NSWNIJNDYN ? =79” ;7<:.

]^BJ@@L ? FH[B^@H [NM^[]H IN

LWN@LMJÝD IN L^YH.

]NÜH[ O^N_ IN@ O^_ELIH MJVJ@ WN[BLDNDYN IN MCHYL.-

LBN[JMH E^]YLVH BHDYN_L VJ@@NEL], nd

ml`jili in lkhelih infndshr in` bndhr jdfrlmthr
OCHDLYCLD L@NSLDIN[ CN[DLDIN_
IN@ELIH, mhd ihbjmj`jh prhmnsl` nd ………..
………..yy mhd

mlsj``l n`nmtrýdjml D·;=959, plrl nfnmths in

dhtjfjmlmjýd nd `hs sneujihs
sneujihs shkrn
shkrn Wrnsudtl jdfrlmmjýd
jdfrlmmjýd
phr LMYH] MHDY[L N@ W^IH[ ND BNDH[ IN
NILI, nd lerlvjh in `ls bndhrns in jdjmjl`ns ].B.L.F.
y ].B.[.L, l ustni mhd n` inkjih rnspnth ijeh?

J. WNYJYH[JH

Indtrh in` p`lzh in `ny y in mhdfhrbjili mhd `h ijspunsth phr n` Lrtâmu`h ;<7· in`
Mýijeh in` Djüh y in` Lih`nsmndtn, jdtnrphdeh [NM^[]H IN LWN@LMJÝD

mhdtrl n` L^YH IN W[HBHMJÝD IN @L LMMJÝD in fnmcl snjs in blyh in

;7<:1 qun [N]^N@VN? N@ JDYN[DLDJNDYH W[NVNDYJVH, nd n` mndtrh
ouvndj` ‐Ohsê Lkn`lrih \ujühdns \ujdtldl‒ in `l mjuili in Mcjm`lyh, WH[
YLDYH, ]H@JMJYH \^N IJMCH L^YH ]NL [NVHMLIH Z @L ]L@L
[N]^N@VL, NDY[NELDIH L@ BN
BNDH[
DH[ JDF[L
JDF[LMYH[
MYH[ L ]^] WL
WLI[N]
I[N] L
NFNMYH] IN NDF[NDYL[ N@ W[HMN]H ND @JKN[YLI MHD ^DL
MHBWL[NMNDMJL MHD [N]Y[JMMJHDN], IN MHDFH[BJILI L@
L[YÂM^@H ;33 IN@ D^NVH MÝIJEH W[HMN]L@ WNDL@, LW@JMLK@N ND
VÂL ]^W@NYH[JL, ND LYNDMJÝD L @H] ]JE^JNDYN]
]J E^JNDYN] F^DILBNDYH]?
JJ. F^DILBNDYH] IN@ LE[LVJH

\un `l sndtndmjl bltnrjl in `l prnsndtn lpn`lmjýd vu`dnrl thtl`bndtn N @

W[ JDMJWJH
JDMJWJH IN
IN W[ HWH
HWH[ [ MJHD
MJHDL@JILI,
L@JILI, [L MJHD MJHDL@JILI,
L@JILI, INFN D]L NFJML _
L ] J M HBH N @ W [ JDM
JD M J W J H I N J DY
DYNN [ N ] ] ^W N [ JH
JH[[ I N @ L I H@ N ] M N DYN
DY N Z
N@ W[ JDMJWJH
JDMJWJH NI^MLYJVH
NI^MLYJVH, L I N BÌ ] I N ^D
^DLL BHYJ
BHY J V L M J ÝD L W L [ N DY
DYNN I N
@L [ N] H@^
H@^MJHD
MJHD BLYN[ JL IN E[ LIH, thil vnz, qun l `h `lreh in` prhmnsh
dh sn cl nvl`ulih, `ls phsjk`ns rnpnrmusjhdns in `ls inmjsjhdns lihptlils nd n`
lih`nsmndtn, dj `ls mhdijmjhdns bâdjbls plrl qun mubp`l udl bnijil in
jdtnrdlbjndth 1 lsjbjsbh dh sn mndtrl nd n` W[JDMJWJH IN
W[ HWH[
HWH[ MJH
MJHDL@JILI
DL@JILI Z N@ W[ JDMJWJH
JDMJWJH IN ^@Y
@YJB
JBL
L [ LYJH IN@
JDYN[
JDYN[ DLBJNDYH
DLBJNDYH W[N VN DY
DYJVH
JVH..

JJ.J. IN@ W[JDMJWJH IN W[HWH[MJHDL@JILI Z [LMJHDL@JILI Z

BHYJVLMJÝD ]^FJMJNDYN IN @L] [N]H@^MJHDN]

N` luth jbpuedlih jdmubp`n mhd n` rnqujsjth in prhphrmjhdl`jili y rlmjhdl`jili

<sufjmjndtn, puns mhdtjndn udl inmjsjýd qun dh ltjndin l su plrtjmu`lr sjtulmjýd y
dnmnsjilins, ns inmjr, `l inmjsjýd lihptlil ldtn `l mhbjsjýd in udl jdfr
jdfrlmmjýd
lmmjýd phr
ud lih`nsmndtn inkn snr prhphrmjhdl` y dh sh`h l `ls mjrmudstldmjls y erlvnili
in `l bjsbl, thbldih nd mundtl n` prjdmjpjh in` jdtnrês supnrjhr in` lih`nsmndtn,
thil vnz qun nd n` mlsh intnrbjdlih n` bndhr jdfrlmthr dh cl lsjstjih l `ls
ij`jendmjls phr qun bj pnrshdl tuvh qun lsjstjr l udl ij`jendmjl in lpn`lmjýd in
sndtndmjl, linbìs bj pltrhmjdlih sn ndmundtrl lrrnpndtjih phr `h qun

<
N` YM nd n` Nxp. D.¿ <35>”;779
”;779”LL/YM, in 7> in hmtukrn in ;779, f. o. > snül`l? \un
udl bnijil plrl qun sn loustn l` prjdmjpjh in jeul`ili inkn lmrnijtlr, ndtrn htrls mhsls,
‐l)@l nxjstndmjl in rlzhdlkj`jili, ns inmjr, su libjsjkj`jili insin `l pnrspnmtjvl in `hs
prnmnpths, vl`hrns y prjdmjpjhs mhdstjtumjhdl`ns1 k) @l nxjstndmjl in prhphrmjhdl`jili1
ns inmjr, qun `l mhdsnmundmjl ourâijml ijfnrndmjlihrl snl lrbýdjml y mhrrnsphdijndtn mhd
`hs supunsths in cnmch y `l fjdl`jili, y m) @l nxjstndmjl in rlmjhdl`jili, ns inmjr, `l
mhcnrndmjl
pnrsjeun‒. ndtrn `hs supunsths in cnmch, n` bnijh nbp`nlih y `l fjdl`jili qun sn
mhrrnsphdin jbphdnr udl bnijil bndhs snvnrl l bj pltrhmjdlih ijrjejil l `herlr
su rnclkj`jtlmjýd y rnjdsnrmjýd shmjl` in` bndhr jdfrlmthr, nd ltndmjýd l su jdtnrês
supnrjhr, l trlvês in `hs prherlbls in hrjndtlmjýd y fhrblmjýd qun `n
pnrbjtld l bj pltrhmjdlih OCHDLYCLD L@NSLDIN[ CN[DLDIN_
IN@ELIH su pnrbldndtn inslrrh``h pnrshdl`, flbj`jlr y shmjl`, lsâ mhbh n`
inslrrh``h in sus mlplmjilins;.

]n cl inslrrh``lih udl bhtjvlmjýd lplrndtn nd n` mlsh mhdmrnth, puns phr snr ud

lih`nsmndtn in ndtrn <9 y <6 lühs, `l rne`l endnrl` ns `l `jknrtli y dh n`
jdtnrdlbjndth, puns lsâ `h rnfjnrn n` lrtâmu`h ;7:· ÿ`tjbh pìrrlfh in` Mýijeh in `hs
Djühs y Lih`nsmndtns qun ijsphdn ‐@l jdtnrdlmjýd prnvndtjvl tjndn mlrìmtnr
nxmnpmjhdl`, nspnmjl`bndtn plrl `hs lih`nsmndtns ndtrn mlthrmn y bndhs in

ijnmjsêjs lühs, y sý`h sn lp`jml muldih dh snl phsjk`n lp`jmlr htrl bnijil bndhs
erlvhsl. Whr tldth `l ouzelihrl in prjbnrl jdstldmjl jdiumjil phr `l rnprnsndtldtn
in` bjdjstnrjh pÿk`jmh, cl rnl`jzlih udl bhtjvlmjýd lplrndtn l` shstndnr qun bj
pltrhmjdlih n`uijrì `l oustjmjl phr dh prnsndtlrsn l inm`lrlr y l `l nvl`ulmjýd
psjmh`ýejml, qun mhbh `h inbhstrlrnbhs bìs lin`ldtn nstl infndsl tndâl udl
ij`jendmjl jdlp`lzlk`n n` iâl in `l inm`lrlmjýd prherlblil, sh`jmjtldih nd su
bhbndth su rnprherlblmjýd y qun sn cjzh mlsh hbjsh l ijmch pnijih,
lprhvnmcldih y fhrzldih nstl fjeurl plrl shstndnr`h mhbh pn`jerh in
hkstlmu`jzlmjýd.

JJ.JJ. W[JDMJWJH IN JDYN[N] ]^WN[JH[ IN@ LIH@N]MNDYN

Nstn prjdmjpjh suphdn plrl n` Ouzelihr qun inkn tndnr udl mhdsjinrlmjýd
prjbhrijl` mhbh n` jdtnrês supnrjhr in` lih`nsmndtn, lsneurlr n` mujilih qun snld
dnmnslrjhs plrl su kjndnstlr, tndjndih nd mundtl `hs inrnmchs y inknrns in sus
plirns, tuthrns u htrls pnrshdls rnsphdslk`ns in ê` ldtn `l `ny y, mhd nsn fjd,
thblr thils `ls bnijils `nejs`ltjvls y libjdjstrltjvls linmulils, ns inmjr, qun l

Mýijeh in [nsphdslkj`jili
prhphrmjhdl`jili Wndl` in` Lih`nsmndtns- Lrtâmu`h SJ.- Wrjdmjpjh in
y rlmjhdl`jili.
fjd in qun mul`qujnr bnijil qun lihptn vn`nd phr n` jdtnrês supnrjhr in`
lih`nsmndtn, snl n` bnohr plrl su rnjdsnrmjýd nd `l shmjnili, puns sn `n inkn
krjdilr `l bìxjbl sltjsflmmjýd thtl` y sjbu`tldnl in inrnmchs iurldtn n` prhmnsh
in rnsphdslkj`jili pndl`, lsâ mhbh lihptlr `l bnijil bndhs pnrouijmjl` plrl n`
bndhr jdfrlmthr, ns inmjr, intnrbjdlr `ls phsjk`ns mhdsnmundmjls in `ls inmjsjhdns
lihptlils nd n` lih`nsmndtn=, inkjndih lmrnijtlr m`lrlbndtn `l fhrbl mhbh sn
cl mhdsjinrlih n` jdtnrês supnrjhr9, lsâ mhbh `hs mrjtnrjhs utj`jzlihs phr n`
Ouzelihr, mhbh dh cl plslih nd n` intnrbjdlih mlsh, ihdin dh sn cl thblih
nd mundtl qun n` bndhr mundtl mhd n` lphyh in sus plirns, JDM@^]JVN N@ WLWÌ
IN BJ WLY[HMJDLIH
WLY[HMJDLIH CL MHDM^[[JIH L @L] IJ@ENDM
IJ@ENDMJL]
JL] [NL@J_LIL]
WH[ N@ BJDJ]YN[JH W^K@JMH1 ]JD NBKL[EH N@ BJDJ]YN[JH WßK@JMH ND
^D LMYH VJH@LYH[JH IN@ IN[NMCH L @L INFND]L > IN BJ
WLY[HMJDLIH L[E^ZN \^N N@ LKHELIH INFND]H[ DH CL
W[N]NDYLIH IHM^BNDYH L@E^DH \^N W[^NKN \^N YNDÂL ^DL
L^IJNDMJL IN LWN@LMJÝD IN ]NDYNDMJL WL[L N@ BJ]BH IÂL IN @L
W[HE[LBLMJÝD IN @L IJ@JENDMJL, N]YH N] N@ IÂL 79 IN LK[J@ IN
;7<:, ]HK[N N]N NSY[NBH INKH LIO^DYL[ @L] [N]H@^MJHDN]
[N]WNMYJVL] IN @L ]NE^DIL ]L@L WNDL@ IN LWN@LMJHDN] IN
@LBKLZN\^N \^N W[HE[LBÝ L^IJNDMJL IN LWN@LMJÝD IN
]NDYNDMJL Z ]JD BJ W[N]NDMJL ]N INM@L[LKL JDLIBJ]JK@N.

=
Mýijeh in [nsphdslkj`jili Wndl` in` Lih`nsmndtns Lrtâmu`h JJ.- Wrjdmjpjh in jdtnrês
supnrjhr in` lih`nsmndtn
9
NSW. D.· 7;75:-;77:
7;75:-;77:-WCM/YM
-WCM/YM
>
Nd nstl `âdnl, `l sndtndmjl in` =7 in blyh in <:::, mlsh ‐Wntruzzj v. Nstlih
Wnruldh‒ `l Mhrtn JIC rnjtnrl qun nd n` prhmnsh pndl` `l pnrshdl tjndn inrnmch l
udl infndsl linmulily qun phr tldth mhdstjtuyn ud nstlih in jdinfndsjýd

prhcjkjih phr
bnrlbndtn n` Wlmth in ]ld Ohsê udl prnsndmjl h lmtulmjýd in ud infndshr
fhrbl`.
@l infndsl têmdjml
têmdjml nfjmlz tl` mhbh sn
snül`l
ül`l `l ihmtrjdl (Mlffnrltl Dhrns, Olum
Olumcnd)
cnd)
dh klstl `l bnrl prnsndmjl in` lkhelih infndshr, yl qun n` nquj`jkrjh in `ls plrtns
nxjen udl lmtjvjili prhfnsjhdl` ij`jendtn y nfjmlz
nf jmlz in` infndshr nxjen udl lmtjvjili
prhfnsjhdl` ij`jendtn y nfjmlz in` infndshr. Muldih dh cly udl infndsl nfjmlz, sn
clmn prnmjsh sustjtujr l` lkhelih infndshr, tndjêdihsn phr du`hs `hs lmths
prhmnsl`ns nfnmtulihs phr n` lkhelih dne`jendtn. Bj pltrhmjdlih tndâl udl
infndsl têmdjml dnmnslrjl
dnmnslrjl (infndshr pÿk`jmh) phr tldth `l infndsl prjvlil dh puih
nonrmnr n` inrnmch fudilbndtl` in bj pltrhmjdlih.

JJ. IN@ W[JDMJWJH NI^MLYJVH.

Kloh nstn prjdmjpjh tndnbhs qun n` Ouzelihr inkn lp`jmlr `l bnijil qun bnohrn l`
lih`nsmndtn nd n` rnspnth in `hs inrnmchs cubldhs y `jknrtlins fudilbndtl`ns
frndtns l htrhs, ns inmjr, cl in jbpu`slr h fhbndtlr `l rnjdtnerlmjýd h rnjdsnrmjýd
in` lih`nsmndtn6, mhd `l fjdl`jili in qun nstn lsubl udl fudmjýd phsjtjvl nd `l
shmjnili, in mjnrtl bldnrl n` ounz inkn prnvnr qun `l sldmjýd nd nstl ourjsijmmjýd
nspnmjl` kusml rnclkj`jtlr y dh rnprjbjr, n` jdtnrdlbjndth inkn snr `l ÿ`tjbl bnijil.
Ldtns inknd vl`hrlrsn htrls bnijils in mlrìmtnr shmjhniumltjvh tl`
tl`ns
ns mhbh `l
hrjndtlmjýd flbj`jlr5, jbphsjmjýd in rne`ls in mhdiumtl, prnstlmjýd in snrvjmjhs l
`l mhbudjili, `l hk`jelmjýd in rnplrlr n` ilüh y `jknrtli lsjstjil, in tl` bldnrl
qun `l sldmjýd pndl` qun sn lp`jqun l` lih`nsmndtn inkn tndnr
prnphdinrlilbndtn udl fjdl`jili niumltjvl 3y in jdsnrmjýd shmjl`, prhpjmjldih
qun bj pltrhmjdlih rnplrn n` ilüh mluslih, dh sh`h mhd n` pleh in `l rnplrlmjýd
mjvj` sjdh qun tlbkjêd rnl`jmn lmtjvjilins mhbudjtlrjls h sn `n mlplmjtn
prhfnsjhdl`bndtn, nd vjstl qun mursl `l snmudilrjl nd su jdstjtumjýd niumltjvl y
prhdth punil murslr nstuijhs supnrjhrns.

JJJ.- F^DILBNDYH] IN CNMCH.

=.<. F^DILBNDYH] IN@ L^YH JBW^EDLIH.

W[JBN[H.- \un in` prnsndtn prhmnsh, sn tjndn qun n` bndhr jdfrlmthr OCHDLYLD
L@NSLDIN[ CN[DLDIN_ IN@ELIH, Vjvn mhd sus plirns, ns inmjr, tjndn ud
chelr mhdstjtujih y mhbh ns in mhstubkrn y phr `ls nxjendmjls nmhdýbjmls in `l
zhdl l`thldijdl
l`thldijdl in` Wnrÿ inkn ini
inijmlrsn
jmlrsn l `ls `lkhrns lerâmh`ls
lerâmh`ls y eldlinrls

6 Mýijeh in rnsphdslkj`jili pndl` in` lih`nsmndtn- Lrtâmu`h JV.- Wrjdmjpjh niumltjvh

5 @l Mhrtn Jdtnrlbnrjmldl in Inrnmchs Cubldhs nd `l Hpjdjýd Mhdsu`tjvl HM- <5/;77;.
3
Mýijeh in` Djüh y n` Lih`nsmndtn, lrtâmu`h <9¿.- L `l niumlmjýd,
n iumlmjýd, mu`turl, inphrtn y rnmrnlmjýd.- N`
djüh y n` lih`nsmndtn tjndnd inrnmch l `l niumlmjýd (…)
prhpjls in udl flbj`jl phkrn in `l rnejýd in Mlolblrml, phr tldth mundtl mhd
lrrljeh ihbjmj`jlrjh.

]NE^DIH.- ]nühr Ounz bj pltrhmjdlih dh lsjstjý l `ls ij`jendmjls prnvjstls phr

qun inmjijý tndnr udl infndsl nfjmlz, lsjstjih phr ud lkhelih infndshr in `jkrn
n`nmmjýd y ns phr n``h qun nspnrlbhs qun `l fjsml`âl rnprherlbn `ls ij`jendmjls
plrl qun bj pltrhmjdlih lsubl su rnsphdslkj`jili mhd ^DL @JKN[YLI
L]J]YJIL, thil vnz, qun l nstl infndsl `n cl rnfnrjih qun sâ clkrâl insp`nelih
`l mhdiumtl in` tjph pndl` ltrjkujih ndmhdtrìdihsn lrrnpndtjih y ijspunsth l
rnplrlr n` ilüh oudth mhd sus plirns.

\un, nd nstn sndtjih, sn inkn inolr nd m`lrh qun `l Bnijil in Jdtnrdlmjýd jbp`jml

udl trjp`n fjdl`jili, ns inmjr qun? <.- ]jrvn plrl lsneurlr `l prnsndmjl in`
jdvnstjelih nd n` prhmnsh. ;.- ]jrvn plrl elrldtjzlr udl hrindlil lvnrjeulmjýd in
`hs cnmchs phr `hs ýreldhs in pnrsnmumjýd pndl` h ouijmjl`, nvjtìdihsn in nstl
bldnrl qun n` jdvnstjelih n`uil `l lmmjýd in `l oustjmjl h punil hkstlmu`jzlr `l
lmtjvjili prhklthrjl. =.- ]jrvl plrl lsneurlr `l nonmumjýd in `l pndl.

\un, nd `l lmtul`jili
lmtul`jili sn tjndn qun `l mhnrmjý
mhnrmjýd
d prhmnsl` mhdtndjil
mhdtndjil nd `l bnijil
bnijil
in jdtnrdlbjndth prnvndtjvh, sh`h tjndin l prhtnenr `l rnl`jzlmjýd in fjdns
prhmnsl`ns, qun punind snr punsths nd pn`jerh y qun punind snr in ihs bldnrls

ijfnrndtns? l) Muldih n` jbputlih

j bputlih hkstlmu`jzl `l lvnrjeulmjýd in `l vnrili ”
ndthrpnmjbjndth in `l jdvnstjelmjýd hkontjvl in` prhmnsh y, k) Muldih n`
jbputlih sn fuel n jbpjin `l lp`jmlmjýd in` inrnmch pndl` bltnrjl` ” pn`jerh
in fuel.

\un nd vjrtui l `h rnfnrjih

rnfnrjih prnmnindtnbnd
prnmnindtnbndtn
tn nstl infndsl nstuvh nspnrldih `l
rnprherlblmjýd in `l inm`lrlmjýd , qun phr mjnrth dudml sn rnl`jzý, plrl lmnptlr
`hs cnmchs y sh`jmjtlr nd su bhbndth udl `jknrtli lsjstjil, puns sn bn mhdtrltý
plrl lsubjr nstn mlsh trns iâls ldtns in ijmcl ij`jendmjl y tndjndih
t ndjndih udl hk`jelmjýd

in lsjstjr l `l ^DL L^IJNDMJL IN ML[ÌMYN[ JDLW@L_LK@N nd `l mjuili in

Mcjm`lyh, cnmch qun bn jbpjijý lsjstjr l `ls ij`jendmjl prherlblil1 ]jd nbklreh
`hs rnmluihs y ldnxhs in` nsmrjth dh sn prnsndtlrhd phr qun `l pnrshdl
ndmlrelil in
in clmnr`h h`vjiý in ldnxlr `ls rnsh`umjhdns qun snül`l
snül`lkld
kld bj
luijndmjl nd `l mjuili in Mcjm`lyh, ihmubndths fnclmjndtns qun lioudth l `l sl`l
plrl bndhr rnsh`vnr.

YN[MN[H.- N` ouzelih in prjbnrl jdstldmjl jdmurrn nd udl bhtjvlmjýd jdsufjmjndtn

in `l rnsh`umjýd puns dh cl rnl`jzlih ud oujmjh in vl`hrlmjýd linmulih phrqun dh
mhrrnsphdinrâl udl bnijil mhnrmjtjvl bndhs erlvhsl mhbh `l bnijil in
mhbplrnmndmjl mhd rnstrjmmjhdns, phr quê n` lih`nsmndtn dh phirâl shbntnrsn l`
mujilih y vjej`ldmjl in sus plirns, qujndns jdfhrblrìd mlil qujdmn iâls, shkrn `l
pnrbldndmjl in` bndhr nd su ihbjmj`jh clkjtul` y fjdl`bndtn sj ns phsjk`n qun
tndirì qun lmuijr l su mndtrh in nstuijhs, lmhbplülih phr sus plirns u htrls
lmtjvjilins lmliêbjmls l fjd in `herlr `l rnjdsnrmjýd in` lih`nsmndtn nd su flbj`jl
y nd `l shmjnili, sneÿd `hs prjdmjpjhs nstlk`nmjihs nd n` Mýijeh in
rnsphdslkj`jili pndl` in` lih`nsmndtn y qun kusml qun `l luthrjili lihptn
bnijils qun dh endnrn rnpnrmusjhdns nd `ls inmjsjhdns lihptlils nd n`
lih`nsmndtn, mhdsjinrldih n` jdtnrês supnrjhr y phdinrlmjýd in sus inrnmchs
fudilbndtl`ns.

N@ L[YÂM^@H ;7:· ß@YJBH WÌ[[LFH IN@ MÝIJEH IN @H] DJÜH] Z

LIH@N]MNDYN] IJ]WHDN ‐@L JDYN[DLMJÝD W[NVNDYJVL YJNDN
ML[ÌMYN[ NSMNWMJHDL@, N]WNMJL@BNDYN WL[L @H] LIH@N]MNDYN]
NDY[N MLYH[MN Z BNDH] IN IJNMJ]ÊJ] LÜH], Z ]Ý@H ]N LW@JML
M^LDIH DH ]NL WH]JK@N LW@JML[ HY[L BNIJIL BNDH] E[LVH]L. ND
N]N ]NDYJIH BJ WLY[HMJDLIH YJNDN <> LÜH], YJNDN L[[LJEH
FLBJ@JL[, DH YJNDN LDYNMNINDYN] WNDL@N], ]N NDM^NDY[L
M^[]LDIH N]Y^IJH] ]NM^DIL[JH], L]J]YN L ]^ BLI[N \^N YJNDN
INW[N]JÝD ]NVN[L Z LZ^IL L @L] @LKH[N] LE[ÂMH@L] Z
ELDLIN[L], WH[ @H \^N ^DL BNIJIL MHBH N@ JDYN[DLBJNDYH
[HBWN[ÂL @L ^DJILI FLBJ@JL[ W[HVHMLDIH E[LVN] ]NM^N@L] ND
N@ LIH@N]MNDYN Z ]^ NDYH[DH FLBJ@JL[.
@l ourjspruindmjl dlmjhdl` cl tndjih `l hphrtudjili in prhdudmjlrsn nd n` sndtjih
qun n` jdtnrdlbjndth in `hs bndhrns in ndtrn <9 y <6 lühs inkn snr nxmnpmjhdl`
vl`hrldih sus lrrljehs, `hs nstuijhs, ldtnmnindtns y su nili, nsth nd n` mlsh in`
nstuijldtn in` mh`nejh Y[J@MN.

NSWNIJNDYN ? 7;79-;7<:, MH[YN ]^WN[JH[ IN O^]YJMJL IN @JBL ]^[

]L@L MJVJ@ WN[BLDNDYN? ‐ Whr thih `h nxpunsth, sn mhdm`uyn qun `l
rnsh`umjýd lpn`lil mhdtjndn udl bhtjvlmjýd lplrndtn, dh cl oustjfjmlih
inkjilbndtn `l nxjstndmjl in` pn`jerh prhmnsl` prnvjsth nd n` lrtâmu`h ;7:· in`
Mýijeh in `hs Djüh s y Lih`nsmndtns, dh sn cld nvl`ulih `hs lrrljehs pnrshdl`ns
qun flvhrnmnd l` lih`nsmndtn IJNEH VL]MHD]^N@H [^WLZ, `ls
mjrmudstldmjls nd `ls qun cl hmurrjih n` j`âmjth pndl`, sus inm`lrlmjhdns
prjbjendjls nd `l jdvnstjelmjýd prn`jbjdlr, nd mhdsnmundmjl ns ltndijk`n hrindlr
`l jdbnijltl `jknrtli in` lih`nsmndtn prhmnslih, ijmtlbjdìdihsn `l bnijil in
Mhbplrnmndmjl mhd rnstrjmmjhdns, in mhdfhrbjili l` lrtâmu`h ;33 in` Dunvh
Mýijeh Wrhmnsl` Wndl`, lp`jmlk`n nd vâl sup`nthrjl, kloh lpnrmjkjbjndth nd mlsh
in jdmubp`jbjndth in rnvhmlrsn y hrindlrsn dunvlbndtn su jdtnrdlmjýd
prnvndtjvl, clstl qun sn nbjtl
nbjtl `l sndtndmjl mhrrnsphdijndtn‒
mhrrnsphdijndtn

M^L[YH.- Whr ndin, sh`jmjth l ustni ]nühr Ounz thblr nd mundtl `h inbhstrlih
nd n` oujmjh y nd mhdsnmundmjl sh`jmjth l su insplmch lihptlr udl bnijil in
mhbplrnmndmjl mhd rnstrjmmjhdns rnspnmth l` bndhr jdfrlmthr OCHDLYLD
L@NSLDIN[ CN[DLDIN_
CN[DLDIN_ IN@ELIH thil vnz qun nstl infndsl prhphd
prhphdirì
irì nd
su bhbndth `l @JKN[YLI L]J]YJIL, in lmunrih l` Lrt. <>6.<·: `jtnrl` k) in
mhdfhrbjili mhd n` Lrt. <>:· in` Mýijeh in rnsphdslkj`jili pndl` in`

:
Mýijeh in [nsphdslkj`jili Wndl`-Lrt. <>6·- BNIJIL] ]HMJNI^MLYJVL].-<>6.< N`
lih`nsmndtn qun sh`h
`nejs`lmjýd pndl`, mhbntn ud snr
punin cnmch tjpjfjmlih
shbntjih l `ls mhbh in`jthbnijils
sjeujndtns h fl`tl,shmjhniumltjvls?
in lmunrih l `l k.
@jknrtli lsjstjil.
lih`nsmndtn<71 qun snrì mubp`jil l mlkl`jili mhd nfjmlmjl y rnsphdslkj`jili phr
bj pltrhmjdlih y kloh `l supnrvjsjýd in sus plirns, qujndns nstìd mhbprhbntjihs
mhd su rnjdsnrmjýd nd `l flbj`jl y nd `l shmjnili, bìs lud
lud qun rnthrdn l sus m`lsns
niumltjvls nd `l Jdstjtumjýd Niumltjvl
Niumltjvl ‐]JBÝD KH@JVL[ ‒ in` mndtrh phk`lih in
]ld Ould
Ould in Ijhs , ijstrjth in Wu`ìd, ]ldtl Mruz Mlolblrml
Mlolblrml (lioudtlih
Mhdstldmjl in nstuijhs), phr thih nsth ]nührns Ounmns jdvhmlbhs l su kund
mrjtnrjh y sndtjih cubldh, plrl qun hthreun `l ndtrnel in` bndhr
OCHDLYLD L@NSLDIN[ CN[DLDIN_ IN@ELIH
IN@ELIH L ]^ WLI[N

\^JDYH.- inknbhs snül`lr qun `l jdtnrdlmjýd prnvndtjvl tjndn mlrìmtnr

nxmnpmjhdl`, sý`h sn lp`jml muldih dh snl phsjk`n lp`jmlr htrl bnijil bndhs

erlvhsl.‒ Nstl rne`l ijrnmtrjz sn jdspjrl nd n` `jtnrl` k) in` lrtâmu`h =5¿ in `l

MHDVNDMJÝD ]HK[N @H] IN[NMCH] IN@ DJÜH qun nstlk`nmn? ‐(…) @l
intndmjýd, (…) sn ``nvlrì l mlkh in mhdfhrbjili mhd `l `ny
`n y y sn utj`jzlrì tld sý`h
mhbh bnijil in ÿ`tjbh rnmursh.
FJDL@BNDYN, WH[ @L] [L_HDN] NSW^N]YL], ]H@JMJYH ]N LIBJYL BJ
[NM^[]H IN LWN@LMJÝD Z ]N MHDMNIL MHD NFNMYH ]^]WND]JVH, Z
ND ]^ HWH[Y^DJILI ]N [NVH\^N @L BJ]BL Z [N]^N@VL?
NDY[NELDIH L ]^] WLI[N] L@ BNDH[ OCHDLYLD L@NSLDIN[
CN[DLDIN_ IN@ELIH Z ]N JBWHDEL ^DL BNIJIL IN

MHBWL[NMNDMJL MHD [N]Y[JMJHDN].

JV.- BNIJH] W[HKLYH[JH] Z LDNSH]?

 Mhdstldmjl i
in
n nstuijh
nstuijhss in` bndhr OCHDLYLD L@NSLDIN[
CN[DLDIN_ IN@ELIH.

<7
Mýijeh in [nsphdslkj`jili Wndl`-Lrt. <>:·-@JKN[YLI L]J]YJIL.- <>:.< @l `jknrtli
lsjstjil mhdsjstn nd mubp`jr prherlbls niumltjvhs y rnmjkjr hrjndtlmjýd, mhd `l
lsjstndmjl in nspnmjl`jstls y pnrshdls mhd mhdhmjbjndths h lptjtuins nd n`
trltlbjndth in` lih`nsmndtn. Nstl bnijil sn lp`jml phr ud p`lzh bâdjbh in snjs (76) y
bìxjbh in ihmn (<;) bnsns…(`l
bnsns…(`l dnerjtl y n` sukrlylih ns dunstrl).
  Ihmubndths qun lmrnijtld `l prnmlrjl sl`ui in `l snührl NBN@JDL
IN@ELIH LE^J@L[, blirn in bj pltrhmjdlih.

Mhdstldmjl nbjtjil ph
phrr n` tndjndtn ehknrdlihr
ehknrdlihr in` mndtrh phk`lih
phk`lih in ]ld
Ould in Ijhs, mhd `h qun sn lmrnijtl qun n` bndhr lyuil l su blirn nd `hs
mujilihs in su ndfnrbnili y lmtjvjilins in` chelr.

 Dhtjfjmlmjhdns rnl`jzli
rnl`jzlils
ls l bj mlsj``l n`nmtrý
n`nmtrýdjml
djml ;=959, rnspnm
rnspnmth
th in `l
luijndmjl in` iâl 79 in Lkrj` in ;7<:.

 ]ndtndmjl nbjtjil phr `l ]l`l Mjvj` Wnrbldndtn

Wnrbldndtn in `l mhrtn ]u
]upnrjhr
pnrjhr in
Oustjmjl in @jbl ]ur
Whr `h nxpunsth?

L ^i. ]nühr Ounz, sh`jmjth sn bn mhdmnil `l

lpn`lmjýd mhd nfnmth suspndsjvh, tndjndih nd mundtl `ls rlzhdns nxpunstl nd `hs
pìrrlfhs prnmnindtns.

Mcjm`lyh, =7 in bly
blyh
h in ;7<:.