>tV| 

kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group I >

VD : ]B >EB BD
z] : ]B >EB V  >EB >k[ E
(V], , >V, >V)

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk;

Njrpa jiyth;fspd; vOr;rp
kl;LNk my;y> khwhf kf;fspd;
 ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; tpahghuj;jpw;fhf
tuyhw;W ghuk;ghpaKk;> ,e;jpah
Eioe;j Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa
xd;Wgl Ntz;Lnkd;w
tpahghuf; fk;ngdp> cs;ehl;L
vz;zKk;> jq;fSila jha;
murpay; #o;epiyfisAk;>
ehl;il jhq;fNs Ms
gytPdq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp
Ntz;Lnkd;w Fwpf;NfhSNk
,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lk;
,e;jpa kf;fspilNa Njrpa vOr;rp
KOtijAk; jd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;
cUthdjw;F fhuzq;fshFk;.
nfhz;L te;jJ. Ml;rpahsh;fs;
 ,dj;jhy;> nkhopahy;> rkaj;jhy;
kf;fSf;F ,ioj;j
gof;f tof;fq;fshy; khWgl;L
nfhLikfspdhYk;> ehL gpbf;Fk;
me;jpa Mjpf;fj;jpy; mtjpAw;w
nfhs;if fspdhYk;> nfhba
kf;fs; vOr;rpAw;W> xd;Wgl;L
mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffspdhYk;
Mq;fpNyah; Mjpf;fj;ij vjph;j;J
ntWg;gile;j ,e;jpah;fs;
mth;fis ntspNaw;wp Rje;jpuk;
Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ij
mile;jdh;.
,e;jpahtpypUe;J xopj;Jf;fl;l gy
topfspy; Kad;W 1. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

 1806 y; eilngw;w NtY}h; fyfKk; i. murpay; xw;Wik

1824 y; guf;g+hpy; eilngw;w  Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd; tpisthf
giltPuh; fyfKk;> 1857 y; ,e;jpahtpy; murpay; xw;Wik
eilngw;w ngUk;Gul;rpAk; Vw;gl;lJ.
mitfspy; Fwpg;gplj;  mjdhy; ,e;jpah xNu ehL vd;w
jf;fitahFk;. Mdhy; ,e;jpa vz;zk; kf;fspilNa tsh;ej
; J.
kf;fspilNa Njrpa vOr;rpiaAk;>  r%f rka rPh;j;jpUj;j
murpay; tpopg;Gzh;itAk; ,af;fq;fSk; kf;fspilNa
Vw;gLj;jpaJ ,e;j fyfq;fs;
1
 

tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jp  vdNt jhq;fSk; jq;fs;

mth;fisr; xd;W Nrh;j;jd. tpLjiyf;F Nghuhl vz;zpdh;.
ii. Mq;fpNyahpd; nghUshjhur; iv. 19 k; E}w;whz;by; Vw;gl;l r%f>
Ruz;ly;: rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;:
 ,e;jpahtpd; nry;t tsk;  ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;> jahde;j
midj;ijAk; jk; ehl;bw;F ru];tjp> ,uhkfpU\;z
Ruz;br; nry;tNj guk`k;rh;> Rthkp
Mq;fpNyahpd; Nehf;fkhf tpNtfhde;jh;> lhf;lh; md;dp
,Ue;jJ. ngrz;l; MfpNahh; ,e;jpah
 19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; kw;Wk; ,e;jpahpd; Gfio Gj;Japh;
,e;jpah> Mq;fpy ehl;bw;F ngwr; nra;jdh;.
Ntz;ba fr;rh nghUl;fis  mth;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa
Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehlhfTk;> ,af;fk; Njhd;w mbj;jsk;
me;ehL cw;gj;jp nra;j ,l;ldh;.
nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;Ak;  Rauh[;ak; vd;w nrhy;iy
re;ijahfTk; khwpaJ. Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath;
 NkYk; Mq;fpNyah; jq;fs; jahde;j ru];tjp Mthh;.
%yjdj;ij KjyPL nra;J
v. jfty; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J
,yhgk; milAk; ,lkhf
Kd;Ndw;wk;:
,e;jpah khwpaJ.
 ,Ug;Gg;ghij> je;jp> fk;gpapy;yh
iii. ,ju INuhg;gpa ehLfSld; Vw;gl;l je;jp Kiw> jghy; Kiw>
njhlh;G rhiyfs; kw;Wk; fhy;tha;fs;
 Mq;fpyk;> gbj;j ,e;jpah;fspd; mikj;jy; Nghd;wit ehl;bd;
nkhopahfpaJ. njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpd.
 mjdhy; ,e;jpah;fs; Nky;ehl;L ,j;njhopy; tsh;r;rp ,e;jpa
fUj;Jf;fs;> gz;ghLfs; gw;wp kf;fis xd;wpizj;jJ.
mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. vi. mr;rfKk;> nra;jpj;jhs;fSk;
 NkYk; n[h;kdp> ,j;jhyp  Njrpak; Njhd;wTk;> tsuTk;
If;fpakile;jJ fz;L ,e;jpa gj;jphpf;iffs; ngUk;
,e;jpah;fs; Cf;fk; nfhz;ldh;. gq;fhw;wpd.

2
 

 tl;lhu nkhopapy; gy  fpof;fpe;jpa $l;likg;G (The East

nra;jpj;jhs;fs; India Association) - 1866 (yz;ld;
ntspaplg;gl;ld. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p)
 ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit  ,e;jpa yPf; (The Indian League) -
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd 1875 (rprph; Fkhh; Nfh\;)
fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;ld.  ,e;jpa fy;fj;jh $l;likg;G (The
 ,it ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa Indian Association of Calcuta) -
Njrpa czh;it nghq;fp vor;
1876 RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p kw;Wk;
nra;jd.
Mde;j Nkhfd; Ngh];
vii. ,dg;ghFghL
viii. ypl;ldJ eph;thfk; kw;Wk; kf;fs; gk;gha; fofq;fs; :
tpNuhjr;rl;lq;fs;  gk;gha; fofk; - 1852 (jhjhgha;
ix. ,y;gh;l; kNrhjh rr;ruT nesNuh[p)
x. Gjpa kf;fs; th;f;fq;fspd; tsh;r;rp  g+dh rh;t[hdpf; rig (The Poona
xi. Ml;rpahsh;fspd; tuk;G kPwpa Sarvajanik Sabha) - 1867
VNjr;rjpfhur; nray;fs; kfhNjt;Nfhtpe;j uhdNl
 gk;gha; khfhz $l;likg;G (The
2. Muk;gfhy murpay; fofq;fs;: Bombay Presidency - 1885
tq;fhs fofq;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;L / (gf;UjPd; jpahg;[p> ngNuh\h Nkj;jh
jiyth;: Association) K.T. Njyq;)
 gq;fgh\h gpufhrpf rig (The
kjuh]; fofq;fs;:
Banga bhasha Prakasika Sabha) -
 kjuh]; RNjrp rq;fk; - 1852
1836 uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uhapd;
 kjuh]; kfh[d rig (The Madras
ez;gh;fs;
Mahajan Sabha) - 1884 (M.
 tq;fhs gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa r%fk;
tPuuhfthr;rhhp>
(The Bengal British India Society)-
B. Rg;ukzpa ma;ah;> P. Mde;j
1843
rhh;Y)
 gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa $l;likg;G(The
British Indian Association) - 1851

3
 

Ke;ija fhq;fpu]; khehLfs;/ Muk;g murpay; ,af;fq;fs;

mikg;G jiyth; ,lk; Mz;L
epy chpikahsh;>/ ,utPe;juehj; jh$h; fy;fj;jh 1837 / 1838
[kPd;jhh; fofk;
,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk; A.O. `pA+k; fy;fj;jh 1883
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa [hh;[; jhk;rd; fy;fj;jh 1883
rKjhak;
kjuh]; nrhe;j rq;fk; y\;kp eurp nrl;b> kjuh]; 1852
PS nrl;bahh;
Kk;ig rq;fk; [fd; rq;fj;nrj; Kk;ig 1852
fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p yz;ld; 1866
G+dh rh;tQdpf; rgh vk;.[p. uhdNl> GV n[Hrp G+dh 1870

,e;jpa rq;fk; S.N. ghdh;[p> Mde;j; fy;fj;jh 1876

Nkhfd; Ngh];
kjuh]; kfh[d rgh uq;fiah ehAL> kjuh]; 1884
M. tPuuhfthr;rhhpahh;>
G. Rg;ukzpa Iah;> Mde;j;
rhU
,e;jpa rKjhak; Mde;j; Nkhfd; Ngh]; yz;ld; 1872
gphpl;b]; ,e;jpa tpy;ypak; Mlk; fy;fj;jh 1839
rKjhak;
yz;ld; ,e;jpa gj;UjPd; jpahgp> W.C. yz;ld; 1865
rKjhak; ghdh;[p
Njrpa rq;fk; Nkhp fhh;ngz;lh; yz;ld; 1867
jf;fhzj;jpd; rq;fk; Nfhghy; `hp Nj];Kf; G+Nd 1852
Njrpa gpujpepjpfs; yz;ld; 1883
FO

3. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (1885): eyd;fSf;fhf xU mfpy ,e;jpa

 gphpl;b\; murhq;fj;jpy; gzpahw;wp mikg;ig Njhw;Wtpf;f Kaw;rpfs;
Xa;T ngw;wtUk;> ,e;jpa eydpy; vLj;jhh;.
mf;fiw nfhz;ltuhd Myd;  mjd; tpisthf 1885 ,e;jpa
Mf;Nltpad; `pa+k; vd;gth; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; epWtg;gl;L mjd;
,e;jpah;fspd; r%f> murpay; Kjy; $l;lk; 1885 y; gk;ghapy;

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 

eilngw;wJ. Gfo;ngw;w  rKjhaj;jpd; Kf;fpa

tof;fwpQh; W.C. ghdh;[p gpur;ridfspy; fw;wwpe;j
fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; ,e;jpah;fspd; njspthd
jiytuhfTk;>A.O `pa+k; fUj;Jf;fis fz;lwpe;J gjpT
nrayhsuhfTk; nra;jy;.
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;. Kjy;  ,e;jpahtpw;Fk;
$l;lj;jpy; 72 gpujpepjpfs; ,e;jpah ,q;fpyhe;jpw;FkpilNa Xh;
KOtjpypUe;J fye;J nfhz;ldh;. ,izg;G ghykhf nray;gLjy;.
 fhq;fpurpd; ,uz;lhtJ $l;lk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; (m) Njrpa
1886 y; fy;fj;jhtpy; jhjhgha; ,af;fj;jpd; tuyhw;iw %d;W Kf;fpa
nesnuh[p jiyikapYk; epiyfshf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;:
%d;whtJ $l;lk; 1887y; kjuhrpy;  kpjthjpfs; fhyk; (1885 - 1905)
gf;UjPd; jpahg;[p jiyikapYk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; fhq;fpu];
eilngw;wJ. gphpl;b\hUf;F tpRthrkhf
nray;gl;lJ.
fhq;fpurpd; Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
nfhs;iffs;:  jPtputhjpfs; fhyk; (1905 -
 ehl;bd; eyDf;fhfg; ghLgLk; 1917) ,f;fhyj;jpy; RNjrp
nghJ eyj; njhz;lh;fspilNa ,af;fk;> jPtputhj Njrpak;>
neUf;fj;ijAk; el;GwitAk; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; Nghd;wit
tsh;j;jy;. eilngw;wd.
 ,dk;> kjk; khfhz  1917 Kjy; 1947 tiuapyhd
NtWghLfis Neub el;GwTfs; fhyk; fhe;jpabfs; fhyk;
%yk; ePf;fp ehl;bdhpilNa vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
Njrpa czh;Tfs;> 4. kpjthjpfs; fhyk; (1885 - 1905):
xUq;fpizg;G Kaw;rpfis  Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; njhlf;f
tsh;j;jy;> rpjWz;L fplf;Fk; fhykhd ,e;j fl;lj;jpy;
,e;jpah;fis xU Njrpa V.X.`pa+k;> lgps;a+ rp. ghdh;[p>
mikg;gpy; nfhz;L tUjy;. RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p>jhjhgha;
 r%fk;> murpay;> mwptpay; nesNuh[p> ngNuh]; - \h-
Mfpa midj;J JiwfspYk; Nkj;jh> Nfhghy fpU\;z
ehl;il kW rPuikj;jy;. NfhfNy> kjd; Nkhfd;

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 

khstpah> gf;UjPd; jpahh;[p> of India Society) Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.

ePjpgjp uhdNl> [p. Rg;ukzpa ehl;bw;fhf njhz;L nra;a
ma;ah;>D.E. thr;rh Nghd;wth;fs; ,e;jpah;fSf;F gapw;rpaspg;gNj
Kf;fpa jiyth;fshf ,Ue;J ,f;fofj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. Kjy;
top elj;jpr;nrd;wdh;. rpy Mz;Lfs; fhq;fpu];
 RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p gphpl;b\; Ml;rpahsh;fspd;
NghuhLtjw;fhf ,e;jpaf; fofk; Mjuitg; ngw;W jpfo;e;jJ.
xd;iw Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. mth; kpjthjpfspd; Nfhhpf;iffs;:
epWtpa ,e;jpa Njrpa Nguit
 rl;lrigfis tphpthf;Fjy;>
(1883) gpd;dh; 1886 y; ,e;jpa
rPhj
; ;jpUj;Jjy;.
Njrpa fhq;fpuRld;
 I.rp.v]; Njh;Tfis xNu
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
rkaj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk;>
 [p. Rg;ukzpa ma;ah; kjuh];
,e;jpahtpYk; elj;jp
kfh[d rig %yk; Njrpaj;ij
cah;gjtpfspy; ,e;jpah;fSf;F
gug;gpdhh;. ‘jp ,e;J”> RNjr
mjpf tha;gG
; fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
kpj;jpud; Nghd;w
 eph;thfj;JiwapypUe;J
gj;jphpf;iffisAk; mth;
ePjpj;Jiwiag; gphpj;jy;.
epWtpdhh;.
 cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSf;F
 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p ,e;jpahtpd;
NkYk; mjpfhuq;fs; toq;Fjy;.
KJngWk; kdpjh; vd;W
 epythpiaf; Fiwj;jy; -
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,e;jpahtpw;fhd
epahakw;w epy
mjpfhug;G+h;tkw;w J}juhf
chpikahshplkpUe;J
,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,th; fUjg;gl;lhh;.
Fbahdth;fis ghJfhj;jy;.
gphpl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd;
 cg;G thp> rh;f;fiu thpia
nghJkf;fs; mitapy;
xopj;jy;.
cWg;gpduhd Kjy; ,e;jpah;
 uhZt nryTfisf; Fiwj;jy;.
,tNu Mthh;.
 Ngr;Rhpik> vOj;Jhpik kw;Wk;
 Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy
rq;fq;fs; mikf;Fk; chpik
fhe;jpapd; FUthff;
NfhUjy;.
fUjg;gl;lth;. 1905y; ,e;jpa
gzpahsh; r%fj;ij (Servants

6
 

kpjthjpfspd; topKiwfs;:  gphpl;b\hh; vt;thW ,e;jpahit

 gphpl;b\hhpd; ePjp kw;Wk; Ruz;Lfpwhh;fs; vd;W mth;fs;
epahaj;jpy; kpjthjpfs; ngUj;j kf;fSf;F Ghpa itj;jdh;.
ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jdh;. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p vOjpa
Nfhhpf;if kDf;fis mspj;jy;> ‘,e;jpahtpy; tWikAk; gphpl;b\;
jPhk
; hdq;fs; NghLjy;> jd;ikaw;w Ml;rpAk;” vd;w
$l;lq;fs; elj;Jjy;> Jz;L E}ypy; nry;t Ruz;ly;
gpuRuq;fis tpepNahfpj;jy;> Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;fpapUe;jhh;.
J}Jf;FOf;fs; %yk; Ngr;R ,e;jpahtpd; nry;tk; ve;nje;j
elj;Jjy; Nghd;w topKiwfis topfspy; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F
kpjthjpfs; gpd;gw;wpdh;. vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ
 murpay; chpikfisAk; vd;gij gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;bdhh;.
jd;dhl;rpiaAk; gbg;gbahf a. Cjpaq;fs;
miltNj mth;fsJ b. Nrkpg;G
Fwpf;NfhshFk;. c. Xa;T+jpaq;fs;
 Muk;g fhyj;jpy; gphpl;b\; d. ,e;jpahtpypUe;j gphpl;b\;
murhq;fKk; ,e;jpa Njrpa gilfSf;fhd
fhq;fpurpd; Njhw;wj;ij nrytpdq;fs;
tuNtw;wJ. 1886y;fy;fj;jh  gphpl;b\; tzpf epWtdq;fspd;
fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd; yhgk; vd;gij me;jg;gl;baypy;
cWg;gpdh;fSf;F jiyik mlq;fpapUe;jd. ,ijg;gw;wp
MSeh; lg;hpd; gpuG NjePh; tprhhpf;f gphpl;b\; murhq;fk;
tpUe;jspj;jhh;. nty;gp FOit epakpj;jJ.
 mjpy; Kjy; ,e;jpa cWg;gpduhf
kpjthjpfspd; rhjidfs;:
 kf;fspilNa gue;j Njrpa jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
tpopg;Gzh;it kpjthjpfshy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
cUthf;f Kbe;jJ.  uhdNl> NfhfNy Nghd;w xU
 [dehafk;> rptpy; chpikfs;> rpy kpjthjpfs; r%f
gpujpepjpj;Jt epWtdq;fs; rPhj
; pUj;jq;fspYk; ftdk;
Nghd;w rpj;jhe;jq;fis nrYj;jpdh;. Foe;ij jpUkzk;>
gpugyg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.

7
 

tpjitfs; mtyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wpiaAk;

Nghd;wtw;iw vjph;j;jdh;. kpjthjpfs; ngwj;jtwpdh;.
 1892 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa  1896-97 Mk; Mz;L Njhd;wpa
fTd;rpy;fs; rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf gQ;rj;jpdhYk; gpNsf;
kiwKf Njh;jy; NehapdhYk; ehL KOtjpYk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. rl;lrig cs;s kf;fs; fLk; Jd;gj;jpw;F
cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia Mshapdh;.
cah;j;jpaJk; kpjthjpfspd;  kf;fspd; nghUshjhu epiyik
rhjidahFk;. NkYk; NkhrkhfpwJ.
 1893y; ICS (Indian Civil Service)  epwntwp fhuzkhf njd;
Njh;T xNu Neuj;jpy; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; ,e;jpah;fs;
,e;jpahtpYk;> ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; Nkhrkhf elj;jg;gl;ldh;.
eilngw Ntz;Lk; vd gphpl;b\;  1904 - 05 Mk; Mz;Lfspy;
ghuhSkd;wk; jPhk
; hdk; eilngw;w u\;a -
epiwNtw;wpaJ. [g;ghdpag;Nghhpy; INuhg;gpa
ehlhd u\;ahit [g;ghd;
5. jPtputhjpfs; fhyk; (1905 - 1917):
ntd;wJ. ,jdhy; INuhg;gpa
 jPtputhjpfs; my;yJ jPtpu Njrpa
ehlhd gphpl;lid
thjpfs; Jzpr;ryhd top
,e;jpah;fshYk; nty;y KbAk;
Kiwfisf; ifahz;L
vd Cf;fk; gpwe;jJ.
ntw;wpngw KbAk; vd ek;gpdh;
 fh;rd; gpuGtpd; gpw;Nghf;fhd
ghy fq;fhju jpyfh;> yhyh
Ml;rp jPtputhjj;jpw;F cldb
y[gjpuha;> gpgpd; re;jpughy;>
fhuzkhf mike;jJ. fh;rd;
mutpe;j; Nfh\; Mfpath;fs;
gpuG fy;fj;jh khefuhl;rp
jPtputhj jiyth;fspy;
rl;lj;ij (1899)y; nfhz;L
Kf;fpakhdth;fs;.
te;J ,e;jpahpd; mjpfhuj;ij
jPtputhjk; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd Fiwj;jhh;. gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;
fhuzq;fs;: rl;lk; (1904) %yk;
 1892 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa gy;fiyf;fof mikg;Gfspy;
fTd;rpy; rl;lg;gb rl;lrig Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
tphpthf;fk; jtpu NtW ve;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if

8
 

Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; fq;fhju jpyfh; Mthh;. mtiu

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; Nyhf; khd;a jpyfh; vd;Wk;
jd;dhl;rpj; jd;ik miog;gh;. kuhl;lh kw;Wk; Nfrhp
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. mit murpd; ,jo;fspd; thapyhf
Jiwfshf khwpd. gphpl;b\hhpd; nfhs;iffis
 ,uh[ JNuhf Fw;wr; rl;lk; rhbdhh;.
mjpfhhpfs; ufrpa fhg;Gr;rl;lk;  Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; fye;J
kf;fspd; chpikfis gwpj;jJ. nfhz;ljw;fhf gphpl;b\huhy;
 fh;rd; gpuGtpd; Nkhrkhd ,uz;L Kiw rpiwapy;
eltbf;if milf;fg;gl;lhh;.
tq;fg;gphptpidahFk; (1905)  gpd;dh; 1908 y; 6 Mz;L fhy
rpiwthrj;jpw;fhf khz;lNy
jPtputhjpfspd; Kjd;ikf; Fwpf;Nfhs;:
(gh;kh) nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lhh;.
 jPtputhjpfspd; jiyaha
1916 y; g+dhtpy; jd;dhl;rp
Fwpf;Nfhs; Rauh[;ak; my;yJ
fofj;ij mikj;jhh;.
KO tpLjiyNa jtpu ntWk;
‘Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik
jd;dhl;rp my;y.
mij ehd; mile;Nj jPUNtd;”
jPtputhjpfs; gpd;gw;wpa topKiwfs;:
vd;W Koq;fpdhh;.
 muR ePjp kd;wq;fisAk;>
 yhyh y[gjpuha; ‘gQ;rhgpd;
gs;spfs; kw;Wk; fy;Y}hpfis
rpq;fk;” vd;W gyuhYk;
Gwf;fzpg;gjd; %yk; gphpl;b\;
mwpag;gl;lth;> RNjrp
muRf;F xj;Jiog;G nfhLf;f
,af;fj;jpy; ,th; Mw;wpa gq;F
kWg;gJ.
kfj;jhdJ. mnkhpf;fhtpy;
 RNjrpg; nghUl;fis Mjhpg;gJ
1916y; jd;dhl;rp fofj;ij
kw;Wk; me;epag; nghUl;fis
y[gjpuha; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
Gwf;fzpg;gJ.
muRf;nfjpuhd gpur;rhuj;jpw;fhf
 Njrpaf;fy;tpia tsh;g;gJ.
kz;lNy rpiwapy;
jPtputhjpfspd; jiyth;fs;: itf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; gphpl;b\hUf;F  irkd; FOtpw;F vjpuhd
vjpuhd xU KOikahd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; NghyP];
,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; ghy

9
 

jbabapy; fhakile;J 1928 fbdk; vd;W $wp

etk;gh; 17y; caph; ePj;jhh;. eph;thff;fhuzq;fSf;fhf
 gpgpd; re;jpughy; xU tq;fg; gphptpid nfhz;L
kpjthjpahf jdJ tho;f;ifia tug;gl;ljhf fhuzk;
njhlq;fp jPtputhjpahf $wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; fh;rdJ
khwpath;. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; cz;ikahd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
gq;F nfhz;L Kf;fpa tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J ,e;Jf;
gq;fhw;wpdhh;. jdJ mdy; fisAk; K];yk
P ;fisAk; gphpj;J
gwf;Fk; Ngr;Rf;fshYk; itg;gJ. jhd; epidj;jij
vOj;Jf;fshYk; Njrpaj;ij rhjpj;J gphpl;b\; murpd;
ehl;bd; %iy typikia ntspg;gLj;JtJ.
KLf;Ffspnyy;yhk; gug;gpdhh;.  1905 mf;Nlhgh; 16 k; ehs; tq;fg;
 mutpe;j Nfh\; RNjrp gphptpid eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
,af;fj;jpy; jPtpukhf md;Nw tq;fhs kf;fs; vjph;g;Gf;
gq;Nfw;whh;. mjw;fhf $l;lq;fis elj;jp md;iwa
rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;. jpdj;ij Jf;f jpdkhf
 tpLjiyahd gpwF gpnuQ;R mDrhpj;jdh;. te;Nj khjuk;
gFjpahd ghz;br;Nrhpapy; jq;fp ghlg;gl;lJ. xw;Wikapd;
Md;kPf eltbf;iffspy; ftdk; milahskhf uhf;fpfis
nrYj;jpdhh;. fl;bdh;. tq;fhsj;jpd;
murpaypy; ngUk; khw;wq;fs;
tq;fg;gphptpidAk; jPtputhj vOr;rpAk;
epfoj; njhlq;fpd.
(1905):
 ,e;jpahtpy; cz;ikahd
 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy;
tpopg;Gzh;T tq;fg;gphptpidf;F
jPtputhjk; Njhd;Wtjw;F 1905
gpd;G jhd; Njhd;wpaJ vd;W
Mk; Mz;L tq;fg;gphptpid xU
fhe;jp vOjpdhh;. ,Wjpahf
jPg;nghwpahf mike;jJ.
1911 y; tq;fg;gphptpid
 nkhj;j gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd;
jPtputhj nray;fshy; uj;J
kf;fl;njhifapy; ehd;fpy; xU
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
gq;F kf;fl;njhifia (78
 jPtpu Njrpathjpfspd;
kpy;ypad;) nfhz;l
nray;ghLfs; kpjthjpahd
tq;fhsg;gFjpia eph;tfpg;gJ

10
 

jhjhgha; nesNuh[pia 1906

fy;fj;jh fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;
Rauh[;ak; Fwpj;J Ngr itj;jJ.
me;j khehl;by; RNjrp Fwpj;Jk;
me;epag; nghUl;fSf;F jil
Fwpj;Jk; jPhk
; hdq;fs;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.
 kpjthjpfs; ,jdhy; fspg;gila
tpy;iy. khwhf murpayikg;G
hPjpahf Rauh[;ak; nty;yg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mth;fs;
fUjpdh;. ,j;jif fUj;J
Nkhjy;fshy; jhd; 1907 Mk;
Mz;L #uj; fhq;fpu];
khehl;by; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp
,uz;lhf gpsTgl;L> jpyfh;
jiyikapy; jPtputhjpfs;
khehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpdh;.
,J #uj; gpsT vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

11