LESSON 1.
STATE AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS - provides moral and
STATE INSTITUTIONS - organizations that is
established, funded, and operated by a
government to carry out specific functions or
services.
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF STATE OR SOCIAL
INSTITUTIONS:
COMMUNIST - based on command economy.
DEMOCRACY - based on capitalist economy.
EXAMPLES OF STATE INSTITUTIONS:
1. ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES (AFP) -
helps the government maintain peace and order
throughout its territory.
2. LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU) - it is
created to cater the needs of the local
barangays or communities.
3. DEPARTMENT OF AGRARIAN REFORM (DAR)
- responsible for the redistribution of agrarian
cand in the Philippines.
4. COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
(CHED)-an institution in charge of improving
student access to quality tertiary education.
5. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT
(POLE)- formulate policies, programs, and
guidelines for the protection Filipino workers.
6. OVERSEAS WORKERS WELFARE
ADMINISTRATION (OWWA) – an agency of the
government that looks after the welfare of
Filipinos working overseas.
7.DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENT (DILG) – a state agency that
ensures each municipality and barangay
effectively deliver basic services to the citizenry.
8. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (DEPED) – an
agency of the government that ensures quality
education.
9. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND
HIGHWAYS – a state agency that creates public
infrastructure like school buildings, roads, and
bridges.
NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS - privately owned,
non- profit, or operate independently of
government authority.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
(NGO'S) - typically funded through donations
and work on various issues like humanitarian
aid.
PRIVATE COMPANIES AND CORPORATIONS -
businesses owned and operated by private
individuals or shareholders. They provide goods
and services to the public and aim to generate
profits.
spiritual services to the community.
Banks - help the country by providing financial
assistance to those entrepreneurs who wanted
to create or expand their business.
EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF BANKS:
SAVINGS BANK - banks suited for employees
with monthly salary.
COMMERCIAL BANK - collects money from
people in le various sectors and give the same
as a loan to business typically private and are
profit oriented.
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BANK - banks
committed toward enhancing the growth of
industries by providing loans for a very long
period of time.
LAND DEVELOPMENT BANK - banks that
promote growth w food sector by giving loans
to farmers on the basis of land area.
MORTGAGE BANKS - bank gives the center the
right to take your property if you fail to repay
the money.
CONSUMER'S BANK - friendly bank, encourages
the consumers in buying products and provides
options for easy repay of loans.
TRADE UNIONS - there are some entrepreneurs
who are only after for profit, and they toto to
maximize working hours and minimize wages as
much as possible. they look after the well-being
of the workers.
COOPERATIVES - organization or business
owned and operated by a group of individuals
where they pool their resources, skills, and
efforts to achieve common goals.
TYPES OF COOPERATIVES
HOUSING COOPERATIVE - owns real estate or
residential buildings, members have the right to
occupy housing units through payment of
subscription's or rent.
WORKER COOPERATIVE - controlled by its
owned and democratically "worker owners”
CONSUMER COOPERATIVE - business coned by
its customers, employees can generally become
members.
AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE-also known as
farmer's coop agricultural cooperatives is where
farmers fool their resources.
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES - promote progress
by engaging in projects, policy making, and
dialogue. JICA, CIDA, and USAID provide
financial assistance to particular projects of a
country like building bridges or roads that are
essential for progress.
CIVIL ORGANIZATIONS - they provide facts
about the life's various realities to influence
policy-making.
TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS -
influence the government to take action on
matters commonly neglected, a group maybe a
national or an international organization that
promotes and advocates progress and
development related to particular issues of the
society.
LESSON 2. KINSHIP, MARRIAGE AND THE
HOUSEHOLD
KINSHIP - social institutions that refers to
relations formed between members of the
society.
DESCENT - origin or background of a person in
terms of family.
PRINCIPLES OF DESCENT:
UNILINEAL DESCENT - traced through a single
line of ancestors either from the patrilineal or
matrilineal descent but not both.
PATRILINEAL DESCENT – affiliates a person with
a group of relatives through his or her father.
MATRILIDEAL DESCENT - affiliates a person with
a group of relatives through his or her mother.
BILATERAL DESCENT - affiliates a person with a -
group of relatives through his or her parents.
CONSANGUINEAL KINSHIP OR KIRSHIP BASED
ON BLOOD - is considered as the most basic and
general form of relations. The relationship is
achieved by birth or blood affinity.
AFFINAL KINSHIP OR KINSHIP BASED ON
MARRIAGE- developed when a marriage occurs.
ENDOGAMY-it refers to the practice of marrying
within one's social group, community tribe, or
clan.
EXOGAMY - this refers to the practice of
marrying outside one's social group.
MONOGAMY - it refers to a marriage where an
individual has only one spouse.
POLYGAMY - it refers to a marriage of having
more than one spouse at a time.
TWO TYPES OF POLYGAMY:
POLYGYNY - refers to the marriage of one man
to multiple female partners.
POLYANDRY - refers to the marriage of one
woman with multiple male partners.
REFERRED MARRIAGE - when someone finds
his/her partner through friends, relatives or
people who act as matchmakers.
ARRANGED MARRIAGE - it is usually called fixed
marriage. it happens when marriage is arranged
by the parents of the groom and bride.
TYPES OF ARRANGED MARRIAGES:
CHILD MARRIAGE - the parents of a small child
arrange a future marriage with another child's
parents. the children are betrothed to each
other.
EXCHANGE MARRIAGE - this form of marriage
involves a reciprocal exchange of spouses
between two nations, groups, or tribes.
DIPLOMATIC MARRIAGE - arranged for political
reasons.
MODERN ARRANGED MARRIAGE - the parents
choose several possible mates for the child,
sometimes with the help of the child.
POST MARITAL RESIDENCY RULES
PATRILOCAL RESIDENCE – occurs when the
married couple stays with or near the husband’s
kin or relatives.
MATRILOCAL RESIDENCE - occurs when the
married couple stays with or near the wife’s kin
or relatives.
BIOLOCAL RESIDENCE – happens when the
couple stays with the husband’s kin or the wife’s
kin alternately.
NEOLOCAL RESIDENCE – happens when the
couple stays or build home independently from
the husband or wife’s kin.
KINSHIP BY RITUAL
COMPADRAZGO – relationship existing between
a godparent and the godchild.
FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD
FAMILY - is the basic unit of the society.
NUCLEAR FAMILY – is a type of family that is
made up of a married couple (parents) and their
children.
EXTENDED FAMILY – is a composed of two or
more nuclear families in a household.
BLENDED FAMILY – is a type of family where
one or both the parents have children from
previous marital relationships but all the
members stay in one household to a form a new
family. This is also called a step family,
reconstituted family, or a complex family.
CONDITIONALLY SEPARATED FAMILY – is a type
of family where a member is separated from the
rest of the family due to employment, military
service, sickness, etc.
TRANSNATIONAL FAMILY – is a type of a family
who lives in more than one country.
KINSHIP OF POLITICS:
POLITICAL DYNASTIES – refer to family
members who are involved in politics for several
generations.
POLITICAL ALLIANCES – align or agree to
cooperate to each other for common political
agenda.
LESSON 3: CONCEPT, CHARACTERISTICS AND
FORMS OF STRATIFICATION SYSTEMS
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION - It pertains to the
hierarchical arrangement and establishment of
social categories that may evolve into social
groups together with statuses and their
corresponding roles in the society.
SOCIAL CLASS – it refers to a group of people
within a society who possess the same
socioeconomic status.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IS DIVIDED INTO
THREE SOCIAL CLASSES:
UPPER CLASS – these group have the highest
status in society and hold a great deal of wealth.
MIDDLE CLASS – professionals who are able to
meet both their needs and wants without even
worrying about their finances because of the
job and salary they have.
LOWER CLASS – these group has the least
wealth and power in a society.
EXAMPLE OF STRATIFICATION DURING EARLIST
CIVILIZATION
UPPER CLASS – King and Priests
MIDDLE CLASS – Scribes, Merchants and
Artisans, and Commoners
LOWER CLASS – Slaves
INDIAN CASTE SYSTEM
BRAHMINS – Priests
KSHATRIYAS – Kings, Rulers, and Warriors
VAISYAS – Merchants, Crafsmen, Landowners,
and Skilled Workers
SUDRA – Farm Workers, Unskilled Workers, and
Servants
DALITS (UNTOUCHABLES) – Street Sweeper,
Human/Animal Waste Removers, Dead Body
Handlers, and Outcastes
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRATIFICATION
SYSTEMS
1. UNIVERSAL BUT VARIABLE – it shows up in
every society in the world, but how exactly it
looks like.
2. NOT A MATTER OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
– people are obviously different from each
other, so we might assume that stratification is
just a kind of natural outcome of differences,
but in reality it is not.
3. PERSISTS ACROSS GENERATIONS –
stratification serves to categorize and rank
members of society across generations,
resulting in different life chances.
4. A SOCIAL BELIEFS – a society’s cultural beliefs
tell us how to categorize people, and they
define inequalities of a stratification system as
being normal, or even fair.
FORMS OF STRATIFICATION SYSTEMS
1. CLOSE SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION –
endogamy or marriage within your own social
group is practiced.
2. OPEN SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION - Open
systems of social stratification allow people to
move from one social level to the next.
ASCRIBED STATUES – are assigned or given by
the society or group based on some fixed
category without regard to a person’s abilities or
performance.
ACHIEVED STATUES – is earned by the
individual.
MERITOCRACY – a system in which social
mobility is based on personal merit and
individual talents.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN SOCIOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVES
1. FUNCTIONALISM – explains that every social
class has its purpose, part and role to play in the
society.
2. CONFLICT THEORY – this sociological
perspective is the opposite of the latter.
KARL MARX – viewed social stratification as
creation of inequality between the rich and the
poor, or the powerful versus the powerless.
BOURGEOISIE – are considered as the capitalist
class who own most of society’s wealth and
means of production.
PROLETARIATS – they are considered as the
working class.
3. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM - it refers to a
social stratification theory which explains how
individuals affect others whom they have
interacted because of their social class status.
THE PHILIPPINE PRE – COLONIAL SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
TIMAWA – they were considered as “freemen”
who comprises majority of the barangay
community, they could acquire property but
they are expected to pay their taxes.
ALIPIN – they had the least rights.
MAGINOO – educated and privileged class in
which the Datu or head of the communities
came from.
MAHARLIKA – is tasked to provide protection to
the barangay and were responsible for providing
and preparing the weapons at their own
expense.
LESSON 4: FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF
EDUCATION
EDUCATION – the act or process of imparting or
acquiring general knowledge, developing the
powers of reasoning and judgment, and
generally of preparing oneself or others
intellectually for mature life.
The word EDUCATION is derived from the Latin
word “Educare” which means “To Train”, “To
Rear or Bring – up (a Child)”
THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
TWO TYPES OF EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
FORMAL EDUCATION – it refers to the
standardized method of hierarchically
structured and progressive schooling that
corresponds to the general notion of
elementary and secondary and tertiary level of
education.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMAL EDUCATION
- Follows a recommended syllabus or lesson
plan
- Regular exams are conducted
- Tuition and other fees are paid
- There is a grading system that students must
adhere to
Elementary level is composed of
kindergarten and six (6) years of primary
education. The secondary contains four (4)
years of junior high school and two (2) years of
senior high school.
NONFORMAL EDUCATION – it refers to an
educational activity carried outside the
structure of a formal education.
THE FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION AND ITS
IMPORTANCE
FUNCTION OF EDUCATION
SOCIALIZATION – is an essential ingredient in
creating a society.
TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE – through
socialization in school (teachers to learners, and
learner to learner) is the highest possible.
SOCIAL INTEGRATION – is because education
portrays an important role to unify individuals
by teaching the common values and social
norms.
SOCIAL PLACEMENT – it is indeed the reality. It
prepares us for the later station of our lives, and
to buy the necessities of life.
LESSON 5: GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS AND
SUGGESTIONS IN ADDRESSING SOCIAL
INEQUALITIES
SOCIAL INEQUALITY - a state of social affairs in
which there is difference in opportunity, status
and treatment among the member of a given
society.
MINORITY - any small group in society that is
different from the rest because of their race,
religion, or political beliefs, or a person who
belongs to such a group.
SOCIAL INCLUSION
- a fundamental principle of social justice.
- it is the process of improving the terms for
individuals and groups to take part in society.
-process of improving the ability, opportunity,
and dignity of people, disadvantaged on the
basis of their identity, to take part in society.
GOVERNMENT INITIATED PROGRAMS
THE PHILIPPINES' CONDITIONAL CASH
TRANSFER PROGRAM: PANTAWID PAMILYANG
PILIPINO PROGRAM (4Ps) - It is a human
development measure of the national
government that provides conditional cash
grants to the poorest of the poor, to improve
the health, nutrition, and the education of
children aged 0- 18.
WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF PANTAWID
PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM?
THERE ARE 2 OBJECTIVES FOR 4PS:
SOCIAL ASSISTANCE - is to provide Cash
Assistance to the poor, to help them their needs
like (Short term Poverty alleviation)
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT - is to Break the
Intergenerational Cycle of the Poverty Thorough
investments in Human Capital
• Health
• Education and Nutrition.
EDUCATION FOR ALL (EFA) - It articulated the
country's national goals, objectives, policies and
strategies, as well as the regional programs for
implementation for the first decade of the EFA
movement.
SERVICE DELIVERY NETWORK (SDN) - Under
this set-up, every family in a local health system
is designated to a health service provider or
health facility within the network to ensure
sustained access to quality healthcare across
political, geographical administrative and
boundaries.
COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM
PROGRAM (CARP) - The developmental
program provides for the disposal of public
alienable and disposable (A&D) lands with the
intent to open up frontier lands while the
redistributive program involves the
redistribution of property or rights on private
agricultural lands and the abolition of
agricultural (or share) tenancy.
LESSON 6: NEW CHALLENGES IN
CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIES
SOCIAL CHANGE - refers to the modification of
mechanisms, means methods, or systems within
the social structure. characterized by alterations
in social relationships, social order social
symbols, social organizations, value system, or
rules of behavior.
CULTURAL CHANGE - it could be seen in the
practices, institutions, technology, societal laws,
ethos or mores (moral norms), manners, value
systems, customs, traditions, habits, beliefs,
arts, music, and literatures.
POLITICAL CHANGE - it denotes alterations in
the governmental aspect of a society, such as
changes in the administrative, executive,
legislative, judicial, and constitutional processes,
systems, and structures.
GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE
GLOBAL WARMING - is generally described as a
gradual increase in the average temperature of
the Earth's atmosphere Its oceans. It is mainly
caused heat being trapped in the earth known
as greenhouse effect. This environmental
change is irreversible, and later would
permanently change the earth's climate. As
such, climate change becomes a global concern
to every nation. especially to those highly
industrialized countries.
GREENHOUSE GASES AND GREENHOUSE
EFFECT
GREENHOUSE EFFECT - is a natural process that
warms the Earth's surface. It occurs when the
sun's energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere,
some of it is reflected back to space, and the
rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse
gases.
GREENHOUSE GASES - (also known as GHGs) -Throw away less food
are gases in the earth's atmosphere that trap
-Participate in local clean-ups
heat. The main gases responsible for the
greenhouse effect includes carbon dioxide, TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION - is a global
methane, nitrous oxide. phenomenon that is mounting scope,
complexity and impact. Migration is both a
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
cause and effect of broader development
1. Rainfall patterns processes and an intrinsic feature of our
globalizing world.
2. Surface temperature
OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS (OFWs) - a term
3. Cyclones
often used to refer to Filipino migrant workers,
4. Coastline Changes people with Filipino citizenship who reside in
another country for a limited period of
5. Water level changes employment.
6. Food productivity EMPOWERING OFWS - Still, there are OFWs
7. Forest cover who are forced to work abroad due to
underemployment caused by job mismatch in
8. Desertification of lands work opportunity and workers' skills in the
WAYS TO ADDRESS GLOBAL WARMING country.

1. CURRENT ADAPTATION STRATEGIES -

Humans have to strategize in order to adapt to
the impacts of climate change. We can adapt
through minimizing our carbon emission and
adopt a more environmental-friendly methods
of living such as electric-based transportation.

2. ENGAGE ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

ACTIVITIES - Human population is vulnerable to
climate change caused by different factors such
as pollution or epidemics. We can engage on
sustainable development activities, such as
reforestation, recycling and the use of
renewable resources to help human societies
reduce their vulnerability to climate change.

3. MITIGATION - measures to reduce

greenhouse gases emission can help to avoid,
reduce or delay impacts of climate change
Mitigating climate change means reducing the
flow of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere. This involves cutting greenhouse
gases from main sources such as power plants.
factories, cars, and farms.

OTHER WAYS

-Power your home with renewable energy

-Reduce water waste

-Reduce, reuse, repair and recycle Plant a tree

-Save energy at home

-Walk bike or take public transport