Hasan Ali 2A3A -

Elastic failure
F-
I

← A
tent
a) Moments at B for equilibrium
Force of
spring = - k ( ↳in
moment arm = Less 0
B

-
P + k¥o) Loose =o

P = Kless 8

at 0=0 when P=kL

egu . B

To determine stability need to small perturbations

,
we
apply :
-

restoring moment = M = kllcsslsojsincso) -

Plsincso
for small perturbations from 0=0 use small angle approx .

stable when Kiso -

PLSG 70

Unstable when Kiso

Petty
p
-

>
PLSO

kh
< o
 b) potential energy Using
'

spring =
Ike =
In

height of load = Loose

so 17 =
12k (Lsino} + Ploof

e)
For equilibrium dd÷=o
Kistna
dd%- = esse -
Plan 0 = 0

✓ ↳
when 0=0 when D= Klasse

pm
unstable

*
→

unstable

stable
e.¥
.
¥10

stability dd¥ ,
=
bifida - sino ] -
Moose >0

when 0=0 stable if P 2 KL

unstated if P > kl

when D= blesses stable if Kisii o e 0

which is impossible → unstable
?⃝
 2

a)
→
I☒←p A E I
&→
, ,

By through the strut the section equilibrium

making a
M
cut ,
in

P-s.g #g9y- PM+Py- OM- -Py- E1d tnd-zdJ+&-y=o

moment about the cut
Taking

This ODE has solution

a
d- E- -

Acss (an) Bsin Gx)

y +
=

Be 10,0) A -0

4,0) Bsin (a) =D ✗2 = nñ

hence
y
= B 5in ( nut for n= 0,12 . . - .

ñ¥=
hence P = ✗
'
El =
n'

for n=o → strut is not deflected & unloaded

n=n → strut is deflected at first mode of equilibrium

hence P=
1T¥ is the lowest buckling load .
 b)
failure due to
yeild happens at bad =
OYA

whereas
Buckling D=
n→÷I
KA
bad
P=ñ÷
I Budding
I =

^
Li F-

Aby -
- - -
- - - -
-
-

yeild
I

¥ >
A =
%

Transition between modes of failure happen when

ñY# =
GA

Ey
'

y =

ñ¥y when A- a-

e) Real struts will always have some degree of imperfections, like eccentric loading and initial curvature. This will affect
the behaviour of the strut prior to reaching the critical load, it will cause the strut to buckle more gradually.

The transition between the yielding and buckling is not perfect, there will be some range of slenderness ratio that will
have a combination of the two failure modes, which result in a lower maximum load

These effects are accounted for in analysis by modelling them as eccentric loading off the axis of the beam, and by
applying curved initial conditions
3

:
a) Fn ← → re

1.
y

→ → deflation of tip
e-

b
← → n

By making a cut
by
ks →
UM
g
p

Moment for equilibrium M = -

Pa +
ksy = El
d¥
,

hence den
ODE
Fy
+
¥2 =

k§-y

Complementary function x= Aeros (✗ g) + Bsin(✗g)

Particular Integral xp = C. +
Cry

dodgy,
= 0

so Xp =

k§- y

hence Aesscxy) (✗g)

N =
+ Basin +
k§- y
 Boundary
Conditions
x=o A- =D
y=o

yet a- s 5 = Bsin ( ✗ 1) +
Kdp L ②

g.
=L
4- =o 0 = ✗ Bess (a) +
Kdp ③

so B = -

Kdp ✗ 1-
✗
arsed
subs . in
2-
Sinead
5 = -

KIP ✗ essene)
+
k§ L

$=
kp.IE +an] -

xp = k
[ AL -

tamed ]
¥
'
where = a

¥
✗ =

92 - tend

I finally
a- tana
=
3¥
tsreguired
b)
k=0 corresponds to a free ended cantilever

⇐↳ =° When taney → •

✗L -
tana
so when essay → 0

✗
L=(2n→)Iz
for critical load → first mode of
buckling when n=1

Iz
✗L=

hence P= ✗
2
Et =
a- ZEI standard Pe
* for free ended cantilever

k →•
corresponds to a fixed -

pinned strut

Kei → • when tana = ✗2

✗L -
tana
when ALI 1. U3ñ red
analyficalssbtion
hence critical load

UTE'll 1T£
P = ✗ 2ft = =

¥212 0.4922
fraud pinned
-

stout
 ☒ = P¥
A

1.43¥ - - -
-
-
-
-
- - - - - -

£1T
ti

E.
?
-

•
.# $
to otsiuuz +12 →•
Ki
ET

'

when
Y÷=o (a) =
UI

t¥→x (a) = 1.43%2

if ✗2=u-
Ki = ☐
2

g-

if a2=fIz Kis = 0.3M a-

2

G-

To double Pc of cantilever we need

Pe=zEz
Ki
YI this
2
so ✗L =
,
is when = 0-316 g-
G-
-
 c)
equivalent structure grunts
K
where k=
3¥ second
strut
d

stiffness

case )
i load in the centre → load on each strut =P

If the load is the same in both struts, then at the critical load, they will both buckle. When the
strut has buckled it does not apply any bending stiffness to the other strut, so it is the case of
two fixed-pinned struts

'
hence Pc =
ñ -51
¥2

Case )
ii load on one strut → load is =2P

hence the second strut will behave as a spring

as shown above

↳B
a- tana
= 3 =

k¥
from part b) plot ,
this is when KÑx It
'

hence 2Pe = ✗ a

Pe =
Etz 1¥ =

f- Ñ€ a 0.24b£
Ya
u

Euler's critical load

a)
L=
¥ hence
R=tL÷ esto
Max compression in AB = ITZA esto
8

equilibrium of point B Fors ←• ¥ ,

✓
FAB 10kW

vertically EFy=o
"
- FAB Sino -
10 =D

FAB =
-5¥ ,

It coif
hence we have IFAB / =

8
=

s!
where ,
for a solid circular bar I =
II
"
ñ2Eur coif
-
= 1-
5- ✗ 8-
-

✗ sine

"
" l
32×10
30 f =

it 3£ cos 205in @

"
to minimise r B to minimise r ☒ so maximise
css2Gsm8
 so
%[css%sm8] =D

-
Less 0 sink + cos } = 0

Aso -1-0
coff -
25m20 since 0 =/ Iz
tail
so divide
by esso
=
I

(E)
'

a- tan

b) " 32ns
"
l
r = +
esi(tañcr )sin(tañED 1⑧
f- 210×109 Pa
" 7

r = 1.277×5
r = 18.9 mm

about
What
guild ?

"
10
I Coy
since Itv2

"
v2 §
10
r 7 4- 79mm OR
Sino oyu-

c)
before
Same process as with Pc =

I?u÷ ,

g,_"g =
ÑEl
0.49×8
csszg
 I = IF it rh ess% sine
4900×8×4

4 4900×8×4
✓ =
r =
15.7mm
>
IT E csio sin 8
 5
Ete
\

E' F- EIE
Igf
-
-
-

¥
-

֤. y=Aess( %-)

-
-

d- se

- e-

Assumed shape y= Aess( %)

Does it satisfy BC 's ?

-
( bio) → Acss (E) =o

✓
C- Yzp) → A- cos C-E) = 0

so
%

( %-)
'
fromH
Pe =
↳ ⇐ "e) da

"

f
'

( dis ) da
- %

where we have

(Ex)
dyq= -
AI- sin

Ego = -

AE ,
cos ( Ex)

E) Et e. ☐

{
se
⇐ (Ic
-

Ete + se
L
EI en, =

E-Ie -
ZE (Ie -

IE) se o e se f 42
L
 All functions are even so replace double

sided integral with 2x single sided 2¥ caned out

50
-2Gt -

L
E) se )cssY¥g die
p, =

A¥} f? sin '(ñE) doe

Numerator
42 42

f. Ie cs5CEI) else _
2 (Ie IE)
L
-

JanieO
II) da

= Ie
filters CEM)dk -

X(IE) f.IE#G+cssC2nI5fdn
% a

foe +
£n- sin (21-3) ,
-

no
+ noose2n else

u-seui-nv-tzh-sin)[±ñ+kgsinf÷g
cznzyi-cssck-Y-E.E'ñsiE#-(ntn÷)dn]?
Ie--Ie -

f
 I¥ (Ie)[ ÷ ]?
?
=
-
In + +
meaning
L

Iud -

⇐E)[¥ -

¥ -

¥]

Iuds - L(Ic -
I
e) [f- -

%)

1¥ Igel I÷z II TELL

=
-

+ +
-

252

= 2
[(I÷=E) CIez-a.IE# +

I hence denominator

[
" %

f. If esse 2m¥) ) dn
'
sin
CTF) da -

K
=
:[ ÷e x -

] .
=
÷

so Pc =

E g- ✗ ✗ ✗ [ III. +
IE]
=
life [ (Ic{IE)_ +
2CI÷]
This method gives an over-estimate because it neglects the energy stored due to axial stress and strain.
The difference between the Euler method and energy method becomes more significant as the stiffness
of the strut becomes higher (higher k in the next question) due to the increase in axial strain energy.
6 assumed shape
k § y=8 sin (Ix)
bÑ→ ¥1s
'
=

Work done by load strain stored in

system
energy
=

fiction # fieldfare
'

¥ = +
* ks

dyan =
EE eos ( Eax)

%Te =
-8¥? sin ( Eid

50 . r -

I
,

P($÷j
L
[ costEid da =
Ei($¥j / sink a) or

0
+ KST

P
I÷
•
I + cosette) du =
Ei(;÷jfÉG O
-
cost Dda + K

P
;÷ [ x +
¥¥¥Ñ=EIu÷j±[n¥÷Ñ + K

PII
"
=
EI +
k
32 13
 hence
8kt
p¥ =
ñ÷ +
UFET

b)
P¥
,
a
approx

"" -

aspen .

i >
k¥
free fined
cantilever → pinned -

the approximation is linear ,

☒ it has no limiting value (→a)

The approximation plot B

always above the equilibrium
method pbt .
& they diverge more as k becomes larger

this is what we expected

. since Rayleigh method
overestimate of critical loading
gives an .
7-

Free from
§o→k spring
y Fu =
k( Lsinco GD
-

✗
Moment equilibrium Plfsinl -
KL since -

G) ooso = 0

about B

p KL since G)
assassin
=
-

small
angle approx .

P = K2 ( o -
G) f-
p
I
=
1-
§
% = 1- In
Go
@ =

I -
PIKL

The system in Question 1 is in equilibrium when theta=0, the state of equilibrium depends on whether the load has
exceeded the critical load or not.

In this question, we have an imperfection (initial inclination), so the strut bends as soon as the loading starts. And at every
loading, there is a state of equilibrium at a specific angle given by the relation we derived above.
 8 initial shape
Tamm
¥0 go.es
i
19m
r
y=
0.004 sin
ftp.?-a)

§
ro "

stress strut
yI ri
-

in is due to

e) Axial loading
-

2) Bending

man stress =
g =
¥ / M_¥dmm|
+

from the initial shape of strut, we can see that

maximum
Bendingmoment is at maximum deflection at
the centre of strut

so Aman =
-
P✗ S

→ We need to find the deflection of centre under loading

to P
equal

g§→
•
equilibrium analysis §
7

Moment about the cut M =

-

Py =
-9%(9-90)
d2
II. +
Fy =

go
%

DI
dart
✗ } =
-
0.004 ✗
YI.az sin (ñ?a)
 C. F
Acosta) + B Sinead
y=

PI .

Yp
= Co sin
(9-1) substitute into ODE

.si#Y.-a-dcosin*-=-o.oouY?a-zsin--?a)cf ?-Y?aif=
-

co¥a

-0.00T¥ .

( ÷¥)
0.004
Co =

1- ✗
4.1-a

Use Boundary conditions

10,0) → 0 = A

4. 9,0)
sina.am/-,???Ia-zsinlu#0--B3in(1.9x
→ 0 = B

For solutions at the buckling load, we would take sin=0, but now we want to explore the deflection before
buckling, so take B=0

So prior to buckling, the shape is only determined by the particular integral.

°O° "
so prior to Buckling y= 1-
✗ 21.92
sin
(Y¥)
I

1
so initial deflection is amplified by
1- ✗
21¥12
 0-004 0-006
Man .
deflection = =

"
¥¥ I
¥
-

hence
cry =
¥ +
0.0040
1-
Pfg
✗
¥°_

where 32s Pa
6y= ✗

ñdu± ñd In (0.082-0.072) 153m ?

A- =
- = = 1.178 ✗

"
" > "

E- ( do
¥1.08 -079=8.32×15
"
I = -
di ) = -
m

2×210×109×8 -32×157 103

PE =
a-
25¥ = a-

1. 92
=
477.68 ✗ N

Acy ( 1- Bpg) = P( 1- PGE) +

0.004b¥ P

p
Aoy(PE -
P) =P ( Pe -

)
P +

, p

o = - P' + PEP +
PP +
AGP -

ASPE
'

0 =p -

(PE+p+Aq)P + AoyPE
"

962.85×103
'

p 1.8×10
0 = P -
+

b± Fae 789 kW → Above PE so impossible

P= -2A
=

254k€ ✓
Buckling of a perfectly straight strut is at bad

PE =

ÑEg = 477.68 kN

failure due to yeild =

6yA= 320×6×1.178×153
376.96 kid
=

So the imperfections reduce the maximum bearable load by about 32%

First mode of failure is the introduction of plastic hinges at the maximum bending point