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PHÂN TỪ

I. BẢN CHẤT
Phân từ = động/tính từ
Danh động từ = danh từ

II. HÌNH THỨC

HIỆN TẠI PHÂN TỪ QUÁ KHỨ PHÂN TỪ

PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

V_ing P2
Ví dụ: working, loving, sitting - Quá khứ phân từ của động từ có quy tắc
được tạo thành bằng cách thêm đuôi -ed hoặc
-d vào nguyên mẫu.
Ví dụ: worked, loved.
- Các động từ bất qui tắc
Ví dụ: spent, built.

III. CHỨC NĂNG

❖ Chức năng 1:
Be + V-ing/P2 tạo thành thì của động từ
➢ Present participle (V-ing)
- Active: V-ing/Having Vpp
Ex: I’m studying English
- Passive: Being Vpp/Having been Vpp
Ex: The bridge is being built.
➢ Past participle (Vpp)
- V-ed
- Irregular verbs

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Ex: English is being spoken.

❖ Chức năng 2: V-ing/Vpp + N

Chủ động: V-ing Bị động: Vpp

The leaking pipes The updated news

Running water Stolen money
Floating wreckage Broken glass
Dripping taps Blocked roads

❖ Tính từ đuôi –ing và –ed

Chủ động: V.ing
Bị động: P2
• The book is interesting.
(Chủ động- gây hứng thú)

⟶ The book interests me.

⟶ I am interested in the book. (Bị động- bị hứng thú)

• He is a boring man.
(Chủ động- Người gây chán)
⟶ He bores me.

⟶ I’m bored with him.

(Bị động- Bị chán bởi)
❖ Những cặp tính từ đuôi –ing và –ed thường gặp
• Interested/interesting • Tired/tiring
• Frightened/frightening • Surprised/surprising
• Amused/amusing • Excited/exciting
• Amazed/amazing • Shocked/shocking
• Exhausted/exhausting • Pleased/pleasing
• Bored/boring • Disappointed/disappointing
• Frustrated/frustrating • Annoyed/annoying

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❖ Chức năng 3: Giảm mệnh đề có cùng chủ ngữ

1. HIỆN TẠI PHÂN TỪ V-ing- CHỦ ĐỘNG

• Hành động diễn ra liên tục.

Ex: She opened the door. She saw him crying.

⟶ Opening the door, she saw him crying.

(1) (2)
(Having opened the door, she saw him crying. → nhấn mạnh hơn hành động “open”
xảy ra trước.)

• Nhấn mạnh dạng hoàn thành, xảy ra trước một hành động khác.
They finished their homework, they went out.
(1) (2)

⟶ Having finished their homework, they went out.

2. QUÁ KHỨ PHÂN TỪ Vpp - BỊ ĐỘNG
She was punished by her father. She cried.
(1) (2)

⟶ Punished by her father, she cried.

(Being punished by her father, she cried.

Having been punished by her father, she cried.)

❖ Chức năng 4: V-ed, V-ing/V-ing, V-ed

• She stayed at home all day, watching TV.
She stayed at home all day and watched TV.
• He fell, striking his head against the door.
He fell and stroke his head against the door.
• The plane crashed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground.
• Knowing that he wouldn’t be able to buy food on his journey, he took large supplies
with him
= As/Because/Since he knew….

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❖ Chức năng 5: Giảm mệnh đề quan hệ

a) CHỦ ĐỘNG ⟶ V-ING

• The man who is sitting over there is my father.

⟶ The man sitting over there is my father.

• The flowers which give off a fragrant perfume are not very expensive.

⟶ The flowers giving off a fragrant perfume are not very expensive.

b) BỊ ĐỘNG ⟶ P2
• Have you ever read any novel which was written by Marc Levy?

⟶ Have you ever read any novel written by Marc Levy?

• The newspaper which was edited by Jane was well-known.

⟶ The newspaper edited by Jane was well-known.

IV. PHÂN BIỆT PHÂN TỪ VỚI DANH ĐỘNG TỪ

Phân từ Danh động từ

The leaking pipes The sleeping bag
→ Cái ống nước (pipes) chủ động làm ra → sleeping không phải hành động chủ động
hành động rò rỉ (leaking) của “bag”
Sleeping ở đây mang nghĩa chỉ mục đích
(cái túi để ngủ)

Chức năng của phân từ Chức năng của danh động từ

1. Tạo thành các thì 1. Làm chủ ngữ
I am studying English. Studying English is very useful.
2. Đóng vai trò tính từ 2. Theo sau động từ
updated news She enjoys watching cartoons.
leaking pipes 3. Sau giới từ
3. Rút gọn mệnh đề I’m interested in watching films.
• Washing his car, he sang happily. 4. Tạo danh từ ghép
• The girl lending me this book is my best cooking oil, reading lamp
friend.

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PRACTICE

Exercise 1: Choose the correct participles

1. Are you (interested/interesting) in football?

2. The football match was quite (exciting/exicted). I enjoyed it.

3. It’s sometimes (embarrassing/embarrassed) when you have to ask people for money.

4. Do you usually get (embarrassing/embarrassed)?

5. I had never expected to get the job. I was really (amazing/amazed) when I was offered it.

6. She has made (astonishing/ astonished) progress.

7. I didn’t find the situation funny. I was not (amusing/amused).

8. It was a really (terrifying/terrified) experience. Afterwards everybody was very

(shocking/shocked).

9. Why do you always look so (bored/boring). It your life really so (boring/bored).

10. He’s one of the most (boring/bored) people I’ve ever met. He never stops talking and he
never says anything (interesting/interested).

Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences using present participles.

1. She was talking to her friend. She forgot everything around her.

2. Since we watch the news every day, we know what’s going on in the world.

3. They are vegetarians. They don’t eat meat.

4. The dog wagged his tail. It bit the postman.

5. While she was tidying up her room, she found some old photos.

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Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences using past participles.

1. She was shocked by the bad news and burst into tears.

2. The event is organised by our team and will surely be a great success.

3. The film is based on real events and tells the story of a reporter.

4. She was born in Hollywood and knows all the famous movie stars.

5. The car was taken to the garage. It was repaired within an hour.

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