Dynamics

4.
DYNAMICS
February 26, 2016

LEARNING OUTCOMES
On compleAon of this topic you should be able to:
• Describe about dynamics.
1. Mass, force, inerAa, work, power, energy
(potenAal, kineAc and total energy), heat,
efficiency.
2. Momentum, conservaAon of momentum;
impulse.
3. Gyroscopic principles.
4. FricAon: nature and effects, coefficient of fricAon
(rolling resistance).
Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

4.1 MASS, FORCE,
INERTIA, WORK,
POWER, ENERGY,
HEAT, EFFICIENCY
Weight & Mass
1) Weight
è The Force with which gravity aCracts
mass
è Gravity varies with the distance between
the body and the center of the earth
è The further the object from the center,
the less in weight
è Earth gravity is 1G = 32N/sec2 or 9.81 m/
sec2
è Weight = Mass × Gravity
2) Mass
è The amount of maCer in an object
è Constant regardless of the locaVon
è Unit for weight and mass – pounds
(English) or kilograms (Metric)
è Slug is unit of mass in English System


Force
q Force – anything that tends to cause moVon, change of moVon,
stop moVon or prevent moVon.
q Work is the product of a force applied to an object Vmes the
distance the object moves.
q Force has a unit of Newtons (N).
q One Newton is defined as the force which gives a mass of 1 kg an
acceleraVon (or deceleraVon) of 1 m/s2, i.e. 1 N = 1 kg m/s2.

InerAa
v All bodies seek a state of equilibrium and are reluctant to change their present
state of rest or uniform moVon.

v This reluctance to change its current state is called INERTIA.

v InerVa is dependant on the mass of the body. The larger the mass the greater
the inerVa, i.e. the more difficult it is to move when at rest or to stop when in
moVon

v You will probably experience this effect during take-‐off when you are being
push back into your seat.

INERTIA

Work
v Work is the product of the force applied and the distance the object
moves.
Work = Force (F) × Distance (D)
v If a force is applied to an object and the object does not move, no
work is done!
v In the Metric system, the unit of Work is the Joule.
v 1 joule = the work done when a force of 1 Newton is applied through
a distance of 1 metre

8
Power
v Power is defined as the Vme – rate of doing work.
Power = Work / Time

v Units -‐ English system (N.lb/sec). Metric system, J/sec (waC)
v Another unit to measure power is the horsepower.
33000 ftlbs
1 Horsepower =
1 min
550 ftlbs
1 Horsepower =
1 sec
v Meanwhile Electrical power is measured in WaC.

1 waC = 1 joule/sec
1 horsepower = 746 waCs
Power
Example 1
How long will take a 1750 W motor to liN a 285 kg piano to sixth storey
window 16m above?
Answer : 25.5s Work
Power =
Solu%on time
Force × distance
Power =
time
285kg × 9.81ms -2 × 16
1750 =
time

which gives, time = 25.5s
Example 2
Find the amount of power to liN a 12500lbs airplane to a height of 3N in
1 min. Give your answer in horsepower?
Answer : 1.136hp

Power
Example 3
Find the horsepower required to raise a 12,000 pound aircraN six feet in
one-‐half minute.
Answer : 4.36 Horsepower


Energy
The capacity of an object to perform work
è Cannot be created nor destroy but only
transferable
è Classified into 2 major types : PotenVal Energy
and KineVc Energy
PotenVal Energy
è Is the energy stored in a body due to: PosiVon,
ConfiguraVon, Chemical composiVon
è Even though it is not doing work, it is capable to
perform work
è Example:
1. Chemical energy in an aircraN baCery ready to
produce mechanical work when starter switch is
pressed
2. Mechanical energy can be stored in a
compressed spring
3. Water stored behind a dam having tremendous
weight ready to produce mechanical energy.
Energy
Energy that is produced when material is
moved /energy caused by its moVon

è Example:
1. Hammering a Nail
è Raise hammer = PotenVal energy
è Hammer down = KineVc Energy + PotenVal
Energy
è Hammer strikes nail = work done + heat +
sound

KineAc Energy à ½ mv2
PotenAal Energy à mgh
PotenAal Energy (Spring) à ½ kx2


PotenAal Energy (PE)
v Energy is possesses by virtue of its posiVon or state.
v Example : A mass raised to a height above the ground has potenVal energy
since its weight is capable of doing work as it descends to the ground under
the influence of gravity.
Work = force x distance
*since PE is for mass at elevated posi%on, so distance is the height above ground.
PotenAal Energy = mass x gravity x height
= mgh


KineAc Energy (KE)
v Energy it possesses by virtue of its moVon.
v Arises from the work done on it.
v When body set in moVon by a force doing work it acquires kineVc energy, which
will work against any forces that try to resist it.

KineAc Energy = ½ mv2

Source: hCp://lab-‐poroolio.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/4/3/11434017/998042078.gif

SimulaAon

PotenAal Energy (PE)
Use this principle to determine the blanks in the following diagram. Knowing that
the potenVal energy at the top of the tall plaoorm is 50 J, what is the potenVal
energy at the other posiVons shown on the stair steps and the incline?

Answer
• A: PE = 40 J (since the same mass is elevated to

4/5-‐ths height of the top stair)
• B: PE = 30 J (since the same mass is elevated to
• C: PE = 20 J (since the same mass is elevated to
• D: PE = 10 J (since the same mass is elevated to
• E and F: PE = 0 J (since the same mass is at the
same zero height posiVon as shown for the
boCom stair).

Example

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

ConservaAon of Energy
“ Whenever energy is converted from one form to another,
none of it is lost.”
v The sum of the energy can always be accounted for in the other forms of
energy that may have converted into.
v ANer an object hits ground on a fall, the energy has converted into heat
energy and will be dissipated into the air.
v So a comparison between work out and work in is obviously a measure of
the system efficiency.
*usually expressed as percentage ( less than 100 % ).

Example
A ball weight 0.5 kg drops from a plaoorm at a height of
100 m. The iniVal velocity of the ball is 10 m/s. Find the
final velocity of the ball as soon as it hits the ground.
½ mv2 + mgh = ½ mv2 + mgh

½ m(10)2 + m(9.81)(100) = ½ mv2 + 0
50 m + 981 m = ½ mv2
1031 = 0.5 v2
V = 45 m/s

Heat
v Heat is defined as energy in transit between two bodies because of
a difference in temperature.
v If two bodies at different temperature, are bought into contact,
their temperature become equal.
v Energy that flows from a hot place to a cooler place.
v Heat energy can be transferred by;
a. ConducVon
b. ConvecVon
c. RadiaVon

4.2 MOMENTUM,
CONSERVATION
OF MOMENTUM
Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak February 26, 2016
Momentum
a. Product of its mass and velocity.
Momentum = Mass x Velocity

b. SI unit: kgm/s

Impulse of a force
v If a body was subjected to a sudden blow, shock load or impact, it will be possible
to measure change in momentum.
v Forces which have the short Vme duraVon are called the Impulsive forces.
v Change of momentum due to impulsive force is called the Impulse.
v Impact duraVon small – impulsive force large.
v Impact duraVon large – impulsive force small.


Impulse
• Product of force and Vme or change in momentum.
• For example, if we rest the hammer, on top of the head of a nail,
neither the hammer nor the nail has any momentum.
• However, if we bring the hammer down from a height and strike
the nail sharply on its head, both the hammer and nail will move
aNer the impact. In a short Vme they will come to rest with the nail
having penetrated whatever it is under it.
Impulse = change in momentum = mass x change in velocity.
= force ( N ) x Vme ( seconds )

ConservaAon of Momentum
“When two or more masses act on each

other, the total momentum of the masses
remains constant, provided no external
forces, such as fric<on, act.”

SimulaAon
Source: hCp://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/momentum/cbb.cfm

ConservaAon of Momentum
First law First Law
Mass remains at rest or conVnue to Mass remains at rest or conVnue to
move at constant velocity, unless acted move at constant velocity, unless acted
on by an external force. on by an external force.

Second Law Second Law

F = ma Rate of change of momentum is
proporVonal to the applied force.
Third Law Third Law

For every acVon, there is a n equal and If mass A exerts force on B, then B
opposite reacVon. exerts an equal but opposite force on A.

Change in Momentum

Change of Momentum = final momentum -‐ iniAal momentum
= ( m v ) -‐ ( m u )

Rate of change of momentum = change in momentum
Ame taken
= m v – m u
t
*The rate of change of momentum is propor%onal to magnitude of force causing it.

• When two bodies, one of low mass and the other of high mass, are acted upon by
the same force for the same Vme, the low body mass will build up higher velocity
than the heavy mass.

For example;

At (a) – mass A overtakes mass B.
At (b) – mass B will be accelerated by impulsive force delivered by mass A, and
mass A will be decelerated by an impulsive force delivered by B .
At (c) – aNer the impact, mass A and B will have new velociVes Va and Vb.

Momentum before impact equals to momentum aNer impact.

Example :

A moving snooker balls, each ball has its own momentum before collision. ANer collision,
the sum of the two balls’ momentum will be the same as the sum prior to the collision
even though their velociVes may have changed.

sum of momentums of balls = sum of momentum aNer impact
prior to impact

mu1 + mu2 = mv1 + mv2


Example

Moment of InerAa
v considers the effect of mass on bodies whose moment is rotaVonal.
v Moment of inerVa is a funcVon of mass and radius.

v Consider the two cylinders, of equal mass, but different dimensions,
capable of being rotated.
v The LH cylinder is easier to rotate than RH cylinder.

4.3 GYROSCOPIC
PRINCIPLE
Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak February 26, 2016
Gyroscopes
v is a rotor having freedom of moVon in one or more planes at right angles
to the plane of rotaVon.
v used in several of an aircraN’s instruments, which are vital to the safety
of the aircraN in bad weather.
v For example wheels, engines, propellers, electric motors and many other
components must run with perfect smoothness.

Gyroscopic Principle
1. A gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of
rotaVon is free to assume any orientaVon by itself.
2. When rotaVng, the orientaVon of this axis is unaffected by
VlVng or rotaVon of the mounVng, according to the
conservaVon of angular momentum. Because of this,
gyroscopes are useful for measuring or maintaining
orientaVon.
3. Any spinning mass such as a spinning top, a rotaVng car wheel
or a jet engine and even the earth will have gyroscopic
properVes.
4. Most gyros that are designed to be gyroscopes are mounted
in a pivoted frame called a gimbal.

5. With the rotor spinning, the gyroscope will possess two
fundamental properVes:
a. Gyroscopic rigidity or inerVa
b. Gyroscopic precession

• A gyroscope as used in aircraft instruments is a mechanical system
containing a rotor inside a frame construction.
• The rotor is free to spin about the X-axis on bearings in the inner
frame (or: ring).
• The inner ring is free to turn about the Y-axis on pivots in the outer
ring.
• The outer ring is free to turn about the Z-axis on pivots in the
support.
• Such a construction is known as gimbal rings.
• When the gyroscope is in its normal position all the axes are at right
angles to each other and intersect at the center of gravity of the
rotor.
• A gyroscope usually contains three movable parts:-
– Rotor
– Inner Gimbal
– Outer Gimbal
CharacterisAcs
1. RIGIDITY
a) SomeVmes called Gyroscopic InerVa, it is the property of a gyro to
maintain its axis of rotaVon with its spin axis poinVng to a fixed
point.
b) Example; seung a top spinning on a flat surface will mean that it will
stand upright, even if the surface on which it rests is moved.
Provided the top remains spinning. When it stops spinning it will
loose its rigidity and fall over.
c) The amount of rigidity is directly related to the:
i. Mass of the rotor
ii. Speed of the rotor
iii. Radius of GyraVon or Moment of InerVa of the rotor.
d) The more mass of the flywheel is concentrated at its outer edge the
greater its radius of gyraVon.

CharacterisAcs
e) If the two gyros, both have the same

mass and the same outer diameter
then the right hand gyro will have
the greater rigidity than the leN
hand gyro for the same rpm because
its mass is more concentrated
towards the outside of the rotor.
f) The property of rigidity is used

extensively in aircraN gyros.

CharacterisAcs
2. PRECESSION
a) This is movement of the spin axis
when a force is applied to a gimbal
ring. The gyro will move in a
direcVon that at first would appear
to be unpredictable but can be
worked out.
b) Figure on the right shows a force
applied to the spin axis of a gyro.
i. As a theoreVcal model conVnue
the movement of the force in the
same direcVon onto the rotor
ii. Allow the force to move 90o in
the direcVon of the rotor
rotaVon to point B

c. angular change of direcVon of the plane of rotaVon of a gyroscope, as a
result of an external force.
d. The rate of this change can be used to give indicaVons such as the turning
rate of an aircraN.

C A
C A
Gyroscope Precession
I. The rotor will rotate about axis AA.

II. Apply a force so that it acts on the rim of the rotor at 900.
III. Move this force around the rim of the rotor so that it moves through 900 and
in the same direcVon as the rotor spins.
IV. Precession will move the rotor in the direcVon that will result in the axes of
applied force and of rotaVon coinciding.
V. For a constant gyroscopic speed, the rate of precession is proporVonal to the
applied force.
VI. The opposite also applies, so for a given force the rate of precession is
inversely proporVonal to rotor speed.
GYROSCOPIC

Group Research Assignment

You are required to research on the principle of gyroscope,
and its applicaVon on aircraN instrumentaVons.
(Provide at least 2 flight instrumentaVons that applies the
principles of gyroscope)

Submission of report: Week 9

4.4 FRICTION

FricAon
v Force that resists any sliding movement between two

contacVng surfaces.
v Can be taken as advantage, for brakes on vehicle to try to
walk on smooth surface.
v FricVonal force depends on nature between two surfaces.
v Acts in any direcVons but always acts in opposing moVon.

• angle of the plane (θ) is increased, the body remains staVonary, unVl at
some parVcular value of θ, it begins to move down the plane.
• At this maximum value, the force opposing moVon
Fmax = mg sin θ ,
• and the normal reacVon between the body and the plane
R = mg cos θ.
F/ R = mg sin θ / mg cos θ = tan θ
• RaVo F/R (tan θ) is termed the Coefficient of FricVon ( μ ) -‐ < 1.
μ = F = tan θ
R


Coefficient of StaAc FricAon
q StaVc fricVon is fricVon between two solid objects that are not moving
relaVve to each other.
q The staVc fricVon force must be overcome by an applied force before an
object can move.
q The maximum possible fricVon force between two surfaces before sliding
begins is the product of the coefficient of staVc fricVon.
q SomeVmes referred to as limiVng fricVon.

Coefficient of StaAc FricAon (μ) = FricAon Force (F)
Normal ReacAon (N)

q FricVonal Force , F = μN
Coefficient of Dynamic FricAon

• Dynamic fricVon is when two objects are moving relaVve to each other and rub
together (like a sled on the ground).
• The amount of force required to keep the object moving is called the coefficient of
dynamic fricVon.
• Usually less than the coefficient of staVc fricVon for the same materials

Types of FricAon
a. Dry fricAon resists relaVve lateral moVon of two solid surfaces in
contact. Dry fricVon is subdivided into staVc fricVon between non-‐
moving surfaces, and kineVc fricVon between moving surfaces.
b. Fluid fricAon describes the fricVon between layers within a viscous
fluid that are moving relaVve to each other.
c. Lubricated fricAon is a case of fluid fricVon where a fluid separates two
solid surfaces.
d. Skin fricAon is a component of drag, the force resisVng the moVon of a
solid body through a fluid.
e. Internal fricAon is the force resisVng moVon between the elements
making up a solid material while it undergoes deformaVon.

Dynamics

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4.

February 26, 2016

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Power = Work / Time

v Meanwhile Electrical power is measured in WaC.

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Work = force x distance

PotenAal Energy = mass x gravity x height

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

v Arises from the work done on it.

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

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• A: PE = 40 J (since the same mass is elevated to

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

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*usually expressed as percentage ( less than 100 % ).

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

½ mv2 + mgh = ½ mv2 + mgh

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

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Momentum = Mass x Velocity

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Impulse = change in momentum = mass x change in velocity.

= force ( N ) x Vme ( seconds )

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“When two or more masses act on each

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Second Law Second Law

Third Law Third Law

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v Moment of inerVa is a funcVon of mass and radius.

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e) If the two gyros, both have the same

f) The property of rigidity is used

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I. The rotor will rotate about axis AA.

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v Force that resists any sliding movement between two

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