and leaves
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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
The transportation of food through phloem

Swelling is due to
accumulation of
product of
photosynthesis
(food)
First
day Shrinking

After few weeks

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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
Procedures
n The phloem tissues of a plant is removed by making a ring at
the bark of its stem
n The plant is left under sunlight and watered everyday

n The plant is left for few weeks

Observation
n The bark above the ring swells

n The bark below the ring shrivels

n Leaves on the upper part of the ring do not wilt

Inference
n The bark above the ring swells because the food (glucose)
cannot be transported to the lower portion without phloem
tissue
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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
n The bark below the ring shrivels because the food has been
used up
n Leaves of the plant do not wilt because water and mineral salts
can still be transported up through the xylem tissues

Conclusion
n Phloems tissues transport food (glucose) from the leaf to other
parts of the plant

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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
Transpiration
n Transpiration is the evaporation process where plants lose
excessive water to the atmosphere in the form of water vapour
n The excess water will be removed through the stomata which
can be found on both surfaces on the leaf
n Stomata consist of :
* Stoma : The pore where water vapour is expelled out of the
plant
* Guard cell : Two kidney-shaped cells that contain chloroplasts
Control the pore size of the stoma
n The stoma is smaller during hot days and bigger during cold
days
n The opening of the stoma also allows exchange of gas

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2.3 Transport System in Plants

Guard cell
Hot day Cold day

Stoma Stoma is smaller Stoma is bigger

Stomata on leaf
surface

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 2.3 Transport System in Plants

Temperature

Light Relative humidity

Factors that affect

the rate of transpiration
Altitude Wind speed

Water availability

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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
Role of transpiration in transport

n Transpiration helps in the absorption and transportation

of water and minerals in plants
n As water is lost or used up by the plant, more water is
sucked up from the xylem vessels in the leaves, stem
and roots
n The flow of water is continuous from the roots to the leaves
n The water in the soil contains minerals which are absorbed
by the roots, tranported up the stem and to the leaves

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The End