nray;epiy Ma;T

ACTION RESEARCH
MR. V.KRISHNARAJA.
B.B.A, M.Com, HNDIT, Short Term Thematic, PGDE, DSM (Merit),
M.Ed (OUSL), M.Ed (NIE), Research Methodology, PGDEM (Merit)
External Lecturer – B.Ed (NIE – Ratnapura Regional Centre - Ratnapura),
External Lecturer – PGDE (NIE – Ratnapura Regional Centre - Ratnapura),
Justice of Peace (Whole Island)
Assistant Principal (SLPS III)
J/JAFFNA CENTRAL COLLEGE,
(1AB National School)
JAFFNA.
❑ cs;slf;fk;

❑Ma;T (Research)
❑nray;epiy Ma;T (Action Research)
❑nray;epiy Ma;T Kiwapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
❑nray;epiy Ma;T Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;
❑nray;epiy ma;T - mwpKiwrhu; gpd;dzp
❑Ma;T vz;zf;fUTld; njhlu;GWk; tpjk;
❑nray;epiy Ma;T njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
❑ cs;slf;fk;

❑nray;epiy Ma;T njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;j

Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; (cjhuzk;)
❑jukhd jiyg;nghd;iwj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd epajpfs;
❑jukhd mwpKfj;ijj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd epajpfs;
❑Ma;T Nkw;n
; fhs;tijj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd epajpfs;
❑jukhd KbTfSf;F vOjYk; Gj;jwpit cUthf;FjiyAk;
njupTnra;tjw;fhd epajpfs;
❑nray;epiy Ma;tpy; <LgLtjd; ed;ikfs;
❑ Ma;T (Research)
❑tpQ;Qhd Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp> Gjpa fUj;njhd;wpidf;
fz;lwptjw;fhf vLf;fg;gLk; jPtpu Kaw;rp> ftdkhfj;
Njbawpjy;> gupNrhjpj;jy;> tpkh;rd uPjpapy; Nehf;Fjy;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa nrad;KiwNa Ma;T MFk;.
❑Ma;T vd;gJ> ,aw;ifj; Njhw;wg;ghLfSf;F ,ilNa
fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Gfis> cUthf;fg;gl;l xU fUJNfhs;
Kiwiknahd;wpy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l epge;jidfspd; fPo;>
tpkh;rd uPjpapYk;> mDgt uPjpapYk; NjbawpjyhFk;
(fu;ypd;[u;> 1970).
❑khwpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpathW nfhs;iffs; Nfhl;ghLfis
tpUj;jp nra;tijAk;> fpilf;Fk; ngWNgWfs; %yk; vjph;T
❑ Ma;T (Research)
❑$wy;fis Kd;itg;gijAk; Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L>
mtjhdpg;Gfisg; gjpT nra;jy;> Kiwikahd kw;Wk;
tplak; rhh;e;j gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;sy; vd;gdtw;iw
cs;slf;fpa nrad;KiwNa Ma;T MFk; (nt];l; kw;Wk;
fh];> 1993).
❑Ma;T vd;gJ tpdhnthd;Wf;F tpil fhZk; Kaw;rpahFk;
(td;fd;gr;> 1994).
❑xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l tifapy; mwpitf; fz;lwptjw;fhfTk;
tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfTk; Neubahf topfhl;Lk; nrad;Kiw
Ma;thFk; (Fg;jh> 1995).
❑ Ma;T (Research)
❑xU Fwpj;j jiyg;G> my;yJ gpur;rpid rhu;ghf> cupa
jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf tpQ;Qhd g+u;tkhf gupNrhjid
nra;jNy Ma;T vdg;gLfpwJ (NfhjhF> 2000).
❑Ma;T vd;gJ Xh; mwpthw;wy; nrad;KiwahFk;.
❑Ma;tpd; NghJ Gj;jwpitg; ngWtjw;fhf tpQ;Qhd Kiw
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
❑Ma;T vd;gJ xU mwpTj;Njly; / tpQ;Qhd g+u;tkhd
Njly; MFk;.
❑mwpthy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; Ma;Tfs; Gjpa mwpjy;fisAk;>
Gupjy;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk;.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T (Action Research)
❑fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfis tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; fy;tpg; gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;
fhfTk; mg;gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpj; Njbawptjw;fhfTk;
elj;jg;gLk; nrad;KiwNa fy;tpapay; Ma;T MFk;.
❑xU gpur;rpidia ,dq;fz;L mjw;fhd jPu;Tfisj;
jpl;lkpLjYk;> eilKiwg;gLj;jYk;> gpd;du; mjd;
tpisTfis mwpjYk; cila %d;W gbfisf; nfhz;l
Row;rpr; nrad;Kiw nray;epiy Ma;T MFk; (Kurt Lewin,
1943).
❑nray;top Ma;T vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l gzpia Mw;WNthu;
jkJ gzpia Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T (Action Research)
❑Ma;T MFk; (Stephens, 1953).
❑jkJ eilKiwfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> r%f ePjpia
cr;rg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;Fld; xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopiyr;
nra;Nthupdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w Ragpujpgypg;G
tprhuiz Kiw nray;epiy Ma;T MFk; (Kemmis and
Carr, 1986).
❑jkJ eilKiwfspy; jhNk jiyaPL nra;J mj;jiyaPl;bd;
jhf;fq;fis EZf;fkhf guprPyid nra;jy; (Halsey,
1972).
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T (Action Research)
❑nray;epiy Muha;r;rp mZFKiwapd; Nehf;fk; jdpNa
mwpitg; gpwg;gpj;jyd;wp gpuNahfj;jpid Nkk;gLj;jyhFk;
(Elliott, 1991).
❑r%f eilKiwfspy; mgptpUj;jp> Gj;jhf;fk; Nghd;wtw;iw
Vw;gLj;JtNj nray;epiy Ma;tpd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ug;gJld;>
,jd; %yk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopypy; <LgLNthu; jkJ
gzpfisg; gw;wpa $ba tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;
Kbfpd;wJ.
❑Jiw rhu;e;jtu;fs; jkJ thz;ikAld; ,ize;j gy;NtW
gpur;rpidfisAk; ,lu;ghLfisAk; jPu;g;gij my;yJ
,optsthf;Ftij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L jhkhf eilKiwg;
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T (Action Research)
❑gLj;JtJk;> xOq;fikf;fg;gl;lJkhd Muha;r;rp uPjpahd
nrad;Kiw nray;epiy Ma;T MFk;.
❑jkJ njhopy;rhu; eilKiwfisAk; mit Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gLfpd;w r%f R+o;epiyfisAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L mtw;iw
Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;f; hf xU Fwpg;gpl;;l njhopiyr;
nra;Nthu;; Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;w Ragpujpgypg;Gf; nfhz;l
tprhuiz nray;epiy Ma;T / nray;top Ma;T MFk;.
❑nray;epiy Ma;T vd;gJ eilKiw my;yJ cldbg;
gpur;rpidia jPu;f;fg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kjy;epiy Ma;T MFk;.
❑gpur;rpidfis Kjd;ikg;gLj;jp mjidj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd
topKiwfis Nkk;g; Lj;Jtjw;F> xU r%f nraw;ghl;bd;
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T (Action Research)
❑%ykhfNth my;yJ FOf;fshfNth my;yJ jdpeguhfNth
Kw;Nghf;F gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;ff;$ba gpujpgypg;G
nrad;;Kiw %yk; jPu;f;ff;$ba KiwahFk;.
❑,J xU ClhLk; tprhuiz nrad;KiwahFk;.
❑,J juT gFg;gha;Tld; $l;Lr; R+oypy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;
rpf;fy; jPu;f;Fk; nray;fis rkepiyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
❑nray;epiy Ma;T vd;gJ xU tFg;ghrpupau;> jdJ tFg;gpy;>
fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; eilKiwfis cau;j;Jtjw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU KiwahFk;.
❑,J mwptpay; Nghf;fpy; mike;Js;sjhFk;.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T (Action Research)
❑nrayha;T / nray;epiy Ma;T vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd;
Kjypy; cUthf;fpatu; fhl;nytpd;.
❑nray;epiy Ma;it gad;gLj;jp Mrpupau; tFg;gpy;> xU
Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidf;Fupa fhuzq;fisAk;> mij
ePf;Ftjw;fhd rpwe;j topfisAk; fz;Lgpbf;f KbfpwJ.
❑,jdhy;> Mrpupaupd; tFg;Gr; nrad;Kiwfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk;
epfo;fpwJ.
❑,J xU nray; tbtkhd> njspthd tFg;giw tprhuiz
MFk;.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T (Action Research)
❑Mrpupau; jd;idj;jhNd mwpe;J nfhs;SkhW nra;jy;;>
Mrpupau; jd;Dila fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfis mwpe;J
nfhs;SkhW nra;jy; nray;epiy Ma;tpd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
❑nray;epiy Ma;T tFg;giw fw;gpj;jypYs;s rpf;fy;fspd;
mbg;gilapYk;> ghlrhiyr; rpf;fy;fspd; mbg;gilapYk;
mikAk;.
❑nray;epiy Ma;T Ma;Tg; gzpia MrpupaUf;F mspf;fpwJ.
❑,J tFg;giw eilKiwf;F nghUj;jkhf mikfpwJ.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T Kiwapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
❑tFg;giwapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; R+oiy cUthf;Fjy;.
❑MrpupauJk; mjpguJk; Mrpupa MNyhrfuJk;
gzpahw;Wifia mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;.
❑jkJ thz;ikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd ey;y kdg;ghq;Ffis
gq;Fgw;WNthuplj;Nj Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
❑ehshe;jk; tFg;giwapy; Njhd;Wk; ngUk;ghyhd gpur;rpid
fisj; jPu;f;Fk; Mw;wy; jkf;Nf cz;L vd;gijAk; mJ
jkJ nghWg;ghFk; vd;gijAk; gq;Fgw;WNthUf;F
czu;j;Jjy;.
❑fy;tp thz;ikahsuplj;Nj ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; xj;Jiog;G
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T Kiwapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
❑mZFKiwnahd;wpid Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
❑jkJ thz;ik rhu;ghf ehshe;jk; Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfs;
njhlu;ghd czu;it gq;Fgw;WNthuplj;Nj Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
❑Gjpad gpwg;gpj;jy; vDk; mZFKiwapD}lhf gpur;rpid
fis jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F gq;Fgw;WNthiu topg;gLj;Jjy;.
❑cs;sfg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;f my;yJ eilKiwfis
Nkk;gLj;jj; Njitahd ,ilaPLfisj; jpl;lkply;>
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> kPs;ghu;it nra;jy;> kjpg;gply;.
❑,yl;rpathj tpku;rdk;> Ma;T> <LghL vd;gdtw;wpD}lhf
gq;Fgw;WdUf;F tYT+l;ly;.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T Kiwapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
❑gpujpgypj;jy; eilKiwia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
❑[dehafr; rkj;Jtj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
❑Ma;itAk; eilKiwiaAk; ,izj;jy;.
❑xd;wpize;j Ma;it Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;
❑xU FOr; nraw;ghL / xd;wpize;J gzpahw;Wjy;.
❑khw;wk; my;yJ Nkk;ghL Vw;glNtz;ba epiyik
fhzg;gly;.
❑Neubahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjy;.
❑Ma;Tld; njhlu;Gila midtuJk; mDruizAld;
,lk;ngwy;.
❑Ma;tpd; gq;Fgw;Wdu; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; tha;g;G.
❑kdpjr; nray;fspd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; ty;yik.
❑nraw;ghL Rakjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk; jd;ik.
❑ehshe;j eilKiwfspy; ftdk;.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;
❑cs;slf;fk; Fwpg;ghdJ.
❑Ma;thsu;fshfg; gq;Nfw;wy;.
❑eilKiw gw;wpg; gpujpgypj;jy;.
❑,ilaPl;il Vw;gLj;Jgtu;.
❑cz;ikahd gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;T fhzy;.
❑cz;ikahd Njitfisr; re;jpj;jy;.
❑gq;Fgw;Wdiu tYT+l;ly;.
❑,ize;J nrayhw;Wif.
❑mf;fiw cs;stu;fspd; Ma;T.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;
❑xU gpuNahf Ma;T.
❑nghJikg;gLj;jy; epfo;tjpy;iy.
❑Row;rpr; nrad;Kiw.
❑ek;gfj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
❑njhopy; GupgtNu jpl;lkpl;L eilKiwg;gLj;;jy;.
❑jd;id Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpajhff; fhzg;gly;.
❑Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fk; eilKiwf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;Gf;F
topNaw;gly;.
❑[dehafj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;
❑,ilaPLfspd; tpisTfs; fz;fhzpf;fg;gLjy;.
❑gq;Fgw;Wdupd; tYT+l;ly;.
❑gpujpgypj;jy; eilKiw.
❑r%f [dehafKk; rkj;JtKk;.
❑jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhz;L> gpur;rpid jPu;j;jy;.
❑jd;dhjpf;fj; jd;ikAilaJ.
❑R+o;epiy rhu;e;jJ.
❑nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ikAilaJ.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;tpd; Kf;fpa gjq;fs;
❑nraiy Nkk;gLj;jy;.
❑gpujpgypg;G nra;jy;.
❑fz;fhzpg;G nra;jy;.
❑kjpg;gPL nra;jy;.
❑,ilaPL nra;jy;
❑gpur;rpid jPu;j;jy;.
❑tYT+l;ly;.
❑kPsha;T nra;jy;.
❑ nray;epiy ma;T - mwpKiwrhu; gpd;dzp
❑cyfpy; gy;NtW ehLfspy; ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy;
nray;epiy Ma;Tk; (Action Research) nray;topf;
fw;wYk; (Action Learning) fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
❑cld;gpwe;j ,U rNfhjuu;fs; Nghd;w nray;epiy Ma;T>
nray;epiyf; fw;wy; vd;gtw;wpd; Nehf;fk;> fw;ww; R+oiyj;
njhlu;r;rpahf Nkk;gLj;jp> fl;bnaOg;gp mgptpUj;jp
nra;jyhFk;.
❑,e;j ,uz;L vz;zf;fUf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; gpuNahfj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy;
mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gly;> nray;top Ma;tpdJk;
nray;topf; fw;wypdJk; mbg;gilg; gz;GfshFk;.
❑ nray;epiy ma;T - mwpKiwrhu; gpd;dzp
❑nray;epiy Ma;thdJ thz;ik tpUj;jpapy; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;Ak; tpjk; njhlu;ghf khj;jpuNk ,q;F ftdQ;
nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
❑nytpd; 1947 ,y; nray;epiy Ma;T (Action Research)
vDk; ,uz;L gjq;fisAk; mwpKfQ; nra;a Kd;dUk;
mwpKfQ; nra;j gpd;dUk; typAWj;jg;gl;l ,uz;L
mk;rq;fs; cs;sd.
❑mit nray;epiy Ma;Tr; nrad;Kiwapd; mbg;gil
mk;rq;fs;> mt;tbg;gil mk;rq;fs; Ma;T vz;zf;fUTld;
njhlu;GWk; tpjk; MfpadthFk;.
❑ nray;epiy ma;T - mwpKiwrhu; gpd;dzp
❑nytpd; mwpKfQ; nra;j> nray;epiy Ma;T khjpup %yk;
(Levin, 1947) gpw;fhyj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l ntt;NtW
tbtKila khjpupfspd; cUthf;fj;Jf;fhd mbg;gilahf
mike;j Kjd;ikahd mk;rq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
❑mbg;gilahd xU fUj;J Njhd;Wjy; (Idea) tplaq;fisj;
Njbawpjy; (Fact Finding Or Reconnaissance), ntt;NtW
gbKiwfis cs;slf;fpa jpl;lkply; (Planning with
Different Steps), eilKiwg;gLj;jy; (Execution of
Action), NgWfis Nehf;fy; (Reconnaissance of Results)
Mfpa tplaq;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; tpUj;jpaile;J eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;gl;l nray;epiy Ma;TfspYk; $l rpy jPu;TfSld;
❑ nray;epiy ma;T - mwpKiwrhu; gpd;dzp
❑(Modification) ,lk;ngw;wd.
❑v];nfb];> kf;ufhl; (1999)> N[hd; vypal; (1991)
MfpNahuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l nray;epiy Ma;T khjpupfs;
,jw;fhd ,uz;L cjhuzq;fshFk;.
❑,jw;fika nray;epiy Ma;nthd;wpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
NghJ mjd; khjpupAk;> eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; NfhyKk;
vt;thwhdjhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mjpy; mlq;Fk; mbg;gil
ahd mk;rq;fs; jpl;ltl;lkhditahFk;.
❑nytpd; Kd;itj;Js;s> “ngWNgWfis Nehf;fy;” vDk;
mbg;gilahd mk;rj;jpd; nghUs;> Kjd;ikahd fUj;J>
❑ nray;epiy ma;T - mwpKiwrhu; gpd;dzp
❑mjhtJ gpur;rpid gw;wpa tplaq;fisj; Njbawpe;J
mjidj; jPu;g;gjw;F jkJ FiwghLfis ,dq;fz;L
jpl;lj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Mtdnra;jYk;> mjw;fika
Gjpa fw;wiyg; ngWjYk; MFk;.
❑gpw;fhyj;jpy; Mo;rpe;jid ntspg;ghL (Reflection -
gpujpgypg;G) vd miof;fg;gl;L tUk; vz;zf;fUTk;
,JNtahFk;.
❑Nltpl; ];nfhd; (David Schoen) Mo;rpe;jid ntspg;ghl;Lg;
gpuNahfk; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUit xU jdpj;Jtkhd
vz;zf;fUthf tpUj;jp nra;Js;shu;.
❑ nray;epiy ma;T - mwpKiwrhu; gpd;dzp
❑,jw;fika Mo;rpe;jid ntspg;ghl;Lg; gpuNahfk; vd;gJ
nray;epiy Ma;tpd; Xu; mbg;gil mk;rkhff; fUjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
❑NkYk; tpupthd> jdpahdJkhd xU vz;zf;fUthfTk;
fUjyhk;.
❑nray;epiy Ma;tpy; <LgLk; thz;ikahsu; xUtu;
Mo;rpe;jid ntspg;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. vdpDk;
Mo;rpe;jid ntspg;ghl;Lg; gpuNahfj;jpy; <LgLk;
thz;ikahsu; xUtu;> nray;epiy Ma;tpy; <LgLtjpy;iy.
❑Ma;T vz;zf;fUTld; njhlu;GWk; tpjk;
❑eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; gpuNjrj;jpd; epiyikfSf;Fk;
vjpu;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdthW ,irtiljy;
gz;G nray;top Ma;tpd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
❑nray;top Ma;tpd;NghJ gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;T fz;lhu;fs;.
❑,jw;fika Ma;T khjpupahdJ mNj tbtpy; ,Wf;fkhfg;
gpd;gw;wg;gLtjpy;iy.
❑khwhf mjid eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; thz;ikahsupd;
Fwpf;NfhisAk; thz;ik tfpghfj;ijAk; Mw;Wk; tifapy;
Ma;tpd; Nfhl;ghLfs; nefpo;r;rpAld; ,irTgLj;jpf;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
❑Ma;T vz;zf;fUTld; njhlu;GWk; tpjk;
❑nray;top Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;> thz;ikahsupd; gpuNahfj;ij
Nkk;gLj;JtNjad;wp> Ma;Tfisg; Nghd;W ,Wf;fkhd
Muha;r;rpr; rl;lfnkhd;wpd; %yk; mwpKiwfisf;
fl;bnaOg;GtNjh mtw;iwr; guPl;rpg;gNjh my;y vd;gNj
mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
❑gpuNahfj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nefpo;r;rpahd tifapy;
gad;gLj;jy; vd;gJ nray;epiy Ma;tpd; Xu; ,ay;ghFk;.
❑gpuNahff; nfhs;iff;Nf (Theory of Practitioners)
nrOikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gpugy;ag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; nray;epiy
Maitg; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gNj ,q;F tpNrlkhff;
ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba tplakhFk;.
❑Ma;T vz;zf;fUTld; njhlu;GWk; tpjk;
❑cjhuzkhf %d;whk; ju "Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;'
ghlk; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilahd tplaq;fs; Njrpa fy;tp
epWtfj;jpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G
topfhl;bapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
❑mJ ,d;iwa Muk;gf;fy;tp njhlu;ghd xl;Lnkhj;jf;
nfhs;ifiag; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; Xu; mwpTWj;jw;
NfhitahFk;.
❑vdpDk;> Fwpj;j mg;ghlj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nfhOk;G
kj;jpa fy;Y}up MrpupiaAk;> jpUNfhzkiy kfh
tpj;jpahya MrpupaUk; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;> nrhw;
fsQ;rpak;> nraw;ghLfs;> mg;ghlq;fspuz;Lk; eilKiwg;
❑Ma;T vz;zf;fUTld; njhlu;GWk; tpjk;
❑gLj;jg;gLk; Rw;whly; epiyikfs; Mfpad rkkhf ,Uf;f
khl;lhJ.
❑vdNt nfhOk;G kj;jpa fy;Y}up tFg;giw gpuNahfj;jpd;
mbg;gilapYk;> jpUNfhzkiy kfh tpj;jpahy tFg;giwg;
gpuNahfj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk; me;je;j MrpupiafSf;Nf
cupj;jhd ,uz;L ghzpfs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk;.
❑mg;ghzpfs; Fwpj;j ghlrhiyf;Nf cupa gpuNahff;
nfhs;ifahf mikAk;.
❑mg;ghzpfs; vit vd;gij ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf mt;tpU
MrpupiafsJk; tFg;giwg; gpuNahfk; njhlu;ghd
nray;epiy Ma;T mwpf;iffisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
❑Ma;T vz;zf;fUTld; njhlu;GWk; tpjk;
❑mjw;fika me;je;j Mrpupaupd; thz;ik tpUj;jpf;fhf>
ghlrhiy R+oiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;sj;
jf;f vjpu;fhy eltbf;iffisAk; me;je;jg; ghlrhiyf;F
Fwpg;ghd tifapy; jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
❑nray;epiy Ma;T KiwapayhdJ Mrpupauplj;Nj
cs;shu;e;j KiwahfNt ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. khwhf mJ
xU Nkyjpf nrad;Kiwahf mikjyhfhJ.
❑nray;epiy Ma;T fhuzkhf Mrpupau; kPJ Nkyjpf Rik
Vw;wg;gLtjpy;iy. mJ MrpupauJ milTkl;lk;
tpUj;jpaila VJthFk;.
❑nray;epiy Ma;T Kiw %yk; jk;ikAk; tFg;giw
nrad;KiwfisAk; Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s topgpwf;Fk;.
❑nray;epiy Ma;Tf;fhf jkJ fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy;
nrad;Kiwapd; eilKiwahd cz;ik epiyia Vw;Wf;
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
❑nfhs;gtuhf ,Uj;jy;. (mwpahik ntw;wpaspf;f khl;lhJ
NghyNt mJ VidNahuplkpUe;J kiwf;f Ntz;baJkhFk;)
❑nray;epiy Ma;T %yk; VidNahUf;Ff; fhl;Ltjw;fhfNth>
jkJ ntw;wpia vl;Ltjw;fhfNth re;ju;g;gj;ij cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
❑ehk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfisNah Njhy;tpfisNah
VidNahUf;F xg;gilg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf khw;W toptif
fspD}lhf mtw;iwj; jPu;f;f eltbf;if vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
❑jkJ Njhy;tpfs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Vw;gl ,lkspg;gijj;
jtpu;j;J Mo;rpe;jid ntspg;ghl;Lr; (gpujpgypg;G) nrad;Kiw
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
❑%yk; mtw;iwj; jPu;f;f Mtd nra;ayhk;.
❑gpur;rpid vjpu;Nehf;fg;gLk;NghJ mJ njhlu;ghf
milaj;jf;f kl;lj;ij vl;lj;jf;f epiy cUthFk;.
❑jkJ gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf VidNahUld;
xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;;. mg;NghJ VidNahupd;
xj;Jiog;igg; ngWtjw;fhd ngUkdJld; ele;Jnfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; (cjhuzk;)
❑VidNahUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;Fk; elj;ijiaf; nfhz;l
xU gps;isia me;epiyikapypUe;J kPl;nlLg;gJ vt;thW?
❑VidNahUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;Fk; elj;ijiaf; nfhz;l
gps;is vdJ jiyaPL fhuzkhf me;epiyikapypUe;J
kPz;lJ.
❑VidNahUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;Fk; elj;ijiaf; nfhz;l
gps;isia me;epiyikapypUe;J kPl;nlLg;gjw;fhf ehd;
nra;aj;jf;fit gythFk;.
❑VidNahUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;Fk; elj;ijiaf; nfhz;l
gps;isia me;epiyikapypUe;J kPl;nlLg;gjw;fhf ehDk;
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; (cjhuzk;)
❑khw;wkiljy; Ntz;Lk;.
❑VidNahUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;Fk; elj;ijiaf; nfhz;l
gps;isfis khw;wKbahJ vDk; fUj;ij ehd; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;s khl;Nld;.
❑VidNahUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;Fk; elj;ijiaf; nfhz;l
gps;isfis ,dpAk; Ntwhf;fp itf;fNtz;ba Njit
vdf;F fpilahJ.
❑jiyapLk; tpjk; njhlu;ghf ehd; czu;T ngWtjd; %yk;>
VidNahUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;Fk; elj;ijiaf; nfhz;l
gps;isfis me;epiyikapypUe;J kPl;nlLf;fyhk;.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; (cjhuzk;)
❑ehd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpia ,iltplhJ Kd;ndLg;gjd;
%yk;> VidNahUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;Fk; elj;ijiaf;
nfhz;l gps;isfis me;epiyikapypUe;J kPl;nlLf;fyhk;.
❑VidNahUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;Fk; elj;ijiaf; nfhz;l
gps;isfis me;epiyikapypUe;J kPl;nlLg;gJ vd;gJ
tfpghfj;jpd; Xu; mk;rkhFk;.
❑VidNahUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;Fk; elj;ijiaf; nfhz;l
gps;isfis me;epiyikapypUe;J kPl;nlLf;ff; fpilj;jik
ehd; mile;j xU ntw;wpahFk;.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;T njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; (cjhuzk;)
❑VidNahUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;Fk; elj;ijiaf; nfhz;l
gps;isfis me;epiyikapypUe;J kPl;nlLg;gjw;fhf ehd;
Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; ntw;wpaspj;jik ehd; <l;ba
xU rhjidahFk;.
❑VidNahUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;Fk; elj;ijiaf; nfhz;l
gps;isfis me;epiyikapypUe;J kPl;nlLf;f vdJ
vspikahd jiyaPL VJthfpaJ.
❑ jukhd jiyg;nghd;iwj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd
epajpfs;
❑thrpg;gtuplj;Nj kdg;ghq;F khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jj;jf;f
tifapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
❑Ma;T njhlu;ghd RUf;fkhd fUj;J cUthfj;jf;f
tifapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
❑jdJ jiyaPL ntspf;fhl;lg;gLk; tifapy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
❑ jukhd mwpKfj;ijj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd epajpfs;
❑gpur;rpid rpwg;ghf ,dq;fhzg;gl;bUj;jy;.
❑gpur;rpid rpwg;ghff; fhl;lg;gl;bUj;jy;.
❑gpur;rpidapd; gpd;dzpiaf; fz;lwptjw;fhf tplaq;fs;
Njbawpag;gl;bUj;jy;.
❑gpur;rpid njupTf;Fupa epahapg;gpd; jFjp.
❑gpur;rpidapy; jiyapLk; Mw;wy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;.
❑gpur;rpidapy; jiyapLtjw;Fupa cld;ghlhd njhopy;rhu;
kdg;ghq;F ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;bUj;jy;.
❑gpur;rpidapy; jiyapLtjhy; ngWNgw;iwg; ngwyhk;.
❑ jukhd mwpKfj;ijj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd epajpfs;
❑gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;gjw;fhf Gjpa mZFKiw
nahd;wpd; Njit Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUj;jy;.
❑ Ma;T Nkw;;nfhs;tijj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd
epajpfs;
❑nghUj;jkhd Kd; fUJNfhs;fis vl;ba tpjk;.
❑fUJNfhs;fisf; nfhz;L nrad;Kiwiaj; Jzpe;j tpjk;.
❑gbKiw gbKiwahf nrad;Kiwnahd;wpid elj;jpr;
nry;yy;.
❑mr;nrad;Kiwapd; Mo;rpe;jid ntspg;ghL (gpujpgypg;G) kPJ
mLj;j gbKiwfisj; ju;f;fuPjpapy; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
❑nray;uPjpapy; capu;j;juTfisr; Nrfupj;j tpjk;.
❑nray;uPjpapy; capu;j;juTfisg; gad;gLj;jpa tpjk;.
❑juTfspd; %yk; ngWNgWfisg; ngw;w tpjk;.
❑ Ma;T Nkw;;nfhs;tijj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd
epajpfs;
❑nghUj;jkhd jPu;Tfis mDkhdpj;jy; / fUJNfhs;fis
mikj;jy;.
❑fUJNfhs; / mDkhdq;fspD}lhf nghUj;jkhd
nrad;Kiwnahd;wpidj; Jzpjy;.
❑mr;nrad;Kiwapd; gbKiwfisf; Fwpg;ghf ,dq;fhzYk;
elj;jpr; nry;yYk;.
❑fhyr; rl;lfnkhd;wpd;gb nraw;gly;.
❑gbKiwfspd;NghJ jpl;lkpl;lthW jiyapLjy;.
❑jFjpahd jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;.
❑ Ma;T Nkw;;nfhs;tijj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd
epajpfs;
❑jfty; Nrfupg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapay;fisj;
njupTnra;J nfhs;sy;.
❑mj;jfty;fisf; nfhz;L Mo;rpe;jidia ntspg;gLj;jy;
(gpujpgypj;jy;).
❑mjw;fika ju;f;fpg;Gfis Kd;itj;jy;.
❑mt;thwhf xt;nthU gbKiwiaAk; gpujpgypg;Gr; nra;J
njhlu;e;Jk; nraw;gLjy;.
❑jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J Kd;itj;jy;.
❑ jukhd KbTfSf;F vOjYk; Gj;jwpit
cUthf;FjiyAk; njupTnra;tjw;fhd epajpfs;
❑KbntLj;jy;
❑KbTfspd; jFjp
❑KbTfspd; ju;f;fuPjpahd jd;ik
❑Gj;jwpT Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;
❑Gj;jwpit VidNahUld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sj;jf;f jd;ik
❑ nray;epiy Ma;tpy; <LgLtjd; ed;ikfs;
❑Gjpa Nghf;Ffspy; cl;gLj;jg;gly;.
❑gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd Ml;fspd; Nehf;if
Mo;rpe;jidahf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
❑njhopy;rhu; mgptpUj;jp Vw;gly;.
❑cstop newpg;gLj;JNthUld; nraw;gl;l mDgtq;fs;
fpilj;jy;.
❑ntw;wpfukhd mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jeu;fshf Kbjy;.
❑njhopy;rhu; xj;Jiog;G fpilj;jy;.
❑nghWg;Gfs; tfpg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jy;.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;tpy; <LgLtjd; ed;ikfs;
❑tfpghfq;fis gug;gpf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
❑jlq;fyw;w mZFKiwnahd;wpid gpuNahfk; nra;jy;.
❑Njrpa gzpf;fhf gq;fspg;G nra;jy;.
❑Mrpupaj; njhopypd; gpuNahf vOr;rpf;F topfhl;Lk; kw;Wk;
tYT+l;Lk;.
❑Mrpupaiu gapw;Wtpf;Fk;.
❑fy;tpj; Jiwapy; nrayhw;Wk; gy;NtW juq;fspy;
cs;NshuhYk; eilKiwg;gLj;j KbAk;.
❑Mrpupau; xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s mwpit mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;wik.
❑ nray;epiy Ma;tpy; <LgLtjd; ed;ikfs;
❑ez;gu; tl;lhuj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gk;.
❑,ij ghlrhiy ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;j ,aYk;;.
❑,J gy Gjpa KiwfisAk;> gy GJikahd
ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk;> nray;fisAk; mspf;fpwJ.
❑,J Mrpupaiu cldbahf> epfo;fhy> Fwpg;gpl;l
gpur;rpidapy; Neubahf gq;Fngw itf;fpd;wJ.
❑,J Mrpupaupd; Ma;Tf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfis fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nrad;Kiwapy; MrpupaNu gad;gLj;j top nra;fpwJ.
❑ghlrhiy mbg;gilapyhd ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk; Kd;Ndw;wk;
nra;a ,aYk;.
ed;wp