Tap chi Nghién ciru Lich sit. 86 120 (Thang 3/1969) NUOC VAN-LANG QUA TAI LIEU NGON NG RONG vige tim hidu lich sir cic dan toc & thai ky chira c6 chir viét, nganh ngdn ngir hoc Gi cung eip duge nbigu sit liga quy bau, Nhidu dan toe cB dai qua di hu nb Khong a lai dau vat gi ngoai mot vai tir cdn s6t lal trong dja danh ngiy sau ma dya vio 46 cic nha nghién ctu méi bist a ajt vin 2 dyng I9i lich sit céta hg. Tac phim « Phirong ng Pho-réng» cia Ang-ghen — mot b6 phan cilia cong trinh lon nghién citu « V8 lich sit ngudi Giée-manh cB dai i—la mot miu myc ve phuong php khai thée sir ligu trong ng6n ngit. Ang-ghen 4% ding nhitng logi tai ligu nhir tidog dja phitong, dja danh a& vé lal bin a3 phan bé cic b6 Iaz Giée-manh thoi ed vol nhithg bién gigi timg thay ddi ohiéu inv nhitng dgt di dan va nbing cuge chién tranh. Lich sir dan tc ta c6 cd mot glal dogn dai cdn nim trong truyén thuyét, Bd 1 gial dogn nwo VEn-lang cia Hing’ virong, Giai dogn Ijch st 4y cé hay khong? Nuc Vin-lang nm & dau? quan hé voi nhitng t¢c ‘Theo truyén thuyét H3ng Bang duge ghi lal trong Linh nam chich quai vA & cic bd sit cil cha lank Bai Viét sit kj todn thir etia Ngo Si Lidn va cae sit quan d¢i Lé, Vigl siz thong giam cong myc cia Quéc sit quin trita Nguyén... {hl née Vin-lang cia Hing vwong “déng giip Nam-hii, tay toi Ba-thye, Bic tol BOng- dinb hd, Nam téi née Hd-t6n (nay 1a Chlém- thinh)®, Nhw thé nuée VEn-lang c6 mt Hoh thd rit rong chay dai tir mi&n Trung Trung- bQ nue ta dén tan sng Durong-tir, Nhwng kh KB tén cdc “bo” hop thanh nude -VEo-lang, cdc tac gli ch ra mt viing hep hon, bao gdm mt phi tinh Quang-tay, BAc-b9 va Bac Trung- HOANG THI-CHAU nguei khic nhir thé nao? Thd ché chinh tr}, xi hOt trong nuée Vin-lang ra lam sao? Ngudi Vin-lang sinh séng thé nao, theo nhitng phong tyc tap quan gl? Vé nhitng cau hdi nay ching ta mét chi duge truyén thuyét tra lai, va do dé chiing ta gol giai dogn Ijch sit nay 18 giai dogn truyén thuyét. DA dén hie gial dogn truyén thuyét nay cin Auge xée minh d8 né tr thanh mgt thoi ky lich si bing nhi¢ng chitng vat co thyc ma nganh kao cd hgc cé thd cung cap, bing nhikng ctr ligu chinh xa cia cic nganh dan tde hoc, nhfn chiing hoe, ngOn ngit hoe, v.v... Dirdi day ching t6i xin din mét vai tai ligu ngOn ngit nh dja danh, tgc dank, tiény dja phwong, thd ngit, phan tich tir ng& cd trong truy8n thuyét... dB gép phin tim bitu nurse Vn-lang cia che vua Hing. Qua day, ching 101 mudn xét xem v} tri moc Vin-lang & dau trén dja ban Béng Nam A va thé tim kiém mot val nét v8 13 chite xf Ol cia ngwot Vin lang that biy gla. bd mre ta ngay nay. Ngoal ra, mot sd sich nhu Lich triéu hién chong logi chi Ii ghi «chau Phong la mre Vin-lang doi xtra» (1) ttc la ving ma truy8n thuyét Hng Bang got 1) BO Vitn-lang », noi Hang viong déng a0 va do 46 A&t tén nude IX Vin-lang. Nbw thé, nude Vin-lang cbn c6 mOt ctrong vue thir ba chi thu hop trong phgm vi cée tinh Vinh-phu, ().Phan Huy Cha — Lich tritu hién chong logi chi. Dir dja chi, Nb& xuat bin Sé hoc, Ha- nol 1960, tr, 24, Xem them Théng didn q. 184, ~37—mt phin tinh Tuyén-qiang vi Hi. ngi_ngiy nay. Ba ctrong wire ciia nuréc Van-lang tuy khong @dng nb’t voi nhau nhieng vin: 1) Yng vio vio khoing gitta hai con song lon: song Duong-tir va Mé-kOng;2) va hon nifa, cfing 2 DE nghlén ciru a8 tai cla chung ta logi tai Ngu di cung cp durge nhidu sit ign quy bau va ding tin cdy 1A dja danh (bao gdm tén song nui, tén nhiing noi cw tru). So di duge nh thé 1k vi dja danh, mgt_mijt mang ngén ngte cia nhitng dan toc cy th’, mit khac gin chit voi dja phirong mi dan toe dy dR & qua.Cho nén co th noi dioe dia danh la nhitng tir ngit, nbitng miu ngon ngi cia mgttée ngwet nbit djnh da duce tac vio song, nul, & nbi¢ng noi ndo ho 48 titng cw tri. Trong dja danh ¢6 ba yéu t6 gin vio nhau Ja ngOn ngit, x@ hol va @ja ly..Nho 6 yéu t6 dia ly, dia danh bam mfi vio dit ma song, c6-dinh & diy, dit la nhitng chi nhfn cf ai bd di not khic va nhitng lop nguoi méi.di dén thay thé, di trén minh dt a6 ngOn ngit va xi hoi cling 4 nbidu ln thay ad, Logi dja danh 6 ngudn géc xa xia hon c& Ja tén song nuée (hydronyme—thily danh,nghia 1a tén cae dong sOng, sudt, hd, dm, lang...) va nit 1a tén nhifng’con sOng lon. Didu nay eting 8 hidu vi sOng ntrGe li nhu chu thiét yéu eta Goi sing con ngwdi, cho nén tén song nwroc 6 ngay tir rét som, kbi lang mge xtr sé chua durge phin djnh. Va do 46, ching d% 6 truée tén xi, thon, tén dat née. Ngoat ra cling c6 th® ding nhitng tai ligu ngit ngon khic rut ra tir vige nghién cru nhitng tir phin anh cai khung canh dja ly ma ngOn ngi do d% duoc hinh thanh nén. Logi thi ligu sau, chuing toi sé trinh bay trong mot dip khac. Trong bai nay, chung tdi chi gidt thigu tai Héu dja danh ma thoi. Nhung khi sit dyng tai iéu dja danh a2 tim al ving dat eft ciia cic vua Hing, chung ta Khong th’ khong xét xem tinh chit chinh xe cia ching dén dau. Uu aim cita dja danh ching to! a8 ban qua. O day ching t6i mudn néu lén mOt cach tom tat nhitng nhirye ditm cia ching. Nhirge dim dau tén va efing Ja ahttge digm oo ban cia dja danh 1a ching khong 6 nién gi that chink xéc, cho nén dl kbi cng kho diing 43 gi8l thich nhiing hign trgng lich six. + eda nhitng lop dan cw cd, hon nita Iai phi du ify tam gise chdu Bic-bd Iam tring tani. Chi ra duge vi tri nuée ta thei cd, tuy khong duge 75 rang, nbit tri 1am, co 18 trayén thuyét va cic hoc gia xwa a4 diya vio nhiing ngudn tai liga khie nhau ma nay khong con nita, Do dé ching ta cin phil x4e minh thém, VE mit ndy, dja danh efing gidng nhwr nhi¢ng tai ligu dan tge hee. Hal 1a, dia danh tuy ¢6 kha ning phan anh duge sy phan bé Anh @irge mgt dic trung rét co bin cha te ngwrai, 1a diic trang ngén ngi. Nhung sir phin finh nay di eé qui gid dén mie nao ching nia ciing chi rt so Inge, chit cha ni lén duge rd rang v8 qua trinh phan bé dan cw. dé. Vi thé cho nén trong mét ving dat thiy 6 nbigu dia danh thuge ngén ngit cia mot tc ngwoi nbét dinh, ching ta cfing edn phat Khio sit kf InGng, so sinh voi nhigu Jogi tai ligu khac nbaw moi 6 thé cho ring: minh dit nay xia nay von Ia dja ban ew trad gde (co biin) cita te ngwoi dd. RO rang 1& trong trudng hp nay nhifng tal ligu khdo cd ching minh che chin tinh lién tye cia nhitng ndn vin hoa vat chat phan bé trong pham vi ving @it co nbitng dia danh ndi trén 1a rt cin thiét @@ nghién citu kém voi nhikng chttng c& dia danb hoc. Cé lim mht vay ehting ta mét {ran khdi tinh trang Lim Lin thadng xdy ra. +Do la trong hep mot dan téc dén chiém & mot viing dit hoang. Khi ho (6i & thi dan toc trade & G6 di rei di di, hoe 18 trwong bop ho dén & sau khi di @inh dudi hoan toan nhiing dan cw & @6 trie. Trong ci hal trong hgp dan tée aén & sau phil dit ra mot hé thong dja danh cia minh. Con c6 mot trong hop nita Ia ngwot dén sau & lin voi toc ngwat song & 6 tir trurdc, hé thong dia danh cia toe nguoi & trie khong bl thay ddi holie chi thay doi ft ohigu, Trong tinh hinh abu thé cling cin c6 thém tai ligu vé ngOn ngit lich sit a8 thamkhio, 461 chiéu. Nuée ta c6 nbi’u song 1én nbd chay qua Hal con s6ng lon & Bong A va Bong Nam A Ja sOng Dwong-tir va sOng Mé-kong cach ching ta khong xa lim. Do dé tén nhitng con song nay sé 1A nhitng cai méc ve lich sit va dja ly ehip ta xie @jnh mgt cach khél quit vj tri nwée Van-lang thoi cd. Dwong-t# giang hay la Trung glang 1a nhitng tén dang Iu hanh ngay nay. Tén cB cha con song nay Ja Giang (chép trong Si kié hit I trrée C.N). ong Trirdng-giang Giang-thay. Dei sau tba Te m& Thien, thé k Sach Tt hdi cho biét thet cd gol la Giang hay mél dang chit Giang a8 gyi nhitng con song, Jon va ly chit Truong-giang hole Dai-giang 8 gol tén s6ng By”, Ti Giang dge theo Am Man c8 1a (kong). Ciich phat am nay hign con urge itt Iai trong céc tiéng dja phwong Quing-dong va Thiong-hai, Hon nita, xét theo ty dang, ti Glang Ist ding chit Cong kong (trong ti cOng nh&n) dé phién am. Tén sOng Mé-kOng cling c nbiductch gol khae nhau tiy theo linh thd no chiy qua. Ta gol 1a Gitu-long, Lao goi la Nam-khong, & Chm-pu-chia gol la Mé-kong. Trung-quéc oi Ia Khung-giang, Bin than nhieng tén Cirw- long, Nam-khong, Mé-kong, Khung-glang 1a ashing dang trong ty ve mit ogir-Om, do tir mt tén géc 1a KONG. Danh tir chung a8 goi con song & nhitu ngOn ngit Dong Nam A hign nay ciing cd géc hur thé: Vigt gol las song In-@0-né-xl-a + sungai Dao: tim song Muong (tay theo dia plurong): s60ng, Khddng, klddng, khloong Quang dong Koong Mign-dién KhyOn Tay-tang (cd aién) Klung Sich (Quang: binh) Khloong Cham Kraung Che ngOn ngit Tay-nguyén (tay theo dan t0c): Kroong, kr66ng, kraung, kroang. Ngodl viée hai con song lon Dwong-tir va Ciu-long c6 tén gidng nhau, va bit ngudn tir dt danh lr chung chi sOng ima hién nay vin cn tim thay & nhiéu ngOn ngit Dong Nam A dol nhieng binh thai ng am gin gi nhau, nhitng tén sOng khac n&m trong khu vic hai con sOng nay cng 6 ngudn géc Luong tye. Néu chung ta nhin van 48 theo théng ké hoc thi sé thay cite @ja danh & phia Nam song Durong-té, k& ca tén sOng ngdi va tinh, huygn & Trung- quéc c6 ty 56 tén voi tir «giang rat cao, tral Ig & mi&n Hoa Bac, tf s6 nay gidm hin ma tén co chit «ha» Igi ting lén. O ta cé nhitu dja danh, nhidu tén séng ait voi yéu 16 : long (hoe nhitng dang trong ty: lang, Iwong...) mA trong mOt bai ding trong Théng béo khoa Age nfm 1964 (1) ti 44 chitng minh la xuat phat tir mOt danh tir chung chi sOngtrongtiéng Viét 0:18 kloong hoje khloong. Tr cd nay ah dd lal diu ¥4t trong chit ném cia ta: ding chit «long» cia tiéng Hin d& phién am tir “séng ». Nhiing tén song & Tay-nguyén, Nam Trung- b@ va tén nhiing ngon ngudn & doc Triréng- son khéng khic lim so voi danh tir chung, nén a€ nhgn rahon, nh: song Ba-ring & Phi-yén 6 nguén Ja Dic-krOng (Dac 1a née, krong 1a sng). Virot qui sdng Mé-kOng yé phia Tay, ching ta cdn giip ning sOng c6 tén tong ty nhtr song Mé-kléng & Thai-lan chiy ra vinh Théi-lan ching han. Nhi&u tén sOng trén thé gigi c6 ngudn gée rit c3. Ning khong phai 1A tén nhitng con ing fy d&u cd thd gidi thich bing ngon ng cba nhitng dan t6e hign dang séng & diy. Ching han nhitng con sng lon a8 vio Hac-hai hign nay nhtrsdng Bong, Bo-ni-ép Ba-nuyp di qua Hinh thd cia nhitng din tgc n6i ting ‘Xla-vo nhu : Nga, U-co-ra-in, Bun-ga-ri. Ngodi ra song Ba-nuyp cdn qua nhitng niéc khic nhw: Bite, Ao, Hung... Nhung tén nhiing con sOngnay khong th gli thieh dirge bang tir ving tiéng Xla-vo ed hay tiéng Giée-manh cd, béi vi n6 bat ngudn tir mot danh tir chung co ngbia la asdng”, “ nurée” trong tiéng Xit (Scythe) cd thuge nhém ngon ngit I-ring. Nhitng tén sng fy i mich cho ching ta biét rang day la not & ci cia ngwoi Xit (Scythe) vA ngwoi XIa-vo 1a nbitng ngudi dén sau. Trai Igl sy d3ng nbdt gitta tén nhieng con song chy qua Dong Nam A voi danh tir chung chi song trong ngOn ngit clia che dan toc hign dang sng & Gay, ching minh ring ng6n ngit & day da duge phat tritn lién tye, ring & day khong xay ra viée thay thé nhttng ngOn ngir nhwr trirong bgp néu trén, Hon nite, nbiéu tén sOng & Bong Nam A cd ngudn ge ngOn ngit chung nhu ta vira thiy, nhat 1a hién tirgng hai con séng lon (Durong- tit va Ciru-long) 6 téncd giéng nhau cho phép chung ta nghf dén mot thot ky ma ohitng nhom ngwdi sdng rai rée trén mign d&t Dong Nam A bao la con nét nhikng thd ngit gin gil nhau, trong dé c6 ci td Uén nguéi Vist. Nhung day cdn 1a mot thoi ky ma cde dan to chia phn héa rG rét, nhitng dan toc cu the val nhitng tén gol va nhi¢ng Qc trung nbidu mit khie nhaw, chua hinh thanh r6 nét. Voy, tén nhikng con sOng lon 6 Dong Nam A aii giip () Théng béo khoa hoe, Vin hocmNgdn ngit, 1964— 1965. Truong dei hoe Témy hop, tr, 94— 106 ~39—Ghing ta hinh dung dige phn ndo dja ban sinh sng vA nén ting ngOn ngit cia nhitng dan the ké tye phat trin trén a6. Nhung trén cai nén bao quat ay, ta ngtroi Viet & dau? Dau 1 noi td tién ching ta dygng lang lap nee, TOC DANH VAN-LANG Néu khOng ke nhitng tén do ngudi nwse ngoai it va goi ta theo ¥ mudn vi bing ngon ngi efia ho nbu tén An-nam ching han thi tén nirée cia chiing ta vio nbieng thot ky dde lip 14 Bal-cd Viét, Dal Viel, Vidl-nam... Triée db nita, & thoi dyng nirde, ta ty goi Ta ntroe Van-lang rdi Au-lge, Tén Vigl khOng chi riéng dan t6c ta cd, nhigu dan te khde & mién Hoa Nam du xung la Vigt. Tho sir sich Trung-quée thi min dit phia Nam s6ng Duong-tir ngty xwa co nhiéu nhém ngwoi Vigt &, goi chung 1 Bich Viet. Vé tge danh nay tit nhién con cin bin nhitu hon nite, trong bai may ching tdi ban thing én tén née ta dwréi thoi Hing virong. Theo truyén thuyét vi nhitng sich sit chép Jai th Hing vwrong sau kbi hung khdi & bd Vin-lang, thu phye dirge cic bd khée xung quanh, gdm ei thay 15 b@ (con s6 truyén thuyét) thanh mOt noe vi dit tén Ia ntrGe Van-lang, Tén nue Vin-lang 3 duge nhigu hoc gid gidithiely khéc nhau. CO thuyét nol Vin-lang Ia nurge cia nhitng quan lang xm minb, « vin» do tir €viin than» tiéng Han c6 nghia 1a ve mio, va clang? 18 dy té «quan Jang? trong ting Muéng. H Mat-xpé-rd, trong bai «Niece Vén-lang®, cho ring tén Vin-lang 1a do cie sit gla dai Dudng 3 doc nhiim, ehép nhim tir tén Dg-lang (ndt nurée & phia nam hd BOng- inh), rdi cae sir gia ngwoi Viét efing theo dé ma Tim (1). R. Stal tie gid cudn “Nede Lém-dpo cling viét G0i dong vé tén Van-lang. Ong xép tén Van-lang vio trong mt hé théng te danh va dia danh c6 yéu té clang” nhwr ngwai Bach- Jang (& Ti-xuyén), ngwot Vigt-lang (& Quang- Gong), nguroi Da-lang (6 Quang-tay), Mo-ran, Mo-ron, Mo-ndng, Tehang-lang; Khang-lang... va G6 chiéu yéu 10 lang trong danh ti riéng ‘Yo nhieng danh tir chung chi ao, hd, lang, @im & che dja phiong trén, va c6 ¥ muén glil thich tc danh Vin-lang ring nhitng tir nay (2), Chiing 61 thy phirong php 1am vige cia RStai trong khi nghién ciru vin d@ nay co cc sé hon so vol phirong phip cia cic the gli kbae, Vi no phit hop vol phiung phap ngon dit n&n méng din tién ché mot din t6e ed trny@n thong vé vang ngay nay? MuGn tri lot cu hdi trén, chting ta phil Rin liegt xét dén nhitng loat dia danh gaa gi vot ching ta hon nhu la tén nuroe tén Ling. ngit hoe, Tén Van-lang khdng aitng mgt minh mA nim trong mot hg thong te danh 6 yéu t6 chung 1a “lang”. O Dong Nam A (cing nh & nbiéu noi khie trén thé gidi) ching ta 6 thé tim thay nhidu hé thong toc danh Fidu nay. Ching han hé théng tc danh co yéu t6 pu, phu : Pha-zai 1 tén ngwoi Lao ty xteng, Phu theng: tén mgt dan tée thuge hé ngdn ngi Thi ma pgwol ta edn gol 1a Mirong Cita Rao, Pu ¥ (B6 y) 1a tén_ngwroi Choang tay xtrng. & cac huyén Long-an, Dign-lam, ng thuge Quang-tay. Pu-thu (B6-thd): én gol ngirol Choang & huyén Bién-duong, Bich-she, & Bo-an, Pite-bio, Binh-qui, ngwoi Choang ein ty xung la Pa Ning, Pu Trang 1a tén gol eda nhém ngwoi Choang & cdc huygn Tuyén- son, Ligu-thanh, Ligu-giang, Vinh-phiic, Quy- huyén, Mi-son, Thurgng-lam (Quang tay), Hg thdng tOc danh Mn, Mol, Moi 1a tén uy xung cia nhiéu dan toc thuge nhom ngOn ngit Mon — Kho-me sinh sOng doe Truong-son va Til rie & vai noi trén dit Mién-dién. H@ théng toc danh That, Xai, Bay, Tay... chiing ta giip & nhitng dan tgc thuge nhom ngOdi ngit Thal. Thai Ja tén ngwol Thil-lan ty gol minb, trong vin bin cia RAMA-KAMHENG (1296) t6c danh nay duge chép la Day. Phu-xai Ja tén ngwol Lao lr xung. Ngwol Tay song & Bic-bd Vigt-nam, Nguoi Diay hay Bi-ai & Quy chau, Ngoii ra con cé th? k@ hang chye toc danh cia cée nhém dan toc thi8u sd sdng & Bic Trudng-son nh Tay-muoi Tay hat, Tay poong... Ve hé thing téc danh c6 yéutd lang ® ching ta 6 thé bé sung mot vii tal ligu vio danh sich do R.Stai ligt ké. Theo sé fi chéep 6 nhom ngwét Da-lang sinh séng & Bae Quing- tri. Thién ha guén, guéc lpi bMrh thir (sich viét vio dei Minh & Trung-quide) néi ring & tinh Quang-tay cé nhiéu nui Lang (Lang nban) (1) H.Maspéra, Leroyaume de Van-lang BF.F.E.O. XVII, 3, 1918, tr. 4—7. (2) R.A, Stein, Le Lin-yi, Bulletin du Centre élude sinologique de Pékin (Université -de Paris), Pékin, 1947, vol. If, fasc 1~2, —0iu dau cling thiy, do dé ngwéi tagot thd- bik viing nay [a Lang bink, Thé 11 nguéi Choang, cieh day bén, nim thé kf vin edn durge gol la ngirol Lang. Tén Choang toc hign nay, doc theo Am Hin—Vigt la Chang fgc ching qua chi Ja bién th8 ngit Am cha tén Lang citing nh cach phat fm khée nhan giita tit lang Han —Viét va tir chang trong tiéng Vi¢t, ding dé chi enguoi din dng”. Vay nhieng yéu 6 doe Hip ai lap lai & nhiing tge danh trén la gl? Tir phu, pu trong hé thing t6c danh thir nhat lim thdy 6 cde ngdn ngit nhOm Thai voi nghia li «ngudi dan Ong ». C618, chinh tir phu nay @& tham nhap vio tiéng Hin va cling e6 nghfa nhwr thé hole 14 ding Kht ngwai vg gol chdng, vi dy nh: ndng phu, that pha, phu quén... Tir nay cdn tim thay trong nbi¢ng ngon ngit & ete nam ‘Trung- bd nwéc ta, nbir trong tiéng Biat, Stiéng thi bu c6 nghTa 14 «nguoi», Ngoai ra, vide Hién hé glita tir nay voi céc tir phy (Hin — Viet), pd (Tay), 66 (Thai-lan), bd (Vigt- nam) chi «ngudi cha®, hoje apu (Ta-ga-lde, L6-10, Xan-ti-li), pi (Tay),... cn duge nghién cttu them. Cie tit méz, mol, moi trong nhidu ngOn ngit thuge nhém Mén—Kho-me doe Truéng-son va trong tiéng Muong déu cd ngbia Ii «ngwels. Trong liéng Dao, tir mun cfing co nghia Ja “ngwoi®. Thai, Tay, Day 1a gi? E.Xu-vienhé tim trong cae tir dién hi gl va glial thich 1a «ty do» (1D. Nhung cich giii thich nay khOng c6 sire thuyét phyc. Vi néu t6e danh dit bing mot ir dc bigt nh thé thi n6 phal gdn vol mot str kign lich sit nhat Ajnh nao day, c6 thé tim thay trong sich sir cf, va hin khong phii la tén cd lam, ‘ThOng throng toc danh va nht 1a nhitng toc danh cd du xudt phat tir nhitng danh tir chung c6 nghia 1a “ngwdl®; trén thé gidi logi tc danh nhwr thé hign nay cdn giip duge rit nhigu, nhat 14 & nhitng dan téc thitu sb. 0 mln Bic va Bong bic Xi-bé-ri co rat nhidu dn tc véi tén gol khéc nbau, ma theo cic ngOn ngik & 46 déu c6 nghia 1a « ngwol”. Vi dy nhu: ngwoi Né-nét-xo & bin dio Ya-man, nguoi Két 6 Trung va ha luu sdng 1é-nl-xay, nguéi Ghi-li-ie (hay Nip-kho) & cita song Hie- Jong-glang va & phia bac Xa-kha-lin, nguol 0- dun & mién rimg ving thurgng hu song Cé-le-ma... Vay Lang c6 nghTa la gi? Ching ta thay trong ting Han cfing c6 tir lang voi nghia lk «Qin Ong », dé1 19p vol ti mong chi phy nit. Trong téng Vigt cO nhitng tir trong dirong 1a chang va nang, Néu ching ta di thim Iai cae di tich the cing cf ohw nhitng inh, miéu tho nhin thin va thién thin thoi Hing twong (nhu Tin- vién va che vl quan lang con cic yvua Hing) tht ching ta sé urge nghe tén ohieng vi thin dai lot, nhw sau: Chong nhj dai viong, Cheong Ut dai voeng & dinh Bio-da (Vidt-trl, Vinb-phi). Dinh Di-lau (Viél-tri, Vinh-phi) thé 5 vj thinh la: 0 Chang cd Lirong lang, 2) Chang Hai Cao son, 3) Chang Ut Quy Mina. 4) B$ san dai veong, 5) Cong chia A Nang Ce XA HOng-ha (Com-thao—Vinh-pha) co dinh thé nik thin tén la Non rang da ning... Tree Cich mang thing Tam nhing tén nay duge kiéag rat k9, chi cé tién chi va Ong tir biét av khan khi c&u cting, Nhu thé la tie chang va nang @& duge git Igi rong tén nom hiiy, cita cic vj than. Theo Link nam chick quéi thi cc con trai Hing vrong duge goi 1 quan lang. con ai gol 1a mj nvrong. Nhigu hge gli cho rang chink tr quan lang nay 4% Itru Igi & nguoi Muong va vé sau vin ding a8 goi giai cip quy t6c phong kién : quan lang 1A ngwroi ding dau mot muang, Nhirng nhur chiing ta @A thay & trén, nhieng tir lang va nuong vin diege git Ii trong cac dinh miéu & mi&n xudi va durge ding a8 gol con trai con gal Hing virong phat Am theo kidu hign nay Ia chang va nang (sau nay ching ta sé tré lai nbitng tir «quan lang » va ©m} nurong »). Nhimng tir lang va nicong rét co thé ai tr nbiing ngon ngi phia nam Trung-quéc tham nhap vao téng Han, cing nhw tir giang 1a «sOng» Gi duge phan tich & trén, Di-thém vio cic ngén ngit phirong Nam, ching ta cbn tir dranglé trong tiéng Ba-na co nghia Ik dan Ong”, trong tléng E-dé arding la“ ngwol », trong tléng Cham urang, trong cic ngon ngit In-46-né-xi-a, Ma-lai « érang » déu cd nghia Ia « gud » Vay chung ta c6 th nghT ring, nhing te danh Lang, Viin-lang, Da-lang... di bit ngudn tir mOt danh tired nghia 1a © dain Ong, « ngirdi » ‘vol nhifng hinh thai bién 431 khae nhau tay theo ngOn ngit, phurong ngit va ty theo ting giai dogn lich sit khac nhau. Nhikng t6c danh nh Vin-lang, Vi¢l-lang, Bach-lang xét vd cach phat am ting Vict cd va tiéng Han cd du bat diu bing ban nguyén am méi w hay phy 4m moi p, va theo voi quy luat bién Am thi nhitng am nay thong voi cic nguyéa Am tron mot 4, w tire 1a cé th chuy€n am tin cho nhau tir trang thal no sang trang thai kia, () E, Souvigné. Lésortgines de la langue an- namite, 1921, tr, 108, -id=éiing nhw hai phy am / ya é eiing théng vol nhau. Nhitng ti nhir Viin-lang, Viél-lang vol U-rang, 6-rang ciing nhr Da-lang voi drang— (trong drang-I0) vin durge xem 1a nhiéng tir dng nhau trong phwong phip so sinh cia ngon ngit hoc lich sir. Hon nifa, trong tiéng Han, khoding gin 2.000 nim tro lal day, khong, cé phy 4in r, do 6 ohiing tir co phy am 7 trong cke ngOn ngit khic déu durge phién am sang chi lin bing 7. Chit ném cia ta eiing pluin dnh di8u nay. Néu ching ta chim trén bin a3 this thay khu vie cd tQc danh —lang giai ra tir song Dwrong-tir cho dén mi&n ‘Trung-bd Vigt-nam, tap trung nhit ving Luding Quiing, Bic-bo va Bic Trung-bd Vigt-nam. Con nhing danh tir chung chi “ngwoi » c6 dang tong tir : lang, dranglé, rang... chiém mt dia ban lon hon: caving ding bing duyén hil va che hil dio bao quanh b& Nam-hal. Néu c6 nguoi aa vi vaitrd cia bign Nam-hai trong lich sir cac dan te Bong Nam A voi Dla-trung-hil aot vol cae nwoc Nam Au va Bac Phi thi efing Khong c6 gl qua ding. Mgt in nia ching ta Igi bit gip sy lién quan v8 ngudn gée giita tén riéng voi danh tir chung, Xét v8 phuong dign dja ly thivang céc Bay gid chiing ta chuy&n sang mt Jogi tal ligw dja danh khac a8 co thé xie minh thém ve ewong ve nuée Van-lang : tén x4 thon. Vat phuong phap thong ké, dja danh hoe co th? vach mt cach khal quat ngay trén ban 43 nhikng ving din tc khde nhau ma chira cin 6 kién thite gi vé sy phat trién lich sir, x8 hi ciia nbitng ngidi sinh séng trén dja ban dy. That vay, nhin kf Jén ban 43 mroe Viét-nam, ching ta sé thiy tén cdc dia digm cw tra (ang mac, thi trén) hyp Il thanh ting ving khée nhau rd rét: O Tay-Béc 1 ving tap trung tén noictr tri vol tt’ Mudng, Chitng nhw Muong Bum, Muéng Khoa, Mong Bu, Mong Lam & Son-la. Va ngay duéi nhitng tén Han— Viet nhir Lal-chau, Son-la tén dja phirong vin cin @uge git Iai 1a Muong Lay, Mong La va trung ttm cc muéng durge gol la chigng nhur Chigng Lay, Ching La... Vang Viét-bic thi tap trung dja danh voi tir bdr, nd, nw: Ban ‘Thi, Ban Mon ; Na Sam, Na Ri... Bja danh & Tay- nguyén Auge chia thinh hai cym:trén cao nguyén Bac-léc 14 cym dja danh vol tir buén nh Budn Khu, BuOn Kndp, Buon Giang, Buon Bang—Kang, Budn Pil, Budn Dik vitrung tam Ie danh — Lang nén g6n trong idi cita dia birt c6 danh tie chung ticong tr. Thong thong, tén riéng gin lign voi qué hwong cil, noi n6 @uge sinh ra, con danh tir chung theo vol sx trao di, tlép xiic giita cae toc ngwéi va glita che ngon ngit c6 th di xa hon. Sy xudt hign t§e danh dainh diu thoi ky bat iu phan boa, ca tinh héa giita che cong ding nguéi a? hinh thanh cae dan toc (hiéu theo ngh¥a rong) hign nay. Vay (ge dank Véin-lang, nhw truyén thuyét 4% hru lai, cé th? (a mgt trong nhitng (gc danh cd nhat cha dan ta, ddng théi no cling chi cho ching ta méi quan hé chit ché v8 ho hing ngOn ngit voi nhieng toe nguéi xung quanh va dja ban sinh song cia ho. Theo Link nam chich quai va cic sch sit cha nuréc ta nh Vigl sit luge, Dai Viét sit ky toan tur... thi Hing virong hung khdi & “bo? Vin- Jang, tite 18 dit Phong-chau ci bao gdm cic tinh Vinh-phi, Ha-tay, Ha-ndi hign nay, va tir day thu phye cac“bd» xung quanh gom ca thay 15 b9 (theo truyén thuyét), chiém cd mot phan mign Liréng Quing Bac-bo va Bac Trung- bd Vigt-nam ngay nay. Xem thé thi khu ve chung ta Um thiy cae tée danh — Lang kha iin Khép vol ctrong ve mide Vain-lang (gdm 15 bg) trong sir sich. 1A thf trim Budn-né-thudt; cao nguyén Kon- tum Igi Ja cym dja danh vol tir Pldy nhw Play-ku, Play-me, Play Me Pik, Play Lim, Play Thé... G Nam-b6 xen ké voi nhitng tén Han — Viet 18 nhi¢ng dja danh voi tit Séc : Sc Tring, S6c Sai, Tam Séc... Tir €Sdc » la do tir Kho-me «Srok schuyénhéasangam Viet. « Srok” cé nghia 1a qué hirong », «xtr sé» trong tiéng Kho-me hin nay, trong durong voi ngbia cha Ui murong trong tiéng Thal. Nhitng tir nh Muéng, Ban Buén, Play déu 1 nhieng danh tie chung trong cic ngon ngit din tc a8 chi nhiéng don vi cr tri ttrong dirong voi xi thOn, Bén cgnh nhitng eum djadanh dy 1A mot miog rong lon nhikng aja danh Han — Vigt trai dai tir Bac dén Nam. Nhung day chi 14 quan sat dja danh theo sy. sir phan b6 hign nay. Néu ching ta thir dao stu xudng mang dia danh Hain —Viét dang tramkin hu ohw kb4p noi ngwot Viét & thi 6 thé thay, phia dusicdn cé mot lop dja danh.cé hony day 1A lop tén nom vol yéuté edu thanh 1a tir ké. Khong phii di xa, chi cin ra ngogi thinb Ha-n6i, ching ta cd th8 nghe céc 6ng gia, ba cd hay trong nhitng cau chuyén thin mat gita -a—ngtroi cing ling nhitng i¢n ndm nh Ke May (én Han—Vigt la M2-trD, Ke Cot (tite 1a Ling Ha Yén-quyét), Ké Vong (Dich-vong)... Nhing tén nom nhir thé rit nhigu va co th8 néi ring hau hét cic xf thon Viél-nam & ving dng bing va Trung du Bac-b6, Bae Trung- bd (Kha 4 cil) déu c6, Nhtng di qua hon vio Nam Trung-bd va Nam-bo thi khong thily nita. & ving Thurgng du Bac-bd efing khong. ‘Tén nom hign nay dang bi quén din vi it durge ding dén nbung né da tn tat rit Iau, Triroe day trong mOt thot glan dai nd thn tal song song voi tén Hin—Viét, vol sir phan cong khi rd rang: tén nom ding a goi, ten Han—Vigt ding 8 viét. Do 46 ma tén Han— Viét cdn dure goi 1a tén chit. Nhw ching ta déu bist, ten dit ra, treGe Wen dB gol, aén khi xf hgi phat trign & mie 4&6 kha cao méi nay sinh ra nhu cn ghi chép. Hon nita, xét trong quan ngit Am glita che eXp tén ndm vi tén chit thi ching ta thay rit ro Ja len chit duge dit ra bing eich phién Am tén nom (va trong: mot vai Lrirdng hop 1iéng biét, bing eich dich nghfa). Di8u nay mét Ln nita, khing dinh ahu clu ghi chép ia diéu kign zudt hign cha ten Han—Vigl. Ching tot xin néu val din chitng: Oviny PHU: | OHd-HUNG: Nhifog tén phién am ohw: Ke May —Cao-mgi | Ké ‘Thon — Ké-than Ké Rong Xuan-liing | Lay Lé-xi Ké Cap Thach-cdp | Gi Hai-yén Ki Bol Ch-age Lic An-lge Ke Vay Son-vi Nat Dal-nai KéM& = Thanb-mai| Nba — Giar-Id Ké Lol Vinb-lai_ | Ngo Ng6-x4 Ké Cal Kinh-k¢ Gide Nhge-Igc Ké Pheo Xuan-phuo péu Gial Migu—Phiie-mudu Ngul —-Uy-nght Cat Cét-bi Tén dich nghia: KSdi-—Thgchson | Sy tn ti lau doi cia én n6m con thé hign ra & chd ban than né 12 nhieng tir kho hidu, nbide tir khOng Um thay trong th veng tidag Vigt bign dal. Vi nhieng tir chng ¢d th cing khé higu, Boc tho cia Nguyém Trail, cach ching ta 06.5 thé k} ma efing ai thay 1m tir vat xa Ip vot Uéng Vigt nghy nay. Va cudt cing, cai bién gigi ma lop Lén ndm ditng igi, phir di ndi & trén, khOag virot qua phia Nam viing Trj—Thién, Bigu nay chitng to ring lop dja danh nay gin bé vol dia ban sinh ty cia ngwai Vigt tir cd cho aén doi Ly— Trin. Nhitng mién dit dai ngwoi Viet dn & vé sau, chi thy c6 tén Han—Viét khong 6 tén ndm ai voi tir ké nita (1), Niue thé bie Ia vige @jt, Len ndm voi tir ké “bay Rid bit abu 16i thet, kibu dja danh dit bing tirllin— Vigt Qh tr thanh thong dung, va tir ké sau thoi Ly—Tran tre di c6 1 bat diu ra khdi von tir vyng Uch eye va tré thanh tir 3. Dén nay thi khOng ai biét dén_nghia cba né nita. Tuy nhién, xét vj tr va chie ning cia ching trong @ja danh, ching ta co the higu duge. ‘Te ké AX trude tén ndm a goi m ditm cw tré trong Atrong voi xi thon bien nay. Tir ké cO the thay thé bing te / Hign nay tir ké khong thiy dting mot minh ngoai tén nom, n6 1a mot bo phin cia ten ndm, ohurng khOng pI mt bo phan ed @inh, Vi nhifng tén nom c6 the goi kem voi tir ké hay Khong cé tir ké, hoje thay tir ké bing mt tir nom khae:tir lang. Nhung tir ké khong thd thay thé bing tir 2a 18 mt tir Han— Viet, eting ohw kh6ng th? dit tir &é triroc mot téa Han ‘Viél. Co th8 goi 18 Ké Noi (C3-nhué) hay Noi hoje lang Not, nhung khong al goi la 2d Noc hay ngwge I9i ellng khong ai goi Ké CB Nhwé. Bi stu hon vio ndi dung sy vat durge tir Ké chi djoh ching ta sé thay mdi Ké c6 rudng dat riéng, c6 dinh the ring (dinh duge gol cing tén vol Ké), c6 thanh hoang riéng, od mot sd nét v8 phong tye, lap quan riéng va Gol kbi 6 thd ngit riéng. Trong tiéng Mrongefing cd mot tir trong bir vé ngha va Am vol lire ké »— 66 Ia tir“ KUEL». Kuel la mot don vj x% hol co sé efia xi hdl ngirol Mirdng, ttrong dirong véi thon cia ngwrot ‘vide. O thé ky tht-17, tor «K3” con gip trong ting Vict, nhtrng nghTa ah adi khae, 11 « qué hong”, «xtr sé», rdng hon nghia ci trong dia daoh. Trong Tir din Viel — B5-La (1051) ela Al.de Rhodes co cdu:"May & ké nto?» (1) Trong hing nghin dja danh ma Lé Quy Bon dithu thap dvge & ving Thuan-Quing, chép trong Phit bién tap lye, chi cd mdi mot dja danh Ké Thé & Quang-nam bay gle. Truong hop ndy rit co the 4 mot dia dank “trol, tire 14 do nhing ngwei dén ew td mang tén lang eff cia nth dit cho nol & mol (mgt hién twgng ma chinh Cac Mac da nhgn xét khi bn dén vin dé cong xh). -8—va duge djch ra la-tinh la: Pairia tua quacn- am est?” ngb¥a la qué may & dau?», May & xit nao? ». Cilag trong 46, «Ke quing » dirge djch ra la-tinh 14:Cocincinenses ¢6 nghia la “Xit Quing”. Phuong huréng dién bién nghia cia tir “ke” trong tiéng Vigt ging ulur & tir ©Srok» Uéng Kho-me, tit « mtrdng” trong ting Thal-lan, lie au chi mot don yj cir tra nhé trong dong voi si thdn, nhung v8 sau lai diege ding a& gpl chung cit midn lon: “xi s&%, entree». Tuy nhién, tén riéng va danh tir chung, vo nguyén tie, bao gic cing phat trign theo hai con wrong khic nhau. Dja danh phan anh Ini ¥ nghia va hinh thal cia tir hic né bat du roi kbét dja hat danh tir chung 42 bién thinh ten rigng, vi khéng biét gt déo qua trinh phat trign tir dy v8 sau ciia danh tir chung fy nita. Vé ving dja danh cé tir «ké», nhidu hoc gli (1) con chi thém ring, nhitng tir ed ain tuong ty voi tir «ké” Viét-nam nhir cd», «cod», qui», equa, «qua? It die aitm eiia tén nol ctr tri ving Luong Quang. ‘Trong ohidu tén lang Viét-nam, tir €ké” trong tén ném cling urge phién am ra tén Han—Viét bing tir CO mot digu ing chi y 1a trong dja dank bing tigng dan tc chi nol cu tri cia ngirdt Viét, ngwoi Thal, ngwol Tay, ngudi Kho-me, ngitéi Ba-na, Xé-diing, E-dé, Gla-ral va nhitng din tc khac trén dit née Viét-nam déu phin anh mdt don vj td chite xf boi duy nhat, va gi6ng nhan & mol nol, Bay 1a Ké, [a Ban, 1a Mong, 18 Srok, 14 Budn, 1a Play... tite 18 don. yj co s&, trong durong voi x thon bién nay. Nhitng dja danh nay khong hé phin anh nhitng don vi t8 chite & cic cip bye cao hon nhir quan, baygn, tinh, ma nhwr chiing ta biét, vige phn chia quaa huyén & mre La Ai e6 tir Iau, lie bat da thoi ky Han thuge (Nim 110 trirée cOng nguyén, doi In Vi dé), Nhung dja dank bing ngOn ngir dfn toc khong hé tiép thu va phin anh Igi sty phn ebia @6, cling nhw sip phan chia dan cw theo tinh chat sin xuit, ra thanh thi va néng thon & thoi ky phat tri8n cia ché 46 phong kién va chuyta sang chi nghia tr bin. Nhimng tén got thanb phd, thj tran, nb Ké Chg, Buén-mé- thugt khOng khic gi voi tén gol nhirng ndng thon héo lanh nhw Ké Vay, Ké Gap, Buén Bik, Budn Pil... Xét sy phat tri8n nghfa cia danh (i chung, «cd” nhwiké Trai thanh CB-trai (& Thira- thién), Ké Nua thanh C3-ninh (& ‘Thanh-héa), joi thanh Cd-nhué (& ngogi than Ha-ndi), Giai thinh Cd-trai ( Duyén-ha, Théi-binh), KG Mét thanh Cd-migt (@ Kién-an). Dao Duy Anh cling cho rang ttr “cd trong tén Cd-loa c6 16 dirge chuytn Am tir kd ma ra. Tuy nhién Tir Tang Thach lal nghT réing cd, cd, qua, qua, trong dja danh ving Lurdéng Quang IA chuytn Aun tir danh tir ca 6 nghia 1a mot ngwdi, cling nhw Dio Duy Anh di giil thich tt “ké» trong tén ling Vigt-nam bing mét tir con thiy trong tiéng Viét ign nay: ke la cngrét » (2), Nhy thé 1A tén noi cu tra co tir ké va nhitng dang tuong ty nhw:e6, cd; qua, qua... chiém mt kha vue bao gdin mign Lung Quing ndt lin voi ving d3ng bing va trung du Bac-bd Vigt-nam va B&e Trung-bd Vigt-nam, Vay mt Hin nia, lin thir ba, ching ta lal tim thay m@t dja ban, duge vé lén bing h@ théng tén x4 thon ciu tgo voi yéu té “ke, 03...» kha in khop voi dja ban cac toc danh — lang va voi cuong vue nie Vin-lang duge ghi Iai trong truyén thuyét dyng nic va trong cae sich sir cli cia ta, Ke ching ta citing thay ké, murdng, srok 1a nhitng danh tit c6 nghia ban dau la «lang, x6m” chuy@n thing thanh ngbfa la «xit, noc” ma khong qua cae cép byc trung gian: quan, huyén tinh. Trong tiéng Vigt cing nhw trong’ cac ngén ngir dan téc thita sé anh em khong c6 danh tit a8 goi cic don vj & cae chp bac cao hon ma chi c6 danh tir gol “1ang» ma thl, chning ta phil vay mirgn tir Hin 48 gol nhitng don vj kia. Va rit nbidu tén tinh, huygn cia ta murgn Ur dja danb Trang-quéc. Tat ca nhikng sy vige vira ke trén du ndi én ring Ké hay Bin, Buon, Play la nhitng don vi co.sd va déng thoi la 161 t& chite duy nhat, phd bién trong xi hdl ngwet Vigt_c3 wa & che dantéc anh em gin day. Mje dit phong kién x4m Inge tir nee ngoil, cing nhw nhifng tritu dal phong kign ciia ta da chia nuéc ta thanh nbitng khu vie (@) Ta Tang Thach— Vist gang leu vue nhén dan khéo. Din theo Bao Duy Anh, Viét* nam cd dai Bic kinh 1959, trang 121, R. Stein, sach a3 din, (2) Dao Duy Anb, sach a& din, tr, 120121, Hehanh chinh theo cfp b@c tir én téi nbd, cho phi hyp voi bg may chinh quyén chuyén ché tap trung & nhitng x& hi c6 glat cfp, Cir nw iu ngén ngir phan anh thi cach td chike Xi hOi ohidu ting theo kién tric nba Liu nhw thé khéng duroc?nhan Wan ta chap nhan.Ngon ngit dan toc khOng chiu dit ten cho nd, ma chi cong nh§v 161 t3 chire cd hitu cia nhitng cké» theo kidu kién trdc nha sin don age. Hién tergng khu diét thd ngie tiéng Viét gitta nhitng thon xi & ddng bing va Trung du Bic- bg, Bie Trung-bO Vigt-nam rit ding cho chiing ta cha y. O day, 6 khi hai thon chi cach mhau mOt con dirgng hay mot hang cAy ma thd ngit cia hai bén rat khae nhau, nghe qua gigng nol co th8 phan biét ra ngiroi thon ng vol ngirél thon kia. Trai lai, & vang throng, du B&c-bd, ving Nam Trung-bd, va Nam-bd khong c6 nhigu thd ngit phic tap dén thé. O day tiéng Viét trong nhitng ving rong lon gdm. én hai ba tinh, eGing rat it khic nbau, nhat la & Nam-b9 kho thm ra duge nhtng nét khu biét trong tiéng ni cc tinh, Day 14 mot hign trong it thay ndi dén trong sich vi ngdn ngir hoc, nhung ding thoi Iai 1a mOt thie mae rat phd bién trong nhfn dan, adi héi phii duge Um hitu a2 giai dap dung din. RO rang 1a khdng th? ndo chip nban dirge Ii gidi thich nhur thuréng thy hign nay, coi dé 14 do phong thd khée nhau ma c6. Trong khi digu tra, nghién citu tiéng dia phuong tiéng Vigt, ching ti co a8 y¥ tim higu vin a8 nay, Theo chting toi aban thirc Nhikng tai ligu dja danh hoc va tinh hinh phan bé thd ngir tiéng Vigt A ghip ching ta nbia ra dirge phan nao dja ban sinh ty cia ngwei Viel cd, vol nhitng x& thon, don vj co sé ciia xi boi bay gid. Con mt loai tat ligu khae la nhitng fir ng cd duge hu Ii trong truyén thuyét, fing c6 th soi sing them vai nét vé t8 chite chinh tr] cia xi hoi Van-lang. Trong mot bal viét v8 tire phy dao? (2), ching (61 @ nhin manh dén gia tr} tal lgu lich sit cia nhitng tir chi chite vi, chi thin phan xf hOl cia nhitng' lop ngtroi khac nhaw dui thoi cdc vua Hing. Riéng truytn thuyét Hdng Bang ciing da 42 lai mot hé théng tr xung hd rit phong phi: Hang virong* dijt cae em lam twéng vin twong v6, vin 1a lac hia, vO 1a lac téng. Con trai vua goi la quan lang, con gai vua ggi la my auong, trim quan gol Ja 63 chink, thin bc, nit 1¢ goi 1k zo xitng duge thi hign tuwong thd ngir da dang, phitc tap ndi trén & néng thén mién Bac di phan Anh ed} ré lau dol, bén vitng va mit khéc, néi Ién tinh chat Li¢t lap ciia t8 chite xf thon @ day. Dit & cing lau doi bao nbiéu thi thd ngit cing phite tap bay nbiéu. Nhitng nét khu biét nay 1a két qui cha ahitng tap quin ngén ngit dirge hinh thinh va cling ¢6 din dan tir thé hé nay qua thé hé khac vi n6 chi cd tt @uge tgo ra trong digu kién gin nhw cd lap vai nhiing ving xung quanh, Chinh thd ngir Wasin phim tryc tiép cia cdf t3 chite got 1h 8%, 1h con dé cia “chi bhutrot rigng? cia nhitng cOng xi nOng nghiép kidu phong Bong. Sau Khi duge binh than, thd ngit Iai tré thanh mQt trong nhitng de trung khu biét chit yéu gitta cic “ké». Khi bi @én dic ditm cia cong xi phwong Bong Cac Mac Qi viét: «Ngdn ngit Ia sin phim cia mgt céng xi, efing nhw xét theo mét quan ditm nao a6, no la ban than sy tdn tai cha cong xf: lafedch cong xf ty bitu hign ra bing Jol nél» (Le language est le produit dune communet out autant qu’a un certain point de vue, Hl est I'existence méme de la comnune : son mo de d’expression verbal.) (1). Vi thé, ching ta khdng Ty Lim Ia khi thay ving thd ng da dang é mitn Bac née ta hoin todn khop vi khu vc dja danh co tir «k8", Onhitng mién khic khong c6 tén «ké » thi it th4y co hign tugng khu biét thd ngit gia nhifng xi thon H@n nhau. 6 (con gol 14 no ty). BE ti gol 1a Adm, doi doi cha truyén con néi goi 1a phy dao. Vua adi dai thé tap gol 1a Hang vwong, khong he thay adi (3) (H.7.C. nhia mgnh). Ching tOi khong baa dén nhitng chite vi nbw Hing virong hay Lac virong, Lac hau Lae trong 1a cach ngitoi Hin goi nhitng ngwéi Ging @u trong bd may chinh quyén & ta, (1) Karl Marx — Formes qui précddent Ja production capitaliste. L’homme et la société, 1966, N° 1, trang 99—ban dich tiéng Dite cla Roger Dangeville. (2) Tim higu tir" phy -dgo trong truyén thuyét v8 Hing yirong». Nghién city lich sit thing 9-1967, 6 102, tr. 22—28. (3) Linh nam chich quai, Nha xudt bin Vin hoa, 1960, tr. 23 — 24, =5—b&og nhitng quan chitc cia ho: vwong, hau, tuong..., phy thém vol tir Lge la (ec danh ho gol ta, do dite ditm néng nghi¢p cia dan ta, Ngoai ra, tén gol_nhitng chite vj khdc d&u 6 thé tim hidu y ngbia vA ngudn gdc trong cae ngon ngie phtrong Nain, 1, Tit phg-dgo, nhw ching tol aii cé dip @& cp dén,xét v8 hinh thite va ngi dung cia nd, tong duong voi cic dang po-tao (trong téng Gia-ral), mo-tao (B-dé), bo-tao (Ro-glai), ), pa-dao (Giang-riy), pa-tco im), tao (Thal, Tay), dao (Merny). DO 1 tir chi chite vj ciia ngirot ding diu dan toe, tay tinh hinh phat trifn xi hoi ngwéi do 1a vua hay la ta truéng & cac dan toc vita ke trén. Day 1a mOt chite vi thé tap, cha truyén con n6i, trai lal chite gid lang dting du cic budn, pldy trong cac xa hoi Tay-nguyén, 12 chite vj due bu ra theo mot nguyén tée din ebi nguyén thiy (gérontocratie). Chite yi san nay cin a8 Iai bong dang cia no trong vai lién chi ciia xf thon Vi¢t-nam trade Cach mang thing Tam, voi cfu tye ngir : ©Sdng Iu én [ao lang ». 2. Nhizng ngiral giip Hing virong trong vige cai tr} goi la 65 chink, O dn tc Gia-rai, ngwrol gitip vige po-tao cat quan mét sé pléy cling duge gol bing mot ti tong duong li pé-la-rinh. 3. Tir Mi-mirong, ching ta throng giip trong nbitu truyén thuyét Ich sit, nhw Ja tén cic ning cOng chia (tén Mi-nwong trong céc truyén Trirong Chi, Trong Thiy, Son tinh). Theo truyén Hong Bang, mi neong le danh tit chung d& gol nhitng ngwei con gil vua Hing. Nhidu tic gl cho ring «mj atrong » 1a phien am hai tir ©m@ ming» trong tiéng Vi¢t. Nhung hién nay ta chi ding tiramé» dB gol «ba gia» (theo tiéng dja phitong Bae Trung-b6). Tuy vay, ta co thd tim higa tir nay qua nhitng ngOn ngit din tc anh em. Trong tiéng Murong cé tir _mgi, trong tiéng Cham: Kamél. titeg Bana (Tily-nguyén) mai déu c6 nghia la «con gil», tiéng Santali (& An-d6) c6 tir «main a ehi engwrdi con gai», “ngwoi phy nit», «gidng cat. Trong tiéng Vidl tir mai hign nay chi ding dé goi loai chim thuge ging cil nhw “ga mai», «chim mai”, Tiéng Di-6i (& Qui- chau): mai co nyhtal4 «con gil”; © phy niko; tigng Lao, Thai tring goi ngwoi phy ni lk me nhing. Nhur trén a5 ndi, tit néng va chang trong tigng Vigt cd c6 vé trang trong hon bay gid. tén hiiy che vj thin con chiu Hung virong au dugetrayén tang 48 cing bal voltir nang va ching. Trong tiéng Murdng gin day, danb tir mgi chi ding 48 gol nhitng nguéi con gil thong din, edn vo vA con gai nha lang tht Auge gol 1a nang. Trong \iéng Tay, tiéng Thal, tir nang cling dire dinh rigng cho nbitng ngwéi phy ni qui tc. Trong-ti¢ng Ma-lai, In-0-né-xi-a c6 tir dang a8 goi cae vi phu nhén. Theo ngit Am lich sir, hai phy am d va n thing nhau, ¢6 thé chuytn héa cho ubau, hon nita trong lich si Uéng Viet, qua trinh @ chuyén héa ahanh n da xdy ra, khoang truée thé kj thir Trong tiéng Ta-ga-léc & Phi- luat-tan c6 tir dayang va trong tiéng Kho-me & Cim-pu-ehia tir neang du 6 nghia 1a €phu nhan, 4. DSi lap voi tir nang, ding G8 gol ngirol phy nit qui te, dan Ong qui toc trong cic ngon ngit Muong, Tay, Thal gol 1a lang, do 26 ma dang ho qui tc tht gol 18 nha lang. Tén 18 ngwdl con trai Hang vireng theo cic thin phi sao chép Iai d&u e6 tir lang va trong ngon ngit thor cing tray&n mi¢ng tht gol 12 ching (Dite éng “Chang ca dai vrong”...) Tir quan trong tir ghép gaan lang duge nhidu tie gid gidi thich theo tiéag Hin-la mt tir chi quan chite, Nhung theo truyén thuyét thi tir quan lang di 6 tir Miu at, trong thoi Hang vwong, tree khi ngwoi Hin sang. Hon nita tir guan lang dtrge lap vol tir mi-nwong vi cin ndi rd 14 ding a? yoi con trai va con gai cac vua Hing. Nhiing didu truy’n thuy8t ghi Iai kha phat hop ‘voi tai ligu so sanh ngOn ngit wo tir mj-neong nh ching ta vira thiy:my duge phién am tir dang trong tir nhwr chin théy trong cae ngon ngir din tge anh em:nigi, mal, kaméi, mai, me; nurong 14 do tir: nang, dang, dayang... Vay 4 hal tir mi mong d@u c6 ngh¥a la “con gil, «phy nit, gidng esi”, duy chi khie nhau & sie thai tu Lit hoe (stylistique). Tir thir nh&t 6 nghfa théng dung réng rai hon, tir thir hai 6 vé trang trong, qui phil hon. Trong tir ghép quan lang thi tit lang ¢6 nghia la dan Ong» vA dirge ding vol vé trang trong qui phil trong cic ng6n ngi Mirong, Tay, Thai gin day. Ngoii ra, nhu di phan tich & mye 3, lang Tat la mdt tir thong am vi thong ngbia voi tir drang-Ié trong ting Ba-na la « dan Ong », a-rang trong ting Edé, u-rang trong tiéng Cham: —16—6-rang, trong cic ng6n ngit M@-lal, In-dd-né- sia vol ngbfa la €ngwél ». Néu ching ta lap thanh phuong trinh: m| nuong // quan lang ML con gil, giGng cil nirong — phy nit quy phai (Muong, Thal, Tay) quan _ 2 lang — @an Ong qui phai (Muong, Thal, Tay) thi cd th8 suy ra nghia eiia tir quan 1a «con tral”, egléng dye». VA tir nay a durge Um thiy trong Uéng Stiéng (& tinh Bién-hda! kuan 1A © gidng dye». Ngodi ra, vi si gan gil nhan v8 am va ve nghia, ching ta co th® nghT dén mdi lién he glita tir nay voi tir Kon, Kan, Kun trong cic ngOn ngik nhém Thai co nghYa 1a * ngwoi”. 5. Ve cach xung h6 ciia nhi¢ng ngwoi toi to, trong bin dich Linh nam chich quai cia Nha xudt bin Vin héa in ra nim 1960 viet 1a: «thin boc, nif 1é gol 14 xo xing (cdn gol 1a nd ty). BB tof gol 18 “hdn» va cht thich ther “Bin A. 1752 chép: «Thin bde n6 1 goi li An- ty, gol la trigu ximg ». Trong chit Hin, hal tir zitng va xung viét.gidng nau. Theo ching tol hitu, ¢6 1€ la trong dogn vin trén 1a chi rung, vic thé dich 1a « day te git ung [a xdox(1), va & bin A. 1752, ¢6 nghia la: © day to trai ung [a triga... >, Trong Uéng Thal-lan va nbigu ngOn ngit nhém Thai tir do c6 nghfa 1a “con gai”, va trai 1a «con tral. Ting Thai-lan got pi do 1a “chj», pi traé 1a «anh », nogng xéo li fem, gai», noong (rai 1a «em tral”, Nhiing tir redo va trigu luu Igi trong truyén thuyét cé Jé bat ngudn & nhing tir cé dang trong tr nh, nhitng tir «trai», «giiy trong cic ngén ngit nhont Thai 6. Trong tiéng Cham tol to, nd I@ gol 1a hlun, Tiéng Gia-rat cling 06 tir dng Am va dng nghia nw thé. Trong Uéng Thai (Tay Bic) c6 tir «cOn huon» ding a gol nhitng «ngwol tol te” c6 than phan ging nhir n6ng nd, Nhiing tir trén giip ching ta lién hé voi tie hn duce gitt Igi trong truy’n thuyét: «bs tol gol la hon». He thong tir xung ho cia ohitng lop ngirdi khae nhau trong xi hoi Vin-lang durge trayén thuy6t luu Jal dau tS ra xa lq vol ting Viel thoi edn va hign dat. Do dé, 06 thé tin ring, nhitng agwdi su tim va chinh ly truyén thuyét Hong Bang d& khach quan thu thap va ghi chép mét cach chinh xée nhitng tir cd noi trén, vi chinh nhting tir nay cling kho hiéu ngay ci déi vol bin thin ho. Sy phan tich nhitng tir xung hd trén chitng tO ring 2a hgi thai bay gid d@ phan héa ra nhiéu ting lop cach bigt nhau dén mite a6 nd ddi hdi phai cd nhitng tir khée nhau d? khu bigt. * ‘Trén day, ching t0i 8 din mét val tal Iigu va ding phuong phap ngon ngit hoc vao vige tim higu mét vin @é lich sir:thol ky Hing-vuong—ve mot thoi ky ma khoa hoc lich sit con thigéu hin nhtkng bing ching cu th8 d@ xac minh, thi nhitng si kigm ma tai ligu ngén ngir cung cap cho ching ta co the 1a nhiing gel ¥ dang suy nghi. 1. HG thdng tén sOng @& chi ra mot edeh Khai quit kba vye, trén G6 hinh thanh ede nhém ng6n ngit cfing ho hing & Bong Nam A, wa sau dé cie hg thdng toe danh va tén s% thén gitp ching ta thu din Qja ban va thot ditm thim dd cwong vye nude Viin-lang, tir khu yire rong @én hep, tir hic chwa binh thanh cde toe gol cu th aén lic td tién ta dyng Hing lip mc. Giai dogn @iu cia qué trinh dung nuoe va hin thanh din toc (higu theo nghia rong), theo ching t6i_nghf, bao gdm mot thoi ky dai it nbat Ja phai ke tir «nue Van-lang» ela cde va Hing dén née Au-lae cia An dirong vuong. C6 mot digu ding cht y 1a toe danb, dja dank cia ta & thei ky nay cling nhw mot sé tir xung ‘hO con luu [gi trong truyén thuyét, du tim thiy trong nbigu ngdn ngik thuge nhom Thai vA phém Mi-lai (nhir Cham, £-46, Gia-rai, Mi-la}, In-@0-né-xi-a), tite 1A ngdn ngit cia nbing dan toc @ min duyén hil v2 céie hai do bao quanh bign Nam-! ving Dia trung hai cia chau A. Pit nay ciing cho thiy ring ¥kién cha P. Be né-dich (2) va sau @6 cia A.G. O-do-ri-cua (3) () ¥ kién ciia 6ng Hoa Bing ai trao adi ‘voi ching (01 @) P. Ks Benedict, « Thai, Kadai, Indonesi- en:A new Allgnment in Southeastern Asia». American Anthropologist, vol. 44, X—XU— 1942, N°4, Part 1. kién phat bidu & HOI nghj Dong phrong hoc thé git vao chidu 15-8-1960, tai cude hop chuyén ban Bong Nam A. Xem thém Tap chi Nhitug vin d? ngén ngit hoc (Liénexd), 86 1, lim 1961, tr. 149, -a7-v8 quan hé gin gi gitta hai nhém ngon ngit Thai va 4-lai lA cé co sé. 2. Bia ban cé he théng tc dank Lang v hé@ thdng tén x th6n Ké, C3... bao gdm moe phin Luong Quing chay sang mi&n Trung du va ddng bing Bfc-bO va Bac Trung-bd Viét- nam ngiy nay. Bia ban nay cling phi hyp voi ait dai nurse VEn-lang (gdm mudi Rim 6) dirge miéu ti trong truy@n thuyét Wong Bang. 3. Ngoai ra, mang lréi thd ngik cite x4 thon mign Bic nuwéc tala mot bing chitng vé sy tBn tal Iu @oi & day nhitng cong xA kibu phirong Bong. 4. Sy phan héa ra nhigu ting lop xi hot vol sy hinh thanh m$t bd may thdng tri — mie da cén rat thé so—cé th? di co tir thot ky Hing-virong. N6 duge phin anh bing ning tir xteng hO phan bit, cdn lu Iai trong, truy8n thuyt cho déa ngay nay. Nhitng tir nay hign con tim thiy trong ngén ngit cfia nbigu dfn toe & Dong Nam A. . 5. Nhizng digu nol trén gitip ching ta khing inh thém gid tr} sir Méu chita dipng trong tray8n thuyét. Déng Xuan 1967 — 1968 48 —