achieve

pOsition ing tic are to is the coil relationthe zeo. is Or

steado
induction. measureu8ed
featuress
special : met
The Ans.
quantity
Show type
1 We In Hence dl
0 This Also
this of with to
The current 7-9. other
time can
its rest the me ballistic relation
inBallistic that AB
moving The total asure prove CD C 4Tt
Bâ
time
period during the but ofGive words
galvanometer steady electricity
charge B.dl=pe! nLI + B.
di
discharging charge
as galvanometer the holds
period the the B=0 dl-o B. dl=0 B.
T- the system a
galvanometer. construction AB
sudaen
currents. samemagnetic true CD
time that sernsitivity 47nI
should C 47t C
should flowing for
the passes result
of
dugcharge.
should, and nLI dl
-k.
be field any
disoharge cOndenser a A
large. not throuyh
ballistic and B=0 DA
=
through and
therefore,
move An 1/2T outside arbitrary
deduce in nLI 4T
Sueh theory dl=0 B. Magnetism
at
ordinary S.I.
appreciably and
pa galvanometer n Current it.
Sses sudden an AB
have ingiven a units length
through aof infinite
electromagne. formula a dl
galvanometer (K.U.
1985) starting and
the suspended
sensitivity. dl
discharges time
from
it. foliow. is solenoid Ele
not
used from ctricity
Toits as for
 Fields of Charges in Motion 245

Therefore (i) the moment of inertia I of the moving system

must be large and
(ö) The suspension wire should be long and fine so that the
couple per unit angular twist c is small.
2. As the moving system suffers a deflection due to the im
pulse of the whole charge it receives a kick, and hence it is the first
throw which is proportional to the charge. Therefore, in such instru
ments damping must be very small. In order to reduce this damping
in a moving coil type ballistic galvanometer -
(i) The coil is wound over a non-conducting frame of ivory, or
ebonite, etc.
(i6) The soft iron core which damnps the motion of the coil is
not used.

The construction of the moving coil ballistic galvanometer is

similar to the ordinary moving coil galvanometer except for the
modification given above.
Theory. Let n be the number of turns in the coil; the
length of its vertical side, b its breadth and B the magnetic field in
which it issuspended.
Let there be a current iat any
instant, then
Force on each vertical wire=
i1B
Force on each vertical side
=nil B
Ifthis current remains constant
for a very small time dt, then
Impulse of force =nl Bidt
Total change in momentum Fig. 7-11
during the time the whole charge q passes through it.

- nl Bidtnl B idt=nl Bq
This change in momentum causes a rotation of the coil about
the axis of suspension.
The moment of momentum (or angular nomntun)
=nlBq.b=nBAq
where A is the area of the coilth
The moment of moment um or igular momentun1 is iven
hy L. where I is the monent ot iLertla ad u the angular veloeity.
lw=nBAq
246
Magnetishe lectricily
Due tothe angular velocity the coil possesBes a kinetie energy
Iu? and is brought to rest by performing work in twisting the
suspension wire. Ifc is the restoring couple per unit angular twist,
then
Couple for a twist =c8
and work done for a further small deflection da
=c0.do,
Total work done in twisting the suspension wire from 0
to 8.

- co.doch2

where is the deflection of the coil when whole of the kinetic energy
has been used up in producing the twist.

Or Iw'=c ... (i1)

If T is the time period of torsional vibrations of the coil when
no current passes through it, then

T=2r
T'c
or I=:412 (isi)
Multiplying (ii) and (i1), we have
c2T22
Ia=
42
cTO
or Iw= ..(i)
Comparing (') and (iv), we have
cT9
nABq=- 2r
cT C
or 2nAB 2T nAB ...(v)
C
The quantity nAB
is known as the current sensitivity and the
quantity 27 nAB
is known as the charge sensitivity of the ballis
tic galvanometer.
Chargesensitivity 2T
- ourrent sensitivity

(Also see Q. 7°10)

 Fields of Charges in Motion 247

Note : We have used the relation

F=il B
amperes, in metrOs,
This relation is true in S.Iunits when i is in
B in Tesla and F in Newton.
of current, in oms,
The relation is also` true if i is in e.m.u.
below.
B in Gauss and F in dynes as proved
F=ilB
Newton=Amp X met x T'esla

105 dyne= e.m.u X100 cmx10* gauss

10
dyne=e,m.u. X om X gauss
or
e.8.u (stat-ampere), we shall have
If the current is taken in
the relation

F=
ilB
where c is the velocity of light.
per unit
treatment we have used c as restoring couple light.
In the above becanfused with velocity of
angular twist. It should not
condenser charged to2 volts is discharged
t Q.710. A galvanometer, when the corrected deflec.
amp.
through a ballistic current sensitivity is22x
10-
the
tion is 9-6 cms and the seeonds. Calculate
periodic time is 12
per cm and the condenser. (P.U. 1956, L.U. 1950)
capacity of the current
ordinary moving coil gavanometer, the
Ans. For an
in &mperes
nAB
their usual meanings and are measured
have
where c, n, A, B and 0
in S.I units
=1,
For
i= nAB
as the
current sensilvvity and is deined
the
This neasuresproduce detlection.
to a unit
current required galvaometer, the charge
in coul.
ballistic
For a nOving coil
units
ombs in 8.I
(2rnAB)
 248
Magnetism and Electricity
For 0=l

2T
This measures the charge sensitivity and is defined as the
required to produce a unit deflection charge
Here current sensitivity i=22x 10-8
amp/cm=2:2x 10-6
amp/metre
Time period T=12 se conds
Corrected de flection 9=-9°6 cms=0"96 met

Charge 7x2:2x 10-8× 12

X096
2x 22
=4032x10-7 coulomb
Now q= CV
4-032 x 10-7

=2-016x 10-7 farad2016 microfarad

O.711. (a) Give the theory of the
meter of the moving coil type and show how ballistic galvano
to correct the
observed throw for damping. (P.E.O. 1986)
() A condenser is charged to 2 volts and then
ed through a ballistic galvanomneter. Calculate the discharg
capacity
of the condenser using the data :
Galvanometer scale distance =100 cms., ,=60 mm.
A..=40 mm., mass oi the coil=7 gms., mean length of the
coil=6 cms., mean breadth=l7 cms: number of
-600, period=5 secs. and magnetic field=200 Oersteds. turns
Ans, (a) For moving cOil type ballistic
Q.79. galvanometer see
Damping. In the theory of the ballistio galvanometer it bas
hoen supposed that the wole of the kinetio energy of the moving
AYstem is used up n tWsting the suspension ibre In practioe,
bowever, the motion of the coiI 1s opposed by (i) resistance of air,
and (ii) induced e..J. n e cOll, The amplitude of successive
oscillations goes on decreasing and this eflect is kuown as
dampng.
mhe frst throw of the ballIstio galvanometer is always
what it would have been in the ideal case when
w
smaller
than
damping and a correction must be upplied to it to get the therecorrect
is no
value.
 Fields of Charges in Motion
24$
When
as the coil successiveit values of are observed to the left
oscillates, is found that and right

=..=d,
where the constant d is
defined asthe ratio of two called the decrement of the swing and is
and the other to the left. successive deflection8, one to the right
If
d=ed
then
A=log. d
Here A is known as the
logarithmic decrement.
Damping correction. and
of the coil is simple When there is no damping, the motion
harmonic
tion of a point P moving in a circlecan bea represented by the projec
on fixed straight line, say AB.
In this case the amplitude of suc
cessive oscillations will be 0A, 0B, OA,
etc.

When there is damping, the ampli

tude of successive oscillations goes on de
oreasing at a constant rate. It is clear
from Fig. 7-12 that tbe shrinkage (de
crease in amplitude) from 8, to o takes
place in half a vibration or one oscilla
tion. Since the impulse is given to the 82
moving system when it was in the mean
position, the shrinkage that actually takes
place before the firat throw 8, is observed, Fig. 7-l2
18 in a quarter vibration or half an oscillation.
Now for one oscillation, the shrinkage is given by the relation
=e

For two oscillations the shrinkage is

=elxe=2A

Henoe for half an oscillation the shrinkage is e

If &, is the correeted throw, then

as Ais 8mall and its squares and higher powers can be negleeted.
250
Magnetism and Electricity Fiel

Hence the corrected formula for the moving coil ballistic

galvanometer is
cT
2TnAB
In practice the value of Ais found by observing ß1 and 6, i.e.,
the first throw and the throw after 10 oscillations. Then

10),
O11

10 loge 11
or

(b) First throw 8=60 mm.

Eleventh throw B11=40 mm.
Now logarithmic decrement
1 60
10 loge 10 loge 40
No
The valu
X 4055=04055
the qua1
10 complicat
Distance of the scale=100 cms.
6
Corrected throw o= 100 1+ 2 is not a

=06(1+02028)=06122radian
Number of turns n=600
Intensity of magnetic field (HPU. 198
B=200 oersteds
Mean length of the coil l=6 cms.
(6) Ex
Mean breadth of the coil b=17 cMs.
Mass of the coil m-7 gms. determine

Time period of swing T=5 secs.

T J be the monent of inertia of the coil sbout an axis Ans. (a
Abeough its C.G. and parallel to its length. It is the case of a integral theor
rectangular Jamina.
7x1:7xI7 B along a clase
12 12 by the curve.

Now
4r²1

Or
Fields of Churges in Motion
251
The charge flowing through the ballistic galvanometer
cT
q= 2rnAB 1+)
4T?I T 2T
2TrnAB nAB
2xX7x17x1:7x 06122
5x12x 600 x6xl:7x200
=1059 x 10-7 e.m. unit =1059 x 10-6 coulomb.
Potential difference across the condenser
V=2 volts
1:059 x 10-6
Capacity C=+ 2
=5295 x10-6 farad
5295 microfarad.
Note. In the above problem all the data is in C.G.S. units.
The value of charge is, therefore obtained in e.m.u. converting all
the quantities into S.I. before solving the problem will be more
complicated. To get the harge in coulomb, remember
Coulomb=l/]0 e.m.u. of charge.
Q.712 (a). Show that if the magnetic induction field B
is not afunction of time.
4c
xB= Jand .B-0
(H.P.U. 1986, Kurukshetra 1985, 84: G.N.D.U. 1986, 19S5;
P.U. 1987)
(0) Explain why the above relation is not sufti cient to
determine B at a point even if J is known at this point.
(H.P.U. 1986)
Ans. (a) Curl of a magnetic field xB. Ampere's line
integral theorem states that the line integral of the magnetic feld
B alona a closed curve is equal to times the total current enclosed
C

by the curve.
4T
1 (in CGS. gaussial uuits) ...()
 62
Magnetinn nd Mletriodty
IT Jin the yolune oreut lesnty whieh vntien tom plaoe t
plaoe but in conntunt in lime, the

-|
whore d in n nmal voetor eloment of nurfaco
ron nd Sin the whoe srlaco boundod by
closed path C.
Subatituting in (i), we huvo

...(u)

But. neeordiny to Stoko'n theoren in yeetor nnolyn

...w)

Frorm (iij anl (iii), we hn vo

4: ,

In H.L. unita, wtarting from

When the point lies outside the lonp When the point lie
outeicies the eurrent.l p e , wIieri the lie ntegral toes hot encose