Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Functions
Functions
Example 1 :
Find the range of the function f(x) = cosx sin x (sin 2 x sin 2 )
Solution :
y = cos x sin x (sin 2 x sin 2 )
dividing by cos2x we get
y sec2x = tanx + 2 4 2 2 2
tan 2 x sec 2 x sin 2 y sec x – 2y tanx sec x – sin sec x = 0
y2 (1 + tan2x) – 2y tanx – sin2 = 0 [ sec2x 0]
y2 tan2x – 2y tan x + y2 – sin2 = 0
tan x is real we have
0
4y2 – 4y2 (y2 – sin2 ) 0
4y2 (1 – y2 + sin2) 0 y2 1 + sin2 – 1 sin 2 y 1 sin 2
2 2
Range of f(x) = 1 sin , 1 sin
Example 2:
1 1
If f(x).f = f(x) + f x R – {0}, where f(x) be a polynomial function of degree n N,
x x
then find f(x).
Solution :
1
f – 1 and f(x) – 1 are reciprocal to each other,,
x
1
also x and are reciprocal to each other..
x
Thus (i) holds only when
f(x) – 1 = xn, nR f(x) = 1 xn
Example 3:
x 1, x 1 x 2 , 1 x 2
Let f (x) = and g(x) = Find fog.
2x 1, 1 x 2 x 2, 2 x 3
Solution:
g (x ) 1, g (x ) 1
(fog) (x) = f(g (x)) =
2g( x ) 1, 1 g( x ) 2
Let us consider, g(x) 1:
(i) x2 1, – 1 x < 2 – 1 x 1, – 1 x < 2
(ii) x 2 1, 2 x 3 x [ 2 , 1) (1, 2 ], 1 x 2 1 x 2
(iv) 1 < x + 2 2, 2 x 3 – 1 < x x 3, x =
x 2 1, 1 x 1
Thus f(g(x)) = 2
2x 1, 1 x 2
Example 4:
n
f ( x ) f (x )
Let F(x) = . Show that F(x) is even when n is even and is odd when n is odd.
g ( x ) g (x )
Solution :
Let h (x) = f(x) + f(–x) and k(x) = g(x) – g(–x).
Then h(–x) = f(–x) + f(x) = h(x) and k(–x) = g(–x) –g(x) = –k(x)
h(x) is even while k (x) is odd.
n n n
h(x) h ( x ) h (x)
Thus F(x) = and F(–x) = (1) n = (–1)n F(x)
k ( x ) k ( x ) k ( x )
Hence f(x) is an even function when n is even, and odd function, when n is odd.
Example 5:
Find the Domain and Range of the following functions:
sin x cos x 3 2
(i) 2
f(x) = sin [ln (5x – 8x + 4)] (ii) f(x) = log2
2
Solution :
(i) Df : 5(x – 4/5)2 + 4/5 > 0: always true.
ln (5x2 - 8x + 4) defined for x (–, ) = Df
2
4 4
Rf : y = f(x) = sin u, where u = n 5 x has umin = ln 4/5
5 5
4
min. for x =
5
Example 6:
3
2
Find the domain of the function f(x) = log log|sin x| x 8x 23 log | sin x | .
2
Solution :
3
f(x) is defined if log|sin x| x 2 8x 23 log 2 | sin x |
>0
x 2 8x 23 3 log 2 8
log|sin x|
0 as log|sin x| 8
8 log 2 | sin x | log 2 | sin x |
x 2 8x 23
sin x 0,1 and 1
8
3 3
Hence domain of a function = 3, , 2 2 , 5 .
Example 7:
ABCD is a square of side a. A line parallel to the diagonal BD at a distance x from the vertex A cuts
two adjacent sides. Express the area of the segment of the square, with A at a vertex, as a function
of x.
Solution :
D F
D C C
a
F P
O a O
P E
A B A B
a
a
There are two different situations
a
(i) when x = AP OA, i.e., x
2
a
(ii) When x = AP >OA, i.e., x > but x 2a
2
1
Case (i) ar(AEF) = x. 2x = x2
2
(PE = PF = AP = x)
= a2 – 2a 2 x 2 2 2ax = 2 2ax x 2 a 2
the required function f(x) is as follows :
2 a
x , 0 x
f (x) 2
2 2 a .
2 2ax x a , x 2a
2
Example 8:
If a, b R be fixed positive numbers such that f(a + x)
= b + [b3 + 1 – 3b2. f(x) + 3b{f(x)}2 – {f(x)}3]1/3
for all x R then prove that f(x) is a periodic function.
Solution :
Here, {f(a + x) – b}3
= b3 + 1 – 3b2 f(x) + 3b{f(x)}2 – {f(x)}3
= 1 – [{f(x)}3 – 3b. {f(x)}2 + 3b2. f(x) – b3]
= 1 – {f(x) – b}3
{f(a + x) – b]3 + {f(x) – b}3 = 1 . . . (i)
This is true for all x.
Putting a + x for x in (i), we get,
{f(2a + x) – b}3 + {f(a + x)} – b}3 = 1 . . . (ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii)
{f(2a + x) – b)3 – {f(x) – b)3 = 0 or {f(2a + x) – b}3 = {f(x) – b}3
or f(2a + x) – b = f(x) – b or f(2a + x) = f(x)
f(x) is a periodic function.
SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1:
Which of the following function (s) from f : A A are invertible, where A [ –1, 1]
x x
(A) f(x) = (B) f(x) = sin
2 2
(C) f(x) = |x| (D) f(x) = x2
Solution :
x
Clearly ‘c’ and ‘d’ are ruled out as these are many–one. Also f(x) = is one–one but not onto.
2
x
g(x)= sin is both one–one and onto. Hence (B) is the correct answer
2
Example 2 :
2
Let f: , [0, 4] be a function defined as f(x) = 3 sin x – cosx + 2. Then f–1 (x) is
3 3
given by
x 2 x 2
(A) sin–1 (B) sin–1
2 6 2 6
2 x 2
(C) cos 1 (D) None of these
3 2
Solution :
f(x) = 3 sin x – cos x + 2 = 2 sin x + 2 . Since f(x) is one–one and onto, f is invertible.
6
1 1 x
Now fof–1 (x) = x 2 sin f ( x ) 2 x sin f ( x ) 1
6 6 2
x
f–1 (x) = sin–1 1
2 6
x
Because 1 1 for all x [0, 4]. Hence (B) is the correct answer..
2
Example 3:
x; when x is rational
If f(x) = 1 x; when x is irrational , then fof (x) is given as
(A) 1 (B) x
(C) 1 + x (D) None of these
Solution :
fof (x) =
f (x) ;when f(x) is rational
1 f(x); when f(x) is irrational
x;
when x is rational
= 1 (1 x); when x is irrational = x
5
(C) 2n 6
, 2n 1
(D) None of these
n1
Solution :
f(x) is defined on [0, 1] 0 x 1
Now f(2sin x) shall be defined, if 0 2 sin x 1
1 5
0 sin x
2
x 2n, 2n 6 2n
nI 6
, 2n 1
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
Example 5:
cos x
f(x) = , where x is not an integral multiple of and [] denote the greatest integer
x 1
2
function, is
(A) an odd function (B) an even function
(C) neither odd nor even (D) none of these
Solution :
Example 9:
If f(x) is a function that is odd and even simultaneously, then f(3) – f(2) is equal to
(A) 1 (B) – 1
(C) 0 (D) None of these
Solution :
f(x) = 0 x R f(3) – f(2) = 0.
Hence (C) is correct answer.
Example 10:
e |x| e x
Let f : R R be a function defined by f(x) = . Then
e x e x
(A) f is both one-one and onto (B) f is one-one but not onto
(C) f is onto but not one-one (D) f is neither one-one nor onto.
Solution :
f is not one-one as f(0) = 0 and f(–1) = 0. f is also not onto a for y = 1 there is no x R such
that f(x) = 1. If there is such an x R, then e|x| e x e x e x .Clearly x 0. For x > 0, this
e2x 1
equation gives e–x = 0 which is not possible and for x < 0, 0 , which is also not
ex
possible. Hence (D) is the correct answer.