bf,lafg%dksla ãi,a bkafclaIka       bkafclaIka ghsñka weâjdkaia ls¯u

iys; ˙ka tl uola lEï maf,aÜ tl lerflk w;g úreoaO w;g

W;al%ukh jqjfyd;a is≥ jkafka ãi,a ú°u uola l,ska is≥ùu nj
wjfndaO jkq we;' we;a;jYfhkau frdg˙ fmdïmfha bkafclaIka
ghsñka weâjdkaia ùu is≥jkafkao ta wdldrhguh' jeäjk tka‚ka
17 jk m˙Éf√oh
fõ.hg idfmaCI f,i fuu weâjdkaia ùu is≥jk whqre ó<Ûg
wjfndaO lr .ksuq'
frdg˙ fmdïmhl bkafclaIka
ghsñka weâjdkaia ls¯u frda,r® frda,r® ˙ka

fmg%,a tka‚ul fõ.hg idfmaCI f,i b.aksIka ghsñka

weâjdkaia jk wdldrhg ãi,a tka‚ulo fõ.h jeäjk úg
bkafclaIka ghsñka weâjdkaia úh hq;=h' bka,hska fmdïmhl ta
i|yd fikaá%*shq.,a ghsurhla yryd bkafclaIka leñh tka‚ug
iïnkaO jqkq whqre wms wOHhkh lf,uq' ghsurh f,i Ndú;d (A)
jqj;a tho we;a; jYfhkau .jkrhls' tfy;a frdg˙ fmdïmhl
fï i|yd iïmQr®Kfhkau fjkia jq wdldrhla fhdod .efkk w;r
173 jk msgqfõ we;s frdg˙ fmdïm igyfkka tu fldgi fjkalr
ghsur® msiagka
wxl 5 ka olajd we;'
ghsur ®iams%ka
msgdr wjysrlh

frda,r® ˙ka äiaá%ìhqgr® ma,kacrh

frda,r®

(B) (C)
mska

lEï maf,aÜ
bkafclaIka weâjdkair® moaO;shg wh;a Wmdx.
frdg˙ fmdïmhl bkafclaIka ghsñka weâjdkaia ls¯ug
fhdod we;s ie,iqu fuu igyfkka jgyd.; yelsh' fuys frda,r®
˙ka tl ksi,j mj;sk w;r lEï maf,aÜ tl Id*aÜ tl u.ska
lerlfjk nj wms oksuq' ãi,a ú°u is≥jkafka lEï maf,aÜ tfla
WiajQ .eá;s frda,r u;ska .uka lrk úg°h' fuys° fuu frda,r
ghsur® msiagka
ghsur ®iams%ka
mSvkh jQ ãi,a
frdg˙ fmdïmh ghsñka weâjdkairhl ksr®udKh
fuys A igyfkka olajd we;af;a frda,r® ˙ka tl
W;al%uKh jk f,i tys mska tl ghsur® msiagkh ;=,g .s,ajd we;s
wdldrhhs' ghsur® msiagka tl tla milska ghsur® ≥kafkka mSvkh
lr we;s w;r wfkla miska fmdïmh ;=, we;s iemhqï ãi,a
mSvkfhka mSvkh ù ;sfí' tka‚ka fõ.h wvq úg fuu mSvkho

ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk

 bf,lafg%dksla ãi,a bkafclaIka       bkafclaIka ghsñka weâjdkaia ls¯u

wvqjk w;r túg B igyk whqre frda,r msysgd ;sfnhs' tka‚ka msgdr wjysrlh
fõ.h jeäjk úg C igyk whqre fuu ãi,a mSvkho jeäjk
w;r tys° frda,r® ˙ka tl Id*aÜ tl lerflk †idjg úreoaO
†idjg W;al%uKh fjhs' túg lEï äiala tlg Wia jQ .eá;s l,ska mSvkh jQ ãi,a
yuqùfuka bkafclaIka ghsñka weâjdkaia fjhs'

ãi,a we;=Ωùu
mSvk fr.shqf,agrh
˙gka ãi,a

S
O fmdïmhg fõ.hg idfmaCI f,i mSvkh mj;ajd .ekqug fhdod we;s
msgdr wjysrlh
yhsfv%d,sla ;dCIKh wkqj hï idOlhlg idfmaCIj øj
Q mSvkhla ilid .ekqug kï tla mfilska fÉïnrhlg f;,a imhk
fõka fmdïmh w;r wfkla mfika th wjysrlhla yryd md,khlska hq;=j
msgúh hq;= nj fmr i|yka úh' frdg˙ fmdïmfha ta i|yd ilid
we;s wjysrlhla (Restrictor) by; igyfka olajd we;' fuh
hï muKlska fyda wjysr jqjfyd;a weâjdkaia ùu iïmQr®Kfhkau
iemhqï ãi,a Odrdfõ mSvk md,kh fjkia úh yels neúka fuu wjysrlh we;=,;ska msgfjk ãi,a
fuys olajd we;af;a fmdïmh ;=,g ãi,a iemfhk i|yd *s,agrhla fhdod ;sfnkq ±lsh yelsh'
udr®.h jk w;r fuys fõka fmdïmh u.ska mSvkh jk ãi,aj, ■ tmsla j._fha fmdïmhl ghsñka weâjdkaia ls¯u
mSvkh ksh;j ;nd .kafka mSvk fr.shqf,agrfhks' fuf,i mSvkh lEï ˙ka
ksh;j mj;shs kï tka‚ka fõ.h jeäjk úg ghsñka weâjdkaia fmdïm yjqisu
ùuo is≥úh fkdyel' tfia kï fõ.hg idfmaCIj fuys mSvkh
fjkia jkafka flfiao@ frdagrh
fuu miq msgqfõ by<ska we;s igyk .;aúg fuu frdg˙
msig
a ka
fmdïmh ;=,g iemhqï fmdïmh u.ska imhk ãi,a ;j;a u.lska
wjysrlhla yryd gexlshg fhduqj we;s nj fmkS hkq we;' fï weâjdka i a
msig
a ka
ksid mSvk fr.shqf,agrh yryd ãi,a msgj hdug tka‚fï by<
fõ.hg m;aúh hq;= fjhs' ta wkqj tka‚fï by< fõ.h olajd ãi,a
mSvkh fõ.hg idfmaCIj jeäfjñka meñK tys isg muKla S iemhqï fmdïmh isg S
mSvkh ksh; w.hla .ksh's fï ksid tka‚ka fõ.hg wkqj wvq fõ.h jeä fõ.h
bkafclaIka ghsñka jeä ls¯fï wmyiqjla we;s fkdfõ'
wm m<uqjk m˙Éf√ofhka wOHhkh l, tmsla j._fha
fmdïmho frdg˙ fmdïmhls' tys ghsñka weâjdkaia ùu kej;;a
fuys olajd we;s w;r VE fmdïmfha wdldrhgu tyso ghsñka
weâjdkaia ùu is≥jk nj ñka wmsg meye†<sfõ'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 bf,lafg%dksla ãi,a bkafclaIka       bkafclaIka ghsñka weâjdkaia ls¯u

frdg˙ fmdïmhl we;=,; ls%hdld˙;ajhka ish,a, fuu

lD;sh ;=,ska b†˙m;a fl˙k' wvq bv m%udKhla jeh jk f,iska

9' ä,sj˙ jE,aõ fyda,avr®

fuu ls%hdld˙;ajhka ish,a, ,nd.; yels f,i fuu fldgia

10' ma,kacr® ˙gka isms%ka

5' äiaá%ìhqgr® ma,kacr®

7' fldkafg%da,a fld,r®

tl,ia lr we;s wdldrh ó<Ûg wjfndaO lr.; hq;=h' my;

4' ma,kacr® fld,r®

olajd we;s igyka ;=,ska tu wjfndaOh ,nd.; yelsh'

8' äiaá%ìhqgr® n|
6' ,skala t<sukaÜ

ãi,a ñkSug "mSvkh ls¯ug" iy fnod ye¯ug fhofjk fldgia iuQyh

3' lEï maf,aÜ
2' frda,r® ˙ka
1' fhdar®la
1' m%Ir® fldkafg%da,a jE,aõ 5' fõka ghsma iemhqï fmdïmh
2' .jkr md,k tl,i 6' bkafclaIka ghsñka md,lh
3' ãi,a msgdr md,lh 7' lEï maf,aÜ
4' äiaá%ìhqgr n| 8' ãi,a IÜ ´*a jE,aõ

VE fmdïmfha we;=,; fldgia ;ekam;alr we;s whqre

we;=,; fldgia ±l.; yels f,i újD; l, by;
igyfkka olajd we;s frdg˙ fmdïmh ;=,ska meye†<sj ±l.;
yelafla m%Odk ls%hdld¯ fldgia lsysmhla mu◊' fuys jeo.;au
fukau ixlSr®K;u ls%hdj,sh tkï ãi,a ñkSfï iy mSvkh lr
fnod ye¯fï fldgia fjka fjkaj fuu.ska n,d.; fkdyel' fïksid
fuu fldgia b;d meye†<sj n,d.; yels whqre fjka fjkaj f.k
miq msfÜ olajd we;'

VE fmdïmfha
fudagr® r: tka‚ka i|yd ãi,a ;dCIKh fhd∞ .;a whqre
iy l,ska l,g tys l, fjkialï miq.sh m˙Éf√o ;=,k s a wms
wjfndaO lr .;suq' fïjd ;=, ms<shï fkdue;s fodaI /ila ;snqkq
w;r tajd ch .kq ,enqfõ m˙.Kl ;dCIKh iy bf,lafg%dksla
;dCIKh fhdod .ekqfuks' b†˙ m˙Éf√ofha isg tu ixlSr®K
moaO;s úia;r flfrkq we;'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk