CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM
A. Background of the Study

Sleep is a vital physiological process that affects various aspects of human health and

well-being. Adequate and quality sleep is essential for physical, mental, and emotional

development, especially during adolescence, a critical period of transition from childhood to

adulthood. However, many adolescents experience insufficient or poor sleep due to various

factors, such as biological, psycho-social, environmental, and behavioral influences. Sleep

problems can have negative consequences on adolescents' academic performance, cognitive

functioning, mood, mental health, and quality of life.

One of the most common sleep problems among adolescents is insomnia, which is

defined as difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or non-restorative sleep, that causes

significant distress or impairment in daytime functioning. Insomnia can be acute or chronic,

depending on the duration and frequency of the symptoms. The prevalence of insomnia among

adolescents varies across studies, but some estimates suggest that it affects up to 23.8% of this

population. Insomnia can be caused by various factors, such as stress, anxiety, depression,

medical conditions, medications, substance use, poor sleep hygiene, and circadian rhythm

disorders.

Insomnia can have detrimental effects on adolescents' academic performance, which is a

key indicator of their current and future success. Academic performance can be measured by

various indicators, such as grades, test scores, attendance, dropout rates, and academic

achievement. Several studies have shown that insomnia is associated with lower grades, lower

test scores, higher absenteeism, higher dropout rates, and lower academic achievement among
adolescents. The mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood, but some

possible explanations include impaired attention, memory, processing speed, sequential thinking,

creativity, motivation, and self-regulation.

Despite the importance of sleep and its impact on academic performance among

adolescents, there is a lack of awareness and education about this issue among students, parents,

teachers, and school administrators. Moreover, there is a scarcity of research on the sleep

patterns and insomnia among grade 12 students in the Philippines, especially in the context of the

recent changes in the educational system that introduced senior high school (SHS) as part of the

K-12 curriculum. SHS aims to prepare students for higher education or employment by offering

different tracks and strands that cater to their interests and abilities. However, SHS also poses

new challenges and demands for students that may affect their sleep quality and quantity.

Therefore, this study aims to investigate the sleep patterns and insomnia among grade 12

students of ACLC College of Iriga, a population-based study that will provide valuable

information about the prevalence, causes, consequences, and correlates of sleep problems among

this group of students. The specific objectives of this study are:

- To describe the sleep patterns (sleep duration, sleep consistency, sleep quality) of grade 12

students of ACLC College of Iriga during weekdays and weekends.

- To identify the factors associated with insomnia among grade 12 students, such as

demographic variables (age, sex), academic variables (track/strand), psycho social variables

(stress level, anxiety level), behavioral variables (sleep hygiene practices).

- To explore the perceptions and attitudes of grade 12 students of ACLC College of Iriga

regarding their sleep problems and their effects on their academic performance.
 This study will contribute to the existing literature on sleep and academic performance

among adolescents by providing empirical evidence from a Philippine setting. It will also

provide useful insights for students, parents, teachers, school administrators, and policy makers

on how to address, and prevent sleep problems among grade 12 students and enhance their

academic outcomes and well-being.

B. Statement of the Problem

The study aims to explore the prevalence of the sleep patterns and insomnia symptoms

among the grade 12 students of ACLC College of Iriga, also the relationship between insomnia

and health habits, mental health, and the academic performance of the students.

1. What is the profile of the respondent according to?

a.) Age

b.) School and strand

c.) Gender

2.) How does insomnia affect the mental health and well being of the grade 12 students of ACLC

College of Iriga?

3.) What factors impact a student’s sleep pattern?

4.) What potential problems of insomnia that grade 12 students of ACLC College of Iriga may

experience?
C. Hypothesis and Assumption

This study was conducted to test the following hypothesis using appropriate statistical

tools to validate the content of this scholarly work.

HO1: There is a significant relationship between sleeping patterns and insomnia to well-being of

a person.

HO2: There is no significant difference between sleeping patterns and academic performance of

Grade 12 students of ACLC College of Iriga.

This study was premised on the following assumptions:

1.) The personal profile of the respondents varies in terms of age, gender, and strand.

2.) Irregular sleep patterns and insomnia impacts the academic performance of the

students.

3.) There are factors affecting the sleep pattern of the grade 12 students of ACLC

College of Iriga.

4.) Experiencing insomnia may cause bad effect to the physical, mental, and emotional

health of the students.

D. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Sleep is crucial for our well-being, enabling our bodies to function and carry out daily

activities. In this research, the grade 12 students of ACLC College of Iriga were the selected

respondents for the study on Sleep Patterns and Insomnia: A Population Based Study. The study

specifically focuses to the grade 12 students of ACLC College of Iriga. The primary goal of this
research is to assess how sleep pattern and insomnia impacts student’s academic performance

and overall well-being. It also examines their sleep hygiene practices and the factors that affect

the quality of their sleep.

To gather data, the researchers will collect information related to the respondent’s

background and responses through a survey questionnaire. Respondents will be selected

randomly, that is centered on grade 12 students for academic year 2023-2024.

E. Definition of Terms

Academic Performance- Academic performance refers to the intelligence, and other

indicators of learning ability have been widely studied regarding their associations with

criminal and antisocial behavior.

Insomnia- Is a difficulty to fall asleep or staying asleep.

Sleep Hygiene- Refers to a series of healthy sleep habits that can improve your ability to

fall asleep and stay asleep. These habits can improve your sleep health.

Sleep Pattern- A person's schedule of bedtime and wake-up time as well as nap

behavior.

Sleep Quality- Refers to the restorative and restful sleep and a measurement of how well

a person is sleeping. The quality of your sleep ensures that you get essentials physical,

mental, and emotional benefits your need from your slumber.

F. Significance of the Study

This population-based study aims to determine the sleep patterns and insomnia among

grade 12 students of ACLC College of Iriga and its influence on student’s academic

performance, behavior, psychological, and physical well-being. The researchers believe that this

study will provide valuable insights to the community and the respondents, helping them

maximize their sleep quality and patterns. It also offers knowledge to various stakeholders

including:

Community: This study plays a crucial role in helping the community assess and

monitor their sleep, as it significantly impacts their overall well-being. Sleep is pivotal in

the lives of individuals.

Employees: The study sheds light on the importance of maintaining quality and health

sleep patterns. This information can help employees reduce late-night work and improve

productivity.

Future Researchers: This research can serve as a foundational reference for future

studies in this field.

Parents: The study will enable parents to monitor their children’s sleep patterns more

effectively, ensuring their well-being and academic success.

Students: This study will be particularly useful for students with busy schedules and

numerous school activities. It will inform them about the impact of sleep patterns and

quality on their academic performance and behavior.

G. Conceptual Framework
INPUT
What is the profile of the
respondents according to?
a.) Age
b.) School and
Strand
c.) Gender
A sleep patterns and
Insomnia among Grade 12
students of ACLC College
of Iriga: A Population
Based Study
Conceptual Paradigm
PROCESS OUTPUT
Data collection trough:  Determine the sleep
patterns and quality of
 Data collection of
sleep of Grade 12
student’s profile
students of ACLC
 Regulation and College of Iriga
distribution of
 Assessed the actions
informed consents and
and interventions and
survey questionnaires
actions of sleeping
(Close ended
pattern of the Grade
questions)
12 students of ACLC
 Data analysis College Iriga
(Statistical Tool)
 Evaluates the impact
 Interpretation of data of sleep pattern and
insomnia to the
academic performance
of the Grade 12
students of ACLC
College of Iriga
 Contributes
knowledge to the field
of students, teachers,
and community
1 Figure
H. Theoretical Framework

Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms

The Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms is a mid-range nursing theory that has been utilized

to depict sleep patterns as it relates to other symptoms. The theory has 3 interrelated components:

the experienced symptoms of a person, influencing factors that cause or affect the nature of the

symptoms, and consequences of the symptom experience. Symptoms are the main component of

the model and are measured in terms of distress, quality, time and level of activities. The theory

states that the symptoms can occur with other symptoms and some symptoms can trigger other

symptoms especially if a person lacks sleep. This theory delved into different aspects of humans

such as physical, mental, or psychological problems that could arise activities. In this framework,

sleep-wake disturbances can be one of the symptoms or a factor that affects other symptoms.

(Qtd in. Otte & Carpenter, 2010).

Oswald’s Restoration Theory of Asleep

This study is also dependent on Oswald’s Restoration Theory that was first published

(1920), this states that a human needs to rest to recover energy lost throughout the activities of

the day so that a person can be productive and healthy. This study shows that sleeping needs are

not met due to environmental factors. Oswald said that sleep is important for restorative targets.

According to him, sleep deprivation, metal constraints and even death. Oswald’s theory was

constantly use energy and is necessary to restore the energy. The restoration theory of sleep is

one of the oldest theories in restoration. Its central idea (restoration happens only during rest
periods) and has significant role on restoration process. Restoration is defined as the idea that

sleep at night helps restore energy lost during the day, ensuring that organisms are productive

and healthy. Restoration refers to store our energy back. (The SONU Editorial Team 2022).

Repair and Restoration Theory

Sleep has been a crucial topic for experts and researchers since before, but only recently

have scientists found ways to study it systematically. Modern technology like the

electroencephalograph (EEG) enables researchers to examine the electrical patterns in the

sleeping brain. According to the theory, sleep is about repairing and restoring our energy, it’s+

vital for maintaining our physical and mental well-being. This theory suggests that non-REM

sleep helps rejuvenate our body’s functions, while REM sleep is crucial for mental restoration.

Evidence for this comes from a 2011 study found increased REM sleep after sleep deprivation

and strenuous activities. While we sleep, our bodies also boost cell division and protein

synthesis, indicating a healing process. This might be linked to the removal of potentially

harmful substances that accumulate in the awake brain, as Dr. Maiken Nedergaard, one of the

study’s authors, explained. In essence, the brain has to choose between staying alert and cleaning

up while we’re asleep. (Cherry, 2020)

REFERENCES:

(1) Sleep in Middle and High School Students | Healthy Schools | CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/features/students-sleep.htm.

(2) The Effect of Sleep Quality on Students’ Academic Achievement. https://www.dovepress.com/the-

effect-of-sleep-quality-on-studentsrsquo-academic-achievement-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-AMEP.

(3) Can School Performance Be Improved With Good Sleep? - Sleep Foundation.
https://www.sleepfoundation.org/children-and-sleep/sleep-and-school-performance.

(4) Impact of sleep problems on daytime function in school life: a cross ....
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-08483-1.

(5) Sleep and Academic Performance | Psychology Today.

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/dream-catcher/202008/sleep-and-academic-
performance.

(6) Sleep quality and sleep deprivation: relationship with academic ....
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(8) THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION IN THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF ....
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