SWR 4 PPT 4

Marinduque State College
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Mental illness SOCIAL WORK

is nothing to be
ashamed of, RESEARCH
but stigma and
bias shame us
(SWPP 5)
all! Prof. ir. Panchito M. Labay
Bill Clinton
COLLEGE OR ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
1. What is Quantitative Research?
Chapter 4 2. What are the types of Quantitative Research?

3. What are Concepts and the Conceptual
Framework and Theoretical Framework?
4. How to make the Conceptual and Theoretical
frameworks
To describe condition Descriptive Survey

What is Quantitative Research? or trend of the
situation or problem
Survey
Time Series
Research
Follows positivism/
post positivism Non-
(empiricism, Experimental Longitudinal
triangulation, Correlational Cross-
multiplism) sectional
QUANTITATIVE To find out the factors
Approach-Deductive
that influence the
Research or Deduction outcome
Pre-Experimental
Involves quantifiable
The choice between data with
Quasi-
the experimental and mathematical & Experimental
Experimental
non-experimental statistical computing
approaches is generally techniques
True-
dictated by the nature Experimental
of the research To see if a treatment
question. is effective of not
Example
2. Mental Health and Substance Abuse (lifted from the case of Baryo Dimagiba)
Preliminary Research Title:
Strategies for Improving Mental Health and Preventing Substance Abuse in Baryo Dimagiba
Modified Quantitative-Descriptive-Correlational Type of Research:

Breaking the Silence: Factors Influencing Mental Health and Substance Abuse in Barrio Dimagiba
Statement of the Problems

1. What are the socio-demographic profiles of the residents of Baryo Dimagiba who are
experiencing mental health problems?
2. What are the primary factors contributing to mental health challenges in Barrio Dimagiba?
3. What type of substance are they using and how prevalent are they using them (e.g. daily, weekly,
monthly, occasionally)?
4. Are there specific socio-demographic variables that correlate with the prevalence of substance
use in Barrio Dimagiba?
5. What role does the local community and social support play in addressing mental health and
substance abuse problems in Barrio Dimagiba?
Example
Modified Quantitative-Descriptive -Correlational Type of Research:

Objectives of the Study

1. To gather the socio-demographic profiles of residents of Baryo Dimagiba who are experiencing
mental health problems.
2. To identify and describe the key factors contributing to mental health challenges in Barrio
Dimagiba.
3. To identify the type of substance they are using and to assess the extent of substance abuse in
Barrio Dimagiba.
4. To analyze the relationship between socio-demographic variables (such as age, gender, income,
and education) and the prevalence of substance use in the community.
5. To explore the role of community and social support networks in addressing and mitigating
mental health and substance abuse problems in Barrio Dimagiba.
Example Lifted from the Case of Baryo Dimagiba in Chapter 1

Breaking the Silence: Factors Influencing Mental Health and Substance Abuse in Barrio
Dimagiba
1. What are the socio-demographic profiles of the residents of Baryo Dimagiba who are
experiencing mental health problems?
• Variables
 Number of individuals experiencing mental health problems (e.g. anxiety disorder, aggression,
paranoia, depression, etc.). This can be gathered using validated assessment tools
 Collect their socio-demographic data (e.g., age, gender, income, education) through surveys or
interviews.
• Statistics
 Descriptive statistics, mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) for socio-demographic variables
Operationalize the phrases “socio-demographic” and “mental health problems” as they are related
to this particular study.
Example
Dimagiba
2. What are the primary factors contributing to mental health challenges in Barrio Dimagiba?
• Variables
 Number of identified factors contributing to mental health challenges (e.g., substance abuse,
stress, socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, etc). Use validated scales or questionnaires
to assess mental health challenges and various contributing factors.
• Statistics
 Frequency count and percentage of the identified significant factors contributing to mental health
challenges.
Operationalize the phrase “mental health”, “menatl health factors|” by defining what are those factors
that are causing problems, e.g. substance abuse, stress, socioeconomic status, access to
healthcare, etc
Example
Dimagiba
3. What type of substance are they using and how prevalent are they using them (e.g. daily, weekly,
monthly, or occasionally)?
• Variables
 Type of substances used (e.g. alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, opioids, hallucinogens, depressants,
stimulants, etc.)
 Frequency of use (maybe daily, weekly, monthly, or occasional)
• Statistics
 Descriptive statistics to report the number of substance use
 Descriptive analyses to provide an overview of substance use frequencies within various socio-
demographic groups. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of substance use frequencies
Operationalize the phrase and words “substance”, “substance abuse” and “prevalence” by defining
their relation to the study.
Example
Dimagiba
4. Are there specific socio-demographic variables that correlate with the prevalence of
substance use in Barrio Dimagiba?
• Variables
 Dependent Variable: frequency of use of substance by identified individuals
 Independent Variables: Socio-demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, income, education)
• Hypothesis
 Certain socio-demographic variables (independent variables) correlate significantly with the
prevalence use of substances that may cause mental health issues (dependent variable) in Barrio
Dimagiba.
• Statistics
 Use cross-tabulation or chi-squared analysis to examine the relationship between socio-
demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, income, education) and substance use frequency.
Example
Dimagiba
5. What role does the local community and social support play in addressing mental health
and substance abuse problems in Barrio Dimagiba?
• Variables
 Identify the roles the local community and social support needed to address mental health and
substance abuse problems
• Statistics
 Frequency count and percentage of the identified roles of the community and social support
mechanisms in addressing mental health and substance abuse problems.
Operationalize the phrases “community support”, “social support” defining their relation to the study.
Example
Dimagiba
SOP 1: Mental health issues (you may identify this if you want), socio-demographic profile
SOP 2: Factors contributing to mental health (you can identify the factors if you want)
SOP 3: Substance, substance abuse, prevalence or frequency of substance use
SOP 4: Mental health issues and socio-demographic profile correlation
SOP 5: Roles of local community and social support
These identified variables serve as foundational concepts for the Review of Related Literature, guiding
the search for pertinent studies and theories. This literature review aims to provide a focused exploration
of each concept, examining underlying theories that are most applicable to the study's Theoretical
Framework.
These concepts, derived from the Statement of Problems (SOPs), play a crucial role in constructing the
Conceptual Framework. In a visual, diagrammatic format, the Conceptual Framework illustrates the
relationships between these variables, highlighting their significance in the study's data gathering and
analysis.
Example
Dimagiba
SOP 1: Mental health issues (you may identify this if you want), socio-demographic profile
SOP 2: Factors contributing to mental health (you can identify the factors if you want)
SOP 3: Substance, substance abuse, prevalence or frequency of substance use
SOP 4: Mental health issues and socio-demographic profile correlation
SOP 5: Roles of local community and social support
These identified variables serve as foundational concepts for the Review of Related Literature, guiding
the search for pertinent studies and theories. This literature review aims to provide a focused exploration
of each concept, examining underlying theories that are most applicable to the study's Theoretical
Framework.
These concepts, derived from the Statement of Problems (SOPs), play a crucial role in constructing the
Conceptual Framework. In a visual, diagrammatic format, the Conceptual Framework illustrates the
relationships between these variables, highlighting their significance in the study's data gathering and
analysis.
Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks

Theoretical Framework
• It provides the overarching theoretical perspective or lens of the research topic. It establishes the
foundation for your study by guiding your thinking and helping you make sense of the phenomenon
under investigation.
• Theoretical frameworks are based on established theories or models that are well-developed,
tested, and accepted by the academic community. Theoretical frameworks often consist of a set of
concepts, principles, and propositions that explain relationships between variables or phenomena.
Conceptual Framework
• It is a more specific tool within a research study. It defines the key concepts, variables, and
relationships that are relevant to a particular study. It serves as a roadmap for organizing and
structuring the research project. It is developed by the researcher as it is drawn theories, prior
research, and the specific objectives of the study.
• A Conceptual Framework in a study is a visual or written representation that illustrates the key
concepts, variables, and relationships within the research. It serves as a structural outline or
blueprint for the study, helping researchers conceptualize and organize their research ideas and
hypotheses.
Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks

Conceptual Framework of the Study
Modified Quantitative-Descriptive-Time Series Type of Research:

Statement of the Problems

1. What were the socio-demographic profiles of the residents of Baryo Dimagiba who experienced
mental health problems in 2010, 2015, and 2020?
2. What were the primary factors contributing to mental health challenges in Barrio Dimagiba?
3. What type of substance were they using and how prevalent were they using them (e.g. daily,
weekly, monthly, occasionally)?
4. Were there significant differences in the prevalence of substance used by residents with mental
health problems in Barrio Dimagiba in 2010, 2015, and 2020?
5. What role does the local community and social support play in addressing mental health and
substance abuse problems in Barrio Dimagiba?
Modified Quantitative-Descriptive-Time Series Type of Research:

The difference between the descriptive longitudinal and cross-sectional time series research
here is in the respondents of the study. If the researcher deals with same group of
respondents in 2010, 2015, and 2020, the type of research is called longitudinal time series,
but if of different sets of respondents in 2010, 2015 and 2020, it is classified as cross-
sectional time series type of research.
What is Experimental Research? The subject or the group is observed after a

treatment has been applied, in order to test
An experimental type of research is done whether the treatment has the potential to
to see if the TREATMENT is Effective Pre-Experimental cause change. No randomnization and
control group is required. Ex. One-shot case
study, one-group pretest-post test design
Similar to experimental research in that

QUANTITATIVE there is manipulation of an independent
Experimental Quasi-Experimental variable, but differs for it may either have
Research
no randomnization and or no active
manipulation.
There is complete randomnization of the

In an experimental design the independent experimental and the control group. There
variable (IV) or the casual variable is True-Experimental
is also manipulation of the experimental
controlled or set by the researcher, while the group. It is considered as the most accurate
dependent (DV) is being measured. type of experimental research
Types of Experimental Research

Strategies for Improving Mental Health and Preventing Substance Abuse in Baryo
Dimagiba
Modified Experimental Research Title:
Giving Hope: Social Support Intervention in Reducing Depression and Substance Abuse
Among Affected Residents of Barrio Dimagiba
Statement of the Problem

1. What is the level of depression severity among residents of Barrio Dimagiba who are
affected by both depression and substance abuse before and after social support
intervention?
2. What is the frequency of substance use among residents of Barrio Dimagiba who are
affected by both depression and substance abuse before and after social support
intervention?
3. What is the impact of social support intervention on the depression severity and frequency
of substance use among residents of Baryo Dimagiba who are experiencing both
depression and substance abuse?

Strategies for Improving Mental Health and Preventing Substance Abuse in Baryo
Dimagiba
Modified Experimental Research Title:
Giving Hope: Social Support Intervention in Reducing Depression and Substance Abuse
Among Affected Residents of Barrio Dimagiba
Objectives of the Study

1. To measure the depression severity level of Barrio Dimagiba who are affected by both
depression and substance abuse before and after social support intervention
2. To measure the frequency of substance use among residents of Baryo Dimagiba who are
experiencing both depression and substance abuse before and after social support
intervention.
3. To assess the impact of the social support program on the depression severity and
frequency of substance use among residents of Baryo Dimagiba.

In the given study, the quantifiable variables are as follows:
1. Depression Severity Level. The researcher can measure depression levels among the
affected residents using standardized instruments such as the Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), or other validated scales. These
instruments provide numerical scores that can be compared before and after the social
support intervention.
2. Substance Abuse. Substance abuse can be quantified by assessing the frequency,
quantity, and type of substances used (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs) among the
affected residents. This information can be collected using self-report surveys or interviews.
By measuring these variables before and after the social support intervention, the research
can quantitatively assess the impact of the intervention on depression levels and substance
abuse among the residents of Barrio Dimagiba.

Independent Variable (IV)
• Social Support Intervention: This is the variable that the researcher is manipulating or providing as part
of the research.
Dependent Variables (DV)

• Depression Severity: This variable measures the level of depression symptoms experienced by the
participants. It is a key outcome variable and an indicator of mental health.
• Substance Abuse Frequency: This variable assesses the frequency and intensity of substance use by
the participants. It is another key outcome variable and an indicator of substance abuse behavior.
Null Hypothesis (H0) for Depression Severity:

H0: There is no significant difference in depression severity scores between residents who receive the
social support intervention and those who do not receive the intervention in Barrio Dimagiba.
Null Hypothesis (H0) for Substance Abuse Frequency:

H0: There is no significant difference in substance abuse frequency between residents who receive social
support intervention and those who do not receive the intervention in Barrio Dimagiba

Pre-Experimental Design.
Key Features. Pre-experimental designs are the simplest form of experimental research. They
lack certain critical features of rigorous experimentation, such as control groups or
randomization. They are often exploratory and less able to establish causal relationships.
Steps
1. Select a Research Question. Identify a research question that can be addressed using a
pre-experimental design.
2. Choose an Experimental Group. Select a group or sample to receive the
experimental treatment or intervention.
3. Administer the Treatment. Apply the experimental treatment or intervention to the chosen
group.
4. Collect Data. Gather data on the dependent variable(s).
5. Analyze Data. Analyze the data to determine whether there are any observable effects or
differences.

Quasi-Experimental Design
Key Features. Quasi-experimental designs introduce some elements of control and

comparison but may not involve random assignment. They are used when true randomization
is not feasible or ethical.
Steps
1. Select a Research Question. Identify a research question that requires a quasi-
experimental design.
2. Choose Groups. Select experimental and control groups or conditions, often based
on existing characteristics or criteria.
3. Administer the Treatment. Apply the treatment or intervention to the experimental group.
5. Analyze Data. Analyze the data to determine whether there are statistically significant
differences between groups.

True Experimental Design
Key Features. True experimental designs involve rigorous control, random assignment, and
manipulation of independent variables. They are best for establishing causal relationships.
Steps
1. Select a Research Question. Formulate a research question suitable for a true
experimental design.
2. Random Assignment. Randomly assign participants to experimental and control
groups to ensure groups are comparable.
3. Apply the Treatment. Administer the treatment or intervention to the experimental group.
4. Control Variables. Ensure that potential confounding variables are controlled.
6. Analyze Data. Analyze the data using appropriate statistical tests to determine causal
relationships.
Conceptual Framework of the Experimental Research

The study investigates the impact of a social support intervention on
residents of Barrio Dimagiba who are affected by both depression and
substance abuse.
• Depression Severity (DS) is the level of depression experienced by

residents in Barrio Dimagiba who are dealing with both depression
and substance abuse. It serves as the dependent variable because
it is the factor that is being observed, measured, and analyzed after
the implementation of the social support program.
• The Frequency of Substance Use is the other dependent variable

that represents the frequency with which residents engage in
substance use while grappling with depression.
• Social Support Intervention is the core element of the study and

serves as the independent variable. It is the aspect of the study that
is expected to bring change to the dependent variables, namely
depression severity and frequency of substance use.
Theoretical Framework of the Experimental Research
To draw the theoretical framework of the research study these steps can be followed:
1. Identify Key Variables. Begin by identifying and listing the key variables that are central to your
research. These variables are the elements you aim to study or manipulate in your research.
2. Review Existing Theories. Conduct a literature review to identify existing theories or frameworks
that relate to your selected variables. Look for studies that have examined similar variables and the
theories used in those studies.
3. Conceptualize Relationships. Based on your understanding of the variables and the literature, start
to conceptualize how these variables might be related. Consider the nature of these relationships,
such as causality, correlation, or moderation.
4. Determine the most applicable theory. Based on the conceptualized relationship between the
variables or concepts of the study as presented in the conceptual framework, analyze which of the
reviewed theories is applicable to the study.
5. Discuss Implications. Discuss the theoretical implications of the selected theory or theories
particularly to the study.
Theoretical Framework of the Experimental Research

Based on the identified variables in the study, these theories can be applied in the study:
1. Social Determinants of Health Theory. This theory is applicable because it helps to understand
how socio-demographic factors such as income, education, and social support can impact mental
health. By examining these determinants, one can gain insights into why some individuals in Barrio
Dimagiba may be more vulnerable to mental health issues or substance abuse than others.
2. Biopsychosocial Model. Mental health and substance abuse are often viewed through the lens of
this model because it considers the biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to
these issues. It can provide a comprehensive perspective on the factors influencing mental health
and substance abuse in Barrio Dimagiba.
3. Stress-Coping Model. This model is relevant because it can help the researcher explore how
residents of Barrio Dimagiba cope with various stressors in their environment. It can shed light on the
mechanisms people use to deal with factors contributing to mental health issues and substance
abuse, such as economic stress or community violence.
4. Social Support Theory. Understanding the roles of local community and social support is a key
aspect of the research. This theory provides a framework for assessing the impact of these support
systems on residents' mental well-being and their ability to cope with mental health challenges.
TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Are you looking for
RELATIONSHIPS between YES NO
Variables?
Is there any INTERVENTION

YES NO
OR TREATMENT Group?
Are there CONTROL and

YES NO
EXPERIMENTAL Groups?
Is the TREATMENT of Groups

highly controlled by the YES NO
researcher?
TRUE QUASI- PRE- CORRELA-

SURVEY
EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT TION
A quantitative research can be REALITY / RESEARCH

a combination of two or more ofPROBLEM
these types defending on the SOPs.
COLLEGE OR
OF ARTS
ARTS AND
AND SOCIAL
SOCIAL SCIENCES
SCIENCES
LINKING UP ACTIVITIES
Instruction
Please analyze the provided situational scenarios and categorize
the type of qualitative research design applicable to each
scenario within the context of social work. Additionally, provide a
rationale for why each specific type is suitable.
1. The city government agency of Makulapnit City wants to assess the overall
satisfaction of senior citizens in their area with the available eldercare services in
the community. They distributed a structured survey to senior citizens, asking about
their experiences and satisfaction level with the services.
2. Segunda is a social work researcher who likes to investigate whether social media
use and feelings of social isolation among teenagers in foster care have
relationships. She collects data on social media usage and self-reported feelings of
isolation and examines the two variables between the two.
COLLEGE OR
OF ARTS
ARTS AND
AND SOCIAL
SOCIAL SCIENCES
SCIENCES
3. Maawa Naman Kayo (MNK) is a non-profit organization that conducts a 15-year study
tracking the educational and employment trajectories of youth who were formerly in foster
care. Data is collected at multiple points every three years throughout the study to
understand how various factors impact their long-term outcomes.
4. A research team examines the well-being of refugees in a particular region. They collect
data on mental health, access to healthcare, and demographic factors from refugees of
different ages, nationalities, and backgrounds at a single time point.
5. Gorgoria is a well-known school counselor who offers a brief anger management workshop
to a group of high school students who have been involved in physical altercations. She
measures changes in aggressive behavior immediately after the workshop.
6. Masalukot-Massachusetts City implements a job training program for homeless individuals
who are temporarily staying in the city shelter to assess the program’s impact on their
employment status. Some shelters receive the program, while others do not. Data on
employment rates is collected before and after program implementation.
7. Purita is a social work researcher who conducts a study to determine if a specific counseling
intervention reduces symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among military
veterans. Participants are randomly assigned to either the intervention group or a control
group, and PTSD symptoms are assessed before and after the intervention.
COLLEGE OR
OF ARTS
ARTS AND
AND SOCIAL
SOCIAL SCIENCES
SCIENCES
8. Walang Pasâ is a local domestic violence shelter that aims to assess the level of
satisfaction and perceived effectiveness of its support services among survivors of intimate
partner violence. The shelter’s social workers distribute a comprehensive survey instrument
to clients who have utilized their services, gathering data on their experiences and the
impact of the support received.
9. A social work researcher, Nicolasa investigates the relationship between the frequency of
family therapy sessions and the reduction of conflict within families struggling with addiction
issues. The researcher collects data on the number of therapy sessions attended and
measures the levels of family conflict, aiming to explore any correlations between these
variables.
10. A school counselor, Perfecta introduces a mindfulness meditation program for elementary
school children to evaluate its potential impact on reducing classroom disruptions and
improving focus. She implements the program in one classroom while leaving another
classroom as a control group. The number of disruptions and classroom behavior are
observed before and after the program's implementation.
WORDS TO PONDER!
Instruction
Now that we have finished our discussion about quantitative
research and its types, let's delve into the study of these for
your advanced reading:
1. Survey and how to conduct it
2. Sample and Sampling types
3. Research survey instrument
2. Survey instrument, validity test, reliability test

SWR 4 PPT 4

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Marinduque State College

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Mental illness SOCIAL WORK

1. What is Quantitative Research?

Chapter 4 2. What are the types of Quantitative Research?

To describe condition Descriptive Survey

Modified Quantitative-Descriptive-Correlational Type of Research:

Statement of the Problems

Modified Quantitative-Descriptive -Correlational Type of Research:

Objectives of the Study

Example Lifted from the Case of Baryo Dimagiba in Chapter 1

Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks

Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks

Modified Quantitative-Descriptive-Time Series Type of Research:

Statement of the Problems

Modified Quantitative-Descriptive-Time Series Type of Research:

What is Experimental Research? The subject or the group is observed after a

Similar to experimental research in that

There is complete randomnization of the

Types of Experimental Research

Statement of the Problem

Types of Experimental Research

Objectives of the Study

Types of Experimental Research

Types of Experimental Research

Dependent Variables (DV)

Null Hypothesis (H0) for Depression Severity:

Null Hypothesis (H0) for Substance Abuse Frequency:

Types of Experimental Research

Types of Experimental Research

Key Features. Quasi-experimental designs introduce some elements of control and

Types of Experimental Research

Conceptual Framework of the Experimental Research

• Depression Severity (DS) is the level of depression experienced by

• The Frequency of Substance Use is the other dependent variable

• Social Support Intervention is the core element of the study and

Theoretical Framework of the Experimental Research

Theoretical Framework of the Experimental Research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Is there any INTERVENTION

Are there CONTROL and

Is the TREATMENT of Groups

TRUE QUASI- PRE- CORRELA-

A quantitative research can be REALITY / RESEARCH

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