NGON NGU so1 2014 CAU TRUC DANH NGU TIENG ver TRONG VAN BAN PHAT THUYET DAI BAO PHY MAU AN TRONG KINH GS.1S V0 pUCNGHIEU Abstract: This paper deals with the structure of Vietnamese Noun Phrases (NP) appeared in the text Phat thuyet dai bao phu mau an trong kinh writen around XII century. Followings are some conclusions: 1. Structurally, NPs of the text Phat thet... and NPs of the modem Vietnamese are similar. Their differences are in words which may appear in the positions of premodifiers. 8) In the position number | of the NPs in Phat thuyet... the demonstrative word cdi is not found. b) The position number 2 of the NPs in Phat thuye (eg. ba, bay...) and four quantifiers: nhiimg, moi, bao nhiéu Quantifiers mdi, cdc, timg are not found in this position. ¢) The position number 3 of the NPs in Phat thuyet... is that of five words expressing the idea of totality cd, tdt, mhdt thiét, hét [= toan thé, toan b6], thay [= tét ca]. The words expressing the idea of totality ¢dt cd, tdt thay, hét thay are not found in this position, however. 2. In the position number 2 and position number 3 of NPs of Phat thuyet... words hét, nhdt thiét, bao nhiéu, nhimg expresse the meanings that are different from those of modern Vietnamese. Also, we found here the combinations that are different from those of modem Vietnamese: bao nhiéu + chur[~ céc (all)}; dt + bao nhiéu + chur[~ cfc (all)} hét + moi [= che (all)|; nhizng + chiing [= céc (all). Key words: Noun Phrases, Premodifiers, Noun Head, Postmodifiers. is that of numerals, dc], chu [= cbc]. 1. Dan lugn thuyét dai bdo phy méu 2 trong ee inh (goi tit 1a Pht thuyét) - mot 1.1. Khi nghién eiru ngi phap a cia mBi ngén ngt tai mot giai dogn Vin ban viét bing 5 chit Nan ob hit leh sk ndo 46 oa n6,danh ng xing oon, ae mot d6i tugng thudng phai duge 42, Nett ligu ching t0i cap. Dé gép phan tim hiéu vé ng — sét, phan tich 6 day la ngit ligu duge phép tiéng Viét trong lich sit, ching ghi trong vn bin do Hoang Thi Ngo t6i khdo sét va phn tich cdu tric ién chuyén sang chit Quoc ngtt [1] danh ngit trong van ban Nom Phét banh nim 1999. Ban chor N6m cua4 Ng6n ngor s6 1 nim 2014 ban phién Quée ngit nay hign duge lu trft tai Thu vign Hi nghién ctru A chau (dia chi: 52 Rue du Cardinal Lemoine, 75005, Paris, Céng héa Phép), c6 46 t&, 91 trang, khd 23,5 x 19, mdi trang 6 05 dong chit Nom, mdi déng duge in kém song song bén canh mét dong cht Hén cia vin ban géc chtt Hn tuong img (vi day la ban + gidi dm). Toan b6 49 dai van ban Ném gdm 4942 lugt chit [1, 26, 28, 29]. Dé c6 duge cdc miéu ta, phan tich va nhfn dinh, ching tdi thye hién cong vige theo céch sau day: - Truéc hét, xée dinh céc danh ngft trong ngudn ngtt ligu duge khao chimg. = Tiép theo, phan tich céu tric cia céc danh ngit dé, xéc dinh thanh 16 cfu tao, chire nang cila céc thanh 16 va loai loai thanh t6 cu tao. ~ Buéc thir ba, khai quat héa m6 hinh cu tao cia danh ngit trong Phét thuyét va miu ta, ‘tich timg thanh +6, logi thinh t6 cu tgo nén danh ngi, dng thdi dua ra nhiing nh4n djnh va so sinh v6i danh ngtt trong tiéng Viet ngay nay 4@ phat hién nhing diém dng nhit va khdc biét. 1.2. V8 mat If thuyét, danh ngit duge hiéu 1 mét loai ngit doan c6 danh tir lam trung tam (thanh t6 trung tim) va cdc thanh t6 phy truéc trung tam, sau tring tim, duge 6 chite theo nhing nguyén tie nhdt dinh, 6 chire ning xc dinh thém ni dung biéu hién cila thinh 16 trung tim, g6p phin diéu bién quan hé ngtt phép, thai 46 ngit phép Gta thin 18 trang tim va quan hg lign nhén cla ngudi, vat... duge th hign 6 thanh t6 trung tim. Danh ngit thye hign céc chire nng ngtt phép hur cia danh tit, Nhu véy, cdu tric cia danh ny sé gdm ba phin: phan trung tam, sau trung tim va phan thudée trung tim’, Dusi day, ching tdi sé lan lugt trinh bay nhting phan tich vé cau tric danh ngft trong vin bin Phdt thayét, va nhiing dic diém ngtt php, ngt nghila cia cdc thinh t6 trong cdu tric 46. 2. Phan trung tim ciia danh ngi 2.1, Két qua phn tich cdc danh ngit trong vin bin durge khio sét cho thay cdu tric cia chiing cing gdm ba phan: phin trung t4m (thanh t6 trung tim) do danh tir dam nbn, phiin trade trung tim (gdm céc thanh 6 phy tude ‘trung tim, cing duge goi lA phan trube cia danh ngtt) va phin sau trung tam (gdm cdc thanh t6 phy sau trung tim, cing goi la phan sau cua danh ngit). ‘Vi trung tém danh ngif la danh tit, nén khi noi vé thanh 6 nay, khong thé khOng quan tim dén vigc miéu ta va phan loai danh ti. Li do la 6 chd, khi danh tir lam trung tim danh ngtt, né sé chinh 1a hat nhin chi phi cdc thanh t6 phy dimg truéc va sau nd. Vige phén logi danh tir trong cée ng6n ngit néi chung va trong tiéng Viet ni riéng, cho dén nay, di 06 KkhOng it két qua; va tuy theo cin it phan logi, tiéu chf phan logi duge a xult, Iva chon, ma cdc két qua 46 06 thé gin hofc xa nhau. Nhiéu tiéu loai danh tir 48 duge xéc lép véi nhing tén goi kha da dang nhu: danh tir biét Jogi va danh tir phi biét logi; danh tir tri tuong va danh tir cy thé (phi trim tugng); danh tir chung va danh tir riéng; danh tir dém duge va danh tir Kh6ng dém duge; danh tir chi xudt duge va khong chi xudt duge; danh tir trong nghia va danh tir dit nghia; danh tir don vj (D.dv) va danh tir khdiCiu tric... = 4)... (xem [2], [7], [8], [11], (12), [14], [15], (19}, (26), (28). Tuy nhién, trong s6 céc tiéu chi va két qua phan chia tiéu loai danh ‘tir, chiing t6i thy tigu chf déi lap [dém dugc - khong dém dugc] va 461 lap [don vj - boot, cing v6i két qué phan chia ra cdc tiéu loi tuong img: danh tir dém duge (D [+dém duye]), danh tir khong dém duge (D [-dém dove), danh tir don vj (D.dv), dan tir khdi (Dk), la nhing tigu chi va két qua phén loai c6 nhidu wu thé, can duge quan tim hang dau. Danh tir dém duge la danh tir bidu thj thyc thé cé thé duge xem nh kha phan va dém duge. Tinh dém duge cia danh tir 14 thuge tinh thé hin kha nang c6 thé kiém dém chinh duge danh tir goi tén néi chung), Vé mit ngtt phép, danh tir dém dupe cia tiéng Viet c6 kha ning tryc tiép két hop voi nhiing tir chimg c6 ham nghia vé s6 nhw: més, hai, nhimg, cdc, mdy, méi, moi, Thi dy: [mét, hai, timg, méi...) con, cdu thi... : D [+4ém duge). [mé6t, hai, ting, mdi...) sita, ngé, edt... :D [-dém dugc). Danh tir don vi (D.dv) 1a danh tir khéng biéu thj chung logi sy vat ma chi mét vat rdi, c6 kich thuée nao 46, ddng thoi duge phan lép vé hinh thite. Mat khée, danh tir don vj cting a tty chi sy vét 06 thé phéin Iugng hod (chia phiin ra) duge; va vi thé, né biéu ~ thj nghia “mét dai hong (48 do dém)”. Thi dy: miéng, cuc, giot, ngdi, biec, cudn, céi, con, thiéc, cén, Nguge lai, danh tir khéi (D.k) 1a danh tir biéu thj ching loai sy vat, chi phan lap vé mat noi dung (chat ligu) va khong thé phan lugng hod urge. Vi thé, danh tir khéi khéng chia ham nghia vé s6. Trong n6i b6 lop danh tir khéi, c6 hai lép nhé hon 1a danh tir khéi ¢ém Dk [+4ém uge] va danh tir khOi khong dém duge D.k [-dém duge]. Thi dy: béc si, cdu thii, vign, sinh vién, gido vien... D.k [+¢ém duge] mubc, sita, thit, ngan, ga, cd, s6i, ving, hoa... D.k [-dém duge] 2.2. Két qua khao sét cdc danh ngi trong van ban Phét thuyét... cho thy: néu chiéu theo mé hinh edu danh ngit ba thanh phan va cdc tieu Jogi danh tir duge xéc lép néu trén, thanh t6 déng vai trd Am trung tam cia danh ngtt 6 day cé thé la: a) Danh tir dém duge, nhu: difa, loai, dang, quyén, dong, toa, hep. plurong, phen, ban, chedng, thung, dd, héc, giot, thang, 16, tdm... Thi dy: "chin hay la diea con trai” (7b); "lam loai ngudi" [17a]; "tdm dang tiéng" [Sb]; "lam nén mét quyén kink" (30a); "mor déng xicomg Rho nay" [70]; "c6 mét ta nui, nti ay c6 ba dang" [108}.. b) Danh tir khéng dém dugc, nhu: mii, cila, xwong, méu, thit, gén, da, gan, long, da, gid, nui, dat, dd, sita, hoa... Thi dy: "... on n&ng bing mili ddt, mii dé" (41a); "mo long Bd Dé [39b]; béi long gan na" (11a); "nudt cia dang nha ctia ngot" [13b]; "mii dy 6 ba ddng" [10b]; "ta 1 xuong khd dy" [7a]... (Tat nhién, D.k [-4ém duge] chi img lam trung tam danh ngi trong6 Ng6n ngé s6 1 nim 2014 nhimg diéu kign ci hap nhit dinh; ching han, chi trong kiéu danh ngd: ‘Trung tam + Dinh ngtt han dinh [chi Jogi] + Dinh ngit xéc dinh [trye chi, Vi tri, s6 hitu]; hoc: Trung tim + Dinh ngit han dinh (chi loai]; hoge: Trung tim + Dinh ng@ xéc dinh [trye chi, Vj tri, sé hit]. Diéu nay s® duge phan ich va giai thich trong timg trudng hop hoge timg loai trubg hgp cy thé), Nhu vay, vé diém nay, danh ngit trong Phdt thuyét khong cé dj biét so v6i danh ngit trong tiéng Viét hién dai. 2.3. Tuy nhién, danb tir am trung tim danh ngtt 6 day khong phai khéng "e6 vn dé", - Thir nhét, c6 hign tuyng D.k [-dém duge] tryc tip két hop voi sb tir ding truéc, tao nén danh ngit "khéng binh thudng" néu so véi m6 hinh céu tao danh ngtt tuong img hién nay. Thi dy: __"w-bing ngan dang vay trong long, bing muén dao ngip trong long" (11a). ~ Thit hai, ¢6 hign tugng ding “thi” danh ti & vj ti trung tim (chit khéng phai 1a nhting danh tir ddng vi dong ete ning), gay nén tinh trang "tring lap trung tim" cua danh ngtt. Thi dy: "cing wéng tai tm hée te du giot siza na" [8b]. (Trong danh ngtt "ne ddu giot sita nq", hai danh tir don vj dau va giot di ign nhau trade danh tir sita lam dinh ngtt han dinh la khéng binh thudmg). = Thir ba, 06 thé c6 van dé chun ‘myc/ phi chuéin mye Khi 06 hay khdng 6 D.dv truée D.k [-dém duge]. Thi dy, xét danh ngit xvong khé dy (trong cau "No dy, But hau dem dai ching di chinh nam, théy mot dng xuong + "Igi nho" [41 khé, But moi lay ndm thé dén dat, ta re xuong Kho dy" (6b-Ta}), ta thay trong tiéng Viét hién nay, phai da thém mét D.dv nhu: déng, 56, cdi, ménh, méu... ching han, vao lam danh tir trung tam trude D.k [-dém duge] xuong th) danh ngit (déng, b6, cdi, minh, mau...) xwong khé dy mdi durge coi la mt danh ngit binh thuong. Sy xuét hign cua hai danh ngtt: (1) mgt dong sarong khé va (2) xuong hd dy trong cing mt cau nhu néu trén day cho phép nghi ring: 6 khi trong tiéng Viét ngay nay, chuin mye bit buge phai c6 mét D.dv truée mot Dek [-dém duge], thi trong Page sagt, yéu cu nay lai khéng phai la bat bude. 3. Thanh 6 phy sau trung tim (phan sau) cia danh ngit Céc thanh t6 phy sau trung tam cia danh ngit cé chite nang lam dinh ngi cho trung tam va cé thé duge phan logi, miéu ta theo mét sé tigu chi khée nhau, 3.1. Vé mat co cu t5 chite, che inh ng0t sau trung tim cia danh ngtt ma ching tdi khdo sét duge trong Pht thuyét c6 thé 14 mét trong ba dang sau day: a) La mét tir Thi dy: "khbi mau" [9a]; "long me" (33b]; "tam ding tiéng" [5b]; "ni ddt, nai dé" [41a]; "mot quyén Kink" [30a]; "thé giéi But" [440]; "khi tur nhién® (109); "hai tay do" (14a “ngan phen sdng, mudn phen ché? (304); a chin ri" (340; "dao sdc" [25b]; " gid” [43b); nding" [43a]; g nay" [41a]; "ngan kia" [6a]; "cong on dy" [18a]; "nai dy" (10b]; "46 tirCau trite, cd tao" [Ta]; "xwong khd dy" [7a]; “hoa sen dy" [46a]... b) La mOt danh ngtt, hoe dong ngtt, hofc gidi ngt. Thi dy: "on dng na cyc ning” [6b]; "mét déng xwong khé nay” [To]; "ang ng ba déi ta" [7b]; "migng con tré dy" (10b]; "ba kiép nhdin duyén trong" [12a]; "tém ding riéng réng lén" (23a); "made déng dé" [29a]; "dng na ngudi 4y" [B0b}; "lui cay sat" [300]; "mot cu kink phu mdu dn trong dai thira” [38b]; "bui dat vdy trong thica miéng” [35b]; "(mac) quyén may té¢" [36b]; "(Gy la) ngudi trong dia nguc" [28b]... ¢) La mét ménh 48 (tiéu ct) Thi dy: "néo [= khi] dng na nhiéu ‘ét" (22a); “néo ga con tho nhdn dén ‘tui da ca" (18a); “no [= khi] me chaca con trong muoi thang” [17a]; “toi chung dng na chdc" [44a]; "do cye xuong miti bac héa ning" [8a]; "cue xuong mii ddim ma nhe" [8b]... 3.2. Vé mat nOi dung ¥ nghia, cdc thanh t6 lam djnh ngit 6 day thuong bigu thj nhiing ¥ nghia sau: 3.2.1. Logi hode tinh chat, dic rung ciia nguedi, sve vat do danh ti- strung tim biéu thj Y nghia nay cé thé duge biéu thj bing danh tit, m6t hoc hai tinh th, dng ti, tham chi la mot ménh a2. Thi dy: = "cho hét déu mo long Bé Dé" [6a]; "quén on boi Iai nghia" [42a]; "dau diy chit kim win” [43b]; "Byt thot trong thé gidi khéng” [46a]; "b6 do cuc xuomg mii bec hoa Iai nang" [7b] ~ "me tit it ching tir 46i" [13b]; “ching thua ngudi ca" [19a]; “dao sdc cit hét gan long nghi" [25b}; "6c 7 1A con thao" (28b; "ddi con chén réo, me nim chdn dt (uét)" (34a); "oti du trong Igi nho" (41a); "kinh ang ng this ké gid" [43b]; "on nding chiing hay cing” [43a]; "St mya quén Jong dai tie [4b]; "mt dung au con tdm muci (tudi)" [16b]... = "48 nhdt 1A on cum mang gin git?" [12a]; "néo dng na nhiéu hét, thoi ra long hon ghét" [22a]; "Id d6 déc sbt bing sim chép I6e séng" [29a]; "Iugm Go rach cii che ang ng" (36b]... - “nhuge phai con trai thai bg do cuc xuong miti bac héa Iai nang. Nhuge phai con gai bf do cue mii dam hoa nhe" {7b}... 3.2.2. Quan hé s6 hitw day, dinh ngot gitt vai trd ngudi s6 hitu, cdm ngudi/ vét do danh tir trung tim thé hign, git vai tro cia ngudi/ vét duge "ngudi khéc" sé hitu. Gitta danh tir trung tim va djnh ng 86 hitu, 6 thé c6 mat ho%e vang mat hu tir chi y nghia so hitu. Trong nguén ngft ligu duge khio sét, chiing t6i thay hu tir chi ¥ nghia sé hiu xuat hign lan nao. _ Thi dy: “cy nha Jing me" [33b]; “ching adi con ngudi ma dau" [14b}; "gap tiéc ngudi" [36a]; "kinh 18 BO ‘Tat xua da tra on cha me" (Sal; "md gidp nay nigm doe vi chung hon dng na" [3a]; "mat miti ang na” [42b]; "chay vio trong miéng con tré dy" [10b]... 3.2.3. Chdt ligu tao nén vat do danh tie trung tam goi tén Thi dy: "ché ding, rin sét pha khéi lia" (29a); "sing dai may khip phép gici" [3b]; "edi cdy sd" [30b]; "on ning bing mali ddt, mii da" [41a]... 3.2.4. NOi dung sy tinh hodc trang théi cia su viée... duge néu & danh te trung tm8 Ng6n ngé s6 1 nim 2014 Thi dy: "thita vi do cue xvong mili bac hda nding" [8a]; "no me ciru con trong mudi thang, cre chung khé nhge" (9a); "thia nhin cue xzong miti dam ma nhe" [8b]; "no me chita con trong mudi thing" (17a); “néo ga con tho nhén dén tudi da ca" (18a); "néo dng na nhiéu hét, thoi ra long hon ghét" [22a]; "16i chung dng na chéc" [44a]... 3.25. Tiree chi ngudi/ sy wit duege néu 6 trung tim Thi du: “nblin dén than nay" (41a); "M6t déng xuong khé nay" [6a-7b); "thdi hay cing chin dén ngan kia" (6a); "mii dy 06 ba dng" [10b]; "ta 1& dé dy" [7a]. "én But bao nid (= ot cd) B6 Tat dy" (Sa)... 3.3. Néu phén logi cdc dinh ngit @ sau trung tim danh ngft theo tinh chit va/ ho&e cong dung cila ching thi c6 ba logi chinh, img véi ba vi ttf: I', 2,3, goi la: din ngit han dinh, inh ngt miéu ta va dinh ngit xéc dinh (gm inh ngt trac chi va/ hoge dink ng6t chi vj tri). 3.3.1. Dinh ngie han dinh Céc dinh ng han dinh dimg 6 vj tri I sau trung tm, Dinh ng han inh 1a nhimg dinh ng0t ¢6 vai trd chi Jogi, lam han dinh bét ngogi dién cia thanh td trung tim dé ngi ham cia 1né (trung tim) duge xée dinh hoe xc dinh cy thé hon. Thi dy: "tam lng tiéng” [5b]; pét tu ding ching sinh" [7a]; "ira con trai" [76]; "mot ding xwong khd nay" [7a-7b]; "ch6 ding rin sd" [29a]; . “nude déng dé" [29a]; "mot quyén Kink’ (30a]; "ludi cay sit" (30b]; "long BG Dé" (39b); "thé gidi Buc" [440]; "hoa sen Ay" [460]... os a 2) Danh tir khong dém duge (D (-4ém duge}) hoc danh tir dém duge nhung khong phai danh tir re vi, ho§e mét danh ngtt. Thi dy: hét tu ding ching sinh [7a]; dita con trai [7b]; khi tw nhién [10a]; m§t quyén kinh [30a]; mét xuong khé [7a]; mt giot mau aac [10b]... b) Viti Thi dy: (chang hiém) chan tay que {140}; (ching ra) long cung kinh (17a); (ra) long Aan ghér [22a]; ké gid [43b]; con tdm moi (tubi) {160}... 3.3.2, Dinh ngit miéu ta Céc dinh ngtt migu ta dimg 6 vi ‘tri 2! sau trung tim. Dinh ng miéu tA cdc dinh ngtt thye hién chite ning miéu ta, thé hién dic diém, thud tinh cla ngudi/ sy vat néu & thanh 16 trung tam. Thi dy: "nude ddng dé" [29a]; “con trai théo thudn" (10b}; "con trai lank, con gai lanh" [30a]... Dinh ngtt cd 16 chite 1a mot tigu ci, thé hign tinh chit cua sy vat, ndi dung cia sy vige ciing c6 thé duge quy vao loai dinh ngit miéu ta. Thi dy: "thita vi do cuc xwong miti bac hoa nding" [8a]; "no [= khi] me curu con trong mudi thang, ce chung khé nhge" [9a]; "thika nhin cue xwong miti dém ma nhe" [8b]; "no me chita con trong musi thing" (17a); "néo (= khi/ ic) gd con tho nhdn dén tudi da ca" [18a]; "néo dng ng nhiéu hét thoi ra Jong him ghét" (22a}; "ssi chudng ng ng chéc" [44a]. 3.3.3. Dinh ngit xdc dinh (gdm dinh ngit rec chi va/ hode dink ngit chi vj tri, dinh ngat 50 hitu)Céu tric... Le Dinh ngit nay dimg 6 vj trf 3’. N6 thy hign chire nang bé sung tinh xde dinh va hoan tét tinh xéc dinh cho c&i duge néu 6 danh tir rung tim, Céc dinh ngit xéc dinh c6 thé 1a: ) Dinh ngtt trac chi (nay, kia, dy. Day la nhiimg dinh ngd chi r5 ngudi/ sy vat duge thé hién 6 trung tm danh ngit. Thi dy: "duéng nao & trong kinh nay" [6a]; "nhdn dén thin nay" (41a); "thoi hay cing chin dén ngan kia" [6a]; "nii dy (c6 ba dang)" [10b]; "trong hoa sen dy” [46a]; "khién ng na ngudi dy’ [30b]; "chiy vio migng ¢ con tré dy" [10b]; "ta 18 xuong Kho dy" [7a]... b) Dinh nget vi tri Day 1a nhiing djnh ngt thé hign vj tri ton ti/ noi xudt xt cia ngudi/ Su vat duge néu 6 tung tim danh ngt Thi dy: "con trai d trong thé gian mbc 4o dai hai mii ngang" [7b]; "con gai & trong thé gian xite nhitng phan xa huong hun 40" [8a]; "con tré 6 trong long me uéng khi ty nhién" [106], “dy trim ngan lun dao ¢ trong thén nghi" [26a]... ©) Dinh ngit so hou Day 1a nhting dinh ngi thé hién ngud/ vét la chi thé si hitu cia ngudi/ sy Vét duge néu 6 trung tém danh ngi. Trong ‘ing Vigt ngay nay, dinh ngtt nay c6 thé duge thé hign bing giéi ngitc6 gidi tr ciia chi quan hé sé hitu, hoe khng 6 gidi tir nay (so sénh: do ciia t6i - do t6i). Trong céc danh ngit ching t6i Khao sét & Phat thuyét khéng o6 trudmg hgp nao ding tir ctla 4 chi quan hé sé hitu, ma chi c6 15, Hin ding cig pio ch Idan (ching han: ota déing nha cha ngot" {ilo "Th dy vé dinh ng s@ hitu trong Phét thuyét: "dao sic edt hét gan long nghi" [256]; "ching hay tra duge on nding dng na" [26a]; "hin dng na ngudi dy" [30D]; "ety nho Jang me" [33b]; "gap tige nguedi" [36a]; "mat miti dng na” [42b]... Tuy nhién, thye té ngit ligu cho thdy, sy khiém dign cua gidi tir cia trong céc danh ngit nhu néu trén dy 1.06 digu kign. Chi trong danh ngit 06 mé hinh t chic: [D (-dv) + dinh ngit ‘so hihu] thi ciia méi c6 thé khiém dign. 4. Thanh t6 phy truée trung tim (phan traéc) cia danh ngtt Phin true cia danh ng gdm cde thanh té phy ma chting ta c6 thé phan thanh mét sé nhém dé miéu ta vva phan tich nhu sau: 4.1. Thanh t6 chi xudt Theo so 46 cdu tric danh ng 48 cp bén trén, thi thanh 16 chi xudt 6 vj tri 1 va do tir chi xudt cdi dim nhiém. Tir chi xuat cdi nay c6 chite nang lam cé biét héa va lim néi bat sy Vat, sy vige duge néu 6 trung tam. Khi khdo sét cc danh ngtt trong Phat thuyét, ching t0i khong thay danh ngtt ndo c6 ding tir nay. Néi céch khéc, vi ti 1 6 cdc danh ngtr trong Phét thuyét hoan toan bj bé tréng. Tuy nhién, néi nhur vay, hodn toan khéng cé nghia ring vao thoi ‘van ban "giai am" Phdt thuyét ra doi, trong tiéng Viét kh6ng 6 tir nay; ma sy ving mat cia né van ban chi c6 thé gi ¥ cho ching ta mt thong tin Hing: khi 6, tir chi xuét edi cha, hho§c hiém khi duge sir dung’. 4.2. Thanh t6 phy chi lugng Vé mat phan bé, cdc thanh t5 chi lugng dimg 6 vi tri 2 va do céc tir chi lugng dim nhiém. Lép cdc tir déng vai trd ciia thanh t6 chi lugng10 Ngén ngés6 1 nim 2014 trong danh ngit & Phdt thuyét khé phong phi va sy thé hién cia ching cing khé da dang. Dudi day la mot s6 phan tich cy thé, 4.2.1. Cae s6 tit chi sé luong chinh xde ‘Nhém nay gdm céc tir nhu: mdr, hai, ba, bon, néim, tdm, mudi... (node 6 tir két hop véi danh tir chi sd: muén, van, tram, ngan...), nhtmg tix chi sb ude lugng nhu: vai, dim, muro... Thi dy: "mét gigt mau dc" [10b], "hai cénh tay... hai dau g6i" [9b], "ba duéng khé" [43a], "bon dang ching sinh" (40b], "ndim thé" [7a], "idm ding tiéng rong Ion" [23a], "medi dau tay me" [34a], “tram than..., ngan phen sng, mudn phen chét" [30a], "hai muci tém ngan ngudi" (66). é d& hinh dung, xin quan sat mot vai ngit canh day dui nhu dudi day: "Bay théng cum chita trong long me, nén ba trdim sdu moi dét xzomg, {am mun ne nga 15 I6ng {103}. "Nhuge hay lam nén m6 quyén kink thoi due ay mot But, hay lam nén mudi quyén, uge thay mudi Bur; hay lam nén trdim quyén, duge thay trdm But; hay lam nén ngdn quyén dugc thy ngdn But, hay lm nén mudn quyén, duge thay ‘muén But" (302-306). Dac biét, nhing sé tir Han Viet nhu: hdt, tam, ngil, luc, bat, thap... hign nay khéng duge ding d$c lap thi tong Pht hay la otk ding 4c lép, hogt dng ty do. That ra, 46 Ia vide “tdi sir dung” nguyén ven nhimg tir ngit duge vay mugn tir nguyén ngtr Han. Thi dy: : "chi 6c IA luc tink?" [9b]; ching, Long chting, bat b¢ quy than" (33a); "vo con lam ngi nghich" [376]; “tam béo thap thénh cd sa’ [4b]... Ding chi y hon nfta la & day 06 hign tuong hai hoc ba danh tir chi 86 cling xuat hign tai m6t vj tri, duge sip dit theo trat ty ting tién dé thé hign ¥ “nhidw rét nhidu” vé hrong cia sy vat duge thé hign bing danh tir 6 vj tri trung tam’, Thi dy: Tha lay dai sic, chém ‘bam trong voc nay, trdim ngan mudn tdm thit da, xuong, gin gudc tan tac, qua trdm ngan kiép cing ching trai di kinh But [316]. 4.2.2. Cae tit chi lugng phiém inh: nhimg, moi, bao nhiéu, chr a) Tir nhimg Trong vin ban duge khio sat, nhimg dugc ding 11 lan, véi ¥ nghia va chite nding cé dj bigt so véi hign nay. ~ Voi y nghia “sd nhidu”, nhimg dupe ding trong té chic cia 8 danh ngit. Thi dy: "nhimg Ty kKhueu cd nhiing ching Bé Tat cing Bé Tat ca" [6b]; "xtte nhing phdn xq huong hudn 40" [8a]; "nhing con trai... kinh 18 bdo, nig nhting danh higu But" (8a); "lam nhang nghiép dic" (16a); "méi lam nhiang ké dai" (19a)... ~ Bén canh y nghila sé nhidu, nhing cing mang nghia “toan la/ chi toan la”; va véi nghia nay, mhitng cé thé dimg Jin trude danh tir trung tam cia thi du: "trong thud ba nim, udng nhimng sita me" {18a}; "in nhimng trai bi, ngit cdc" [10b]; “trong mudi dau tay me déu nhiing citt con" (34a). Y nghia va chire ning nay cia nhig, trong nhiing giai doan sau, mudn hon ctia tiéng Vigt va cho dén tn ngay nay, ching ta vin gap, tuy ‘Ahdng phai la phd bién’. Thyc ra, véi ¥ nghia nay, nhing 4@ thé hign Iudn ca tinh tinh thai, dénhChu tri il gid rét r6 rét. N6 cho thy thai 46 nhfin inh, binh gid cia ngudi néi 1a chinh, chit khéng chi don gién migu t mot thye trang “nhidu”, Day 1a céch n6i rat Vigt, ma vao thoi Phat thuyét da quen ding. Chimg cc la, thi dy, déi chiéu cau “trong mudi d4u tay me déu nhiing cit con” [34a] voi cau Hén van tuong duong “Thép quét gidp trung thye tir bat tinh”, ta khong thy 6 cau bén Han van cé ¥ nghia tinh thai cita tir nhiing nay. b) Tir moi Tir nay duge ding 5 lan. Moi la tirc6 ham nghia s6 lugng khong xéc inh nhung bao gdm tat cd céc sy vat duge néi dén. Y nghia nay thé hién rat 16 khi n6 duge ding 4é dich tuong duong tir che trong Han vin. (nguyén ditt trit moi cheémg (41a) = nguyén don trit chur chusmg). Nam danh ngit 6 moi trong nguon ngit ligu duge Khao sét, dn ra sau day, thé hign rit 16 didu a6: “vg dau cm bit, moi ctia nuong di" [21b]; "long ching lo mén... moi tiét ching dén" (21.b]; "hét moi on 4ng na" [35a]; “déu nguyén dirt trir moi chuéng" [41a]; "thira tu moi tim Janh bét thai thugn But" [45]. ©) Tit bao nhiéu Trong Phét thuyét, tir bao nhiéu duge ding 12 lan trong 12 danh ng v6i ¥ nghia "sé nhiéu phiém djnh" nhu cdc. N6i nhu thé la vi trong ban gidi am nay, bao nhiéu thudng duge ding 4é dich nghia tuong duong cla tir chue [= cdc} bén Han van. Thi dy: bao nhiéu BS tét = chu BS tat” [Sa]; ‘bao nhiéu kho thuong = che khd [17]; bao nhiéu ban lanh = che thing hitu [19a]; bao nhiéu Byt = chu Phat [30b}; ‘bao nhiéw \8 long = chu né khong trung [22b]...) Trong cdc danh ngit duéi day, bao nhiéu thé hién ¥ nghia sé nhiéu phiém dinh, tuong img voi ¥ nghia va chite nang cla cdc trong tiéng Vigt ngay nay: "bao nhiéu B6 Tét dy" (Sa); "hay tu bao nhiéu nét khé" (5b); "chiu bao nhiéu Khé thaeomg” {17}; "roi bao nhiéu ban lanh" (19a); “trong bao nhiéu 16 16ng" (22b}; "thoi bao nhiéu But ding" [30b); "tét bao nhiéu chu thién nhan dan" (33a); "lim bao nhiéu nghiép i (4a); "trong bao nhiéu than cing bao nhiéu quéc thé" [45b]; "voi trix rly bao nhiéu nghiép chuéng" (45b]; “elng bao nhiéw thénh a} ching sinh" [46a]... 4) Tir che. Chur duge ding 4 lin, c6 nghia tuong duong véi cdc (ciing a tir Hin \Vigt duge vay mugn va pho bién hon). Trong Phat thuyét, chu biéu thi nghia “toan thé”. Thi dy: “niém cha thénh higu" [4b]; “cing dudng chu Phat" [39a]; “chu thién nhén dan, nhdt thiét chin, bi, ming kinh vui mimg" [39]; "at bao nhiéu chi thién nhén dan cing Thién ching, Long ching" [33a]. Hign nay, tir nay chi cdn gap duge trong mét sé 16i xung goi ci nhu chu vj, chu tding, chu Phdt hotc chu huynh, chu Ong... 6 day, c6 mot digu rét dang chi yl cach ding bao nhiéu két hop voi chu. Té hgp bao nhiéu + ch trong danh ngit: tdt bao nhiéu chu thién nhdn dén (cing Thién ching, Long12 Ngén ngir sé 1 nam 2014 ching)... [33a] van chi biéu thi ¥ nghfa "s6 nhiéu, toan thé" nh nghia cia bao nhiéu hote che, Ké hop bao nhiéu ch c6 lé 1 két qua cha mot 16i n6i, ma theo 46, ngudi ta két hop hai tir ding nghia ho&c cén nghia véi nhau, dua vao cing mot vj tri phan 6 trong mot kiéu cdu tric cu phép. Léi két hop nhu thé, chinh la cing mot kiéu tao gp véi nhing don vi tir vimg nhu: bdi vi, dé cho, tat cd, tdt thay, hét thay, than ra’ 4.3. Thanh t6 phy biéu thj y nghia "toan thé/ toan bo" Thanh t8 nay phan bé vj tr 3 ‘rong mé hinh danh ngit, Trong Pht ‘thuyét, dam nbén vai trd cia thanh 16 nay, c6 cde tit: cd, edt, mhdt thiét, hét, thay. Tuy nhién, sy phan bd va céch ding cia chiing 6 nhing diém hdc bigt khé tinh té so véi hign nay hu sau: 43.1, Titod Ching t6i chi gap tir nay mgt lan duy nhét trong danh ng: (mot Ing xuong khé nay, ngo Ay la) ed 461 xa ta...{7b] cia van ban Phat thuyét Diéu nay chimg t6 ring, vo thdi van ban duge gidi am, tir ed voi ¥ nghia “toan thé/ toan bg” méi chi duge sit dng rtf, ning lye ngit phi, ngtt nghia cia né hoan toan chua nhu sau nay va hign nay, bdi lic 46, ¥ nghia “toan thé/ toan b9” chi yéu dang con do moi, bao nhiéu, nhdt thiét, hét (dic bigt la hét) dam nhiém. Thi dy; cling lam cha tir hét [tt ca/ toan thé] ne ddng ching sinh [7a]; hét ching sinh trong pheip gidi (40b); hét, 416i ngii nghich cho bing gid tan [43b]... 43.2, Tir tat Téa tir Hn Viet duge vay muyn, 6 ¥ nghia “toan bé, tat ca”. Trong vn bin duge khdo sét, chting ti cling chi gap tir nay 2 lan. Cy thé la: "tdt nghi lin trong dat, thoi hét iki méi esi" [2b]; "idt bao nhiéu chu thién nhén én... m@t long nghe But thuyét phép" [33a]. Diu nay cho thdy, vao thoi van ban ra d6i, tir dr cdn chua duge ding nhiéu, chua c6 duge vj thé va nang lye ngir phép, ngit nghia déc lap, ty do nhu sau ndy. Mat khdc, tiéng Vigt ay nay noi: mua tdt; cho vao ndu tat; udng tat; mang tat vé nha; 6 tdt, khéng la khéng tdt... (tite 1a ding ‘df trong déng ngt/ ngit vj tit); con trong danh ngé thi da ding 1dr cd, tat thay... thay cho tdt. Trong Phét thuyét..., tt thé hign dic diém ngit nghia, ng phép y nhur tdt cd, td thay, hét thay trong tiéng Vigt ngay nay. Céich ding tir ¢d¢ trong danh ngtt "‘dt bao nhiéu chue [= tit cd toan thé] thién han dén" trong cau vita din ra trén day chinh 14 mt thi du nhu thé, 4.3.3. Tie nit thiét Nhdt thiét cing 1a tir Han Viet duge vay mug, duge ding trong Pht thuyét, Trong tiéng Vigt ngay nay, tir nay da bign nghia di rat xa so véi khi né duge ding trong Phat thuyét. Néu nhu hign nay, nhdt ehiét di kém, lam tir phy cho vj ti, thi trong Phat shuyét, né [a tir phy cho danh tir va biéu thj ¥ nghia “toan thé/ toan bo”. Thi dy: .. mhdt thiét ching sinh hay vi dng na lam phic..." [39a]; "... nhdt thiét ching héi, ming kinh vui mimg..." [39b]; “1. Tap dén nhdt chiés ching sink" [40b].Céu tric... 4.3.4, Tithét VE mat ngit nghia, khdo sét 38 lan duge sit dung trong van ban, hét bidu hign hai nghia cn ban gidng véi hign na (1) "Khéng con nita, sau mét qué trinh tiéu hao, mat di". V6i nghia nay, Aét duge ding nhu mét vj tir. Thi dy: "da kh6 mdu hét" [42a]. (2) "Tit cd moi cdi (moi sy vat) hofe toan b6 cdi gi 46". Voi nghia hét duge ding nhu mét phy ti ién nghia toan thé/ toan b6. Thi lam cha tir hét (= ca/ tat ca) tur dang ching sinh" (7a). Quan sét m6t cdu sau day, ta thay 6 hai lan hét duge ding voi hai nghia phan bigt nhau rat r6: "Thita e6 vrong yng nghjch mudi dit dang t6i, tit cd) thoi tan sgch, mot dudng hét ching con" [38b]. bi chiéu ban giai Am voi ban ‘Han van, chung t6i thay trong 38 lin xuét hign trong ban gidi 4m, c6: = 18 lin hét duge ding dé dich nghia hoe y cia 8 tir bén Han vin sau day: dich tir rt 4 ln [6a, 22b (2 lan), 38b]; dich tir t€n 6 lan [2a, 37b, 38b, 42b (2 lin), 45a]; dich tir ong 2 Ian [6a, 46a]; djch tir kigr 2 lan (3a, 42a]; dich tir phé 1 lan (3al; dich tir giai 1 lin [40b]; dich tir rriér 1 ln [13a]; dich tir bién 1 1n [17b]. = 20 lan con lai, hét khong duge ding 4é d6i dich riéng biét tir ndo voi bén Han vin, ma thé hign ¥ cia cau. Trong hai nghia néu trén cia - Aét, 6 toan bd 38 lan sir dung tir nay, nghia “khong cdn nifa, sau m6t qué trinh tiéu hao, mat di” chi duge ding 3 lan trong ba ngit cénh: “mét duimg 13 hét ching cdn" [38b]; "da khé mau hét" [42a]; "durong mac hét vui" [42b]. Vé mat ngtt phép, Aét thé hign hai kha ning: a) Kha ning thir nhét, c6 thé dimg 6 vj tri dau danh ng@, thé hign ¥ nghia “toan thé/ toan b6” nhu sar 2, tdi thy, todn 66, ton 1 ting Viét hign dai. Day 1a diém khéc bigt so véi hét trong Viét ngit ngay nay. Thi dy: "oting lam cha ti h(t cf toan thé] ne ding chiing sinh" (7a), “hét ching sinh trong php gid" [40b]; "nét 161 ngii nghich cho bing gid tan" [43b]; "khim hét chting sinh cho (nén] But" (45a)... Tai vj tri nay, Aét con c6 thé két hop voi moi, tao nén két cdu hét moi [= hét = dt cd moi), nhu 6 danh ng trong céu sau day: "hér moi on dng ng, bing dén cong me di lai ling giéng ong tay..." [35a]. L6i két hop va cach ding Aét + moi hoan toan giéng nhu céch ding [tat ca moi, hét tat ca moi] trong tiéng Viet ngay nay. b) Kha ning thir hai, Aét c6 thé duge ding véi chite ning nhu mét dai tir, dé "hdi chi" sy vat, sy vige duge néu trong cum tir dimg lién ding trude nd, va van biéu thj ¥ nghia “toan thé/ toan bd” sy vat, sy viée néu trong cum tir 46. Thi dy: "trong bao nhiéu 15 léng [,] hét thoi (= thi tat c déu) chay mau" [2b]; "... nga ding cing ching sinh [,] hét théi (= thi ae ca déu) cing nén dgo But" [40b]. © day, c6 mét didu cin duge ac bigt hau y la, vj tri cua hér rdt dé gay nhdm lan rang: hét voi ¥ nghia14 Ng6n ngé s6 1 nim 2014 chi toan thé, cé thé dimg cuéi danh ngit. Thét ra, vé mat lién két ¥ nghia, hét “hoi chi” vao didu duge thé hién trong cum tir dimg true (bén tréi) n6, nhung vé mat ngit phép thi né khong thuge vé danh ngir d6*. C6 1é ngtt nghia, ngtt phap cia tir tdt bén Han van 4 gép phan din dén kha ning nay qua anh huéng cia 16i “gidi 4m”, giang séch thdi truéc. Chinh hér da duge ding dé gidi nghfa va dit 6 vj tri tuong duong nhu tdt, So sinh: + "trong bao nhiéu 13 léng hér thoi chdy mau" [2b] (chu né khéng trung df giai lu huyét) ~ "ngii nghjch mudi dir dang t9i ‘hér thoi tan sach, mot dutmg hét ching con" [386] (ngii nghich thap 4c dang t6i rdr giai tigu digt vinh tan v6 du) Nhu thé, ch ngimg dé ngit y trong cAu phai & truée tir hét; va hét tryc tiép c6 quan hé ngit phép véi céc ‘tirngtt di sau n6. Céc edu 06 céch ding hét nhu vay phai duge hiéu nhur sau: "nga ding cling chung sinh // hét thoi [= tit ca déu] cing nén dao But" (400); “thita tu moi thm lanh // hét thoi [= tt ca déu) thuan But" [456]; “cling bao nhiéu thanh 46 ching sinh // héf théi [= tht ca déu] vao lay" [46a}; "ngii nghjch mudi dit ding ti // ‘ét thoi (= tht cd d2u] tan sach" [38b]; "trong bao nhiéu 18 long // hét thd [= tat ca déu] chay mau" [22b]. RO rang, véi kha ming thir hai nay, ¥ nghia, chire nding va céch ding cua hét hoan toan giéng voi tdt cd trong tiéng Viét ngay nay. (Thi dy: "Doan c6 7 ngudi, tat cd déu di may bay"). 43.5. Tit thay Tir nay trong Phét thuyét duge ding 1 lan va cé vj tri phan bd hoi “la” so véi tiéng Viét ngay nay. Néu nhu hign nay, tiéng Viét thuong chi noi: cd thay, tat thay, hét thay... thi trong vin ban Phdt thuyét ching t6i thiy thay ding mt minh va ding nhu mét dai tir biéu thj ¥ nghia “toan thé”, v6i chite nang cia mét dai tir hi chi, giéng nhu céch ding cia hét vita phan tich bén trén. Thi dy: " nim da trim, thang 4a no, na con thay sng, vay nguoi ra trong ngon co" (336). Tuy nhién, trong trutmg hop nay, thay duge ding dé "giai y" cia ngit dogn bén. Han vin "Mau tir cau hién" chir khéng hoan toan giéng nhu vige hét duge ding 4é dich nghia cia rdt ("hét thoi chiy méu" (226) = 1dr giai eu huyét, "hét thoi tan sach" [38b] = tt giai tiéu diét). Nhu vay ia va ngit phay celia théy ‘day At ging v6i hat [= tht cl] thoi Phat thuyér va gidng voi tt 4, tt thay trong tiéng Viét ngay nay. 5. Nhgin xét Cée phan tich trinh bay bén trén cho phép ching ta cé thé di toi mot 86 nbn xét: 5.1. Vao thoi ra di cba ban giai 4m Phat thuyét, m6 hinh t8 chite kh quat cia danh ngit tiéng Viét cing nnhu nhiing phite tap trong quan hé gitta danh tir don vj véi danh tir khéi, gitta danh tir dém duge véi danh tir khong dém due khi lam trung tam danh ngtr ‘va sy chi phéi cla ching d6i voi cdcCéu tric. thanh t6 phy trrdc trung tm va sau trung tim... trén thy té khéng c6 khéc bigt nhiéu so véi td chire cia danh ngtt tiéng Viét hién nay. Nhiing khdc bigt néu cé, chi la & chi tiét chir khong phai la khdc biét I6n vé cdu tric. 5.2. Céc thanh t6 phy sau trang tam cia danh ng@, tuy khé da dang vé td chite, vé tinh chit va kiéu loai néi dung..., nhung hoan toan vin cé quy duge chung vé ba vj tri (1', 2', 3’) cia m6 hinh danh ngtt day du. Tai che vi tri dé, céc logi: dinh ngtr han dinh, dinh ngit miéu ta, inh ngir ‘xéc dinh (gdm: dinh ngit tryc chi, dinh ngit vj tri, dinh ngit so hitu) déu cé thé xudt hién theo nguyén tdc phan bd trong cu tric danh ngit dé thé hign: Jogi, tinh chat, dic trmg, quan hé so hiu cia sy vat, chét ligu tgo nén sy vat, noi dung cia sy tinh, va trye chi sy vat... Cé thé ndi, phdn sau trung tam cia danh ngit trong Phét thuyét khong c6 khéc biét gi ding néi so véi phan sau trung tim cua danh ngtt tiéng Viet hign dai. 5.3. Trong phan dau danh ng, céc tir dim nhiém vai trd cia céc thanh t6 6 ba vj tri (3, 2, 1) chi gdm mét sé lugng rat hitu han; va cy thé 1a nhu sau: Vj tri 1 (vj ti cia tir chi xubt cdf) hoan toan trong trong céc danh ngit cua Phdt thuyét. Trong van ban nay, ching ti khong gap tir chi xuat cdi duge sit dung mét lan nao, Vi tri 2 1a vi tr cia: ~ Céc sb tir chi s6 Iugmg chin xéc. ~ Bén tir chi lugng: nhiing [= toan 1a, chi la}, moi, bao nhiéu [= céc], che [- cdc]. Khong gip: méi, cde, timg 6 vi tri ndy nhu trong tiéng Viét ngay nay. Vj tri 3 la vj tricia 5 tir thé hign ¥ nghia “toan thé”: = cG, tt, nhdt thiét (= toan b6, toan thé]. - hét (= toan thé, toan b6]. - thay [= tat ca] va tb hop dic bigt: bao mhiéu cue (= cdc + cdc). Khéng gap ¢dt cd, tdt thay, hét théy 6 vi tel ny nur trong tiéng Vigt ngay nay. Trén thye té, cde diém dj bigt cia danh ngtt trong Phét thuyét so véi danh ngit Viét ngay nay chit yéu tap trung 6 cdc thanh t6 phy trudc trung tam va chit yéu la dj bigt vé mat tir vyng (danh séch tir cy thé cia cdc tir lam thanh t6 phy) cing véi ngit nghia eta ching, chtr khéng phai chi yéu 1a dj bigt vé mat nga phép (vj ti phan bé trong céu tric danh ngit). 5.4. Trong qué trinh tip xic Han - Viét lau dai, m6t kh6i lugng Ién cdc tir gdc Han, trong dé c6 Iép ‘tir cOng cy ngit phap d4 duge vay mugn vio tiéng Viét. Céc tir d6 da cing véi cc tir cng cy khée cia Viét ngit thye +hign vai trd rat quan trong trong vige lam thanh t5 phy khi xdy dung céc cdu ‘nic ng phdp, trong 46 6 danh ngi. ‘Néu so sénh cdc tir déng vai trd Jam thanh t6 phy trong danh ngft thoi van ban Nom Pht thuyét ra doi voi céc thanh t6 phy tuong img (vé vj tri, chite ning) trong danh ngit tiéng Viét ngay nay, thi phai thdy rang, ben canh ohiing nét dng nhat 1a nhiing nét khdc bigt vé mat ngtt nghia va/ ho&c ngit phap dang quan tim nhu: a) Nhiing khc biét vé nghia va cach ding:16 Ng6n ngé s6 1 nim 2014 ~ Che tir tdt, hét, they, nhdt thidt 6 nghia "toan bd, toan thé, tat ca", ~ Tir bao nhiéu, clue ob nghia "cde". ~ Tirnhing c6 nghia “toan (1a)"... 'b) Nhang Khéc biét vé kha nang kkét hop va nghia nhu: bao nhiéu + chu [= cdc}; (td) + bao nhiéu + chue (= (tat 4) cde]; hét + moi [= tht c& moi]; nhing + ching (= tat cd moi]... ‘Thy ra, nhimg hién tuong két hop "du" tir chi lrgng theo kiéu bao nhiéu chu [= céc); (tt) bao nhiéu che [= (tat ca) cdc); hét moi [= tht cd moi]; nhimg ching [= tat cA moi]... khong phai chi gap trong ban giai am Phar thuyét, ma cdn thiy trong cé nhing ngudn ngttligu khéc sau 46 (nhu Thién tng khéa Ine ngit luc ching han: img cdc giéng phi tiém" [tr.56b]; ic chue Phat" [tr.54b]; "nhimg phd ti Ay” [tr.58a], "nhiing ede ching ting" {r5%).) ‘va ngay ca trong khau ngit tiéng Viet ngay nay. C6 18 céch "gidi Gm" vin bin theo truyén théng ngit van Viét Nam va nhiing giao thoa ngit phép, giao thoa tir vung Han - Vigt trong qué ‘tinh gidi 4m 1A m6t rong nhiing nguyén nhdn quan trong gop phan dan dén nhimg khéc biét dé; va vin dé nay cdn duge nghién ciru riéng. 5.5. Két qua khdo sét ngit liu cho thy, viée Ip thire m6 hinh danh ngtt tiéng Viét ti thoi ban gidi am Pht thuyét ra di cho dén nay, ndi- chung 1a én dinh. Trén dai thé, phai thira nhén ring céc danh ngtr trong van ban 46 thudng c6 cdu tric gin dj hon, kich thuée vat chét thudng ngin hon so véi danh ngit tiéng Viet hign nay, Mic di la vin ban viée, trong méi danh ngit cia Phat thuyét thumg khéng cé nhiéu thanh t6 dinh ng(t sau trung tim duge sir dung. N6i cach khéc, danh ngft tiéng Viét trong van bn Phat thuoét thuimg bd tréng (khong lip day) kha nhidu vj tri trén mé hinh danh ngit day du. CHU THICH ' Va nin dei cia van ban Nom nay, ‘Nguyn Tai Clin, Chit Nom da hién dign vio ‘thai B) qube 46 di ra Thing Long, Van bos ‘Neh An, sb 172-173, 5/2010; Nguyn Quang Hong, Khai ludn vain tw hoe chie Nom, Nxb GD, H., 2008, dodn dinh vio khodng thé ky XI, XIl; Shimizu Masaaki, A Phonological Reconstruction of the 15 Cenry Vietnamese Using Chat Nom Materials, B4o co tai HOi tho Vigt Nam hoc; Ha N6i, 2008 va Hoang ‘Thi Ngo, Chit Nom va tidng Viet qua bin giai dm "Phat thuyét phy mdu dai bdo én trong kink’, Nxb KHXH, H., 1999, 2002, oan dinh vio thé ky XV. ? MO hinh td chite cia danh ng@ tiéng Vite hign dai duge M.B. Emeneau [14] khéi quit héa, xy dmg va trinh bay vio nim 1951 Sau 46, n6i chung, ce nghién ci vé dan ing@t déu cé thao lugn vé mé hinh t8 chic va cc thanh 6 clu to cba m6, Bae bit, thanh 06 ‘rung tm cia danh ngt la vin 42 duge quan ‘tim ban théo nhitu nht: "Logi ti” hay danh tir img 6 vi tr dy, hay a chai? [xem: (2; [4k (5); (6); (71; (8); (9); (10); (11); (15); (16); [18]; [21]; (22); (25); (30). Cho dén nay, diéu ny 4 sing t va hodn toan 6 thd kiém chimg tuge: "Logi tir" cia tiéng Viet chinh la danh ‘tr dom vi; va khi “logi tit” di voi danh tir & gift danh nga, th chinh “logit” moi rung tm danh ngt. Bén nay, hu hét céc nha nghién cu déu 43 nhin nhgn nhu vay. Mo hinh cfu tric chung cia danh ngt st g8m nnhdng thanh t6 duge t8 chic va ching t6i uy ude dénh du nhur sau:BAI HOC THU DAU MOT CAu tri TRUNG TAN THONG TA THUVIEN 17 Tired, méy let | quyta| sdch| oa | nay eee eta | Osea tenes ‘Nam 1975 va trude 6, Neuyn Tai Cin [7, 8] 48 nhgn ra vin 48 nay, nhung ng con migu ta trung tam danh ngt gém hai thanh t6: TH (thanh 18 vin duge goi la “logi tir") a thanh t6 chinh vé mat ngtt pha, T2 (than 16 fa danh ti) 1a thanh 16 chinh -vé mat ngt nghia. Nam 1976 6ng khing dinh Jais trong nhiing chu tric nhur mt cdn, mot dan / mt can tht, mot din trdu / mot con, mot ngudi / mpt con trdu, mot ngudi ban thi cde “loai ti” nhw: dan, con cing chinh Ta danh tir (danh tir don vi). Va trong cdc chu trie 6,... “danh tir o6 9 nghta don vi o Iuimg moi 1a tir chinh; tte a trong cde cu tric “logi tir + danh tie” thi log tir chit khdng phai danh tr, méi la thanh t6 chink” (6,167). 2 $6 va cht ghi trong du ngoge vubng [1] sau ng0 ligu durge din, 1a s6 higu trang trong vin bin Nom. “Thong tin ny 6 thé kiém chimg duge qua két qua ching t6i khdo sdt mt logt vin bin tir sau Phat thuydt cho dn tn cudi thé ki XIX dé tim sy xudt hign ciia cdi chi xudt nay. Cy thé la ~ Cu trdn tac dao, Dé this tim tuyén thank dao ca, Vink Hoa yén ne phi. (Séch Chit Ném (nguén gde - cu tg - dibn bién), ao Duy Anh Nxb KHXH, H., 1975): (0: khong gap lan nao); = Thidn ting khéa hur ngit Wwe (Trin ‘Trong Duong khao cir, phin chi; Nxb Van hie, Ha NOi, 2009): (1 dn. Val: Chin ndi efi ssdc than noi thay thay moi nguci (tr.13a]). = Qude dim thi tdp (Stich Ngwén Trai toan tp, D&o Duy Anh phién am, khéo* chi, Nxb KHXH, H., 1976): (0); = Hing Dize qude dm thi tip (Pham trong Dim - Bhi Van Nguyén phin &m, ché sii, gi6i thigu; Nxb Van hod, 1962, Nxb Van hoe, 1982): (0); = Truyén Ki man luc (Nguyn Quang Hong phign am, cha giai; Nxb KHXH, H., 2001): (0); = 42 vin bin the thé ky XVIII (Séch Chit qudc ngit thé by XVIIL Doan Thién ‘Thus sau thm va chi bien, Nxb GD, H,, 2008) (1 thn, Vd: 66 ra cdi long mén D.C... (Van ban 23); + Lich sie nuée Annam (Sich Lich sit chit qube ngir (BB Quang Chinh phién chuyén).. Tai sich Ra khoi, Sai gon, 1972): (0). Xin ju ¥: Trong phan phién chuyén sang cht Quéc ngt hign nay, the gia séch Lich sit cht Qude ngot - Cu Nguyn Quang Chinh - phién tir cAi trong cfu: "Bang sy cdi phép té fe noi [tr. 122, ban in 1972]. Ching ti 46i chiéu v6i anh chyp van ban Lich sir made Annam th thy khOng phai véy. Nguyén ban cia B. Thign viét nhdm va viét thira "Bang sy cde noi phép té cdc noi"... Cy BB Quang CChinh bd chit noi thir nhét va phign cht cfc tht nbdt thanh efi. Vay o day khOng c6 ti ‘fi chi xuat. = Séch sé sang chip ede vige (Philiphe Binh; Vign Dai hoc Ba Lat, 1968, tir t.1 dén tr, 228 va tirtr $49 dén tr. 597): (0). = Thién Nam ngit luc (Nguyn Thj Lam kkhdo ciru, sum thm va bién soan; Nxb Van Inge, 2001): (0); = Thay Lazaro Phién - Thay Lazaro Phién (www.truyenviet.com/truyen-ngan/ 72-/7104-thay-lazara-phien): (0). + Chuyén ii Bo Kj ndim At Hoi 1876. (btp:/viowikisource.org/w/index php?ttle= Chuyén_di_ t_Hyi_18768 oldid=29918): (4 lin, Vd: Tite cudi cdi mu ;.. nguedi ta tin c6 thdn cé ma bat chi nguesi cdim c@;.. lai thém ci tuc choi tréu:.. 6 nhiéu ci han mii nbd riéng mhaw ra). Tit nay cdn duge dg thanh van dé va nghién atu riéng.18 Ng6n ng s6 1 nim 2014 * Thue ra, didu nay khOng 06 gl la. Céch noi nay, vao nhOng nim chét cua thé ki XIX, bude sang dau thé ki XX, ching ta con g8p trong vin ban cia Trin TE Xuong “N6 Iai chic nhau c&i sy gidu, dim ngdn van mo db vao dau”, * Thi dy: mhing ngudi I ngudi; An tl mang tric ming mai, nhing giang cing nia Ity ai ban cing (ca dao). ? Mat khdc, chinh nhtng don vj tir wg, nur 66 ra, chita chin, tuditde, déi chic, ché ‘md, s6ng ngdi.. hoe nhmg 16i n6i gan dy trong tiéng Vikt ngly nay nu: bang dé mm, bia regu, bai bac... ob 18 du 48 duge t30 thinh theo Idi 46. V8 vn 42 nay, ching 181 48 06 dip trinh bay trong mét s6 nghién cou itu quan nhu: Céc don vj tir vung song tidt ding Idp ting Vigt trong b6i canh mot sb gon ngit Déng Nam A. Ng6n ng0, Sb 5, 1999 tr, 22-34. Dom tlt, dom tds hod va da 1, da tiét hod trong qué trinh phdt trién ciia tibng Vide. Ky ybu hoi théo que té v8 ngbn gd va ng6n ngit hoc lin A. Ha NOi, 11 - 2005, tr. 202 - 213. * Tuong ty nhu céich n6i ngay nay: Trong nha cé bén anh em, tdt od déu 6 xa. Lép c6 21 nguci, tdt cd du 1d nt. Trong ‘rudng hep nay, néu phan tich ng phép ‘cia cé cu thi phan tich theo cfu tric dd - thuyét c6 1é la thich hgp va haw higu. Mat kkhéc, ciing khdng thd coi efch ding hér & ‘iy a gidng nhur cich ding td trong ning 16 n6i nbur: Ho 6 ba neu tdt cd, du len tau réi. N6 da 10 trigu tdt cd, t6i tiéu hét ri... Boi vi nhiing cau ndy duge 18 chite theo mot clu tric ngtt php va cu tc thong tin khéc. NGO LIEU DUGQC KHAO SAT 1. Phat thuyét phu mdu dai béo dn trong kinh, (Hoang Th Ngo phign &m, chi gidi; Trong sich: Chit Nom vai tiéng Vigt qua ban gidi dm Phét thuyét phy imdu dai bdo n trong kinh, Nxb KHXH, H,, 2002). TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 2. Digp Quang Ban, Ngit phdp tidng Viet, Nxb GD, H., 2005. 3. Bright W., (Editor in chief), Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford University Press, 1992. 4, Bustrov LS., Nguyen Tai Can, Stmkievich NV, Grammaika Vieremstogo Jazyka, Leningrad, 1975. 5. Cadiere L., Syntaxe de la langue Vietnamienne. EFEO, vol. XLII. Paris: Ecole Francaise d’ Extreme Orient, (Ban anh méy cia Phdng tu ligu Khoa Ngit vin, Dai hc Téng hop Ha Noi). 6. Nguyen Tai Can, O konstrukchija tipa “Sushestvitel’noe so znacheniem cedinixhu izmerenja + sushestvite’noe”, Vietnamskyi Lingvistikyi Sbomik, zd. Nauka, Moskva, 1976. Str. 163 -170 (ting Nga). 7. Nguyén Tai Can, Tir logi danh ‘tt trong tiéng Viét hign dai, Nxb KHXH, H,, 1975. 8, Nguyén Tai Cdn, Nett phip tiéng Vigt (Tiéng - tit ghép - dodn ngit), (In lan thir ba), Nxb DHQG, H., 1996. 9. Truong Van Chinh, Nguyén Hién Lé, Khdo lugn vé ngit phdp Viét Nam, Dai hoc Hué, 1963. 10, Hoang Diing, Nguyén Thi Ly Kha, Vé cdc thanh 16 phy sau trung tém trong danh ngit tiéng Viét, Ngon ngit, S6 4, 2004, tr.24 - 34, 11, Hoang Ding, Nguyén Thi Ly Kha, Danh tir va cdc tiéu loai danh tir tiéng Viét, (Séch: Ngtt phap tiéng Viét - ‘Nhiing vn dé If lun, Nxb KHXH, 2008, tr. 213 - 296.Ciu tric... 12. Dinh vin Duc, Ngit phdp tiéng Vigt (Tie loai), Nxb DHQG, H., 2001. _ 13, Dinh vin Bite, Cac bai giding vé tir phap hoc tiéng Viét, Nxb BHQG, H,, 2010. 14, Emeneau MB., Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) Grammar, University of California, 1951. 15. Cao Xuan Hgo, Tiéng Viée - may vdn dé ngit dm, ngit phdp, ngit nghta, Nxb GD, H., 1998. 16. Cao Xuén Hao, Nghia ciia Jogi tic, The Ngon ngit, S62, 1999; Sb 3, 1999. 17. Jespersen, O., The Philosophi of Grammar, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London, 1958, 18. Tran Trong Kim, Bai Ky, Pham Duy Khiém, Vigt Nam vain pham, Tan Vigt, 1949, 19. Krifka M., Common nouns: A contrastive analysis of Chinese and English, In Carlson and Pelletier (eds.), Chicago & London, 1995, 398-41 Ipp. 20. Krupa, V., Classifiers in the languages of Southeast Asia, Evolution of a lexico-syntactic category, Asian and African studies, XIV, 1978, 119- 124pp. 19 21, HO Lé, Can théo go nhiing diéu réc réi vé logi tit, Tle Ng6n ngit, 862, 1977. 22. Lé Van Ly, So thio ngit phdp Vigt Nam, Sai Gan, 1968. 23. Trin Thj My, Nguyén Thién Nam, Mét vai nhdn xét vé céch dis cdc tir “mét, phd, thay thay, céva.. trong véin xudi cudi thé ki XVII ddu thé kd XIX, (cit ligu rit tit “Sich 86. iéc..."), Tle Ngon ngtt, Si 24, Trin Dai Nghia, Mét cdch xdc dinh logi tie trong tiéng Viét, Tle Ng6n ngtt, Sé 4, 1998. 25, Nguyén Phi Phong, Con cdi, edi con, con va edi danh tz, logi tir va quén tir, Tle Ng6n ngtt, Sb 10, 2005, 26. Rijkhoff, J., The noun phrase, Oxford University Press, 2001. 27. Nguyén Kim Than, Nghién itu vé ngit phdp tiéng Vigt, Nxb GD, H., 1997. 28, Ly Toan Thang, Logi tir va cede tiéu logi danh tit trong tiéng Viét, ‘Tie Ngén ngtt, Sé 2, 1997. 29. Bhi Bie Tinh, Vin pham Viét ‘nam, Nxb Van hod, 1996. 30. Trung tim khoa hoc x8 hoi va nhn vin quéc gia, Ngit phdp tiéng Vigt, Nxb KHXH, H., 2000.