Unit 04

BDwbU 4: DbœZ Ges Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n wkÿvbxwZ, ZË¡ Ges Abykxjb
f~wgKv
cÖvPxb mgvR eë¯’vq AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cÖPjb _vKv m‡Ë¡I †m Kv‡j RvZxq wkÿvi †Kv‡bv aviYv wQj bv|
Z‡e mgv‡R Kvh©-cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wkÿv †h Acwinvh© Zv ZrKvjxb wkÿvwe`Mb ¯^xKvi K‡ib| G †cÖwÿ‡Z
cwðg BD‡iv‡c RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai aviYvi weKvk Ges RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai aviYvi wfwË‡Z iv‡óªi c~Y©web¨vm
RvZxq wkÿveë¯’v weKv‡ki c_ mycÖk¯Í K‡i| RvZxq wkÿv weKv‡k wkÿvbxwZ, ZË¡ Ges Abykxj‡bi †ÿ‡Î
RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai aviYv Aby‡cÖiYv w`‡jI hy³iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg Ges divmx wecøe gvby‡li g‡b
MYZvwš¿K †PZbv‡eva, AwaKvi †eva I mvgëv‡ì aviYv m„wó K‡i| µ‡g µ‡g GB aviYv mKj †`‡k
we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Z hv‡e| mvgëv`, ¯^vaxbZv I MYZvwš¿K bxwZi Ici cÖwZwôZ iv‡óª e¨w³i AwaKvi I
gh©v`v ¯^xK…wZ `v‡bi m‡½ m‡½ ivóªxq I mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y wkÿv MÖn‡Yi welqwU AZ¨vek¨K n‡q c‡o| GB
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z A‡bK ivóª Zv‡ì mKj Awaevmx‡ì Rb¨ wkÿvi my‡hvM `v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv‡K GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
`vwqZ¡iƒ‡c MÖnY K‡i| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡ZB AvaywbK Kv‡ji RvZxq wkÿveë¯’vi D‡b¥l nq| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi
mKj †`‡kB RvZxq wkÿveë¯’vi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU ivóªB Zv‡ì mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK,
HwZnvwmK, K…wó, RvwZMZ fvlvMZ, êÁvwbK I ag©MZ cUf~wg I cwi‡ek we‡ePbv K‡i Zv‡ì wkÿvi
iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb K‡i wkÿvi wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, RvZxq
wkÿv weKv‡k c„w_exi mKj †`k Zv‡ì wbR¯^ wkÿvbxwZ I wkÿvZË¡ cÖPjb K‡i _v‡K Ges RvZxq
wkÿvbxwZi Av‡jv‡K wkÿv Dbœq‡b KvR K‡i hvq| ZvB RvZxq wkÿvi weKvk wbf©i K‡i †`‡ki RvZxq
wkÿvbxwZi Ici| GB BDwb‡U DbœZ †`kmg~nÑ hy³ivR¨, hy³ivóª, Rvcvb I A‡÷ªwjqv Ges Dbœqbkxj
†`kmgyn fviZ, gvj‡qwkqv, Pxb I evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvbxwZ, wkÿvZË¡ Ges Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ PviwU cv‡Vi
gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cvV 4.1: mgv‡jvPbvg~jK †evSvcov Ges `„óvšÍ hv ÁvZ K‡i RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ
cvV 4.2: wkÿvq RvZxq/AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi f~wgKv
cvV 4.3: ¯’vbxq Ges wek¦ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvi ZË¡ Ges Ab~kxjb
cvV 4.4: wkÿvq cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb I kw³mg~n
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg
cvV- 4.1: mgv‡jvPbvg~jK †evSvcov Ges `„óvšÍ hv ÁvZ K‡i RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ
Critical Understanding and Paradigm that Inform
National Education Policy
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿv AvBb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 hy³iv‡óªi wkÿvbxwZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Rvcv‡b wkÿvbxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 A‡÷ªwjqv wkÿvbxwZi cÖYq‡bi wewfbœ w`K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fvi‡Zi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gvj‡qwkqvi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Px‡bi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wkÿvbxwZÑ 2010-Gi we‡kl w`K mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 RvZxq wkÿvbxwZi mg‡jvPbvg~jK we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f~wgKv
ivóªxq g~jbxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i †`k cwiPvwjZ nq| Avi †`‡ki DbœqbI †mme bxwZi Ici wbf©ikxj Z‡e
mywbw`©ó RvZxq wkÿvbxwZi Ici wbf©i K‡i †`k I RvwZi Dbœqb| ZvB †h †Kv‡bv †`k Zvi ivóªxq
g~jbxwZi Av‡jv‡K wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb Ges wkÿveë¯’v cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| Avevi wkÿvbxwZ ev wkÿv
AvBb Gi Ici wfwË K‡i wkÿveë¯’vi weKvk I Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ Kvh©µg wba©vwiZ nq| wb‡gœ PviwU DbœZ
†`k I PviwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ Ges wkÿv eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
K. Bsj¨v‡Ûi (U.K) wkÿv AvBb
Bsj¨v‡Ûi RvZxq Pwi‡Îi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨ n‡jv ag©‡eva| G Kvi‡YB Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿv weeZ©‡b
agx©q ms¯’vmg~‡ni cÖfve Acwinvh©| GKw`‡K RbM‡Yi iÿYkxjZv, ¯^vaxbZv I agx©q‡eva, Ab¨w`‡K
cÖMwZkxjZv, ag© wbi‡cÿZv Ges iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ Gm‡e cÖwZdjb N‡U| Zv‡ì wkÿvi µgweeZ©‡bi
`xN© BwZnv‡m †`Lv hvq, ivóª‡cvwlZ we`¨vjq Ges PvP© †cvwlZ we`¨vj‡q `xN©Kvj msN‡l©i Av‡cvl wggvsmv
A_ev ¯^kvwmZ we`¨vjq Ges cvewjZ we`¨vjq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Av‡cvl wggvsmv| G Av‡jv‡K wkÿv
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K AviI D‡Ïk¨gyLx I Kvh©Kwi Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv cÖkvmb msµvšÍ AvBb cÖYq‡bi c`‡ÿc
M„nxZ nq| wkÿveë¯’v‡K AvaywbKxKi‡Yi Rb¨ Dwbk kZ‡Ki †klvs‡k KZ¸‡jv Kvh©Ki I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvBb
cªYqb K‡i Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DbœwZ mva‡bi cÖ‡Póv †bqv nq| †hgb 1870 wLªóv‡ãi d÷vi
wkÿvi AvBb, 1888 wLªóv‡ã †jvKvj Mfb©‡g›U AvBb, 1899 wLª÷v‡ã wkÿv‡evW© AvBb, 1902 wLªóv‡ã
†ej‡dvi AvBb, 1918 wLª÷v‡ã wkÿv AvBb, 1936 wLª÷v‡ã wkÿv AvBb BZ¨vw`| Gme wkÿv AvB‡b wkÿv
msµvšÍ mKj ms¯‹vi I Dbœqb cÖ‡Póvi mgš^q I ms‡hvRb K‡i 1944 mv‡„j wkÿv AvBb‡K mgMÖ †`‡ki
RvZxq wkÿv‡K c~b©v½fv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i| 1944 mv‡ji wkÿv AvBb Bsj¨v‡Ûi mvgwMÖK wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î e¨vcK
c„ôv 124 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Zzjbvg~jK wkÿv BDwbU- 4
Ges my`~i cÖmvix cwieZ©b Av‡b| G Rb¨ G AvB‡bi ¸iæZ¡ m¤^‡Ü ejv n‡q‡QÑ “The education act of
1944 constitutes the most important single progressive step ever taken in education
history”.
1944 mv‡ji wkÿv AvBb
wØZxq wek¦hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q GB wkÿv AvBb cÖYqb Kiv n‡jI hy× †k‡l GB AvBb ev¯Íevqb ïiæ Kiv
nq| GB AvBb GLbI Bsj¨vÛ I I‡qj‡mi wkÿvi †gŠwjK KvVv‡gv iƒ‡c we‡ewPZ| GB AvBb Øviv
Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿvi wb‡gœ ewY©Z cwieZ©b mvab Kiv nq|
1. GB AvB‡b me©cÖ_g mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, †kªwYweb¨vm wb©we©‡k‡l e„‡U‡bi mKj wkÿv_x©i †hvM¨Zv,
Pvwn`v, AvMÖn Abyhvqx wkÿv`v‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Kivi K_v †NvlYv K‡i|
2. êwPÎwejvmx I ¯^vaxbZvKvgx Bs‡iR RvwZi cÖavb êwkó¨¸‡jv GB AvB‡b mgš^q mvab Kiv nq| GB
AvBbB me©cÖ_g e„‡U‡bi wkÿveë¯’v‡K GK †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii AvIZvq Avbqb K‡i Ges Zrm‡½
wkÿvi me©¯Í‡i ¯^vqËkvwmZ ms¯’vi ¯^vaxbZv I êwPÎ A¶zYœ ivLv nq| ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ©„cÿ GB AvBb
e‡j 18 ermi eqm ch©šÍ †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì mKj cÖKvi wkÿvi eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi `vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i|
3. wkÿv ‡ev‡W©i ¯’‡j wkÿv gš¿Yvjq †`‡ki mgMÖ wkÿveë¯’v Z`viK I ZË¡veav‡bi `vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i|
GQvov ¶z`ª ¶z`ª I `ye©j ¯’vbxq wkÿv BDwbU¸‡jv‡K mgwš^Z K‡i 146wU ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ©©„cÿ MVb Kiv
nq|
4. GB AvBb we`¨vjq wkÿve¨¯’v‡K wZbwU ¯Í‡i wef³ K‡i:
cÖv_wgK wkÿv: bvm©vix n‡Z 11 ermi eqm ch©šÍ †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì wkÿv GB ¯Í‡ii AšÍf~©³ Kiv nq| (K)
wkïi 5 ermi eqm ch©šÍ bvm©vix I wKÛvi Mv‡U©b wkÿvi mgq wba©vwiZ nq| (L) Bbd¨v›U ¯‹z‡j 5-7 ermi
ch©šÍ Ges (M) Rywbqi ¯‹z‡j 7-11 ermi ch©šÍ wkÿv MÖn‡Yi mgq aiv nq|
gva¨wgK wkÿv: gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i MÖvgvi ¯‹zj, †UKwbK¨vj ¯‹zj, gW©vb ¯‹z‡j mKj wK‡kvi I Ziæ‡Yiv wkÿvi
my‡hvM jvf Ki‡e| GB AvBb Øviv mgMÖ †`‡ki mKj cÖKv‡ii gva¨wgK ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡K me©cÖ_g GB m~‡Î MÖnY
Kiv nq| Z‡e ¯’vbxq KZ©„cÿ B”Qv Ki‡j GKB K¨v¤úv‡m wZb cÖKv‡ii gva¨wgK ¯‹z‡ji eë¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i
ev c„_K GjvKvqI Ki‡Z cv‡i| AwaKš‘ mKj cÖKv‡ii gva¨wgK ¯‹zj‡K mggh©v`v `v‡bi Rb¨ GB AvB‡b
¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ©„cÿ‡K wb‡`©k †Ìqv nq|
AwZwi³ wkÿv (Further Education): eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv †k‡l 18 ermi eqm ch©šÍ (hvnviv 15 ev 16
ermi eq‡mi ci Avi we`¨vj‡q Aa¨qb Ki‡e bv Zvnv‡ì Rb¨) ZiæY ZiæYx‡ì Rb¨ wbqwgZ I
LÛKvjxb Ges e„wË I †ckvg~jK wkÿvi eë¯’v Kivi `vwqZ¡ ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ©„cÿ‡K †Ìqv nq|
1. GB AvBb 5 nB‡Z 15 ermi ch©šÍ wkÿv‡K eva¨Zvg~jK †NvlYv K‡i Ges fwel¨‡Z GB wkÿv‡K 16
erm‡i DbœxZ Kivi mycvwik K‡i|
2. GB AvBb ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ©„cÿ‡K weKjv½ I c½y‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl wkÿveë¯’v MÖn‡Yi AwaKvi cÖ`vb
K‡i|
3. ag© wkÿv `vb wel‡q 1944 mv‡ji wkÿv AvB‡b agx©q cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ…©cÿ‡K
ag© m¤úwK©Z wm‡jevm Aby‡gv`b I wbqš¿Y Kivi ÿgZv Ac©Y Kiv nq|
4. cÖwZwU †emiKvix I MxR©v cwiPvwjZ ¯‹zj‡K miKvix ZvwjKvifz³ Ki‡Z ejv nq| RvZxq wkÿvi gvb
mywbwðZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ GB ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡K Bb&m‡c±i KZ©„K cwi`k©‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z ejv nq|
Comparative Education c„ôv- 125
myZivs GB AvBb e‡j KvDw›U ¯‹z‡ji cvkvcvwk †emiKvix I †¯^”QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z ms¯’v Øviv cwiPvwjZ Bsj¨v‡Ûi
HwZnëvnx cvewjK ¯‹zj¸‡jvI wb‡R‡ì Aw¯ÍZ¡ eRvq ivLvi AwaKvi jvf K‡i| cieZx© Kv‡jI wewfbœ
cÖKvi D`vi AvBb I wewa Øviv GB mKj ¯‹z‡ji ¯^vaxbZv A¶zYœ ivLvi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq|
ZvQvov GB wkÿv AvB‡b cieZx©‡Z e„‡U‡bi ¯^v‡_© wKQzUv cwieZ©b I ms‡kvab Avbv nq| †hgbÑ 1948
mv‡j wdkvi AvB‡bi Aax‡b wkÿvi my‡hvM m¤cÖmvwiZ nq| Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿv ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ 1959 µ_vi
wi‡cv‡U© 15-18 eQi eq¯‹ wkÿv_x©‡ì bvbvw`‡Ki Pvwn`vi wfwË‡Z wkÿv web¨v‡mi wewfbœ mycvwi‡ki
wfwË‡Z Kvh©Kix Kiv nq| djkÖæwZ‡Z KvwiMwi wkÿvi cvV¨µg ms¯‹vimn wkÿv_©xi 16 ermi eq‡m
we`¨vjq cwiZ¨v‡Mi wm×všÍ 1972-73 mv‡j Kvh©Kix Kiv nq| ZvQvov 1963 wLª÷v‡ã wbDmg wi‡cvU© 16
eQi eqm ch©šÍ eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv cÖeZ©‡bi mycvwik Kiv nq| 1967 wLª÷v‡ã cøvB‡Wb wi‡cv‡U© cÖv_wgK
wkÿv Dbœq‡b KZK¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mycvwik Ges 1972 wLª÷v‡ã †Rgm wi‡cv‡U© wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î
hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b Avbq‡bi Rb¨ mycvwik cÖYqb Kiv nq| 1944 mv‡j wkÿv AvB‡bi avivevwnKZv eRvq
†i‡L G mg¯Í wi‡cv‡U©i wfwË‡Z AvswkK cwieZ©b I cwigvR©b K‡i Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿv eë¯’v Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡Póv
MÖnY Kiv nq|
L. hy³iv‡óªi wkÿv bxwZ
Av‡gwiKv ev gvwK©b hy³ivóª 50wU A½iv‡R¨ wb‡q MwVZ GKwU †dWv‡ij ivóª| msweavb Abyhvqx wkÿvi `vq
`vwqZ¡ A½ ivR¨¸‡jvi Ici Awc©Z| A½ ivR¨¸‡jvB ¯^ ¯^ wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb K‡i Ges ¯’vbxq ¯‹zj wWw÷ª‡Ki
gva¨‡g Zv ev¯Íevqb K‡i| GRb¨ Av‡gwiKvq †dWv‡ij ev †K›`ªxq ch©v‡q †Kv‡bv wkÿvbxwZ nqwb|
GZ`m‡Ë¡I Ggb aviYv Kiv wVK bq †h hy³iv‡óªi wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î RvZxq HK¨ †bB| ev¯ÍeZv GB †h,
†hŠ_¯§„wZ, †hŠ_g~j¨‡eva Ges †hŠ_ AvKvs•Lv Gi me©vZ¥K RvZxq H‡Kï wfwË iPbv K‡i †i‡L‡Q Ges GiB
c‡ivÿ cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q cÖwZwôZ A½iv‡R¨¸‡jvi wkÿvbxwZ‡Z| ZvB mgMÖ hy³iv‡óªi wkÿv †ÿ‡Î K‡qKwU
†gŠj Dcv`vb me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| G¸‡jv n‡”Q MYZš¿, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv, cÖ‡qvMev`, wkï‡Kw›`ªKZv, cÖMwZev` Ges
mgvR †Kw›`ªKZv| mgMÖ hy³iv‡óª wkÿv eë¯’v `ywU g~jwfwËi Ici cÖwZwôZ| h_vÑ wkÿvi gva¨‡g bvMwiK I
bvMwiKZvi Dbœqb Ges wkÿvi mgvb my‡hvM| 1952 wLªóv‡ã “Educational Policies commission
Education for All American Youth”-Gi GK cÖwZ‡e`‡b wkÿv_x©i AvMÖn, `ÿZv, cÖ‡qvRb Ges
cÖeYZvi êwP‡Îï Ici wfwË K‡i gva¨wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ wba©vi‡Yi K_v ejv nq| Z‡e †dWv‡ij miKvi I
A½iv‡Rï cÖYxZ wkÿvbxwZi wfwË‡Z wkÿv bxwZi we‡kl w`K mg~n wbgœiƒcÑ
1. AvBb I HwZn¨ m~‡Î wkÿvi `vq-`vwqZ¡ cÖwZwU A½ ivóª Ges A½ ivóªfz³ cÖwZôvbmg~n cvjb K‡i
_v‡K|
2. ¯’vbxq RbmvaviYB wkÿvi †ewkifvM e¨qfvi enb K‡i, †dWv‡ij Ges ivóª, †dWv‡ij Ges A½ ivvóª
miKvi Lye KgB e¨q K‡i _v‡K|
3. Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î MYZvwš¿K †PZbv KvR K‡i, wkÿvI Gi e¨wZµg bq| †dWv‡ij miKvi wkÿvi
`vwqZ¡ A½ iv‡óªi Ici Ac©Y K‡i‡Q, Avevi ivóª GB `vwqZ¡ Ac©b K‡i‡Q Ò†jvKvj †evW©Ó-Gi Ici|
mviv‡`ke¨vcx Rbmvavi‡Yi wkÿvi my‡hvM cvevi mgvb AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU A½ iv‡óªi RbmvaviY
Zv‡ì AwfiæwP Abyhvqx ¯‹yj cÖwZôvi ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ Ò†U÷ †evW© Ae GWz‡KkbÓ
Gme ¯‹z‡ji wkÿvbxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

4. wkÿv Kvh©µg we¯Í…Z Ges eûgyLx| D”P we`¨vj‡qi GKRb QvÎ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b PvKzixi Rb¨ A_ev
K‡j‡R mvaviY wkÿv wKsev KvwiMwi wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZg~jK †Kvm©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ n‡Z †h †KvbwU †e‡Q
wb‡Z cv‡i| K‡j‡R bvbv ai‡bi weKí wkÿv welq i‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU wel‡qi wkÿvµg wkÿv_x©‡K
bvbv iKg Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i †`q|
5. RbwnZKi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| mviv‡`‡k `k nvRv‡iiI E‡aŸ© RbwnZKi
cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q, G¸‡jvi A‡a©‡KiI ‡ewk †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e wkÿvi Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
6. K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vjq ¯Í‡i wkÿv A‰eZwbK bq, wKš‘ Gme cÖwZôvb †gvU e¨wqZ A‡_©i gvÎ 25% A_©
QvÎ †eZb †_‡K †c‡q _v‡K|
7. mvaviYZ 6 eQi eq‡m ¯‹z‡j m~Pbv nq, †Kvb †Kvb ¯‹z‡j 7 eQi eq‡mI wkÿvi m~Pbv nq| AwaKvsk
A½ iv‡óª wkÿv 16 eQi ch©šÍ Ges K‡qKwU A½ iv‡óª 18 eQi ch©šÍ eva¨Zvg~jK Ges A‰eZwbK|
8. RvZxq wW‡dÝ G¨v± 1958 cÖYxZ bxwZ‡Z mgMÖ †`‡ki D”Pwkÿv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ FY`vb Kg©m~Pxi gva¨‡g
wkÿv_x©‡ì my‡hvM m„wó Kiv|
N. Rvcv‡bi wkÿvbxwZ
†gBwR kvm‡bi c~Y©:cÖwZôv Rvcv‡bi wkÿvi BwZnv‡m GKwU hyMvšÍKvix c`‡ÿc| 1872 mv‡j †gŠwjK wkÿv
†KvW cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g Rvcv‡b AvaywbK wkÿveë¯’v cÖewZ©Z nq| Zvici 1890 mv‡j †gŠix hy‡Mi wkÿv
ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ ivRKxq wkÿv AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| GB AvB‡bi †gŠwjK wkÿvbxwZ wØZxq wek¦hy× ch©šÍ
Rvcv‡bi wkÿveë¯’vq Mfxi †iLvcvZ K‡i| hy‡×vËi Rvcv‡bi wkÿv ms¯‹vi AvBb cÖYq‡bi wewfbœ w`K
Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
hy‡×vËi Rvcv‡bi wkÿv weKvk‡K wZb ch©v‡q fvM Kiv hvq|
cÖ_g ch©v‡q 1945-1952 mvj ch©šÍ Rvcv‡bi wkÿv‡K PzovšÍfv‡e cybM©Vb I cybweb¨vm Kiv nq| bZzb
msweav‡bi QvweŸkZg Aby‡”Q‡` hy‡×vËi Rvcv‡bi wkÿvi g~jbxwZ‡Z ejv nqÑ
“All persons shall have the right to receive an equal education corresponding to their
ability, as provided by law. The people shall be obligated to have all the boys and girls
under their protection receive ordinary education as provided by law. Such compulsory
education shall be free.”
msweav‡bi GB bxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i cieZx© erm‡i 1947 mv‡j †gŠwjK wkÿv AvBb ev Fundamental
Law of Education cÖYqb Kiv nq| GB AvBb Rvcv‡bi wkÿv‡K MYZvwš¿K j‡ÿ¨ web¨vm I iƒc `vb
K‡i| MYZvwš¿K Av`‡k© wkÿv‡K c~YMV‡bi Rb¨ wb‡gœ DwjøwLZ KwZcq eë¯’v Aej¤^b Kiv nqÑ
1. wkÿvi mKj êlg¨ `~i K‡i †hvM¨Zv I `ÿZv Abymv‡i mK‡ji Rb¨ wkÿv MÖn‡Yi mgvb my‡hvM `vb
Kiv nq|
2. c~‡e©i Qq erm‡ii ¯’‡j bq ermi (9g †kªwY) wkÿv eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq| cÖwZeÜx †Q‡j †g‡qiv
we‡kl ¯‹z‡j eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡e|
3. wkÿv web¨vm I msMVb mnR Kiv nq| eûgyLx wkÿvi cwie‡Z© GKgyLx wkÿveë¯’v Kiv nq| wkÿvi
msMVb cÖv_wgK n‡Z D”P wkÿv ch©šÍ 6+3+3+4 cwiKíbvq web¨vm Kiv nq|
4. bZzb mgv‡Ri j‡ÿ¨ weÁvb I ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡k wkÿvi f~wgKv m¤cÖmviY Kiv nq|

5. cÖv_wgK I wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mKj wkÿv_x©‡K webvg~‡j¨ Lvevi I cvV¨cy¯ÍK mieivn Kiv nq|
6. D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ¯Í‡i bZzb ai‡bi Ò†µwWU wm‡÷gÓ Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q hvi d‡j †h †Kvb e¨w³ †h
†Kv‡bv mg‡q Zvi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
7. wkÿv gš¿Yvjq wKÛvi Mv‡U©b †_‡K D”P gva¨wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ wkÿvµ‡gi RvZxq gvb wba©viY K‡i|
mKj bvMwiK †hb wkÿvi mgvb my‡hvM cvq GB bxwZ Abymv‡i wkÿvµg cÖYqb Kiv nq|
8. Educational Personnel Certification Law Abymv‡i wkÿKZv Ki‡Z n‡j Rywbqi K‡jR ev
wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wWwMÖ AR©b K‡i cÖwkÿY mvwU©wd‡KU wb‡Z n‡e|
9. D”P wkÿv †gavwfwËK I AZ¨šÍ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK| wek¦we`¨vjq I D”P wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b fwZ©i Rb¨
“National Centre for University Entrance Examination” bvgK ms¯’v †K›`ªxqfv‡e fwZ©
cixÿv MÖnY Ki‡e| RvZxq, ¯’vbxq, miKvix I †emiKvwi mKj cÖKvi wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ©i Rb¨ GB
†K›`ªxq cixÿv MÖnY Kiv nq|
10. miKvix †emiKvix D‡`¨v‡M eq¯‹ I hyeK‡ì Rb¨ ÔmvgvwRK wkÿvÕ Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| cÖvq
mKj wgDwbwmcvwjwU‡Z “Citizen’s Public Hall’ i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b bvbv ai‡bi wkÿvg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi
gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi †eŠw×K I mvs¯‹…wZK Rxeb‡K DbœZ Kivi D‡`¨vM †bqv nq|
GB AvB‡bi aivevwnKZv eRvq †i‡L wewfbœ mg‡q cwieZ©b I cwigvR©b Kiv nq| Gi djkÖæwZ‡Z 1989
mv‡j Rvcv‡b wkÿv gš¿Yvjq GKwesk kZ‡K Rvcvwb mgv‡R Kvw•LZ cwieZ©b, gvby‡li Rxebaviv I
g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZ jÿ¨ †i‡L ¯‹zj ch©v‡q wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~Px cwieZ©b K‡i|
N. A‡÷ªwjqvi wkÿvbxwZ
Av‡gwiKvi b¨vq ewnivMZ Awaevmxiv A‡÷ªwjqvq emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki †kl w`K Bsj¨v‡Ûi
eûmsL¨K K‡qw` A‡÷ªwjqvq ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq| GB K‡qwìvB GB gnv‡`‡k cÖ_g emwZ ¯’vcbKvix Ges
eZ©gv‡b Avw` evwm›`v| ax‡i ax‡i A‡÷ªwjqv QqwU ¯^vqË kvwmZ ivR¨ ¯’vwcZ nq| mKj iv‡Rï HKë×
cÖ‡Póvq hy³ivóªxq miKvi cÖwZôvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †Ìqvq 1901 mv‡j A‡÷ªwjqv KgbI‡q_ miKvi
cÖwZwôZ nq| Z‡e A‡÷ªwjqvi wkÿv msMVb I cÖkvm‡bi we‡kl êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU ivR¨ Zv‡ì nv‡Z
m¤ú~Y© GjvKvi wkÿv‡K K‡Vvifv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i| Z_vwc cÖ‡Z¨K iv‡Rï wkÿvi msMVb, web¨vm I cªkvm‡b
wgj i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿv AvB‡bi gZ A‡÷ªwjqv miKv‡ii AvB‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿveë¯’v cwiPvwjZ
n‡q _v‡K|
bZzb cwi‡e‡k RvZxq wkÿv bxwZ
QqwU A½iv‡R¨ 1872-1893 mv‡ji gaëZx© mg‡q AvBb cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g eva¨Zvg~jK I ag© wbi‡cÿ
A‰eZwbK cÖv_wgK wkÿv cÖeZ©‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| GB AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨ cÖ_g Ae¯’vq mdj bv n‡jI
Bnv AvswkKfv‡e agx©q mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i| Ae‡k‡l 1916 mv‡j A‰eZwbK eva¨Zvg~jK I ag© wbi‡cÿ
RvZxq wkÿv cÖv_wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ Kvh©Kix nq|
cÖv_wgK wkÿv eva¨Zvg~jK Kivi ci A‡÷ªwjqvi A½ ivR¨¸‡jv gva¨wgK wkÿvi cÖmvi I Dbœq‡bi w`‡K
g‡bv‡hvM †`q| ivR¨¸‡jv 1920-1939 mv‡ji g‡a¨ eva¨Zvg~jK I A‰eZwbK gva¨wgK wkÿv cÖeZ©‡bi
bxwZ MÖnY K‡i|

hy‡×vËiKvjxb wkÿvbxwZi ms¯‹vi

wØZxq wek¦hy×Kvjxb wek„•Lj cwiw¯’wZ I hy‡×vËi A_©‰bwZK g›`ve¯’v A‡÷ªwjqvi gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv‡K
we‡klfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i| hy× †k‡l µge×©gvb wkí Dbœqb I †cŠi Rxe‡bi m¤cÖmviY hy‡×i fqvenZv I
A_©‰bwZK g›`ve¯’vq AwfÁ wcZv-gvZvMY Zvnv‡ì †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì Rb¨ fvj wkÿvi `vex Rvbvb| GB
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ KgbI‡qj_ miKvi GwM‡q| GB `y‡h©vMc~Y© mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK
cwi‡e‡k ivR¨ I A‡÷ªwjqv miKvi †hŠ_fv‡e wkÿv‡K bZzbfv‡e web¨vm I iƒc`v‡bi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i|
GB mgq n‡Z A‡÷ªwjqv wkÿv Dbœqb I ms¯‹v‡ii †h we¯Í…Z Kg©myPx MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K †i‡bmuvm ev ‘A great
educational revival’-iƒ‡c AwfwnZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wkÿvi GB gnv Dbœqb I ms¯‹v‡ii cª‡Póv mËi
`k‡K mv‡j cwiYwZ jvf K‡i|
wkÿv c~YM©V‡bi cÖv_wgK D‡`¨vM wnmv‡e KgbI‡qj_ miKvi KwZcq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kwgkb I KwgwU MVb K‡i|
GB Kwgkb I KwgwU¸‡jv wkÿvi wewfbœ w`‡Ki we`¨gvb cwiw¯’wZ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wkÿv ms¯‹vi I Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ KgbI‡qj_ miKv‡ii wbKU mycvwik †ck K‡i| G‡ì A‡bK mycvwik eZ©gv‡b Kvh©Kix Kiv n‡”Q|
Kwgkb Ab GWfvÝW GWz‡Kkb
D”Pwkÿv Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© KgbI‡qj_ miKvi‡K civgk© cÖ`vb I mKj iv‡Rï D”P¯Í‡ii wkÿvi my‡hv‡Mi
mylg weKvk I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ 1971 mv‡j Commission on Advanced Education MVb Kiv nq| GB
Kwgk‡bi cÖ‡Póvq mKj A½ iv‡R¨ D”P wkÿv weKv‡ki c_ cÖk¯Í nq|
B›Uvwig KwgwU di A‡÷ªwjqv ¯‹zjm Kwgkb
we`¨vjq wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡dmi wcUvi Kvi‡g‡ji †bZ…Z¡ Interim Committee for Australian Schools
Commission MVb Kiv nq| GB KwgwU cÖ‡Z¨K A½ iv‡Rï miKvix I †emiKvix cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK
¯‹z‡ji eZ©gvb Ae¯’v ch©‡eÿY I ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GK mycwiKwíZ A_©e›Ub bxwZ
cÖYqb K‡i| D³ KwgwUi ¸iæZ¡c~b© wm×všÍ¸‡jv cvj©v‡g‡›U Aby‡gv`‡bi ci (State Grant Act of 1972)
AvB‡bi gh©v`v jvf K‡i| eZ©gv‡b GB AvBb Abymv‡i KgbI‡qj_ I ivR¨ Znwej nB‡Z we`¨vjq¸‡jv
Aby`vb jvf Ki‡Q|
wcÖ-¯‹yj KwgwU
1973 mv‡j KgI‡qj_ miKvi wcÖ-¯‹zj KwgwU MVb K‡i| GB KwgwUi mycvwi‡ki Ici wfwË K‡i
RvZxqfv‡e wkï wkÿvi my‡hvM m¤cÖmvi‡Yi cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ Australian Children’s
Commission MVb Kiv nh|
A‡÷ªwjqvb KwgwU Ab †UKwbK¨vj GÛ dv`©vi GKz‡Kkb: KvwiMwi I Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ 1973
mv‡j Australian Committee on Technical and Further Education MwVZ nq| GB KwgwU
RvZxqfv‡e KvwiMwi I mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv Dbœqb I A_©eivÏ bxwZ cÖYq‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q|
A‡÷ªwjqvi miKvi KZ©„K MwVZ GB mKj Kwgkb I KwgwUi mycvwik Kvh©Kix Kiv nq Ges A‡÷ªwjqvi
me©¯Í‡ii I me©cÖKv‡ii wkÿvq wecøevZ¥K cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq|

O. fvi‡Zi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ

fviZ 29wU A½ivR¨ wb‡q MwVZ| fviZ ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci wkÿv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ivavK…ò wkÿv Kwgkb,
gy`vwjqi wkÿv Kwgkb (1953), †KvVvix wkÿv Kwgkb (1964) Ges 1986 mv‡j RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb
Ges 1990-1992 mv‡j ms‡kvwaZ Plan of Action (POA) cÖYqb K‡i| 1992 mv‡ji AvMó gv‡m
cvj©v‡g›U KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z nq| D‡jøwLZ wkÿv welqK Kwgkb RvZxq wkÿvbxwZi cÖavb cÖavb Kvh©µg nj:
mve©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv, mevi Rb¨ wkÿvi my‡hvM m„wó, e„wËg~jK ¯‹zj wkÿv, bvix wkÿv, D”P wkÿv, weÁvb
I cÖhyw³ wkÿvi AvaywbKxKi‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv|
fvi‡Zi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZi wewfbœ w`Kmg~n D‡jøL Kiv nj:
1. wkÿv KvVv‡gv 10 + 2+3 wfwËK, A_©vr 10 erm‡ii mvaviY wkÿv, 2 erm‡ii gva¨wgK wkÿv Ges
3 erm‡ii D”P wkÿv¯Íi wb‡q MwVZ|
2. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv 5 wKsev 6 ermi eq‡m ïiæ nq Ges 7/8 ermi †gqv`x| cÖv_wgK wkÿvi `ywU
¯Íi i‡q‡Qt 1g †kªwY n‡Z 4_© ev 5g †kªwY ch©šÍ wbgœ cÖv_wgK ¯Íi Ges 5g †kªwY 6ô †kªwY n‡Z 7g ev
8g †kªwY ch©šÍ D”P cÖv_wgK ¯Íi|
3. msweav‡bi wb‡`©k Abymv‡i 14 ermi ch©šÍ A_©vr 8g †kªwY ch©šÍ cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv mve©Rbxb
A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv Kvh©Ki Kiv|
4. RvwZ, ag©, eY©, AvÂwjK I mvgvwRK êlg¨ `~ixKiY wbwe©‡k‡l wkÿvi mgvb my‡hvM m„wó Kiv|
5. bvix, wkÿv, mvÿiZv I eq¯‹ wkÿvi Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Ges mswkøó wel‡qi cÖPjb Kiv (we‡kl
K‡i kªwgK-K…lK‡ì Rb¨)|
6. Kj¨vYg~jK I Kg© AwfÁZvq eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e me wkÿv_x©i Ask MÖnY wbwðZ Kiv|
7. wkÿvi gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Dchy³ wkÿK wb‡qvM I cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Ges Dchy³ †eZb, mvgvwRK
m¤§vb I †ckvMZ ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Kiv|
8. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi Rb¨ weÁvb, MwYZ, cÖhyw³ I M‡elYvi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv|
9. wkÿvi Rb¨ µgch©v‡q RvZxq Av‡qi 6 kZvsk eivÏ Kiv|
10. D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii c~e© ch©šÍ mvaviY wkÿv avivq wkÿv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i wkÿvi
we‡klxKi‡Yi m~Pbv Kiv nq, wKš‘ Pig we‡klxKiY Kiv nq bv|
11. msweavb Abyhvqx wkÿvi g~j `vwqZ¡ fvi‡Zi cÖv‡`wkK ivR¨¸‡jvi Ici b¨¯Í|
12. †K›`ªxq miKvi A_©vr me©fviZxq miKvi wkÿvi jÿ¨, cÖK…wZ I KvVv‡gv wba©vi‡Y bxwZ cÖYqb I w`K
wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i|
13. 10+2+3 wfwËK wkÿv KvVv‡gv iƒcvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡`wkK ivR¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wKQzUv cv_©K¨ cÖYqb I
w`K wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i|
14. RvZxq msnwZ I ms¯‹…wZi weKvk mva‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wZb fvlv myÎ ev bxwZ Pvjy i‡q‡Q| A_©vr ¯‹zj ¯Í‡ii
wkÿvq wnw›` AÂ‡j wkÿbxq fvlv n‡”QÑ gvZ…fvlv, Bs‡iwR I wnw›` Ges wnw›` AÂ‡j wkÿYxq fvlv
n‡”QÑ wnw›`, Bs‡iwR Ges Ab¨ GKwU AvaywbK fviZxq fvlv|
15. †K›`ªxq KZ©„cÿ, cÖv‡`wkK ivR¨ KZ©„cÿ I ¯’vbxq KZ©„cÿ GB wÎkw³i Askx`vwi‡Z¡ wkÿvi
cÖkvmwbwK I eë¯’vcbvi `vwq&Z¡ cvwjZ nq|
16. cÖwZwU cÖv‡`wkK ivR¨ miKv‡ii GKwU wkÿv gš¿Yvjq i‡q‡Q hv cÖ‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿvi
e¨vcv‡i me©gq ÿgZvi AwaKvix|

17. cÖ‡`‡ki wkÿv gš¿Yvjq cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿv wbqš¿Y Ki‡jI ¯’vbxq KZ©„cÿ h_v
wgDwbwmcvwjwU, cÂv‡qZ wkÿv cÖkvm‡b e¨vcKfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
18. D”Pwkÿvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡`‡ki miKvi¸‡jvi `vq-`vwqZ¡ wek¦we`¨vjq I †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mv‡_ fvM K‡i
†bq|
P. gvj‡qwkqvi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ
GKwU GKK I mgZvwfwËK DbœZ, MYZvwš¿K Ges HKë× mgvR MVbB gvj‡qwkqvi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZi
cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| G D‡Ïk¨‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡iB 1955 wLª÷v‡ã Òiv¾vK KwgkbÓ wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ nq hvi
wfwË‡Z 1957 wLª÷v‡ã wkÿv AvBb cvk nq| G Kwgk‡bi wi‡cv‡U© D‡jøL Kiv nq, ÒG †`‡ki wkÿvbxwZi
g~j jÿ¨ n‡e †`‡ki mKj RvwZ I †Mvôxi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì GKwU GKK RvZxq wkÿveë¯’vi g‡a¨ Avbv Ges
G‡ÿ‡Î RvZxq fvlv Z_v gvjq fvlv wkÿvi gva¨g n‡eÓ|
Dc‡iv³ D×„wZ n‡Z GwU mn‡RB Aby‡gq †h, gvZ…fvlv cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g RvwZag© wbwe©‡k‡l mevi Rb¨
wkÿvi Av‡jv †cŠ‡Q †`qvB n‡e wkÿvbxwZi Ab¨Zg cÖavb êwkó| 1957 wLª÷v‡ãi Aa¨v‡`k Abyhvqx
gvj‡qwkqvq `yB ai‡bi ¯‹z‡ji cÖeZ©b nq| †hgbÑ BbwW‡cb‡W›U ¯‹zj Ges Gwmm‡UW ¯‹zj| Gwmm‡WU
¯‹z‡j gvjq, Bswjk, PvBwbR, Zvwgj fvlv †kLv‡bv nq| cªv_wgK Ges gva¨wgK ¯‹z‡j gvjq Ges Zvwgj fvlv
eva¨Zvg~jK| ¯‹z‡ji myôz eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ †evW© Ae Mfb©im, ¯’vbxq wkÿv eë¯’vcbv Ges Bbm‡c‡±v‡iU
M‡o I‡V| 1959 wLª÷v‡ã bZzb wkÿv Kwgkb ÒAvãyi ingvb Zvwje KwgwUÓ MVb Kiv nq| wkÿv gš¿xi
mfvcwZ‡Z¡ G KwgwU wkÿvbxwZ I wkÿv AvB‡bi Ic‡i †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q| G KwgwUi KwZcq mycvwik
1960 wLª÷v‡ã cvj©v‡g›U Aby‡gv`b †`q Ges Zv 1961 wLª÷v‡ãi wkÿv AvB‡bi mv‡_ †hvM Kiv nq| G
bZzb bxwZi d‡j cÖv_wgK wkÿvi ¯Í‡i lô †kªwY ch©šÍ †`‡ki cÖavb PviwU fvlvq †hgb gvjq, Bswjk, Pxbv
Ges Zvwgj fvlvq wkÿv †`qv nq| mKj ¯‹z‡j gvjq Ges Bswjk eva¨Zvg~jK welq wn‡m‡e ivLv nq|
Qq eQi cov‡jLv †k‡l mKj wkÿv_x©iv cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡ji g~j¨vqb cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z nq hv gva¨wgK
ch©v‡q wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K cvewjK cixÿvi Rb¨ ˆZwi K‡i| Gme cixÿv gvjq Ges Bswjk fvlvq cwiPvwjZ
nq| Gwmm‡UW gva¨wgK ¯‹z‡j wkÿvi gva¨‡g wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR A_ev gvjq eënvi Kiv nq|
gvj‡qwkqvq cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv A‰eZwbK| †`‡ki me ¯‹zj miKvi KZ©„K cÖewZ©Z GKB wkÿvµg
AbymiY K‡i _v‡K| cÖv_wgK ¯Íi †k‡l KgwcÖ‡nbwmf cixÿvi eë¯’v i‡q‡Q| G eë¯’vq cÖv_wgK wkÿv
†k‡l mßg †_‡K beg †kªwY ch©šÍ mevB‡K covi my‡hvM †`qv nq| wkÿv_x©‡ì myôzfv‡e beg †kªwY m¤úbœ
Kivi ci PvKwii Rb¨ Dchy³ K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq| beg †kªwY cv‡ki c‡i †hme wkÿv_x© `kg †kªwY‡Z fwZ©
nq, Zviv Zv‡ì fwel¨r †ckv m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv K‡i| †Kvb GKwU e„wËg~jK †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡q fwel¨‡Zi
Rb¨ AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| wkÿvi wbgœ ch©vq †_‡K wel‡qi e¨vcK wefw³i Rb¨ me wel‡qi ch©vß gvbe kw³
ˆZwi nq, †hb †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwkÿY cÖvß `ÿ Kgx© wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
KgwcÖ‡nbwmf cixÿv †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv PvKwii Rb¨ A_ev AviI D”P ch©v‡q KvwiMwi ev wkÿvi Ab¨vb¨
ch©v‡q cov‡jLvi Rb¨ h‡_ó cvi`wk©Zv AR©‡bi my‡hvM jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ZvQvov RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ‡Z cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿv me©Rbxb I A‰eZwbK| cÖv_wgK wkÿv Qq eQi Ges
gva¨wgK wkÿv wZbwU ¯Í‡i †hgb wbgœ gva¨wgK wZb eQi, D”P gva¨wgK `yB eQi Ges gva¨wgK ¯Íi DËi
wkÿv mvaviYZ `yB eQi| Avevi D”P wkÿv 2020 mv‡ji RvZxq Dbœq‡b jÿ¨ Abymv‡i D”Pwkÿvq

KvwiMwimn wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vcb, wkÿK cÖwkÿY Gi Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ‡K AviI MwZkxj
Kiv n‡”Q|
Q. Px‡bi wkÿvbxwZ
wecøe c~e© Px‡bi wkÿv 1862 n‡Z 1941 mvj ch©šÍ cvðvZ¨ †`‡ki AbyKi‡Y bZzb wkÿv cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb
Kiv nq| 1903 mv‡j RvZxq wkÿv KwgkY MVb K‡i wkÿvi ms¯‹vi Kiv nq| W. mvbBqvr †k‡Oi †bZ…‡Z¡
1922 mvj n‡Z bZzb RvZxqZvev`x miKvi cÖwZôvi ci Px‡bi †h wkÿv aviv ïiæ nq Zv cyivcywi
Av‡gwiKvb fvevbcbœ wQj| Av‡gwiKvb fveavivq KvwiMwi wkÿv, †ckv I e„wËg~jK wkÿv Ges wkÿY
cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Px‡b cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| 1949 mv‡j Kgy¨wb÷ wecøe md‡ji ci bZzb Px‡bi wkÿv‡K
mvaviY gvby‡li Pvwn`v wgUv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ iƒc`vb Kiv nq|
wØZxq wek¦hy× †k‡l wecøex bvqK gvI †mZzs Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Kgy¨wb÷ cvwU© ÿgZvq Av‡Q| bZzb miKvi †h
wkÿvi HwZn¨ jvf K‡i Zv wQj cvðvZ¨ fveavivq cwicyó| Kgy¨wb÷‡ì g‡Z GB wkÿv ïay GKv‡WwgK
K…wZZ¡ AR©‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i| D”P ¯Í‡ii we‡klÁ K¨vWvi m„wóB wQj GB wkÿvi jÿ¨|
†gvUvgywUfv‡e wkÿvi G aviv D”P wkwÿZ e¨w³MY‡K mgvR I mvaviY Rxeb nB‡Z wew”Qbœ K‡i ivLZ|
AwaKšÍ GB wkÿv KvwqKkª‡gi cÖwZ Zvnv‡ì Abxnvi fve m„wó K‡i|
ÿgZvq cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ci Pvqbv †iW Avwg© wkÿv‡K mvaviY gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ ev¯ÍegyLx
Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| bZzb miKvi 1949 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m wccj&m cwjwUK¨vj Kbmvj‡UwUf
Kbdv‡i‡Ý Kgb †cÖvMÖvg cÖYqb K‡i| GwU 1954 mv‡ji msweavb cÖYqb I Kvh©Kix nIqv ch©šÍ msweavb
iƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv nq| GB Kgb †cÖvMÖvg I c‡i 1954 mv‡ji msweavb bZzb Px‡bi wkÿvbxwZ †NvlYv K‡ib|
G Av‡jv‡K mveR©bxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv cÖeZ©b, gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv‡K mg„w×kvjx KiY, eënvwiK wkÿvi
cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc, kªwgK‡ì Rb¨ LÛKvjxb ev AemiKvjxb wkÿvi eë¯’v Ges ZiæY I eq¯‹ wkwÿZ
e¨w³MY‡K wecøex I ivR‰bwZK wkÿv`v‡b cÖwZÁve× Kiv nq| Px‡bi ivR‰bwZK Kgx©e„›` Avkv K‡i GB
wkÿv Zv‡ì êcøweK mvgvwRK iƒcvšÍi I RvZxq cybM©V‡bi Pvwn`v wgUv‡Z mÿg n‡e|
cÖ_g `k erm‡i bZzb Pxb Qq erm‡ii cÖv_wgK wkÿv, wZb erm‡ii mvaviY ev e„wËg~jK wbgœ gva¨wgK
wkÿv I wZb erm‡ii we‡kl D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv cÖmv‡i h‡_ó AMÖMwZ mvab K‡i| wek¦we`¨vjq I Ab¨vb¨
D”P wkÿviI h‡_ó cÖmvi nq|
Px‡bi wØZxq cÿevwl©Kx cwiKíbvi jÿ¨ wQj wbiÿiZv `~ixKiY Ges mK‡ji Rb¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿvi eë¯’v
Kiv| GB jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡b h‡_ó my‡hvM myweavi eë¯’v Kiv m‡Ë¡I Zv ev¯ÍevwqZ bv nIqvq Z…Zxq cÂevwl©K
cwiKíbvq mve©Rbxb wkÿv cÖeZ©‡bi wm×všÍ †bIqv nq|
Z‡e †gvUvgywUfv‡e ejv hvq Px‡bi gnvb mvs¯‹…wZK wecø‡ei ci wkÿvi `ªæZ cÖmvi N‡U| eo I gvSvwi
AvKv‡ii kn‡i Rywbqvi wgWj ¯‹zj Ges †Kvb †Kvb kn‡i wmwbqi wgWj ¯‹zj ch©šÍ wkÿv mve©Rbxb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| MÖvgvÂ‡j cuvP erm‡ii wkÿv Ges †Kvb †Kvb AÂ‡j mvZ erm‡ii wkÿvI mve©Rbxb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b bZzb miKv‡ii AvšÍwiK cÖ‡Póv wbiÿi RbmvaviY‡K wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ c~Y©v½ eë¯’v Aej¤^b Kiv|
we`¨vj‡qi wkÿvI mKj †Q‡j‡ì Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv Ges wbiÿiZv `~ixKiY I mve©Rbxb eva¨Zvg~jK
wkÿv ev¯Íevqb KivB eZ©gvb Pxb miKv‡ii wkÿv †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖ`Ë cÖwZkÖæwZ ev KwgU‡g›U|

R. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ

†`‡ki RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨vkv, cÖZ¨q, Av`k© g~j¨‡eva I Avkv AvKv•Lv msweav‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZdwjZ nq| GB
msweavb RvwZi wkÿvi `k©b ¯îƒc| msweavb wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj| G `wj‡j Aby‡”Q` 17, 28 I 41 G
cªZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e wkÿv msµvšÍ weavbewj wee„Z n‡q‡Q| G Av‡jv‡K 1972 mv‡j W. KzìvZ-G-Ly`vi
†bZ„‡Z¡ wkÿvbxwZ cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k wkÿv Kwgkb MVb Ges 1974 mv‡j wi‡cvU© †ck K‡ib hvi
bvgKiY Kiv nq W. KzìvZ-B-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb-1974, 1988 mv‡j Aa¨vcK gwdR DwÏb Avng‡ì
†bZ…‡Z¡ evsjv‡`k RvZxq wkÿv Kwgkb, 1996 mv‡j wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwU MVb Ges 1997 mv‡j D³
KwgwU wi‡cvU© cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Av‡jv‡K wkÿvbxwZ 2000 cÖYxZ nq| wKš‘ †Kv‡bvUvB ev¯Íevqb bv nIqv 2009
mv‡j gvbbxq cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbvi †bZ…‡Z¡ RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqY Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖqvZ RvZxq Aa¨vcK
Kexi †PŠayix‡K †Pqvig¨vb‡K K‡i GKwU KwgwU MVb K‡ib| D³ KwgwU RvwZ‡K GK erm‡ii g‡a¨ GKwU
wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb K‡i hv RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ- 2010 bv‡g cwiwPZ| RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ- 2010-Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
wewfbœ w`K wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv njÑ
1. evsjv‡`‡k wkÿv KvVv‡gv 8+4+3/4 wfwËK A_©vr 8 ermi cÖv_wgK wkÿv, 4 erm‡i gva¨wgK wkÿv
Ges 3/4 erm‡i D”P wkÿv ¯Íi wb‡q MwVZ| GQvov 1 erm‡i mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©‡bi my‡hvM Av‡Q|
2. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i cÖvK cÖv_wgK wkÿv 5 + eQi eq¯‹ wkï‡ì Rb¨ GK eQi †gqvw` cÖvK cÖv_wgK wkÿv
PvjyKiY hv cieZx©‡Z 4+ eQi eq¯‹ wkï ch©šÍ m¤cÖmviY Kiv n‡e|
3. eZ©gv‡b cÖv_wgK wkÿv me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK Ges A‰eZwbK| RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 G cÖv_wgK
wkÿv n‡e 8g †kªwY ch©šÍ| wkÿvi wewfbœ aviv miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, wKÛviMv‡U©b
(evsjv I Bs‡iRx gva¨g) Ges Be‡Z`vwqmn me ai‡bi gv`&ivmvi gv‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i cÖv_wgK
wkÿvq GKB eë¯’v Pvjy Kiv n‡e| Z‡e wkÿvµ‡g wewfbœ wkÿvavivq mvaviY ev Avewk¨K welqmg~n
GK Ges Awfbœ wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~Px cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡”Q| ZvQvov 6+ eQi eq‡m cÖ_g
†kªwY‡Z fwZ© eva¨Zvg~jKmn 2018 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wkÿK wkÿv_x©i AbycvZ 1t30 Kiv n‡e| Avevi
Avwèvmx wkï, cÖwZeÜx wkï I c_wkï I Ab¨vb¨ AwZewÂZ wkï‡ì cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc Kiv nq| webvg~‡j¨ cvV¨ cy¯ÍK weZiY Kiv nq|
4. gva¨wgK wkÿvi ¯Íi beg †kÖwY n‡Z Øv`k †kªwY ch©šÍ wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡i wZbwU
aviv †hgb- mvaviY, gv`&ivmv I KvwiMwi wkÿv aviv Ges cÖ‡Z¨K aviv mgZvwfwËK m„wói j‡ÿ¨
K‡qKwU †gŠwjK welq GK Ges Awfbœ wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~Px eva¨Zvg~jK _vK‡e| ZvQvov G mKj
wel‡q Awfbœ cÖkœc‡Î cixÿvi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡”Q| ZvQvov webvg~‡j¨ beg I `kg †kªwYi
cvV¨cy¯ÍK weZiY Kiv nq|
5. gvìvmv wkÿveë¯’v wkÿvi Ab¨vb¨ avivi m‡½ mgš^q K‡i Gi ¯^KxqZv eRvq †i‡L G‡K AviI
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kivi c`‡ÿc RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv nq|
6. D”Pwkÿvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv PP©v Ges wkÿv mswkøó mKj Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ myôzfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i †m
j‡ÿ¨ h_vh_ AvMÖn I cvwicvwk¦©KZv wbwðZ Kiv mn †gŠwjK Ávb weÁv‡b M‡elYv Kivi Dchy³
cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv|

7. Ávb wfwËK Z_¨ cªhyw³wbf©i (wWwRUvj) evsjv‡`k Movi j‡ÿ¨ Z_¨ cÖhyw³ (ICT) Ges mswkøó
Ab¨vb¨ (MwYZ, weÁvb I Bs‡iwR) wkÿv‡K h_vh_ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv| G j‡ÿ¨ cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK,
e„wËg~jK I KvwiMwi wkÿvq cÖhyw³ welq‡K Avewk¨K welq wnmv‡e wkÿvµ‡g AšÍf~©³ Kiv nq|
8. e„wËg~jK I KvwiMwi wkÿv my‡hvM m„wói j‡ÿ¨ cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i cÖvK e„wËg~jK I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wkÿvµg
Pvjymn cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvßKvix wkÿv_x© hv‡Z e„wËg~jK/KvwiMwi wkÿv avivq fwZ©i my‡hvM cvq Zvi
eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q| G avivq †m D”P wkÿv MÖnYI Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
9. wkÿvi cÖ‡Z¨K ¯Í‡i h_vh_ gvb wbwðZ Kiv Ges c~e©eZx© ¯Í‡i AwR©Z Ávb I `ÿZvi wfZ `„p K‡i
cieZx©‡Z G¸‡jv m¤cÖmviY Kiv Ges beZi Ávb `ÿZv AR©‡b wkÿv_x©‡ì mg_© Kiv| GB j‡ÿ¨
wkÿv cÖwµqvq, we‡kl K‡i cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I e„wËg~jK wkÿvi ‡ÿ‡Î h_vh_ Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨
RbMY‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|
10. wkÿvi cÖ‡Z¨K ¯Í‡i wkÿv`v‡bi DcKiY wn‡m‡e Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi e„w× Kiv|
11. wkÿvi gva¨g n‡e g~jZ evsjv| Z‡e wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx wbw`©ó cvV¨m~wP Bs‡iwR gva¨‡g
wkÿv †Ìqv hv‡e| we‡`kx‡ì Rb¨ mnR evsjv wkÿv †`qvi eë¯’v _vK‡e|
12. gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i gvìvmv I e„wËg~jK wkÿvq we‡kl welqmg~n e¨ZxZ mKj avivi Rb¨ Awfbœ wkÿvµg
Ges mvaviY we‡kl welqmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxq cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e RvZxq wkÿvµg
I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©| gvìvmv I e„wËg~jK wkÿvq we‡kl welqmg~‡ni cvV¨m~Px Ges cvV¨cy¯ÍK cªYq‡bi
`vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e h_vµ‡g evsjv‡`k gvìvmv wkÿv‡evW©I evsjv‡`k KvwiMwi wkÿv †evW©|
13. my‡hvM ewÂZ wkÿv_x© I AbMÖmi AÂ‡ji wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ mg my‡hvM m„wói we‡kl eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv
n‡e|
14. A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û I cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi m‡½ AwaK m¤úwK©Z mvgvwRK weÁvb I eëmvq wkÿv kvLvi
welqmg~n, KvwiMwi wkÿv, Z_¨cÖhyw³ Kw¤úDUvi Ges weÁv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡qi †ÿ‡Î AMÖvwaKvi
wfwË‡Z `ªæZ miKvwi mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv n‡e|
15. wkÿv wb‡qvM Gi Rb¨ miKvwi Kg©-Kwgkb Abyiƒc †emiKvwi wkÿK wbe©vPb Kwgkb KZ©„K wkÿK
wb‡qv‡Mi eë¯’v Kiv n‡e|
16. cÖv_wgK ¯Íi †_‡K m‡e©v”P ¯Íi ch©šÍ wkÿK‡ì h_vh_ gh©v`v cÖ`v‡bi j‡ÿ¨ mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w×
Kiv, wkÿK‡ì †`k we‡`‡k cÖwkÿY †Ìqv my‡hvM Ges Avw_©K mÿgZv e„w×i Rb¨ c„_K †eZb
KvVv‡gv cÖYqb BZ¨vw` eë¯’v Kiv n‡e|
17. †`‡ki Rb‡Mvôx‡K wbiÿiZvi Awfkvc †_‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨ eq¯‹ I DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvi gva¨‡g
Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv|
18. wkÿv_x©i kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKv‡ki cÖ‡qvRbxq cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjvi j‡ÿ¨ mKj wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b
µxovwkÿv mn gvV, µxov, †Ljva~jv I kixiPP©vi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv|
19. wkÿv_x©i ¯^v¯’¨ m‡PZbZv e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv|
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZi mgv‡jvPbvg~jK we‡kølY
Bsj¨v‡Ûi AwfÁZvq †`Lv hvq †h, wkÿv Dbœq‡b I cÖmv‡i RvZxq miKvi mvnvh¨`vbKvix, civgk©`vbKvix
I mgš^qmvabKvix wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q| ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËmvwkZ cÖkvmwbK KZ©„cÿ‡K wkÿv_x©‡ì 18

ermi eqm ch©šÍ wkÿv cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿‡Yi fvi Ac©Y Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dciš‘ miKvi bM` A_© mvnvh¨,
we‡klÁ mvnvh¨ I M‡elbvi my‡hvM myweav cÖ`vb K‡i ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ©„c‡ÿi Kv‡Ri mnvqZv Ki‡Q| Aek¨
Gi cwie‡Z© miKvi Avkv K‡i †h, mKj wkÿv cÖwZôvbB RvZxq wkÿvi b~¨bZg gvb iÿv Ki‡Z mÿg
n‡e|
Av‡gwiKvi msweav‡b wkÿv †dWv‡ij miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ bv n‡jI RvZxq ¯^v‡_© GwU cÖ_g n‡Z mgMÖ †`‡ki
wkÿv cÖmv‡i I Dbœq‡b cÖfvekvjx kw³ wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q| wkÿv M‡elYvi c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖ`vb
K‡i Ges A½ ivR¨¸‡jv‡K A_© mvnvh¨ w`‡q †dWv‡ij miKvi mKj A½iv‡Rï wkÿvq mgZv mvab I gvb
Dbœq‡b m‡Pó i‡q‡Q| mgKvjxb Av‡gwiKvi A½ ivR¨¸‡jvi wkÿv wefvM n‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i ¯’vbxq ¯‹zj †ev‡W©
†dWv‡ij miKv‡ii cÖfve cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| A½ivR¨ miKvi ¯’vbxq ¯‹zj wWw÷ª± KvDw›U ev UvDbkxc‡K
wkÿv cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GB A½ iv‡Rï me©Î wkÿvi b~¨bZg gvb iÿv‡_©I wkÿvi
µgea©gvb AMÖMwZ mva‡b A_© mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Q Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨ I civgk© cÖ`vb Ki‡Q|
A‡÷ªwjqvq †dWv‡ij msweavb Abymv‡i wkÿv ivR¨miKv‡ii Kvh©iƒ‡c we‡ewPZ| wKš‘ MZ `kK nB‡Z
A‡÷ªwjqvi KgbI‡qj_ miKvi wkÿv Dbœq‡b ewjô f~wgKv MÖnY Ki‡Q| wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii I wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii
wkÿv ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ bvbv Kwgkb I ivR¨¸‡jvi wkÿv weKv‡k I Dbœq‡b †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Aek¨
cÖ_‡g ivR¨¸‡jvi KgbI‡qj_ miKv‡ii GB f~wgKv‡K m‡›`‡ni †Pv‡L †`L‡Q| eZ©gv‡b KgbI‡qj_ I
ivR¨ miKvi m‡šÍvlRbK cwi‡e‡k I mn‡hvwMZvg~jKfv‡e wbR wbR `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q|
Px‡b RvZxq miKvi I Kgy¨wbó cvwU© †K›`ª n‡Z mgMÖ wkÿv eë¯’v‡K K‡Vvifv‡e wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
wW‡gv‡µwUK †m›UªvwjRgÕ, bxwZ Abymv‡i ¯’vbxq GjvKv, cÖv‡`wkK wicvewjK n‡Z wkÿv m¤úwK©Z mycvwik I
cÖ¯Íve †K›`ªxq miKvi ev Kgy¨wb÷ cvwU©i †K›`ªxq KwgwU‡Z †cÖiY Kiv n‡jI wkÿvbxwZ MÖnY I †cÖvMÖvg
m¤úwK©Z Po–všÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi AwaKvix D³ `yB †K›`ªxq ms¯’vi|
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c~‡e© Rvcv‡b K‡Vvi †K›`ªxf~Z cÖkvmwbK bxwZ cÖPwjZ wQj| AvZ¥mgc©‡bi ci n‡Z GwU
MYZvwš¿K ivóª wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ nq| wcÖ‡dKPvi I wgDwbwmc¨vwjwU‡K ¯^vqËkvm‡bi AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv
nq| wcÖ‡dKPvi I wgDwbwmc¨vwjwU¸‡jv‡K ¯^vqËkvm‡bi AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j I RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ I
wkÿvi ‡cÖvMÖvg †K›`ªxq miKvi MÖnY K‡i| AvÂwjK I ¯’vbxq miKvi Zv ev¯Íevqb K‡i|
fviZ miKvi‡K RvZxq ¯^v‡_© mgMÖ fvi‡Zi †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv cÖeZ©‡b, wkÿvi gvb
Dbœq‡b Ges fviZ‡K DbœZ ivóª wn‡m‡e cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ wkÿvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| RvZxq wkÿvi jÿ¨
ev¯Íevq‡b GwU ivR¨¸‡jv‡K ewjó †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| wKš‘ MYZvwš¿K Av`‡k© D×z× fviZxqiv wkÿvq
BDwbqb miKv‡ii µgea©gvb I cªfvekvjx f~wgKv‡K m‡›`‡ni †Pv‡L †`L‡Q| Zv‡ì g‡Z GwU ivR¨¸‡jvi
MYZvwš¿K I mvsweavwbK AwaKvi‡K ¶zYœ Ki‡Q Aciw`‡K wewkó wkÿvwe` I RvZxq wkÿv Kwgk‡bi
m`m¨MY msweav‡bi Abykvm‡bi mxgv‡iLvi BDwbqb miKv‡ii wkÿv mswkøó f~wgKv‡K c~Y©v½fv‡e eënv‡ii
cÿcvZx| RvZxq wkÿv Kwgkb GB g‡g© mycvwikI MÖnY K‡i|
fvi‡Zi cÖv‡`wkK ivR¨¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR¯^ wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb K‡i Ges Zv Kvh©Kix Kivi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvgI
cÖYqb K‡i| eZ©gv‡b GwUi RvZxq wkÿv Kwgk‡bi cÖ¯ÍvweZ I cvj©v‡g‡›U Aby‡gvw`Z wkÿv‡K iv‡R¨
ev¯Íevq‡bi Kg©m~Px MÖnY Ki‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvI †K›`ªxq miKvi KZ©„K K‡Vvifv‡e wbqwš¿Z| wkÿvbxwZ, D‡Ïk¨, cvV¨µg I cvV¨m~Px
†K›`ª n‡Z cÖYxZ I wba©vwiZ nq| RvZxq miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ wkÿvbxwZ I †cÖvMÖvg AvÂwjK Ges ¯’vbxq
wkÿv KZ©„c‡ÿi gva¨‡g Kvh©Kix Kiv nq|
Dcmsnvi
Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿveë¯’v wkÿv AvBb 1944 KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| hy³iv‡óª msweavb Abyhvqx A½ivR¨¸‡jv
wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K| Rvcv‡b msweav‡bi bxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|
A‡÷ªwjqv AvBb cªYq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿvbxwZ ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K| fvi‡Z cvj©v‡g›U KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K| gvj‡qwkqv cvj©v‡g‡›Ui Aby‡gv`b I AvB‡bi gva¨‡g RvZxq
wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb Ges ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K| Px‡b msweavb Abymv‡i wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb K‡i
_v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ msweav‡bi Av‡jv‡K cÖYxZ Ges ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡”Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.1
K. eû wbev©Pbx cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. Bsj¨v‡Ûi 1944 mv‡ji wkÿv AvBb wK bv‡g cwiwPZ?
K. d÷vi wkÿv AvBb
L. †ej‡dvi wkÿv AvBb
M. evUjvi wkÿv AvBb
N. †Rgm wkÿv AvBb
2. gvwK©b hy³ivóª KZwU A½iv‡R¨ wb‡q MwVZ?
K. 48
L. 50
M. 52
N. 54
3. hy‡×vËi Rvcv‡bi wkÿv weKvk KqwU ch©vq?
K. 2
L. 3
M. 4
N. 5
4. †Kvb mv‡j Rvcv‡b †cBwR hy‡Mi wkÿv ms¯‹vi Kiv nq?
K. 1880 Lªxt
L. 1885 Lªxt
M. 1890 Lªxt
N. 1895 Lªxt
5. A‡÷ªwjqv KgbI‡qj_ miKvi KZ mv‡j wcÖ-¯‹zj KwgwU MVb K‡i?
K. 1970 Lªxt
L. 1971 Lªxt
M. 1972 Lªxt
N. 1973 Lªxt
6. fvi‡Zi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ †Kvb mv‡j cvj©v‡g›U KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z nq?
K. 1990 Lªxt
L. 1992 Lªxt
M. 1994 Lªxt
N. 1996 Lªxt

7. gvj‡qwkqv †Kvb mv‡j ÒAvãyi ingvb Zvwje KwgwU MVb K‡i?

K. 1957 Lªxt
L. 1958 Lªxt
M. 1959 Lªxt
N. 1960 Lªxt
8. Px‡bi wkÿvi g~j jÿ¨ n‡jvÑ
i. ˆbwZK †eva RvMÖZ Kiv
ii. eyw×gËvi weKvk
iii. MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfvevcbœ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwUK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
9. evsjv‡`k RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 G cÖv_wgK wkÿvKvj KZ eQi?
K. 5 eQi L. 6 eQi
M. 7 eQi N. 8 eQi
DËigvjv: 1. M, 2. L, 3. L, 4. M, 5. N, 6. L, 7. M, 8. N, 9. N
L. mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿv AvBb 1944 G we`¨vj‡qi wkÿveë¯’v eY©bv Kiæb|
2. hy³iv‡óªi wkÿvbxwZi we‡kl w`K mg~n wjLyb|
3. Rvcv‡bi wkÿvbxwZi g~j e³e¨ Kx?
4. A‡÷ªwjqvi hy‡×vËi Kvjxb wkÿvbxwZi ms¯‹vimg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|
5. fvi‡Zi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖYq‡bi cUf~wg D‡jøL Kiæb|
6. gvj‡qwkqvi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ eY©bv Kiæb|
7. Px‡bi wkÿvbxwZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿv AvBb wkÿv Dbœq‡b KZUzKz Kvh©Ki Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. hy³iv‡óªi wkÿvbxwZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. Rvcv‡b wkÿvbxwZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. A‡÷ªwjqvi wkÿvbxwZ we‡kølY Kiæb|
5. fvi‡Zi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ ZvwM` welqmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
6. Px‡bi wkÿvbxwZ KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Q Zv we‡kølY Kiæb|
7. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wkÿvbxwZÑ 2010 Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K mg~n D‡jøL c~e©K ev¯Íevq‡b Avcbvi
gZvgZ w`b|
8. DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki M„nxZ wkÿvbxwZi Av‡jv‡K †KvbwU †ekx Kvh©Ki e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib
Ges †Kb Zvi c‡ÿ Avcbvi gZvgZ wjLyb|

cvV- 4.2: wkÿvq RvZxq/AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi f~wgKv

Role of National/International Organization in
Education (U.K, USA, Japan, Australia, India, Malaysia,
China and Bangladesh
D‡Ïk¨
 wkÿv eë¯’vcbvq mnvqK ms¯’vi Bsj¨v‡Ûi miKv‡ii f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 hy³iv‡óªi wkÿveë¯’vq wewfbœ ms¯’vi f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Rvcv‡bi wkÿveë¯’v ev¯Íevq‡b †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿvq A‡óªwjqv miKv‡ii f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿvq fvi‡Zi †K›`ªxq miKvi I cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gvj‡qwkqv RvZxq miKv‡ii wkÿveë¯’vq miKv‡ii f~wgKv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Px‡bi wkÿveë¯’vq RvZxq miKv‡ii f~wgKv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`k wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î miKvi wKiƒc f~wgKv iv‡L Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv Dbœq‡b AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v wnmv‡e RvBKvi f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f~wgKv
AvaywbK mKj ivóªB wkÿv‡K RvwZi cÖwZkÖæwZ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i| wkÿv RvwZi cÖMwZ I mf¨Zvi
wb‡`©kK| myZivs ivóª Bnvi `vwqZ¡ Ab¨ †Kvb cÖwZôvb ev G‡RÝx‡K w`‡q wbwðšÍ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB G
Kv‡ji mKj ivóªB wkÿveë¯’v cwiPvjbv‡K Zv‡ì cÖavb `vwqZ¡ wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Bnvi d‡j RvZxq
wkÿvi mvaviY bxwZ wba©viY, D‡Ïk¨ wbY©q I †cÖvMÖvg cÖYqb I wkÿv †cÖvMÖvg Kvh©KixKiY, ZË¡veavb Kivi
`vwqZ¡ ivóª MÖnY K‡i| wKš‘ GB `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b I m¤úv`‡b wewfbœ iv‡óªi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| wb‡gœ DbœZ
I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’v cwiPvjbvq wkÿv KZ…©c‡ÿi f~wgKv eY©bv Kiv nj| G‡Z GKwU Zzjbvg~jK
cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k K‡i _v‡K|
K. Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿveë¯’vi RvZxq miKvi, ¯’vbxq miKvi, agx©q ms¯’v I †emiKvix KZ…©c‡ÿi
f~wgKv
RvZxq miKv‡ii f~wgKv
1. wkÿv I weÁvb welqK gš¿Yvjq mKj ¯Íi I mKj cÖKvi wkÿvi mgš^q mvabKvix KZ…©c‡ÿi f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i|
2. GB gš¿Yvj‡q RvZxq mvaviY wkÿvi gvb wba©vi‡Y I gvb Dbœq‡b mswkøó KZ…©cÿ‡K mnvqZvi f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
3. ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ…©cÿ‡K wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv I civgk© cÖ`vb KivI gš¿Yvj‡qi
`vwqZ¡|
4. RvZxq miKvi wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n I ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ…©cÿ‡K A_© eivÏ K‡i|
5. miKvwi A_© mvnvh¨ Øviv we‡kl cÖKv‡ii wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv Kivi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K|
6. Kg©iZ wkÿK‡ì Rb¨ †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖwZôvbmn wewfbœ Kbdv‡i‡Ýi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K|
7. †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wkÿvi mvaviY bxwZ m¤ú‡K© ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ…©cÿ‡K civgk© I cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v
MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Ab¨Zg f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ…©c‡ÿi f~wgKv
1958 mv‡j Local Education Act Øviv †K›`ªxq miKvi n‡Z ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ…©cÿ¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó nv‡i
evwl©K Aby`vb cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq| Avevi 1963 mv‡j Aci GKwU AvBb Øviv (London
Government Act of 1963) ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ…©cÿ¸‡jv‡K cwic~Y© gh©v`v †Ìqv nq| GB eë¯’vbyhvqx
166wU ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ…©cÿ m„wó nq| wkÿvq Gme KZ…©c‡ÿi f~wgKv wbgœiƒcÑ
1. wkÿv cÖkvm‡b ¯’vbxq KZ…©c‡ÿi wek¦we`¨vjq ev D”P wkÿv e¨wZ‡i‡K Bsj¨v‡Ûi mKj wkÿvi `vwqZ¡
cvj‡b f~wgKv iv‡L|
2. ¯’vbxq KZ…©cÿ ¯’vbxq GjvKvi 18 eQi eqm ch©šÍ wkÿv_x©‡ì wkÿv`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i|
3. KvDw›U, KvDw›U ev‡iv Ges AvDUvi jÛb ev‡ivmg~n KZ…©K wbe©vwPZ KvDwÝjiv ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ…©c‡ÿi
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
4. wbR¯^ wbqš¿Yvax‡b wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi cvV¨µg cÖYqb, web¨vm I M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi ¯^vaxbZv i‡q‡Q|
Z‡e †K›`ªxqfv‡e wkÿvµg cÖYqb Ges wkÿv msµvšÍ wb‡`©kbv ev¯Íevq‡b ¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ…©c‡ÿi
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
agx©q ms¯’v I †emiKvwi KZ…©c‡ÿi f~wgKv
1. MYZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri wkÿv weKv‡k I Dbœq‡b †emiKvwi RbMY ev agx©q m¤úª`v‡qi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| Z‡e
Zviv RvZxq wkÿvi mvaviY wbqg AbymiY K‡i|
2. wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b I M‡elYv cwiPvjbvq Zv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv i‡q‡Q|
Z‡e †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mv‡_ civgk© ev Aby‡gv`b mv‡c‡ÿ †¯^”Qv cÖ‡Yvw`Z ms¯’v¸‡jv (cÖavbZ MxR©v)
Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿv weKv‡k I we¯Ív‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|
L. hy³iv‡óªi wkÿveë¯’vi wewfbœ ms¯’vi f~wgKv
†dWv‡ij miKv‡ii f~wgKv
1. msweavb Abymv‡i A½ ivR¨ miKv‡ii Kj¨vYv‡_© †dWv‡ij miKvi cÖ_g n‡Z Av‡gwiKvi wkÿv Dbœq‡b
mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡Q| eZ©gv‡b miKv‡ii Kvh©Kjvc DË‡ivËi e„w× cv‡”Q| Z‡e A½ ivR¨ ev
¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ…©c‡ÿi Kv‡R evav m„wó K‡i bv| eis miKvi A½ iv‡Rï wkÿv bxwZ cÖYqbmn mgMÖ
†`‡ki wkÿvi weKvk I AMÖMwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|
2. wewfbœ A½iv‡Rï wkÿvq êlg¨ `~i K‡i| mKj AÂ‡j GKB cÖKvi DbœZ gv‡bi wkÿv cÖ`v‡b eë¯’v
Kivi Ab¨Zg f~wgKv cvji K‡i Avm‡Q|

3. wkÿv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvi A½ ivR¨¸‡jv I mswkøó KZ…©cÿ‡K A_© mvnvh¨ Kivi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
4. RvZxq wW‡dÝ G¨v± 1958 n‡Z mgMÖ †`‡ki K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vjq QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì FY `vb Kiv,
M‡elYvi eë¯’v I wkÿv DcKiY cÖ`vb, A_© gÄyix `vb BZ¨vw` †dWv‡ij miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg f~wgKv|
A½iv‡Rï f~wgKv
1. A½i‡Rï cvewjK wkÿv cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ A½ivR¨ miKv‡ii Ici b¨¯Í|
2. A½iv‡Rï miKvi iv‡Rï mvaviY wkÿvi bxwZ wba©viY K‡i Ges wkÿvi we‡kl AvBb I wewa cÖYq‡b
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|
3. A½iv‡Rï wkÿvi gvb iÿv‡_© I Dbœq‡b ¯’vbxq ¯‹zj wWw÷ª±‡K me©cÖKvi mnvqZv Kiv Ges mgš^q Kivi
¯’vbxq wkÿv KZ…©c‡ÿi f~wgKv
¯‹z‡ji wkÿvq ¯’vbxq RbmgvR ev ¯’vbxq KZ…©c‡ÿi P~ovšÍ wbqš¿Y Av‡gwiKvi wkÿvi cÖavb êwkó¨| AvBbZ
A½ivR¨ miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ n‡jI cvewjK ¯‹zj cwiPvjbvq ¯’vbxq ¯‹zj wWw÷ª‡±i Ici n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i‡Q|
1. ¯’vbxq ¯‹zj wWw÷ª± KZ…©cÿ wbR¯^ GjvKvq wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Kivi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K|
2. Ki Av`vq K‡i ¯’vbxq wkÿvi eë¯’v Kivi Ab¨Zg f~wgKv iv‡L|
3. A½iv‡Rï ¯’vbxq †evW© Ae GWz‡Kkb KZ…©K cÖYxZ wkÿv bxwZ, wkÿvi gvb iÿv, Dbœqb Kivi †ÿ‡Î
wkÿv wefv‡Mi wbqg I wb‡`©k ev¯Íevq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|
agx©q ms¯’v I †emiKvwi ms¯’vi f~wgKv
1. cvewjK ¯‹z‡ji cvkvcvwk RbMY, †emiKvix ms¯’v ev agx©q `j KZ…©K ¯‹zj cÖwZôv Kivi AvBbMZ
AwaKvi|
2. ¯^vaxb I agx©q ¯‹zj wbR¯^ eë¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbvq †emiKvix ms¯’v I agx©q wkÿvi gvb iÿv, A½
iv‡Rï wkÿv bxwZ AbymiY I cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k †g‡b wkÿv eë¯’vcbv mgš^‡qi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K|
M. wkÿvq Rvcvb miKv‡ii f~wgKv
1. RvZxq wkÿv gš¿Yvjq wbqš¿YKvix A‡cÿv mgš^q mvabKvix I civgk© `vbKvixi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
2. RvZxq wkÿvi gvb wba©viY I Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i Zv ev¯Íevq‡b f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
3. †K›`ªxq KZ…©cÿ wkÿvbxwZ, D‡Ïk¨, KvVv‡gv I cvV¨µg I †Kvm© Ae ÷vwWR KZ…©K wba©vwiZ I
ev¯Íevq‡b w`K wb‡`©kbvi f~wgKv iv‡L|
4. AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi m‡½ wkÿv mswkøó Kv‡R †hvMv‡hvM I mgš^‡qi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
5. wcÖ‡dKPvi I ¯’vbxq wkÿv †ev‡W©i KvR Z`viK, A_© gÄyixi Rb¨ wkÿvi Lmov AvBb ˆZwi Ges RvZxq
wkÿv ev‡RU ˆZwi‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

AvÂwjK miKv‡ii f~wgKv

1. AvÂwjK wkÿv cÖkvm‡b wcÖ‡dKPvi ¯^vqËkvm‡bi AwaKvi _vKvq wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvwe©K eë¯’vcbvq
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|
2. msweavb Abymv‡i wcÖ‡dKPvi wkÿv msµvšÍ AvBb cÖYqb Ges ev¯Íevq‡bi f~wgKv iv‡L|
3. AÂ‡ji GjvKvaxb bvm©vix n‡Z wek¦we`¨vjq ch©šÍ wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Ges RvZxq
wkÿvbxwZ, ¯’vbxq GjvKvi Kvh©Kix Kivi c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kivi gZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
¯’vbxq miKv‡ii f~wgKv
1. ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb wgDwbwmc¨vwjwU KZ…©c‡ÿi ¯^vqZ¡kvmb AwaKvi _vKvq Zuvi Aaxb¯Í mKj wkÿv
cÖwZôv‡bi mvwe©K eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
2. wbR¯^ GjvKvq mKj wkÿv cÖwZôvb †hgb bvm©vix ¯‹zj n‡Z wek¦we`¨vjq ch©šÍ wbqš¿Y I ZË¡veavq‡Ki
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
agx©q ms¯’v I †emiKvix ms¯’vi f~wgKv
1. Rvcv‡bi RbmvaviY, †eŠ×, Lªxóvb m¤úª`vq wkÿv †ÿ‡Î miKvix ¯‹z‡ji cvkvcvwk †e-miKvix cÖwZôvb
¯’vcb I cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|
2. Z‡e Gme wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi agx©q m¤úª`vq I †e-miKvix ms¯’v miKv‡ii RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ AbymiY
K‡i wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I miKvi‡K mnvqZvi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
N. wkÿvq A‡÷ªwjqv miKv‡ii f~wgKv
†dWv‡ij miKv‡ii f~wgKv
1. †dWv‡ij msweavb Abymv‡i wkÿvi `vwqZ¡ ivR¨ miKv‡ii Ici Awc©Z| Z‡e lvU `k‡Ki †klfvM n‡Z
A‡÷ªwjqvi miKvi wkÿvq we‡klfv‡e RwoZ n‡q co‡Q| RvZxq wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡bi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i
Ges eZ©gv‡b wkÿveë¯’vq mwµq I cÖfvekvjx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
2. RvZxq wkÿv Dbœq‡bi mwVK cš’v wb‡`©kbvi Rb¨ miKvi wewfbœ Kwgkb I KwgwU wb‡qvM Kivi f~wgKv
iv‡L|
3. wkÿvq †dWv‡ij miKv‡ii µgea©gvb AskMÖnY ivR¨¸‡jv cÖ_‡g m‡›`‡ni †Pv‡L †`L‡jI Zviv
eZ©gv‡b mn‡hvwMZvg~jKfv‡e wkÿv Dbœq‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q|
4. †dWv‡ij miKvi ivR¨ miKvi¸‡jv‡K A_© mvnvh¨ Kivi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
ivR¨ miKv‡ii f~wgKv
1. ivR¨ miKv‡ii wbqš¿Yvaxb wkÿv eë¯’v‡K K‡Vvifv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i| `~ieZx© GjvKvq iv‡Rï wkÿvi
gvb iÿvi Rb¨ we‡K›`ªxf~Z cÖkvmb A‡cÿv †K›`ªxf~Z cÖkvmb AwaKZi Kvh©Kix f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K|
2. KgbI‡qj_ miKvi I ivR¨ miKvi Df‡qB wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
3. †K›`ªxf~Z wkÿvbxwZ‡K fvjfv‡e Kvh©Kix Kivi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b cÖkvmb eë¯’v‡K AvswkK we‡K›`ªxKiY
Kiv n‡q‡Q|

4. iv‡Rï wkÿv gš¿Yvjq wba©vwiZ wkÿvbxwZ I †cÖvMÖvg ¯’vbxq GjvKvq Kvh©Kix Kivi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
5. iv‡R¨ †K‡›`ªi wba©vwiZ wkÿvbxwZ ¯’vbxq KZ…©c‡ÿi gva¨‡g Kvh©Ki Kivi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
agx©q I †emiKvix ms¯’vi f~wgKv
1. MxR©v ev †emiKvix RbMY we`¨vjq cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ag© wkÿv e¨wZ‡i‡K me©‡ÿ‡Î ivR¨
miKv‡ii wkÿvbxwZ I wb‡`©k †g‡b P‡j Ges wbR¯^ eë¯’vcbvq cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvq f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i|
2. Gme ms¯’v †dWv‡ij I ivR¨ miKvi n‡Z A_© mvnvh¨ jvf K‡i|
O. wkÿvq fvi‡Zi RvZxq miKvi, cÖv‡`wkK I ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii f~wgKv
fvi‡Zi RvZxq miKv‡ii f~wgKv
1. msweav‡b BDwbqb miKv‡ii wkÿvq `vwqZ¡ bv _vK‡jI RvZxq ¯^v‡_© I mgKvjxb cÖ‡qvR‡b RvZxq
miKvi wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
2. msweav‡bi wb‡`©k Abymv‡i I cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii ¯^vaxbZvq n¯Í‡ÿc bv K‡i RvZxq miKvi mgMÖ
fvi‡Zi wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb, wkÿv Dbœq‡b, RvZxq wkÿvi iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡b †bZ…Z¡ Ges
mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb Kivi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
3. wek¦we`¨vjq, weÁvb I KvwiMwi wkÿv Ges mswkøó M‡elYv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ZË¡veav‡b I cwiPvjbvq
Ab¨Zg f~wgKv iv‡L|
4. RvZxq miKvi cÖv‡`wkK ivR¨¸‡jv‡K A_© mvnvh¨ Kivi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
5. BD‡b‡¯‹v I Ab¨vb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi m‡½ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ges wkÿv msµvšÍ Dbœqb Kv‡Ri mgš^‡qi
cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii f~wgKv
1. D”P wkÿv, weÁvb I KvwiMwi wkÿv e¨wZ‡i‡K iv‡Rï mKj wkÿv cÖwZôvb mvwe©Kfv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
2. iv‡Rï wkÿvi gvb iÿv Ges wkÿv Dbœqb I ms¯‹vi Kv‡h© †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`v‡bi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
3. wbR¯^ Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvR‡b RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ, †cÖvMÖvg cÖYqb, ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR Z`viK Kiv Ges mgMÖ
iv‡Rï wkÿvq mgš^‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
¯’vbxq miKv‡ii f~wgKv
¯’vbxq KZ…©cÿ cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi mKj bxwZ I †cÖvMÖvg ev¯Íevq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i _v‡K|
†e-miKvixi ms¯’vq f~wgKv
1. †emiKvix ms¯’v ev agx©q m¤úª`vq wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e RvZxq wkÿvbxwZi Av‡jv‡K
wewfbœ wb‡`©kbv, cvV¨µg I cixÿv c×wZ AbymiY K‡i|

2. cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii wbKU nB‡Z A_© mvnvh¨ jvf K‡i Ges wbR¯^ wkÿv eë¯’vcbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
P. wkÿvq gvj‡qwkqv RvZxq miKv‡ii f~wgKv
1. †K›`ªxq miKvi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ, cwiKíbv cÖYqb, wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwi`k©b, ¯‹z‡ji cvV¨m~wP g~j¨vqb
BZ¨vw` wba©viY I cÖYqb Kivi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
2. mKj cÖKvi wkÿv e¨q †K›`ªxq miKvi enb Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖn‡Y miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg mnvqK
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|
3. cÖv‡`wkK, †Rjv I we`¨vjq ch©v‡q wkÿv msµvšÍ mg¯Í Kvh©vewj ev¯Íevq‡b Revew`wnZv wbwðZKi‡Yi
cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
cÖv‡`wkK wkÿv wefv‡Mi f~wgKv
1. †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii bxwZ I cwiKíbvmg~n cÖv‡`wkK wkÿv wefvM ev¯Íevq‡bi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
2. cÖv‡`wkK wkÿv wefvMmg~n ¯^ ¯^ cÖ‡`‡ki wkÿvbxwZ Ges Acivci wkÿv Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqv
ZË¡veavb, cwiexÿY BZ¨vw` Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ Kivi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
¯’vbxq ch©v‡q f~wgKv
RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK ch©v‡q wkÿvbxwZ, cwiKíbv, wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~Px ev¯Íevq‡bi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
Q. wkÿvq Px‡bi RvZxq KZ…©c‡ÿi f~wgKv
1. †K›`ªxq miKvi I Kgy¨wb÷ cvwU©i †K›`ªxq KwgwU wkÿv wbqš¿Y K‡i|
2. miKvi I cvwU©i msMVb GK nIqv‡Z Ges me©¯Í‡i cvkvcvwk KvR Kivi d‡j me©Î GKB wkÿvbxwZ
Kvh©Kix Kivi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
3. wkÿvbxwZ cÖYq‡b I iè`‡j wbgœ¯Í‡ii cÖkvmwbK GjvKv n‡Z gZvgZ I cÖ¯Íve †K‡›`ª †cÖiY Kiv nq|
†K›`ªxq KZ…©cÿ †cÖwiZ gZvgZ we‡ePbv K‡i P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i|
4. Px‡bi mKj wkÿv eë¯’v cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Avw_©K eiv‡Ïi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖn‡Y f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K|
cÖv‡`wkK KZ…©cÿ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Abym„Z wkÿvbxwZ AbymiY I ev¯Íevqb Kivi †ÿ‡Î f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K|
¯’vbxq miKvi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cÖYxZ wkÿvbxwZmn mKj wkÿv Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i _v‡K|
†emiKvix RbMY wkÿv cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ¯’vbxq cÖkvmwbK KZ…©c‡ÿi Aby‡gv`b mv‡c‡ÿ
GB mKj wkÿv cÖwZôvb RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ, D‡Ïk¨ I cvV¨µg AbymiY K‡i Ges RvZxq Znwej n‡Z cÖvß
A_© mvnvh¨ jvf Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖn‡Y †emiKvix ms¯’v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

R. evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii f~wgKv

RvZxq miKvi
1. evsjv‡`k miKvi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K|
2. wkÿv msµvšÍ P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ miKvi MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
3. wkÿv Dbœq‡b wewfbœ cÖKí MÖnY, AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v KZ…©K Aby`vb I Avw_©K cÖ`vbKvixi ms¯’vi mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM I mgš^q mva‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
4. wkÿv mKj ¯Í‡i Avw_©K eiv‡Ïi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i|
¯’vbxq KZ…©cÿ (AvÂwjK, †Rjv I Dc‡Rjv)
¯’vbxq KZ…©cÿ miKv‡ii wkÿvbxwZ I wkÿv Dbœq‡b mKj wkÿv Kvh©µg Gi wb‡`©kbv AvÂwjK I ¯’vbxq
ch©v‡q ev¯Íevq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
†emiKvix ms¯’v
1. RbMY †emiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv ev cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e me©‡ÿ‡Î RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ,
D‡Ïk¨ I †cÖvMÖvg AbymiY K‡i ev¯Íevq‡b f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
2. miKvi †emiKvix cÖwZôvbmg~‡n Avw_©K mvnvh¨ w`‡q _v‡K Ges cÖvß A_©mn wbR¯^ A_© †hvMvb Kivi
cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc †emiKvix ms¯’vi Ab¨Zg f~wgKv|
AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi f~wgKv
wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v we‡k¦i Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wkÿv Kg©m~Px cwiPvjbv K‡i Pj‡Q| Gme ms¯’vi g‡a¨
Rvcvb AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v (RvBKv) Ges †mf w` wPj‡Wªb (BDGmG) Ab¨Zg f~wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Q| ZvQvov RvwZmsN wewfbœ ms¯’v we‡klZ BD‡b‡¯‹v, BDwb‡md, BDGbwWwc wek¦ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvi
wewfbœ w`‡Ki Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i Avm‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î Gme ms¯’v Bmy¨wfwËK wkÿv Kg©m~Px MÖnY Kivi
†ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| (RvBKv e¨ZxZ 6.10 BDwb‡U Gme ms¯’vi f~wgKv eY©bv Kiv
Av‡Q)|
1. Rvcvb AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’vi (RvBKv) wkÿv †ÿ‡Î f~wgKv:
 RvBKv Dbœqbkxj †`k I Rvcv‡bi RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| Ávb I AwfÁZv
wewbgq Ges c„w_ex‡K AviI kvwšÍgq I mg„×kvjx Ki‡Z RvBKv f~wgKv cvjb K‡i P‡j‡Q|
 RvBKv Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n wkÿv Kg©m~Px‡Z KvwiMwi I Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Q|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Kg©ms¯’vb Ges AvZ¥wbf©ikxj Kivi Rb¨ e„wËg~jK cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wP‡Z mnvqZvi f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
 RvBKv evsjv‡`kmn Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki miKvi Ges wewfbœ Dbœqb ms¯’vi mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZvg~jK Kg©m~Px
MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b (cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿv) ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Pj‡Q|
 Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wkÿv Dbœq‡b RvBKv evsjv‡`kmn wewfbœ
Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mnvqZvi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|

Dcmsnvi
wbe©vwPZ †`k¸‡jvi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ, wkÿv cÖkvmb I eë¯’vq Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq-
Bsj¨v‡Ûi RvZxq miKvi wkÿvi hveZxq Kg©Kv‡Û mgš^q mvabKvix KZ…©c‡ÿi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
hy³ivóª †dWv‡ij miKvi Gi ZË¡veav‡b wewfbœ A½ivR¨ wkÿvi Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbvi g~L¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| Rvcv‡bi RvZxq miKvi †K›`ªxq fv‡e wkÿvi mg¯Í Kvh©vw` mgš^q mvab I civgk©`vbKvixi f~wgKvi
Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i _v‡K| A‡÷ªwjqv †dWv‡ij msweav‡bi wfwË‡Z ivR¨ miKvi wkÿvi Kvh©vejx
ev¯Íevq‡bi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| fvi‡Zi RvZxq miKvi KZ…©K wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb Ges cÖv‡`wkK miKvi
wkÿvi mKj Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿‡Yi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| gvj‡qwkqv RvZxq miKv‡ii
wbqš¿Yvax‡b wkÿvi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I ev¯Íevq‡b f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Px‡bi †K›`ªxq miKvi wkÿv
msµvšÍ mg¯Í Kvh©vewj wbqš¿b I cwiPvjbvq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| evsjv‡`k miKvi wkÿvi mKj
Kvh©vw` wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbvq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
1. Bsj¨v‡Ûi mKj ¯Í‡ii wkÿvq †Kvb KZ…©cÿ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K?
K. RvZxq miKvi
L. AvÂwjK miKvi
M. ¯’vbxq miKvi
N. agx©q miKvi
2. hy³iv‡óª wkÿvi `vwqZ¡ †Kvb KZ…©c‡ÿi Ici b¨¯Í?
K. †dWv‡ij miKvi
L. A½ivR¨ miKvi
M. ¯’vbxq miKvi
N. agx©q ms¯’v
3. Rvcv‡b wkÿv eë¯’vq ¯^vqË¡kvwmZ ms¯’v n‡jv-
i. wcÖ‡dKPvi
ii. wgDwbwmc¨vwjwU
iii. agx©q m¤úª`vq
bx‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii

4. A‡óªwjqvi wkÿvi `vwqZ¡ †Kvb KZ…©cÿ cvjb K‡i _v‡K?

K. RvZxq miKvi
L. ivR¨ miKvi
M. ¯’vbxq KZ…©cÿ
N. †e-miKvix ms¯’v
5. fvi‡Z wkÿvbxwZ cÖYq‡b g~j f~wgKv †Kvb KZ…©cÿ cvjb K‡i _v‡K?
K. RvZxq miKvi
L. cÖv‡`wkK miKvi
M. ¯’vbxq miKvi
N. †emiKvix ms¯’v
6. Px‡bi mKj wkÿv ¯Í‡ii g~j `vwqZ¡ †Kvb KZ…©cÿ cvjb K‡i _v‡K?
K. †K›`ªxq miKvi
L. cÖv‡`wkK KZ…©cÿ
M. ¯’vbxq miKvi
7. evsjv‡`‡k wkÿv msµvšÍ P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ †Kvb KZ…©cÿ cvjb K‡i _v‡K?
K. RvZxq miKvi
L. wkÿv Awa`ßi
M. AvÂwjK wkÿv KZ…©cÿ
8. gvj‡qwkqv wkÿv msµvšÍ wm×všÍKvix †Kvb KZ„©c‡ÿi Ici b¨¯Í?
K. †K›`ªxq miKvi
L. cÖv‡`wkK KZ…©cÿ
M. ¯’vbxq miKvi
N. †e-miKvix ms¯’v
DËigvjv: 1. K, 2. L, 3. K, 4. L, 5. K, 6. K, 7. K, 8. K
L. mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. Bsj¨v‡Ûi RvZxq miKvi wkÿv †ÿ‡Î Kx Kx f~wgKv iv‡L?
2. wkÿv †ÿ‡Î hy³iv‡óªi A½ivR¨ miKv‡ii f~wgKv D‡jøL Kiæb|
3. Rvcvb miKv‡ii wkÿvbxwZ cÖYq‡b †Kvb KZ…©cÿ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i?
4. wkÿvq A‡÷ªwjqv miKv‡ii f~wgKv eY©bv Kiæb|
5. fvi‡Z cÖv‡`wkK miKvi wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Kx Kx f~wgKv iv‡L Zv D‡jøL Kiæb|
6. gvj‡qwkqvi wkÿv †ÿ‡Î †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii f~wgKv D‡jøL Kiæb|
7. Px‡b †K›`ªxq miKvi wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Kxiƒc f~wgKv iv‡L Zv D‡jøL Kiæb|
8. evsjv‡`‡k wkÿveë¯’vq miKv‡ii f~wgKv wee„Z Kiæb|
9. wkÿv †ÿ‡Î AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v wnmv‡e RvBKvi f~wgKv D‡jøL Kiæb|

M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wkÿveë¯’vq Bsj¨vÛ I hy³iv‡óªi f~wgKv Zyjbvg~jK we‡kølY Kiæb|
2. Rvcvb I Px‡bi wkÿveë¯’vq RvZxq miKv‡ii f~wgKvi mv`„k I êmv`„k¨ wPwýZ K‡i Avcbvi
gZvgZ w`b|
3. wkÿveë¯’vq A‡÷ªwjqv I fvi‡Zi f~wgKvi Zzjbvg~jK cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Kiæb|
4. wkÿveë¯’v gvj‡qwkqv I evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wgj I Awgj wPwýZ K‡i Dbœq‡bi mycvwik w`b|
5. wbe©vwPZ †`kmg~‡ni wkÿveë¯’vq miKv‡ii f~wgKvi Zzjbvg~jK GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|

cvV- 4.3: ¯’vbxq Ges êwk¦K cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvi ZË¡ I Abykxjb

Theory and Practice of Education in Global and Local
Perspective
D‡Ïk¨
 PviwU DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n wewfbœ wkÿvwe‡ì wkÿvi ZË¡ cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖfve we‡kølY Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv ms¯‹v‡i wkLb gZev‡ì cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿvi ZË¡ I wkLb gZev` Abykxj‡b AvUwU †`‡ki g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 êwk¦K cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvi ZË¡ Abykxj‡bi †ÿÎmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wkÿv RvwZi fwel¨r DbœwZi PvweKvwV Ges `ÿ Rbkw³ m„wói Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© nvwZqvi| wkÿv mwÂZ Ávb,
AwfÁZv Ges K…wóMZ AwaKv‡ii bejä Ávb I AwfÁZv mÄxweZ K‡i ¯^ ¯^ RvZxq Av`k© I g~j¨‡ev‡ai
Av‡jv‡K esk ci¤úivq n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i †`k I RvwZi AMÖMwZi c_‡K myMg K‡i| mvaviYfv‡e wkÿvi Dcwi
D³ f~wgKv DbœZ †`kmg~n- hy³ivR¨, hy³ivóª, Rvcvb I A‡óªwjqv Ges Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~nÑ fviZ,
gvj‡qwkqv, Pxb I evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e Zvrch© enb K‡i| GK GKwU †`‡ki wkÿvi ZË¡ wK n‡e Zv
bvbv `vk©wbK gZev` I wkLb ZË¡ Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K| †h †Kvb †`‡ki Zvi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v,
agx©q g~j¨‡eva, K…wó I ms¯‹…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i GKKfv‡e †Kvb `vk©wbK gZev` I wkLb ZË¡ cÖfve bv
†d‡j GKvwaK gZev` wba©viY K‡i †m †`‡ki wkÿvi ZË¡ I Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖfve †d‡j
_v‡K| DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n wkÿvi ZË¡ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ `vk©wb‡Ki gZev` Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
R¨vu R¨vK iæ‡kv I ZrAbymvix‡ì cÖfve
1712 wLªóv‡ã myBRvij¨v‡Ûi †R‡bfv kn‡i GK D”P ga¨we‡Ëi cwiev‡i iæ‡kv Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| iæ‡kv
Zuvi ÒGwgjÓ MÖ‡š’ me©cÖ_g †NvlYv K‡ib wkï‡K wkïi gZ jvjb cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges mKj K…wÎgZv
wemR©b w`‡q ¯^vfvweK cwi‡e‡k Avcb cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx wkïi kw³-mvg‡_©ï me©v½xb weKvk KivB n‡e
wkÿvi jÿ¨| Zuvi GB gZev` mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wkÿv ms¯‹v‡ii bxwZ¸wji g‡a¨
g~j ev mnvqK bxwZ wn‡m‡e Pjgvb cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| iæ‡kvi GB wPšÍvaviv hwÌ Zvi Rxeb`~kvq
†Kv‡bv wkÿv eë¯’vq Kvh©Ki nqwb wKš‘ Zuvi 1778 wLªóv‡ã g„Zzï wKQzw`b c‡i ZviB wkl¨ †Rvnvb
†c÷vjrwm (Pestalozi), Rvg©vb `vk©wbK †dWvwiK nvievU© (Herbart), †d¬v‡qej (Fraebol) cÖg~L wewkó
`vk©wbK I wkÿv ms¯‹viK Zuvi gZev` AbymiY K‡i wb‡R‡ì wkÿv ms¯‹v‡ii †ÿ‡Î AMÖmi nb| cieZx©‡Z
†cóvjswm wkÿv‡K g‡bv‰eÁvwbK wfwËi Dci cÖwZôv K‡ib| nvievU© ˆbwZK PvwiwÎK Rxeb‡KB wkÿvi
jÿ¨ †NvlYv K‡ib| `vk©wbK †d¬v‡qej wkïi kw³i m¤¢vebvi µg D‡b¥l‡K wkÿvi jÿ¨ e‡j AwfwnZ
K‡ib| Zvici iæ‡kvi gZev` `vk©wbK Rb wWDBi gva¨‡g Av‡iv cwiewZ©Z I cwigvR©b Kiv nq hv
mg„×kvjx nq Ges wWDBi gZev‡ì g‡a¨ w`‡q iæ‡kvi fveaviv c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki wkÿvq cÖ‡ek K‡i|
wWDBi g‡Z Òwkïi wkÿv evwn‡ii mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡kB ¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i, e¨w³ gb mgvR Rxe‡bi GKwU
cÖwµqv we‡klÓ| ZvB‡Zv wkÿv n‡”Q e¨w³ I mgvRÑ G `y‡qi g‡a¨ mv_©K msMwZ mvab| AvMÖn I mwµqZv
Z‡Ë¡i Dci wfwË K‡i wkÿv`vb c×wZ‡Z wPšÍb Ges mwµqZv Acwinvh© Zv wWDB D™¢veb K‡ib| Avevi
GB wPšÍb I mwµqZvi Ici wfwË K‡i wZwb mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| wWDBi ZË¡wUi Dci
wfwË K‡i wKjc¨vwUK cÖKí c×wZ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| G‡Z D`vicš’x I MYZvwš¿K mgvR eë¯’v †hgb-
Bsj¨vÛ, Av‡gwiKv, A‡óªwjqvmn Bs‡iR Dcwb‡ek †`kmg~n Ggwb wK evsjv‡`k, fviZ, Pxb, Rvcvb I
gvj‡qwkqvi wkÿveë¯’vi G mKj wkÿvwe` I `vk©wbK‡ì fveaviv Øviv AbycÖvwYZ I Abykxjb K‡i _v‡K|
DbœZ‡`kmg~n G mKj bZzb fveaviv Abymv‡i wkÿv ms¯‹vi I Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿveë¯’v‡K mg„×kvjx
Kivi cvkvcvwk ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q wkÿvwe`‡ì gZev‡ì Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i _v‡K| Avevi Dbœqbkxj
†`kmg~n (fviZ, Pxb, gvj‡qwkqv I evsjv‡`k) G mKj wkÿveë¯’v‡K ch©vqµ‡g ev¯Íevqb I ¯’vbxqfv‡e
†`k I RvwZi wkÿv `k©‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q wkÿv eë¯’v‡K AwaKZi Kvh©Ki K‡i _v‡K|
wKš‘ G mKj D`vi wkÿv gZev` MÖn‡Y wewfbœ iv‡óªi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †K›`ªxq cÖkvmbf~³
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¯’vbxq KZ…©c‡ÿi wbKU b¨¯Í †m me †`‡k wkÿv ms¯‹vi byZb fveaviv MÖn‡Yi cÖeYZv cwijwÿZ nq|
†cóvjrwm, nvievU©, †d¬v‡q‡ej Ges wWDB-Gi wkÿv fveaviv ZrKvjxb hy‡M Lye ¸iæZ¡ bv †c‡jI eZ©gvb
Kv‡j MYZvwš¿K, mgvRZvwš¿K, Dbœqbkxj I AbybœZ cÖvq mKj †`‡ki wkÿvq G mKj fveaviv ev¯ÍevwqZ I
Abykxjb n‡”Q| DbœZ †`kmg~nÑ hy³ivR¨, hy³ivóª, A‡óªwjqv I Rvcvb wkÿv eë¯’vq wkÿv`vb c×wZ‡Z
†Zgb GKUv cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq bv| Z‡e ¯^ ¯^ †`kmg~‡ni ¯’vbxqfv‡e wkÿvi †KŠkj wfbœZi Ges wkÿv_x©
hv‡Z mnRfv‡e wkL‡Z cv‡i †m w`‡K ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| ZvQvov fviZ, Pxb, gvj‡qwkqv I evsjv‡`k
wkÿv eë¯’v ¯’vbxq I bZzb fveaviv AbymiY I Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv ms¯‹vi I wkÿv Dbœq‡b mKj
wkÿv Z‡Ë¡i cÖfve ¯úó cÖZxqgvb nq|
†d«WvwiK nve©v‡Ui wkÿv Z‡Ë¡i cÖfve
nvievU©B me©cÖ_g wkïi gvbwmK w`K¸‡jv êÁvwbK Dcv‡q cixÿv I wbixÿv K‡i Zv‡ì gvbwmK êwkó¨
Rvbvi Rb¨ g‡bv‰eÁvbx‡ì `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib| wkïi gb¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvg©vb `vk©wbK I g‡bvweÁvbx‡ì
DrKÉv cieZx©Kv‡j c„w_exi mKj DbœZ †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’vi `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i| H mKj †`‡ki
g‡bvweÁvbx I wkÿvwe‡ìv M‡elYvg~jK KvR Øviv, gb¯ÍvwË¡K ixwZ I Ávb gZev` cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mÿg nb|
Zuv‡ì M‡elYvi djvdj wkïi gvbwmK Dbœqb I gv‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvi welqe¯‘ wbe©vPb, web¨vm
wkÿv`v‡bi Dc‡hvMx bZzb bZzb †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡M Abykxjb Ki‡Z _v‡K| mgmvgwqKKv‡j hy³ivR¨, hy³ivóª,
A‡óªwjqv I Rvcvbmn Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n fviZ, Pxb, gvj‡qwkqv I evsjv‡`kmn wkÿveë¯’v DbœZ wkÿv
Ges Dbœq‡bi KviY cwijwÿZ nq Zv‡ì g~‡j i‡q‡Q wkÿv I g‡bvweÁvbx‡ì M‡elYv n‡Z cÖvß Z‡_ï
wfwË‡Z wkÿv Dbœqb I ms¯‹vi MÖnY Ges ev¯Íevqb| ZvQvov nve©v‡Ui wkÿv`vb c×wZ A_©vr †kÖwYK‡ÿ
wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ cÂ‡mvcvb c×wZ GLbI D‡jøwLZ †`kmg~n ¯’vqxfv‡e cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b I ms¯‹v‡ii
gva¨‡g wkÿv`v‡bi c×wZ cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q|
†d¬v‡qej Gi wkÿv Z‡Ë¡i cÖfve
†d¬v‡qe‡ji wkï wkÿv m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ges Zuvi cÖfv‡e wKÛviMv‡U©b wkÿvi cÖPjb ïiæ nq Zv we‡k¦i A‡bK
†`kB wkÿveë¯’vq MÖnY K‡i| mKj wkÿveë¯’vq †d¬v‡qe‡ji fveaviv I c×wZ, Mvb I Dcnvi c×wZ
ûeû Abym„Z bv n‡jI Zuvi Abymi‡Y wkï wkÿvi eë¯’v Kiv nq| hy³ivR¨, hy³ivóª, A‡óªwjqv I Rvcvb
†`kmg~n †d¬v‡qe‡ji Abymi‡Y wKÛviMv‡U©b we`¨vjq cÖwZôv Kiv Ges c×wZ Abymi‡Y ev¯Íevqb K‡i

Pj‡Q| ZvQvov fviZ, Pxb I gvj‡qwkqv †d¬v‡qe‡ji wkÿv ZË¡ AbymiY K‡i ¯’vqxfv‡e c×wZ I †KŠkj
ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡k wKÛviMv‡U©b cÖwZôv Ki‡jI AvswkK c×wZ I †KŠkj AbymiY K‡i
_v‡K| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’vq wkï wkÿvi Rb¨ gvwiqv g‡›Umixi c×wZ AbymiY
K‡i _v‡K|
wWDB-Gi wkÿv Z‡Ë¡i cÖfve
mKj wkÿv ms¯‹viK I `vk©wbK‡ì g‡a¨ wWDB we‡k¦i m‡e©v‡cÿv AwaK cÖfvekvjx e¨w³Z¡| `vk©wbK I
wkÿvwe` wnmv‡e MYZvwš¿K mgvR eë¯’v wkïi wkÿv, MYZ‡š¿i Aw¯ÍZ¡ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ wkÿv, wkïi ¯^fve,
AvPiY, gvbwmK Pvwn`v Ges AvMÖ‡ni †cÖwÿ‡Z cvV¨µg wba©viY I wkÿv`vb ïay hy³iv‡óªB mxgve× bq eis
hy³ivR¨, Rvcvb, A‡óªwjqvmn Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n fviZ, Pxb, gvj‡qwkqv I evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿveë¯’vq Zuvi
`k©b I wkÿv gZev‡ì Abymi‡Y wkÿv ms¯‹vi K‡i Pj‡Q|
wkLb gZev‡ì cÖfve
wkÿv weÁv‡bi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq wkLb gZev`| `xN©w`b a‡i B.Gj _b©WvB‡Ki ÒcÖ‡Póv I fzj
ms‡kvabÓ gZev`, ivwkqvi kixi ZË¡we` AvBfvb c¨vfj‡fi- DÏxcK I cÖwZwµqvwfwËK mv‡cÿ
cÖwZeZ©ev`, we.Gd w¯‹bv‡iiKiY wkLb gZev` I †Kv‡njvi I KvdKv‡ii mgMÖZvev` wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î
Abym„Z n‡q Avm‡Q| eqm †f‡` wkï‡ì AeaviY ÿgZv I mvg‡_©ï welq we‡ePbv ‡i‡L Ru¨v wcquv‡Ri
Ávbg~jK weKvk msµvšÍ gZev` wkÿv weÁv‡b me©‡kl Ae`vb †i‡L Pj‡Q| wkÿvµg Dbœqb I wkLb-
†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq †Kvb eq‡mi wkï KZUzKz aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i ev †Kvb eq‡m Kx Kx ai‡Yi weg~Z©
aviYv jvf Ki‡Z mÿg †m m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv _vKv AZ¨vek¨K| wkL‡bi DwjøwLZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU gZev`
g~jZ AvPiYev`| wKš‘ eZ©gvb we‡k¦ me©vwaK Av‡jvP¨ wkLb gZev`wU aviYv MVb m¤úwK©Z hv MVbev` bv‡g
cwiwPZ|
MVbev` Z‡Ë¡i (Constructivist Theory) cÖe³v n‡jb †Rvbv_b Gd. AmeY©| Jonathan F.
Osborne| G Z‡Ë¡i g~jK_v n‡jv aviYv MVbB wkLb| cÖwZ gyû‡Z© Bw›`ªq MÖvn¨ Z_¨ Øviv Avgv‡ì wPšÍ‡bi
g‡a¨ †h wbqwgZ MVb Ges cwieZ©b n‡”Q Zvi gva¨‡gB wkLb cÖwµqv N‡U| cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_x© wb‡Ri
AwfÁZvi Ges cvwicvwk¦©KZv Abya¨vb K‡i wb‡Ri g‡Zv GKKfv‡e bZzb Ávb I AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K hvPvB
K‡i MÖnY K‡i| e¨w³ bZzb wKQzi m¤§yLxb n‡j †m GUv‡K Zvi c~e©jä Ávb I AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K hvPvB
K‡i MÖnY K‡i| Gfv‡eB e¨w³ bZzb aviYv ev Ávb AR©b K‡i| hvPvB‡q bZzb welq‡K AevšÍi g‡b n‡j
GUv‡K †m evwZj K‡i †`q| wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î †R‡iwg evb©vi (Jerome Bruner) cwi‡ek I fvlv weKv‡ki
Dci †ekx cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, Ávb weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î cwi‡e‡ki f~wgKv †ekx Ges Ávb weKv‡ki
wewfbœ ¯Í‡i wkï Áv‡bi AvIZvf~³ wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡b wfbœZv †`q| GUv wbf©i K‡i wkïi c~e© AwfÁZv
I Áv‡bi Dci|
Avevi †WwfW GBP †Rvbv‡mb Rb©vwmb (David H Jonassen) g‡b K‡ib MVbev‡` wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv n‡e
bZzb aviYv MV‡b wkÿv_x©‡ì mnvqZv Kiv| ïay ZË¡ I Z_¨ mieivn Kiv bq| wkÿK mgm¨v mgvavb ev
AbymÜv‡bi wb‡`©kbv †`‡eb, wkÿv_x©iv hv‡Z wb‡RivB AbygwZ aviYv ˆZwi I cixÿv K‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i
Ges `jMZ wkLb cwi‡e‡k Ab¨‡ì‡K Rvbv‡Z cv‡i| G cÖwµqv Ávb jv‡fi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©iv Kxfv‡e
DcK…Z n‡”Q Zv D`NvUb Ki‡Z wkÿK wkÿv_x©‡ì DrmvwnZ K‡ib| A_©vr wkÿv`vb cÖwµqv n‡e
wkï‡Kw›`ªK ev wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK| MVbev` wfwË‡Z wkÿvµ‡gi web¨vm n‡e kw•Lj (Spiral)| G eë¯’vq
wkÿv_x© AwR©Z aviYv, Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½i Dci wfwË K‡i µgvMZfv‡e bZzb bZzb aviYv, Ávb I
`„wófw½ AR©b Ki‡e|
MVbev‡ì mv‡_ mgMÖZvev‡ì †ek wgj Av‡Q| wkLb cÖwµqvq aviYv MVb c„_K Dc`v‡bi Dci bq,
mvgwMÖKfv‡e Dcv`v‡bi Dci wb©fi K‡i| Avevi Rb wWDBi wkÿv `k©‡bi mv‡_ I MVbev` Z‡Ë¡i A‡bKUv
wgj Av‡Q| Dfq Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q G‡Z †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkLb n‡e MwVZ, mwµq,
Abya¨vbg~jK, mn‡hvwMZvg~jK, AbymÜvb I weKvk g~jK| A_©vr wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK cvV`v‡b DrmvwnZ Kiv
hv‡Z wkÿv_x© wb‡Ri Zv‡ì c~e© AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K bZzb aviYv MV‡b mg_© nq|
Dc‡iv³ wkLb gZev‡ì Av‡jv‡K hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, A‡óªwjqv I Rvcvb †`kmg~‡n wkÿvµ‡g welqe¯‘
wbe©vPb I web¨vm Zv‡ì wkÿv eë¯’vq G me gZev` AbymiY I Abykxjb Gi gva¨‡g Dbœqb cÖ‡Póv
Ae¨vnZ †i‡L| eZ©gv‡b fviZ, Pxb, gvj‡qwkqv I evsjv‡`k wkÿvµ‡g welqe¯‘i web¨vm, ms¯‹vi I Dbœqb
MVbev` Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K ev¯Íevqb K‡i hv‡”Q|
wkÿvZË¡ Abykxj‡bi Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv
wewfbœ †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’v ch©v‡jvPbvq AwfÁZvq †`Lv hvq wkÿvi D`vi gZev` I fveaviv MÖn‡Yi cÖeYZv
wbf©i K‡i mswkøó †`‡ki cÖkvmb KvVv‡gv I bxwZi Dci| †Kw›`ª kvwmZ ivóª¸‡jv †hLv‡b ¯’vbxq
¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi eë¯’v †bB †m mKj †`k cÖMwZkxj wkÿv Av‡›`vjb Øviv Kg cÖfvweZ nq| Aciw`‡K †h
mKj ivóª ¯’vbxq ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi eë¯’v i‡q‡Q Ges wkÿv Dbœq‡b I ms¯‹v‡i ¯’vbxq KZ©„c‡ÿi `vwqZ¡ †m me
†`kmg~n bZzb fveavivq AbycÖvwYZ n‡q wkÿv ms¯‹vi Ki‡Z AvMÖnx|
Dwbk kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K Av‡gwiKv I Bsj¨vÛ wkÿveë¯’vq g‡bvweÁvb cÖ‡qv‡Mi †h avivq m~ÎcvZ nq Zv
µ‡gB Abykxj‡bi gvÎv cÖvavb¨ jvf Ki‡Z _v‡K| wek kZ‡K we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z wkÿveë¯’vq wkï gb¯Í‡Ë¡i
A_©vr wewfbœ wkÿvwe` I g‡bvweÁv‡bi gZev` Acwimxg cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq| wkïi gvbwmK Pvwn`v, AvMÖn
eyw×gËv we‡ePbv K‡i Zv‡ì wkÿveë¯’v Kiv| Zv‡ì wkÿv`v‡bi Dc‡hvMx c×wZi I †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM,
wkïi wkÿvi gb¯ÍvwË¡K ixwZ, wkï k„s•Ljv I wbqš¿Y m¤ú‡K© †d¬v‡qe‡ji bZzb aviYv, MVbev‡ì aviYv
MVb, wkï‡Kw›`ªK cvV¨µg, Rb wWDB Gi wkÿvZ‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM Ges wKÛvi Mv‡U©b wkÿv c×wZ wkÿv
m¤úwK©Z GB mKj aviYv wek kZ‡K Av‡gwiKv I Bsj¨vÛ wkÿv eë¯’vq ev¯Íevq‡b AbymiY I Abykxjb
K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e wkï wkÿvi Rb¨ wkï‡Kw›`ªK cvV¨µg wba©vi‡Y ‡dv¬‡qej I g‡šÍmixi wkÿvZ‡Ë¡i cÖfve
cwijwÿZ nq| Avevi cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ch©v‡q Rb wWBi gZev` Ges MVbev` Z‡Ë¡i Dci wfwË K‡i
wkÿv_x© †Kw›`ªK cvV`vb Abykxj‡b D›gy³ AbymÜvb c×wZi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡K|
Rvcvb wkÿveë¯’vq GKB cvV¨µg, wm‡jevm wkÿv c×wZ Ges GKB cÖKvi cixÿv c×wZ ‡`‡ki me©Î
cÖPwjZ| †K›`ª cÖkvwmZ †`k¸‡jv mvaviYZt †K›`ª n‡Z wkÿvi ms¯‹vi cÖ‡Póv MÖnY Kiv nq| G‡ì g‡a¨
Rvcv‡b eZ©gv‡b we‡K›`ªxf~Z cÖkvmb eë¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi mv‡_ wkÿv ms¯‹v‡i I Dbœq‡b cÖ‡Póv Ab¨vb¨ †`k
A‡cÿv A‡bK AMÖMvgx| we`¨vjq cvV¨ welq‡K eûg~LxKiY, bZzb bZzb wkÿv`vb c×wZ I †KŠk‡ji
eënvi Ges wkÿv g‡bvweÁvbx‡ì gZev` Gi Dc‡hvwMZv m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv I wkÿv ms¯‹v‡ii †h cwiKíbv
AvaywbK Rvcv‡b jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
A‡÷ªwjqv wkÿv eë¯’vq AvaywbK wkÿvZË¡ I MVbev‡ì wkLb Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K M‡elYv I wkÿv ms¯‹v‡i
beZi w`K jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ZvQvov wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK cvV`v‡bi wewfbœ AvaywbK Kjv †KŠkj AvqZ¡ K‡i hv‡Z

wkÿv_x©iv wb‡RivB µ‡g µ‡g AwfÁ wkÿv_x©‡Z cwiYZ Ges Rxebe¨vcx wkÿv_x©‡Z cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i
†mw`‡K ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i Pj‡Q|
Px‡b 1903 mv‡j RvZxq wkÿv Kwgkb MVb Ges Gi Av‡jv‡K wkÿv ms¯‹vi Kiv nq| G ms¯‹v‡i wkÿv‡K
eûg~Lx Kiv nq| cvV¨µg bZzb bZzb welq AšÍf~©³ Kiv nq| myZivs bZzb mgv‡R ZvwË¡K wkÿvi m‡½ nv‡Z
Kj‡g Kv‡Ri m¤úK©, cÖMwZkxj wPšÍvavivq, †d¬v‡qej Gi wKÛvi Mv‡U©b c×wZ, Rb wWDB Gi wkÿv`k©b I
MVbev‡ì ZË¡ AbymiY Ges Abykxj‡b cwijwÿZ nq| Px‡bi †h wkÿvi aviv ïiæ nq Zv cy‡ivcywi
Av‡gwiKv fvevcbœ wQj| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Px‡b wkÿveë¯’vq AvaywbK Kjv †KŠkj I AvaywbK wkÿvZ‡Ë¡i
Av‡jv‡K wkÿv ms¯‹vi I Dbœq‡b AMÖmi nIqvi cwijwÿZ nq|
gvj‡qwkqv wkÿveë¯’vq wkï wkÿvi Rb¨ wKÛvi Mv‡U©b c×wZ AbymiY, AvaywbK wkÿvi ZË¡, wkLb gZev`
Z‡Ë¡i Dc‡hvwMZv hvPvB Ges M‡elYvi gva¨‡g wkÿv ms¯‹vi Dbœq‡b Abykxjb I ev¯Íevq‡b cwijwÿZ
nq|
fvi‡Zi wkÿv †ÿ‡Î †d¬v‡qej I g‡šÍmix c×wZ cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges n‡”Q| bZzb
M‡elYv K‡i cvwicvwk¦©KZvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q bZzb c×wZ Pvjy Kiv n‡”Q| wkï wkÿvi Rb¨ wKÛvi Mv‡U©b I
bvm©vix ¯‹z‡j †d¬v‡qej I g‡šÍmixi wkÿvZË¡ I wkLbZ‡Ë¡i bZzb bZzb M‡elYvjä djvd‡ji wfwË‡Z
cvV¨µg ms¯‹vi, bZzb †kLv-†kLv‡bvi †KŠkj I g~j¨vqb c×wZ cwieZ©b I cwigvR©‡b Abykxjb cwijwÿZ
nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿveë¯’vq †d¬v‡qejq wkÿv Z‡Ë¡i wfwË‡Z wkï wkÿvq wKÛvi Mv‡U©b c×wZ AbymiY
cwic~Y©fv‡e ev¯Íevqb bv n‡jI AvswkK AbymiY K‡i Pj‡Q| eZ©gv‡b wkÿvµ‡g cvV¨ welq wbe©vPb,
cwigvR©b I ms¯‹vi Gi Rb¨ wewfbœ wkÿvwe` I g‡bvweÁvbx‡ì gZev` m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv
K‡i _v‡K| MVbev` Z‡Ë¡i Abymi‡Y wkÿvµ‡g cvV¨ welq web¨vm, c×wZ I †KŠkj wba©viY, g~j¨vqb
c×wZi ms¯‹vi I wkï wkÿvi gb¯ÍvwË¡K ixwZ cÖeZ©b K‡i wkÿvµg Dbœqb Ges ev¯Íevqb K‡i Pj‡Q|
wek¦ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvi ZË¡ I Abykxjb
weÁvb, cÖhyw³ I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi `ªæZ I we¯§qKi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ we‡k¦i me †`k AvR ci¯úi
wbKUZg n‡q Avm‡Q| †`‡k †`‡k ˆbKU¨ I mg‡SvZvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv‡K cÖavb Dcvq ev gva¨g wn‡m‡e MY¨
Kiv n‡”Q| GK †`‡ki gvbyl Ab¨ †`‡ki gvby‡li cÖwZ åvšÍ ev we‡Ølc~Y© `„wófw½ cwinvi K‡i Zv‡ì mgm¨v
I mvdj¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z AvMÖnx n‡q I‡V‡Q| wkÿvµ‡g cvV¨m~Px wbe©vP‡b, ev¯Íem¤§Z †kLv-‡kLv‡bvi
†KŠkj, wkï wkÿvi gb¯ÍvwË¡K ixwZbxwZ, wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î h‡_vc‡hvMx wkLb Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM BZ¨vw` wel‡q
AwaKZi PP©v, wkÿv_x© I wkÿK wewbgq Kg©m~Px, bZzb bZzb wel‡qi cÖeZ©b I cwiKíbv BZ¨vw` AvšÍR©vwZK
mn‡hvwMZv Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| UNO, UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO & ILO BZ¨vw`
AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v Ges wek¦e¨vcx AviI bvbv ai‡Yi RbwnZKi cÖwZôvb I ms¯’v Zv‡ì Av`k©, jÿ¨ I
Kg©m~Px mviv we‡k¦ Qwo‡q mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ‡K D‡Ëv‡ivËi cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Q| BD‡b‡¯‹v Abym„Z dvÛv‡g›Uvj
GWz‡Kk‡b †cÖvMÖv‡gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ we‡k¦i AbybœZ †`‡ki RbM‡Yi wkÿv I Rxeb avi‡Yi gvb Dbœqb Kiv|
`wÿY, `wÿY c~e© Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv, j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKv, Dbœqbkxj I AbybœZ †`k¸‡jvi `xN© mgqe¨vcx wkÿv
cwiKíbv, eq¯‹ wkÿv, we`¨vjq wkÿvi m¤úªmviY I gvb DbœxZKiY, cvV¨µg Dbœqb, wkÿv Dbœqbg~jK
M‡elYv, wkÿK cÖwkÿY eë¯’v, we`¨vjq cwiZ¨vM †eva, bvix wkÿv, wkÿv ZË¡ I wkLb Z‡Ë¡i Kvh©KvwiZv
hvPvB Ges DcKiY eë¯’vmn KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i Pj‡Q| ZvQvov BDwb‡md wkï weKv‡ki ch©v‡qi
mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L wkLb Kg©Kv‡Ð djcÖm~ AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i Pj‡Q| Avevi DbœZ †`kmg~n †hgbÑ
Rvcv‡bi RvBKv (ZICA) Ges BDGmG-Gi †mf w` wPj‡Wªb (Save the Children) gvj‡qwkqv,
evsjv‡`k, fviZ I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvmn wewfbœ †`kmg~‡n †kLv-‡kLv‡bv h‡_vchy³ c×wZ I †KŠkj wba©viY
I KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i Avm‡Q|
1. R¨ R¨vK iæ‡kv KZ mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
K. 1710 Lªxóvã
L. 1712 Lªxóvã
M. 1714 Lªxóvã
N. 1716 Lªxóvã
2. Òwkï wkÿv evwn‡ii mvgvwRK cwi‡ekB ¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i e¨w³ gb mgvR Rxe‡bi GKwU cÖwµqv
we‡klÓ|-G Dw³wU †Kvb `vk©wb‡Ki?
K. R¨ R¨vK iæ‡kv
L. †dWvwiK nvievU©
M. †Rvnvb †cóvjrwm
N. Rb wWDB
3. †dWvwiK †d¬vme‡ji wKÛvi Mv‡U©b c×wZ AbymiY K‡i wkÿv eë¯’v MÖnY K‡iÑ
i. wkï‡ì Rb¨ hy³ivóª wKÛvi Mv‡U©b cÖwZôv K‡ib|
ii. hy³ivR¨ wkï wkÿvq wkï bvm©vwi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K|
iii. Rvcvb wkï wkÿv wKÛvi Mv‡U©b c×wZ Pvjy K‡ib|
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
4. evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvµ‡g cvV¨m~wP‡Z wb‡Pi †Kvb wkLb gZev`wU ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡Kb?
K. cÖ‡Póv I fzj ms‡kvab gZev`
L. KiY wkLb gZev`
M. MVbev` ZË¡
N. mgMÖZvev`
DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. N, 3. L, 4. M

L. msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. R¨vu R¨vK iæ‡kv wkÿv `k©b I wkÿveë¯’vq Gi cÖfve eY©bv Kiæb|
2. wKÛvi Mv‡U©b c×wZ Kx?
3. wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î wkÿv ms¯‹v‡i `vk©wbK‡ì bvg D‡jøL Kiæb|
4. wkLb gZev‡` MVbev` Z‡Ë¡i g~j e³e¨ wjLyb|
5. wek¦ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvZË¡ I Abykxj‡b AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi bvgmg~n wPwýZ Kiæb|
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, A‡óªwiqv I Rvcvb †`kmg~‡n wkÿveë¯’vq wkÿvZ‡Ë¡i cÖfve e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. evsjv‡`kmn fviZ, gvj‡qwkqv I Pxb †`kmg~‡n wkÿv ms¯‹v‡i wewfbœ `vk©wbK‡ì gZvgZ KZUzKz
Kvh©Ki e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ibÑ we‡kølY Kiæb|
3. wkÿvµ‡g cvV¨m~wP wba©viY I web¨vm-Gi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb wkLb gZev` ev ZË¡wU †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges
†Kb?
4. wkÿvi ZË¡ cÖ‡qvM I Abykxj‡b DbœZ †`k I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ GKwU Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ
Zz‡j aiæb|

cvV- 4.4: wkÿvq cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb I kw³mg~n
D‡Ïk¨
 Zzjbvg~jK wkÿvq fvlvMZ Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv weKv‡k ivR‰bwZK Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖhyw³we`¨v I êÁvwbK Dcv`vb wkÿv Dbœq‡b Gi cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb cÖfv‡ei d‡j wkÿvi weKvkÑ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv Dbœq‡b mvgvwRK, A_©we`¨v msµvšÍ I agx©q cÖfv‡ei ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
GKwU †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’v M‡o IVvi wcQ‡b RvwZMZ, fvlvMZ, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK BZ¨vw`
welq Mfxifv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| mvaviYZ MYZvwš¿K †`kmg~n kw³kvjx ¯’vbxq KZ…©c‡ÿi nv‡Z wkÿv
eë¯’vi wbqš¿‡Y we‡K›`ªxKiY n‡Z †`Lv hvq| †hgbÑ Av‡gwiKv wkÿv eë¯’v| Avevi Bsj¨vÛ, A‡óªwjqv I
fvi‡Zi gZ wkÿvi `vwqZ¡ †K›`ªxq KZ…©cÿ I ¯’vbxq KZ…©c‡ÿi g‡a¨ wef³ n‡q‡Q| Avevi KL‡bv, KL‡bv
mvgªvRëv`x †`k¸‡jv Zv‡ì Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡Z we‡kl ai‡Yi wkÿv eë¯’v Pvwc‡q w`Z †hgbwU fviZ I
evsjv‡`‡ki †ejvq n‡q‡Q| n¨vbm& Bsj¨vÛ, Av‡gwiKv, d«vÝ I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi wkÿv eë¯’vi Dci
ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zuvi ch©v‡jvPbvq RvwZmË¡v, fvlv, f~‡Mvj Ges A_©‰bwZK m¤úwK©Z cÖvK…wZK
Dcv`vb, K¨v‡_vwjK, A¨vswjKvb Ges wcDweUvb †kÖwYMZ agx©q Dcv`vb Ges gvbeZv, mgvRZš¿ I MYZš¿
m¤úwK©Z mvgvwRK Dcv`v‡bi Dci wkÿvi cÖfve Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| µvgvi Ges eªvDb Zuv‡ì
Contemporary Education bvgK MÖ‡š’ RvZxq HK¨‡eva, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, ms¯‹vi I HwZn¨,
fvlv, cÖMwZkxj †PZbv I AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv wkÿvq ms¯‹vi I Dbœq‡b G‡ì cÖfve Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
wb‡gœ wkÿvq eë¯’vq cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
1. RvwZMZ (Racial Factor): c„w_exi cÖwZwU †`‡kB GKvwaK RvwZ i‡q‡Q| Gme RvwZi wbR¯^ `j
i‡q‡Q| Gme `j wkÿveë¯’v‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| GK `j Aci `‡ji Dci cÖvavb¨ eRvq ivLvi †Póv
K‡i| d‡j ÿgZvmxb `‡ji cÖfve c‡o †`‡ki wkÿv eë¯’vi Dci| †hgbÑ d«vÝ I weªwUkiv Avwd«Kvq
GK mgq Jcwb‡ek ¯’vcb K‡i| ZvB Zviv we‡kl ai‡Yi wkÿv eë¯’v DbœwZ mvab c~e©K Kv‡jv-RvwZi
Dci wbqš¿Y ejer iv‡L| Av‡gwiKv‡Z BD‡ivc, Gwkqv Ges c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ gnv‡`‡ki wewfbœ †`‡ki
wewfbœ RvwZ, fvlv I mvs¯‹…wZK Awaevwmiv wb‡R‡ì fvM¨ A‡š^l‡Y I euvPvi ZvwM‡` wec`msKzj
cwi‡ek‡K D‡cÿv K‡i bZzb gnv‡`‡k emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i| myZivs GK K_vq ejv P‡j eû RvwZi
êwPÎ¨c~Y© ms¯‹…wZ I K…wói wgj‡b Av‡gwiKv RvwZi m„wó nq| Av‡gwiKvi cÖL¨vZ HwZnvwmK Pvj©m
weqvW© KZ…©K wjwLZ cwð‡g mxgvbv m¤úªmviY m¤úwK©Z BwZnvm GKwU g~jëvb `wjj| G `wj‡j
c~e©vÂ‡j cÖ_‡g emwZ ¯’vcb n‡jI µ‡g µ‡g bZzb ewnivMZ Avmvi d‡j cwðgvÂ‡j emwZ ¯’vcb ïiæ
nq hv cieZx©‡Z H AÂ‡ji mxgvbv m¤úªmvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K| cwð‡g mxgvbv m¤úªmvi‡Yi d‡j
Awaevmx‡ì g‡a¨ MYZvwš¿K †PZbv‡eva Ges e¨w³‡Z¡i m¤§vb I gh©v`v‡ev‡ai weKvk N‡U| wkÿvq
mK‡ji mgvb AwaKvi I my‡hvM wbðqZv weavb Kivi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq RbMY wb‡R‡ì m¤ú` I Pvwn`v
Abymv‡i wb‡R‡ì wkÿv cwiPvjbv ixwZ‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡i| ¯’vbxq GjvKvq wkÿv eë¯’vq mwVK `vwqZ¡
¯‹zj wWw÷ª‡±i Dci| wkÿvq ¯’vbxq GjvKvi ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi AwaKvi cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Av‡gwiKv wkÿvq GK

Awfbe iƒc`vb K‡i hvi `„óvšÍ c„w_exi Avi †Kv_vI †`Lv hvq bv| Z‡e Av‡gwiKvi mgKvjxb wkÿvq
bZzb gnv‡`‡k Zv‡ì cÖ_g emwZ ¯’vcbKvix c~e© cyiæl‡ì AwR©Z ¸Y I êwk‡óï my¯úó Qvc GLbI
we`¨gvb|
Bsj¨v‡Û wkÿvq †Zgb RvwZMZ mgm¨v †bB| Z_vwc ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi †KjwUK AwaevmxMY wfbœ RvwZ
nIqv‡Z mgm¨v m„wó nIqvq Zv m‡šÍvlRbK mgvavb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| G‡Z †Kj&wUK m¤úª`vq wfbœ
RvwZ n‡jI eZ©gv‡b wb‡R‡ì Bs‡iR RvwZ AšÍf~³ e‡j Me©‡eva K‡i| AZx‡Z wkÿveë¯’vi Bs‡iR
RvwZ iÿYkxj g‡bvfve cwiPq cvIqv hvq| wkÿv eë¯’v RvwZi AZxZ HwZ‡nï Qvc we`¨gvb| e„wUk
RvwZi GB iÿYkxjZvi Rb¨ Bsj¨v‡Ûi `yB mvgvwRK †kÖwYi (abx AwfRvZ I `wi`ª †kÖwY) g‡a¨ c„_K
c„_K wkÿveë¯’v jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Z‡e 1944 mv‡ji wkÿv AvB‡b Bsj¨vÛ I I‡qj‡m Ges 1945
mv‡ji wkÿv AvB‡b ¯‹Uj¨v‡Û mvgvwRK †kÖwYweb¨vm wkÿveë¯’v‡K iwnZ K‡i mKj cÖKv‡i wkÿv‡K
RvZxq wkÿv eë¯’vi AvIZvf~³ K‡i| eZ©gv‡b mevi Rb¨ mgvb nv‡i wkÿveë¯’v Pvjy Av‡Q|
A‡÷ªwjqvq Av‡gwiKvi b¨vq ewnivMZ Awaevmxiv emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i GKwU AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª
iƒc`vb K‡i| Aóv`k kZ‡K A‡÷ªwjqv‡Z †`Lv hvq g~j f~LÛ Bsj¨vÛ n‡Z emwZ Kivi Rb¨ †jvK
AvMgb Ki‡jI Bsj¨v‡Ûi HwZn¨ aviv wkÿvq cÖwZdwjZ nq bvB, eis bZzb Awaevmxiv bZzb cwi‡e‡k
emev‡mi d‡j †m RvwZMZ êwkó m„wó K‡i Zv‡ì wkÿveë¯’v iƒc`vb K‡i|
Rvcv‡b RvwZMZ AwZ cÖvPxb êwkó¨ I HwZn¨ Zv‡ì mgKvjxb wkÿv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| wØZxq
wek¦h‡y ×i c~‡e©i I c‡ii Rvcv‡b hwÌ m¤ú~Y© wfbœ cwi‡e‡k m„ó nq Z_vwc cÖvPxb RvwZi G mKj
êwkó¨ †hgb ¸iæRb‡ì cÖwZ fw³ Ges kÖ×v, mgªv‡Ui cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk, DbœZ ˆbwZK Rxeb MV‡bi
cÖwZ Av¯’v Ges †mŠ›`h© wcÖqZv GLbI Rvcv‡bi wkÿvq cwijwÿZ nq|
Pxb c~e© Gwkqvi GKwU cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi cxV¯’vb| Px‡bi cÖvPxb HwZ‡nï Rb¨B nDK Avi †h Kvi‡YB
†nvK Pxb RvwZ wQj kvwšÍwcÖq Ges gvbweK ¸‡Yi cÖwZ wQj Zv‡ì AvKl©Y| eZ©gv‡b bZzb Px‡bi m„wó
n‡q‡Q| GB bZzb Px‡bi jÿ¨ cÖvPxb e¨w³ I cwievi‡Kw›`ªK Rxebhvcb cwie‡Z© Kgy¨wbó fveavivq
mgwóMZ Ges Drcv`bg~Lx Rxebhvc‡bi Dc‡hvMxZv ¸Y, `ÿZv, g‡bvfve bvMwiK‡ì weKvk Kiv|
wkÿvi gva¨‡g cÖvPxb I MZvbyMwZK Rxeb avivi RvwZMZ êwk÷¨ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwie‡Z© bZzb Kgy¨wbó
mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Y, êwkó¨ I g‡bvfve m„wói cÖwZ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq|
fvi‡Zi eûg~Lx mgvR, ag©, fvlv I K…wó mg„× iv‡óª RvwZMZ mgm¨v _vK‡jI eZ©gv‡b GK bZzb
RvwZiƒ‡c mycÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| eû cÖvPxb Kvj n‡Z eû RvwZi êwPÎ¨gq K…wói †h mgš^qZv
fviZxq mf¨Zvi †`Lv hvq| bZzb fvi‡Zi wkÿvI Zvi cÖvPxb êwkó¨ cÖvPxb I bex‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q
mvab Ges msiÿ‡Y GKwU mdj cÖ‡Póv|
gvj‡qwkqv‡Z gvjwq, Pxbv I fviZxq Zvwgj mgš^‡q wgwkÖZ Rb‡Mvôx emevm K‡i G mKj Rb‡Mvôx
RvwZi wkÿvi Rb¨ mgwš^Z wkÿvµg cÖeZ©b K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki Awaevmx‡ì g‡a¨ RvwZMZ êwkó¨, K…wó I ms¯‹…wZK w`K w`‡q ¯^KxqZv i‡q‡Q| hwÌ wKQz
msL¨K Awaevmx wn›`y, †eŠ× I DcRvwZ _vK‡jI RvZxq HK¨‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y mevi Rb¨ wkÿv eë¯’v
mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|

2. fvlvMZ (Linguistic): fvlv †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`‡ki †ÿ‡Î RvZxq wkÿveë¯’v cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡b †hgb
mnvqK †Zgwb fvlv †Kv‡bv †`‡ki RvZxq wkÿv weKv‡k ev AMÖMwZ‡Z cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i| Avevi
fvlv Zvi MwZkxjZv Øviv †hgb mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZ‡Z mnvqK †Zgwb Zv gvbe K…wó I HwZ‡nï msiÿY
N‡U| `vk©wbK wdd&‡U h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb fvlvi gva¨‡g e¨w³ I mgvR mf¨ nq| AwaKš‘ fvlv mgv‡R
HwZ‡nï avivevwnKZv msiÿY K‡i A_©vr “Language forms men more than it is formed by
them” myZivs fvlv wkÿvi gva¨‡g e¨w³ I mgv‡Ri iƒcvq‡Y I Dbœq‡bi Ab¨vb¨ cÖfve A‡cÿv AwaK
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
hy³ivóª, Bsj¨vÛ I A‡÷ªwjqv wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î fvlv mgm¨v bvB ej‡jB P‡j| Gme †`‡ki fvlvi gva¨g
n‡jv Bs‡iRx| Z‡e I‡qj&m †`vfvlx n‡jI †MÖU e„‡U‡bi Ask wnmv‡e †mLv‡b RvZxq HK¨‡ev‡ai aviYv
mg„× nIqv‡Z GB `yB fvlvMZ mgm¨v wkÿvi‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb cÖfve c‡owb| Bsj¨vÛ, hy³ivóª I A‡÷ªwjqv
cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki GKwU fvlv‡K cÖavb ¯^xK…Z fvlviƒ‡c we`¨vjq I Ab¨vb¨ ¯Í‡ii wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b wkÿv
†Ìqv nq| Gme †`‡k GKwU gvÎ fvlvB cÖvq mKj Awaevmxi gvZ…fvlv Ges GB gvZ…fvlvB (Bs‡iRx)
wkÿvi gva¨giƒ‡c me©¯Í‡i eëüZ nq|
Px‡b 1953 mv‡j Av`gïgvix‡Z †`Lv hvq 33wU fvlvwfwËK msL¨v jwNó m¤úª`vq i‡q‡Q| mgMÖ †`‡ki
RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 6 fvM Awaevmx G mKj fvlv eënvi K‡i| Avevi g~j Pxb fvlv wewfbœ Dc-fvlvq
wef³ Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU Aci fvlx RbmsL¨vi wbKU `y‡e©va¨| A_©vr GKB fvlv wfbœ cÖKv‡ii Dcfvlv
mgm¨v mgvav‡b wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g n‡ZB KwZcq M‡elYvg~jK KwgwU MVb K‡i hv‡Z fvlvi cÖPwjZ
wjwLZ fvlvi ms¯‹vi Kiv hvq Ges fvlvi weKvk N‡U| GB Av‡jv‡K 1920 mv‡j cyivZb K¬vwmK¨vj
fvlvi cwie‡Z© mnRxKiY Kiv nq| Zvic‡i 1928 mv‡j j¨vwUb eY©gvjv AbymiY Guoyn Iuomazi
bv‡g Aci GKwU miKvix fvlvi cÖPjb nq| fvlv mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ 1952 mv‡j fvlv Dbœqb
M‡elYv KwgwU wb‡qvM Ges KwgwU `yÕwU mycvwik K‡i| cÖ_gwU njÑ j¨vwUb eY©¸‡jvi msL¨v n«vm I
mnR Kiv Ges wØZxqwU nj- bZzb GK cÖKv‡ii eY© m¤^wjZ fvlvi eënvi Kiv| †÷U KvDwÝj I
b¨vkbvj wccj&m Ks‡MÖm G mycvwik Aby‡gv`b K‡i Ges m‡½ m‡½ GB fvlv we`¨vj‡q wkÿvi
gva¨giƒ‡c eëüZ nq| GB cÖ‡Póvq miKvi mdj n‡jI wbiÿiZv `~ixKiY Ges Ávb AR©‡bi mKj
¯Í‡i RvZxq wkÿv weKv‡k GLbI fvlv mgm¨vi cÖfve Kg b‡n| eZ©gv‡b Pxbv fvlvq ms¯‹vi K‡i
wkÿveë¯’vi cÖeZ©b Kiv nq Ges D”P wkÿvq Bs‡iRx fvlv‡KI ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i _v‡K|
Rvcv‡bi fvlv Px‡bi b¨vq mgm¨v _vK‡jI eZ©gv‡b Rvcv‡bi me©Î GKB fvlv cÖPwjZ| Rvcv‡b fvlv
mgm¨v cÖvPxb Pxbv fvlv n‡Z D™¢zZ| Z‡e G mgm¨v mnRZi KiY Ges Rvcvbx fvlviƒ‡c iƒcvq‡Y
miKv‡ii f~wgKv cÖksmbxq| Rvcvbx fvlvi êwkó¨ nj wjwLZ fvlvi mvgvb¨Zg Ávb _vK‡j †Kv‡bv
e¨w³ Zuvi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b K_v ejv I †jLvi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri g‡bi fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB Kvi‡Y
Rvcv‡b wbiÿiZv `~i Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Gi d‡j Rvcv‡b mvaviY wkÿvi gva¨g Rvcvbx fvlv `ªæZ
m¤úªmviY I mdj n‡q‡Q Ges cvkvcvwk Bs‡iRx fvlv eënvi Kiv nq|
fvi‡Zi wkÿveë¯’vq wkÿv mgm¨vi g~‡j fvlvi f~wgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wQj| fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂ‡j
cÖavb 14 fvlv Zrm‡½ msL¨vjwNó m¤úª`v‡qi fvlv, RvZxq fvlv wnmv‡e wn›`x, we‡`kx ev wØZxq fvlv
wnmv‡e Bs‡iRx fvi‡Zi wkÿveë¯’vq RwUj mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i| GB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ mvsweavwbK
mycvwi‡k fviZxq miKvi wZb fvlv dig~jv MÖnY K‡i| eZ©gv‡b wkïiv gvZ…fvlvB cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i Zuvi
wkÿvi gva¨g iƒ‡c ¯^xK…Z| A_©vr AvÂwjK fvlvi gva¨‡g wkÿv jvf Ki‡e| gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i AvÂwjK I

RvZxq fvlv Aa¨q‡b Avewk¨K Kiv nq| ZvQvov gva¨wgK D”Pwkÿv ¯Í‡i wkÿv_x© AvÂwjK ev iv‡Rï
ivóªxq fvlv ev RvZxq fvlv wn›`x ev Bs‡iwR fvlvq wkÿvi my‡hvM we`¨gvb| Avevi gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i cÖwZ
wkÿv_x© Bs‡iwR ev Ab¨ we‡`kx fvlv wØZxq fvlv wnmv‡e Aa¨qb Ki‡Z n‡e|
gvj‡qwkqv wkÿveë¯’vq gvjwq fvlv cÖeZ©b K‡ib| gvjwq fvlv eënv‡ii gva¨‡g eû RvwZ I
ms¯‹…wZ‡K HKë× Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bs‡iwR ni‡d gvjwq fvlvi eënvi cwijwÿZ nq|
evsjv‡`k GK fvlv cÖPwjZ| KwZcq DcRvZxq GjvKvq AvÂwjK fvlv _vK‡jI mKj Ab¨b¨v
Awaevmxi gvZ…fvlv evsjv| evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvq we`¨vjq ev Zvi mgch©v‡qi ¯Í‡i evsjv fvlvi gva¨‡g
wkÿv_x©iv wkÿv jvf K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿveë¯’v Bs‡iRx fvlv wØZxq fvlv wn‡m‡e Z…Zxq †kÖwY n‡Z
wkÿv †`qv nq| cÖv_wgK ¯Íi n‡Z D”Pwkÿvi ch©šÍ wkÿvi gva¨g nj evsjv| Z‡e D”Pwkÿvq Aa¨q‡bi
Rb¨ wkÿvi gva¨g Bs‡iwR eënvi Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q|
3. ivR‰bwZK Dcv`vb: eZ©gvb Kv‡ji wkÿv iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK fveaviv AZxZKvj A‡cÿv AwaKZi
wbqwš¿Z| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`k ivóªxq `k©b‡K wkÿv eë¯’vi gva¨‡g fwel¨r bvMwiK‡ì wbKU cÖPvi Kivi
Rb¨ mvgwMÖK wkÿv eë¯’v‡K K‡Vvifv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki †ÿ‡Î wbqš¿Y K‡Vvi Ges
me©‡Zvg~Lx Avevi †Kv‡bv †`‡k Zv bgbxq Ges D`vicš’x| Bsj¨vÛ, Av‡gwiKv I A‡÷ªwjqv MYZvwš¿K
†`‡k ivóªxq bxwZ I RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai aviYv cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ wkÿveë¯’v‡Z AbymiY Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| GB
mKj †`‡k we‡kl we‡kl †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cvV¨ wel‡qi gva¨‡g ivóªxq fveaviv I g~j Av`k©
cÖwZdwjZ n‡”Q| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi HwZn¨, bxwZ I cÖ_v wkÿv eë¯’vi gva¨‡g msiÿY, RvMiæK ivLvi
D‡Ïk¨ G mKj iv‡óª wkÿv‡K GKwU g~j¨‡eva I Acwinvh© evnbiƒ‡c we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
G mg¯Í †`‡ki bvMwiK‡ì g‡b MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve RvMiæK Kiv, e¨w³i weKvk I mvgvwRK Ávb
wkÿv`v‡b we`¨vj‡qi Ab¨Zg f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| eZ©gv‡b RvcvbI mycÖwZwôZ MYZvwš¿K
ivóª Ges Av‡gwiKvi cÖfvevaxb| hy³iv‡óªi b¨vq MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi cÖfv‡e Rvcvb wkÿveë¯’vq MYZvwš¿K
fveaviv AbymiY Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|
eZ©gvb Px‡bi wkÿveë¯’vq ivR‰bwZK `k©b I fveaviv wbqwš¿Z| ivR‰bwZK jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨
wkÿv‡K gva¨giƒ‡c eënvi Kiv nq|
fvi‡Z ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci MYZvwš¿K miKvi cÖwZwôZ nq| eZ©gv‡b Gwkqvi Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ fviZ w¯’wZkxj MYZvwš¿K ivóª cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mÿg nq| kvmbZ‡š¿ MYZvwš¿K I ag©wbi‡cÿ bxwZ
Abymv‡i fvi‡Z MYZvwš¿K fveaviv wkÿvi iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb Kiv nq|
gvj‡qwkqv ivR‰bwZK `k©b Zv‡ì wkÿv eë¯’v cÖwZdjb N‡U Ges cvV¨m~Px‡Z Zv AbymiY Ki‡Z †`Lv
hvq|
evsjv‡`‡k 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg ivóª wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k MYZvwš¿K ivóª|
MYZvwš¿K fveaviv I ivóªxq g~jbxwZ, gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv D×zZKiY, agx©q ¯^vaxbZv, ivR‰bwZK cÖwµqv
I Kvh©Kjvc m¤ú‡K© Ges RvwZi gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv wkÿv eë¯’vq cÖwZdjb N‡U|
4. cÖhyw³we`¨v (Technological) Dcv`vb: GKzk kZ‡K Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Afvebxq AMÖMwZi d‡j c„w_exi
wewfbœ †`k I RvwZi gvby‡li g‡a¨ wbweo †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v myMg n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ wkÿv n‡jv
cÖhyw³ wbf©i wkÿv| we‡k¦i cÖvq cÖwZwU †`kB cÖhyw³ wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i wewfbœ ¯Í‡i wkÿvµ‡g
cÖhyw³ wkÿvq jvf Kivi my‡hvM Av‡Q| cÖhyw³ wkÿv ej‡Z cÖavbZ ïay Kw¤úDUvi wkÿv‡K †evSv‡bv
nq| Z‡e wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b Ges wewfbœ ¯Í‡i Rb¨ wkÿvµg ev wkL‡bi welqe¯‘ wfbœ wel‡qi wk‡ivbv‡gI
wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ, Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ A¨vÛ BwÄwbqvwis, Kw¤úDUvi BwÄwqvwis
Bbdi‡gkb †UK‡bvjwR, Kw¤úDUvi †UK‡bvjwR, Kw¤úDUvi Bb GWz‡Kkb Ges Z_¨ I cÖhyw³i wewfbœ
†gŠwjK welqmg~n| wk‡ivbvg wfbœZv _vK‡jI cÖv_wgK welq¸‡jv mKj †Kv‡m©i Rb¨ †gvUvgywU mggvb
m¤úbœ| GQvov ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv wkÿvi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i eënvi, †kÖwYK‡ÿ GB
cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i wkÿb-wkLb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv| ZvQvov e„wËg~jK I KvwiMwi wkÿvq MÖvwdK
wWRvBb, gvwëwgwWqv, A¨vwb‡gkb, wnmve msiÿY Ges bZzb bZzb mdUIqvi BZ¨vw` wel‡q wkÿv`v‡bi
eë¯’vI Av‡Q| cÖhyw³ bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³i eënvi I wkÿvµ‡g AšÍf©~w³i †ÿ‡Î DbœZ †`kmg~n †hgbÑ
hy³ivóª, Bsj¨vÛ, Rvcvb I A‡óªwjqvi miKv‡ii cÖ‡Póvq A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB mg„×kvjx cwijwÿZ nq|
Z‡e Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n †hgbÑ fviZ, Pxb, gvj‡qwkqv I evsjv‡`k wcwQ‡q †bB eis cÖhyw³ wbf©i
wkÿvi eë¯’v wkÿv †ÿ‡Î AšÍf~©w³ mn wkÿY-wkL‡b AMÖMwZ‡Z mgvbfv‡e GwM‡q Pj‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k
wkÿvq Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ welq cÖv_wgK †_‡K D”Pwkÿv ch©šÍ AšÍf~©w³ Ges wkÿv_x©iv Aa¨qb K‡i Pj‡Q|
5. êÁvwbK (Scientific) Dcv`vb: weÁvb wkÿv Áv‡bi GKwU Amxg kvLv, hv cÖwZwbqZ cixÿv-wbixÿvi
gva¨‡g cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Q| weÁvb wkÿvq Gi eënvwiK wkÿvi gva¨‡g AwR©Z Áv‡bi MÖnY †hvM¨Zv
†ekx| eZ©gv‡b AvaywbK wkÿveë¯’vq cÖwZwU ¯Í‡iB weÁvb wkÿvi eë¯’v i‡q‡Q| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b
weÁv‡bi eënvi I cÖhyw³ Dbœq‡b êÁvwbK ZË¡ cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Q|
hy³ivóª, Bsj¨vÛ, Rvcvb I A‡óªwjqv †`kmg~‡n bZzb bZzb êÁvwbK ZË¡ Avwe¯‹vi K‡i cÖhyw³ wbf©i
wkÿveë¯’v cÖPjb K‡i Avm‡Q| G mg¯Í †`kmg~‡n weÁv‡b bZzb bZzb welq AšÍf~©³ KiYmn M‡elYv
Kvh© cwiPvjbv, êÁvwbK `ÿZv AR©b Ges gvbe Kj¨v‡Y Gi AMÖMwZ‡Z wkÿvq AbymiY Ki‡Z †`Lv
hvq| Gw`‡K Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n fviZ, Px‡b weÁv‡bi Avwe¯‹vi I bZzb bZzb êÁvwbK ZË¡ cÖ`v‡bi
gva¨‡g cÖhyw³i DbœwZ mvab K‡i Pj‡Q| evsjv‡`k I gvj‡qwkqv weÁvb wkÿvi cvV¨m~Px‡Z êÁvwbK
Kg©c×wZ, weÁvb I weÁvbx, R¡vjvbx, M„n wbg©vY mvgMÖx, Rxe RMr I gvbe Rxe‡bi êwPÎ¨, Lv`¨ I
cywó, Dw™¢` kixi ZË¡ Ges RbmsL¨v wkÿv m¤úwK©Z bZzb bZzb welq I AšÍf~©³ K‡i Pj‡Q| weÁv‡bi
wewfbœ wel‡q †gŠwjK Ávb I Avwe¯‹v‡i hv‡Z wkÿv_x©iv AvMÖnx nq †m w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L wkÿvµ‡g ¸iæZ¡
w`‡q _v‡K|
6. HwZnvwmK Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve (Historical): cÖvPxbZg Kvj †_‡K cwieZ©b, cwiea©b I cwigvR©‡bi
gva¨‡g wkÿv eZ©gv‡b †h Ae¯’v‡b G‡m †cŠuQ‡Q Zvi aviv we‡kølY Kiv wkÿvi HwZnvwmK KvR| GKwU
†`‡ki wkÿveë¯’vi Dbœq‡b HwZnvwmK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K|
Bsj¨v‡Ûi BwZnv‡m †`Lv hvq wewfbœ cÖKv‡i agx©q ms¯’v ev `j cÖ_‡g †Q‡j †g‡q‡ì wkÿv`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨
we`¨vjq cÖwZôv ïiæ K‡i| PZz©`k n‡Z †lvok kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ Bsj¨v‡Ûi HwZnëvnx cvewjK ¯‹zj¸‡jv
Rb¥ I weKvk nq| ZvQvov G mg‡q agx©q `vbI wkÿv we¯Ív‡ii eªZx nb| 1944 Ges 1945 mv‡ji
wkÿv AvBb cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g eZ©gv‡b Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkÿveë¯’vi cÖf…Z DbœwZ mvab Kiv nq hvi
HwZnvwmK cÖfve we`¨gvb|
hy³iv‡óª wkÿvi HwZnvwmK cUf~wg ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h wkï wkÿvi Rb¨ †d«WvwiK
†d¬v‡qe‡ji wkÿv `k©b Abymi‡Y me©cÖ_g 1806 Lªxóv‡ã DBmKbwmb iv‡R¨ wKÛvi Mv‡U©b ¯‹zj cÖwZôv
K‡ib| G avivevwnKZv wbDBq‡K© 1919 Ges 1920 Lªxóv‡ã Kjw¤^qv wek¦we`¨vj‡q wkï wkÿveë¯’v

Kiv| Zvici 1920-1930 Lªxóv‡ã wKÛvi Mv‡U©b ¯‹zj cwiKíbvmn wkÿv bvbvb c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i|
eZ©gv‡b gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi wkÿveë¯’v cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b I Dbœq‡b HwZnvwmK cÖfve i‡q‡Q|
A‡÷ªwjqv‡Z Dcwb‡ek hy‡M abx Awaevmx‡ì Rb¨ MxR©v Ges Aí wkwÿZ K‡q`xi mvaviY †Q‡j-
†g‡q‡ì wkÿv`vb KiZ| ZvQvov e„wUk miKv‡i n¯Í‡ÿ‡c wkÿv, PvP© I ¯‹zj K‡c©v‡ikb KZ…©K wkÿv
cwiPvjbv, G¨v½wjKvb m¤úª`v‡qi we‡ivwaZv I AvBwik RvZxq wkÿv cÖeZ©b wkÿv weKv‡k AšÍivq m„wó
K‡i| 1901 Lªxóv‡ã A‡÷ªwjqv KgbI‡qj_ miKvi cÖwZôvi d‡j wkÿvq DbœwZ mvab nq| eZ©gv‡b
A‡÷ªwjqv wkÿveë¯’v AvaywbK I MwZkxj gh©v`vi Avm‡b cÖwZwôZ ejv hvq|
Rvcv‡b HwZnvwmK cUf~wg Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq †gBRx hy‡Mi eû c~e© n‡Z Rvcv‡b Px‡bi b¨vq DbœZ
wkÿveë¯’v cÖPjb wQj| Lªxóxq Z…Zxq kZ‡K AvbyôvwbK wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ †KvU© ¯‹zj ivR ìev‡i evB‡i
cÖwZwôZ n‡Z _v‡K| Gme ¯‹z‡j abx cwievi I miKvwi Kg©Pvixi mšÍv‡biv †jLvcovi my‡hvM †cZ|
Aciw`‡K cÂg kZK n‡Z mvaviY †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì wkÿv`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †eŠ× ag©hvRKMY †Uiv‡Kvqv ev
gw›ì ¯‹zj cÖwZôv ïiæ K‡i| GB Dfq cÖKvi we`¨vjq wkÿvi aviv †gBRx hyM ch©šÍ Rvcv‡b Ae¨vnZ
wQj| †gBRx kvm‡b cybt cÖwZôv Rvcv‡bi wkÿvi BwZnv‡m GKwU hyMvšÍKvix c`‡ÿc| †gBRx hy‡Mi
cÂg erm‡i A_©vr 1872 mv‡j †gŠwjK wkÿv †KvW cÖbq‡bi gva¨‡g Rvcv‡b AvaywbK wkÿveë¯’v
cÖewZ©Z nq| GB †gŠwjK †Kv‡W Rvcv‡b mK‡ji wkÿv MÖnY mgvb AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| Rvcv‡b wØZxq
gnvhy‡×i ci 1945-1952 mvj ch©šÍ Rvcv‡bi wkÿv‡K P~ovšÍfv‡e c~bMVb I c~bweb¨vm Kiv nq|
Zvici †gŠwjK wkÿv AvB‡b Rvcv‡bi wkÿv‡K MYZvwš¿K j‡ÿ¨ web¨vm I iƒc`vb K‡i|
Px‡b AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cÖvPxb Kvj n‡Z cÖPjb wQj| D”P I abx m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨B G wkÿvi my‡hvM
wQj| ZvQvov Pxbv `vk©wbK Kbdzwmqv‡gi K¬vwmK¨vj wkÿvq Px‡bi AMÖMwZ mvab A‡cÿv HwZn¨
msiÿ‡Y ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i _v‡K| G wkÿvi aviv Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g fvM ch©šÍ Ae¨vnZ wQj| Px‡bi
cÖvPxb MZvbyMwZK I iÿYkxj wkÿv AvaywbK Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z e¨_© nq| Dwbk kZK †_‡K Px‡b AvaywbK
wkÿv weKvk ïiæ nq| Px‡bi AvaywbK wkÿv weKv‡ki BwZnvm‡K `yB ch©v‡q fvM Kiv hvq| cÖ_g ch©vq
wkÿv 1862 n‡Z 1949 mvj ch©šÍ| wØZxq ch©vq wkÿv Kgy¨wb÷ miKvi cÖwZôvi ci ïiæ nq|
fvi‡Z wkÿv weKv‡ki BwZnvm AwZ cÖvPxb| cÖvPxb wkÿvq Avh© RvwZB me©cÖ_g cÖvPxb fvi‡Z
AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cÖeZ©b K‡i| ¯^RvwZi AvwacZ¨ I cÖwZcË eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ Zviv GB wkÿveë¯’v
K‡i| Avevi êw`K hy‡Mi wkÿvi HwZn¨ cieZx©Kv‡j fviZxq wkÿvqI †`Lv hvq| Î‡qv`k kZ‡Ki
w`‡K gymjgvbMY fviZe‡l© ivR¨Z¡ mvgvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡i| mgªvU AvKe‡ii kvmbKv‡j wn›`y gymjgvb
mKj‡K GKB we`¨vj‡q wkÿv`v‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i| gymjgvbMY `xN© mgq a‡i fviZe‡l© Ki‡jI
êw`K hy‡Mi wn›`y wkÿv I gymjgvb wkÿv G `yB cÖavb fviZxq mgv‡Ri g~j cÖevn n‡Z AvaywbK fvi‡Z
wkÿv I K…wó m„wó nq| Zvici fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m bZzb w`M‡šÍi D‡¤§vPb nq G‡`‡k BD‡ivcxq‡ì
AvMg‡bi ci n‡Z| wgkbvixivB G mg‡q cÖ_‡g I c‡i Bs‡iR Ges G¨vs‡jv BwÛqvb‡ì wkÿv`v‡bi
Rb¨ we`¨vjq cÖwZôv ïiæ K‡i| B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbxI cÖ_‡g ag© cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ wkÿv`v‡bi eë¯’v
Kiv| Bs‡iR hy‡M wewfbœ Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq Ges wewfbœ Kwgk‡bi mycvwi‡k fvi‡Zi wkÿveë¯’v
DbœxZKiY ïiæ nq| eZ©gv‡b Gi avivevwnKZv cÖfv‡e fvi‡Z AvaywbK wkÿveë¯’v RbM‡Yi wbKU
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

gvj‡qwkqv †ZiwU A½ivR¨ wb‡q MwVZ| G‡`‡k gvjqx, Pxbv I fviZxq Zvwgj wgwkÖZ Rb‡Mvôx
emevm| Z‡e Px‡bi cÖvPxb wkÿv ms¯‹w… Z I fviZe‡l©i wkÿv ms¯‹…wZ we`¨gvb _vK‡jI gvj‡qwkqv
wkÿv eë¯’vi Gi †Kvb cÖfve †`Lv hvq bv|
evsjv‡`k GKwU bZzb ivóª n‡jI Gi K…wó I HwZn¨ AwZ cÖvPxb| eû c~‡e© evsjvi cÖvPxb Awaevmxiv
GK mg„×kvjx mf¨Zvi weKvk K‡i evsjvi BwZnv‡m †`Lv hvq fvi‡Zi g~j f~-L‡Ði b¨vq cÖvPxb
evsjv‡`kI Avh©, †gv½j, †mwgwUK cÖf…wZ RvwZ emevm K‡i| me©‡k‡l Bs‡iR RvwZ G‡`‡k cÖvq `ykZ
ermi ivRZ¡ K‡i| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki mgKvjxb wkÿv weKv‡ki cUf~wg wnmv‡e wewfbœ hy‡Mi wkÿv
†hgbÑ cÖvPxb hy‡M, gymwjg hy‡Mi wkÿv, e„wUk hy‡Mi wkÿv Ges cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j wkÿvi cÖfve †ZgbUv
bv _vK‡jI wKQzUv cwijwÿZ nq|
7. mvgvwRK cÖfve: wkÿv †hgb mgvR‡K Dbœq‡bi c‡_ avweZ K‡i, mgvRI †Zgwbfv‡e wkÿv‡K cÖfvweZ
K‡i| KviY †h †Kv‡bv mgvR eë¯’vq mvgvwRK Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wkÿvi jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨ I MwZ Ges cÖK…wZ
wba©viY nq| Z‡e †h me mvgvwRK Dcv`vb wkÿv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ RbmsL¨v, cwievi,
mgvR, †Mvôx/`j, RbgZ I mvgvwRK ¯Íi web¨vm| mvgvwRK Gme Dcv`vb cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki wkÿvi cÖfve
we`¨gvb| djkÖæwZ‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’vq mvgvwRK weÁvb ev mvgRwe`¨vMZ mswkøó welq
cvV¨m~Px‡Z AšÍf©~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
8. A_©we`¨v msµvšÍ (Economical): GKwU †`‡ki wkÿv eë¯’vq Zvi Avw_©K Ae¯’vi mv‡_ Mfxifv‡e
RwoZ| GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi aviYv M‡o I‡V †m‡`‡ki wbe©vwPZ bvMwiK‡ì mv‡c‡ÿ|
†hgb mgvRZvwš¿K A_© eë¯’vq †`‡ki mKj m¤ú` iv‡óªi| A_©vr ivóª n‡jv m¤ú‡ì gvwjK| myZivs
wkÿvi AwZ cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq Gm‡e cÖfvweZ nq| G‡Z mKj m¤úw³ iv‡óªi Ges cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i Zv
msiÿ‡Yi AwaKvi Av‡Q| Avevi MYZvwš¿K †`‡k †hgbÑ hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, evsjv`k I fviZ cÖf…wZ
†`‡ki cwiw¯’wZ wfbœ| Gme †`‡k e¨w³i m¤ú` ¯^xK…Z| myZivs Gme †`‡k wkÿv eë¯’v Dbœq‡b
cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i AwaKvi msiÿY K‡i _v‡K| A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewji gvby‡li RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i _v‡K|
m¤ú‡ì mv‡_ A_©‰bwZK Gi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| G m¤ú` ev mxwgZ Dc‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ emevm K‡i gvbyl
bvbvwea K‡g© wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ †i‡L RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| gvby‡li G RxweKv wbe©v‡ni aiY cÖK…wZ I
mgv‡Ri wkÿv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Pj‡Q| ZvB wkÿv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i †h me A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb †m¸‡jv
n‡jvÑ m¤ú`, †ckv, Pvwn`v, cÖwZôvb, cÖPvi gva¨g BZ¨vw`| ZvB DbœZ †`kmg~n (hy³ivóª, Rvcvb,
hy³ivR¨ I A‡óªwjqv) Zv‡ì wbR¯^ m¤ú` eënvi K‡i A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb K‡i wb‡R‡ì GKwU mvgwóK
A_© kv¯¿ M‡o Zzj‡Q| Gme †`‡ki wkÿv eë¯’vq A_© welqK bZzb bZzb welq AšÍf~©³ K‡i _v‡K|
Avevi Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n (fviZ, evsjv‡`k, Pxb I gvj‡qwkqvi) wkÿv †ÿ‡Î A_© msKU weivRgvb
m‡Ë¡I wkÿv Kvh©µg I Kg©m~wP MÖnY Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| Gme †`‡k wkÿveë¯’vq AvšÍRvwZ©K A_© ms¯’v
f~wgKv, m¤ú‡ì Pvwn`v, A‡_©i Kvh©Ki eënvi, Pvwn`vi mv‡_ A‡_©i †hvMvb BZ¨vw` wel‡qi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡
w`‡q A_©we`¨v Aa¨q‡bi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| A_©vr A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb¸‡jv LyeB djcÖm~ Ges Zzjbvg~jK
wkÿv Zv mywbw`©ó ¯’vb `Lj K‡i †bq|
9. agx©q cÖfve: gvbe mgv‡R ag© †gŠwjK I mve©Rbxb KZK¸‡jv wek¦vm| a‡g©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ gvbe mgv‡R m„wói
Avw`jMœ n‡ZB eZ©gvb ch©šÍ| gvbe mgv‡R ivRbxwZi A‡bK Av‡M a‡g©i DrcwË| ZvB ag©‡K ivRbxwZ
ev mgvRbxwZ n‡Z wew”Qbœ Kiv hvq bv| me mgv‡RB ag©‡K wN‡i Rb¥, g„Zz¨, AšÍwówµqv Ges Rxeb
avivq AvPvi, Abyôvb, wek¦vm Ges a¨vb aviYv m„wó n‡q‡Q hv mgvR‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbqš¿Y Ges cÖfvweZ

K‡i| e¨w³i mvgvwRK wek¦vm, g~j¨‡eva Ges AvPiY ag©‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Ges n‡”Q| Avi
Gme agx©q AvPiwbK `„wófw½ Ges wek¦vm n‡Z wkÿvi Avwe©fve| Kv‡RB wkÿv cÖfvweZKi‡Y a‡g©i
f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| ZvB D‡jøwLZ DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n wkÿv eë¯’vq agx©q Abyf~wZi cÖvavb¨
w`‡q _v‡K| ZvB Zzjbvg~jK wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î agx©q Dcv`vb‡K D‡cÿv Kiv hvq bv|
1. hy³iv‡óª cwðg mxgvbv m¤úªmviY m¤úwK©Z BwZnvm GKwU g~jëvb `wjjÑ G wjwLZ `wjjwU Kvi?
K. n¨vbm
L. µvgvi
M. Pvjm© weqvW©
N. eªvDb
2. †Kvb `k‡K A‡÷ªwjqv‡Z g~j f~LÛ Bsj¨vÛ n‡Z †jvK emwZ ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ AvMgb K‡i?
K. GKv`k
L. Î‡qv`k
M. PZz_©`k
N. Aóv`k
3. Rvcv‡bi cÖvPxb RvwZi êwkó¨-
i. ¸iæRb‡ì cÖwZ fw³ Ges kÖ×v|
ii. mgªv‡Ui cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk|
iii. DbœZ ˆbwZK Rxeb MV‡bi cÖwZ Av¯’v|
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i, ii I iii
N. i I iii
4. 1953 mv‡j Px‡b Av`gïgvix‡Z KZwU fvlvwfwËK msL¨v m¤úª`vq i‡q‡Q?
K. 33wU
L. 35wU
M. 37wU
N. 39wU
5. wb‡Pi †KvbwU fvi‡Zi wkÿveë¯’vq fvlv wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ?
K. gvZ…fvlv wn›`x
L. wZb- fvlv dig~jv
M. wn›`x fvlv e¨ZxZ AvÂwjK fvlv
N. Bs‡iRx fvlv
6. hy³iv‡óª †d«WvwiK †d¬v‡qe‡ji wkÿv `k©b Abymi‡Y me©cÖ_g KZ Lªxóv‡ã DBmKbwmi iv‡R¨
wKÛviMv‡U©b ¯‹zj cÖwZôv K‡ib?
K. 1804 Lªxóvã
L. 1806 Lªxóvã
M. 1808 Lªxóvã
N. 1810 Lªxóvã
DËigvjv: 1. M, 2. N, 3. N, 4. K, 5. L, 6. L
L. msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. wkÿvq cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`bmg~n wPwýZ Kiæb|
2. hy³iv‡óªi RvwZMZ Dc`v‡bi êwkó¨ D‡jøL Kiæb|
3. Pxb I Rvcv‡bi RvwZMZ Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4. fvi‡Z wkÿveë¯’vq wZb fvlvi dg~©jv Kx?
5. evsjv‡`‡k wkÿveë¯’v gvZ…fvlvi cÖfve KZUzKz Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L?
6. MYZvwš¿K †`kmg~‡n ivR‰bwZK cÖfv‡e wkÿv we¯Ív‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`Kmg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|
7. wkÿv weKv‡k HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb ¸iæZ¡ †Kb?
8. cÖhyw³ msµvšÍ Dcv`vb wkÿv AMÖMwZ‡Z wKiƒc f~wgKv iv‡L?
9. A_©‰bwZK Dcv`v‡b wkÿveë¯’vq DbœZ †`‡ki KiYxq¸wj wPwýZ Kiæb|
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ wkÿvi cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix RvwZMZ Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ
Zz‡j aiæb|
2. Pxb, Rvcvb I fvi‡Zi wkÿveë¯’vq fvlvi cÖfve Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. wkÿvq ivR‰bwZK cÖfve e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. cÖhyw³we`¨v I êÁvwbK Dcv`vb cÖfv‡e wkÿvi fwel¨r m¤¢vebv we‡kølY Kiæb|
5. DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki g‡a¨ wkÿvi HwZnvwmK cÖfve Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Kiæb|
6. mvgvwRK Dcv`vb wkÿv weKv‡k KZUzKz cÖwZdwjZ n‡”Q Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
7. wkÿvq A_©‰bwZK I agx©q cÖfve e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

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Unit 04

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BDwbU 4: DbœZ Ges Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n wkÿvbxwZ, ZË¡ Ges Abykxjb

c„ôv 124 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c„ôv 126 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 127

c„ôv 128 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hy‡×vËiKvjxb wkÿvbxwZi ms¯‹vi

Comparative Education c„ôv- 129

O. fvi‡Zi RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ

c„ôv 130 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 131

c„ôv 132 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

R. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ

Comparative Education c„ôv- 133

c„ôv 134 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 135

c„ôv 136 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.1

Comparative Education c„ôv- 137

7. gvj‡qwkqv †Kvb mv‡j ÒAvãyi ingvb Zvwje KwgwU MVb K‡i?

c„ôv 138 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV- 4.2: wkÿvq RvZxq/AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi f~wgKv

c„ôv 140 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 141

AvÂwjK miKv‡ii f~wgKv

c„ôv 142 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 143

c„ôv 144 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

R. evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii f~wgKv

Comparative Education c„ôv- 145

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.2

c„ôv 146 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

4. A‡óªwjqvi wkÿvi `vwqZ¡ †Kvb KZ…©cÿ cvjb K‡i _v‡K?

Comparative Education c„ôv- 147

c„ôv 148 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV- 4.3: ¯’vbxq Ges ˆewk¦K cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvi ZË¡ I Abykxjb

c„ôv 150 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c„ôv 152 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.3

c„ôv 154 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

L. msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

Comparative Education c„ôv- 155

cvV- 4.4: wkÿvq cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb I kw³mg~n

c„ôv 156 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 157

c„ôv 158 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c„ôv 160 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 161

c„ôv 162 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c„ôv 164 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

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