SYJC

Ch. 2
Reproduction by Lower and
Higher Animals
Unit 2.6 – Embryonic Development
a) Cleavage b) Blastulation
c) Implantation d) Gastrulation
Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)
Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Gametogenesis
Human reproduction
Insemination

Fertilization

Zygote Formation

Embryogenesis

Gestation

Parturition
Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)
Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Embryogenesis

Cleavage

Implantation
Different
Zygote Morula Blastula Gastrula
celled stages

• 2 celled Blastomeres • Endoderm

Compact
Diploid • 4 celled enclosing • Mesoderm
• 8 celled mass of cell. • Ectoderm
blastocoel.

1st day
1st day
Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher) 4th day 7th day 15th day
Biology Dept. (Jr. College) onwards
Mithibai College
 Embryonic Development - Cleavage
• Rapid cell divisions • Rapid DNA replication
• No growth in size • Increased Oxygen consumption
• Size reduction of cells • Faster metabolism

• Holoblastic – Whole zygote gets divided.

• Radial – Blastomeres divide at right angles to the previous division..
• Indeterminate – Fate of each blastomere not predetermined.

Cleavage planes: Longitudinal/ Horizontal/

Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)
Biology Dept. (Jr. College) Meridional Equatorial
Mithibai College
 Cleavage
Inside Oviduct - Pushed towards Uterus

1st Day 2nd Day

3rd Day 4th Day
12 – 15 hours 24 – 30 hours
2 celled 4 celled 8 celled 16 – 32 celled

1st Cleavage 2nd Cleavage 3rd Cleavage After few

Longitudinal Longitudinal at right Horizontal Cleavages
angle to 1st cleavage.

Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)

Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Cleavage
Morula (16 – 32 celled)
• Cells (blastomeres) compactly arranged. Outer – Smaller, clearer
• Formed by 4th day and reaches Isthmus. blastomeres

Inner – larger blastomeres

Zona
Pellucida

By end of 4th Day

Reaches
Uterus

Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)

Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Blastulation
Formation of hollow and multicellular blastocyst (embryo) .

Floating in Uterine Cavity

0.15 mm for 2 to 4 days 0.30 mm

Zona pellucida Zona hatching

• Prevents • Zona pellucida gets
implantation at removed when
abnormal site blastula reaches
• Does not expose uterus.
sticky and phagocytic
trophoblast cells.

Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)

Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Blastulation
Formation of hollow and multicellular blastocyst (embryo) .
Embryonal end (animal pole) Rauber Cells
• Trophoblast cells in contact with
Inner mass cells
Blastocoel Inner mass cells/ Embryonal knob
• Fluid filled blastocyst • Embryoblasts
cavity
Trophoblast
• Outer layer of flat cells
• Absorbs nutrition (uterine milk –
glycogen) for developing embryo
Abembryonal end (Vegetal pole)
Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)
Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Implantation
Blastula reaches fundus

Zona hatching – Naked blastula

Sticky Trophoblast exposed

Animal pole attaches to endometrium

7th to 10th
Trophoblast undergoes rapid cell division
day

2 distinct layers produced

Whole embryo deeply embedded inside endometrium

Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)

Biology Dept. (Jr. College) Implantation
Mithibai College
 Implantation
Trophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast Cytotrophoblast

• Layer of protoplasm Defined membrane

with many nuclei.
• Processes invade
endometrium by
releasing lytic enzymes.
• These enzymes rupture
endometrial cells by
making a burrow in
Syncytiotrophoblast which embryo gets
implanted.
Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)
Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)
Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Gastrulation

Formation of Gastrula from the blastocyst.

Differentiation of blastomeres Morphogenetic movements

Formation of - Movement of cells to reach their
▪ Ectoderm, definite place in embryo
▪ Mesoderm,
▪ Endosperm.

Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)

Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Gastrulation
By 8th Day By 15th Day
Division, rearrangement and
Bilaminar Disc Trilaminar Disc
migration of Epiblast cells

Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)

Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Gastrulation
8th Day Inner Mass Cells
Formation of Bilaminar Disc
(From Inner mass cells)
Bilaminar Disc
Flattened cells

Hypoblast Epiblast

Free end of
In contact wit
Inner mass
Rauber cells
cells

Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)

Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Gastrulation
Hypoblast

Cells divides and grows downwards.

forms Endoderm (1st layer formed )

Layer grows within the blastocoel

Encloses Yolk Sac

Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)
Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Gastrulation
Epiblast

Cell divides and move out

form Ectoderm – pyramidal cells (2nd

layer formed )

Encloses Amniotic cavity

Roof Floor
Amniogenic cells gives Embryonic disc
Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)
rise to Amnion (extra
Biology Dept. (Jr. College) embryonic membranes)
Mithibai College
 Gastrulation
Formation of Primitive streak

Bilaminar disc (Epiblast cells)

shallow groove on the surface - primitive groove.

Streak progresses from posterior to anterior end of embryo.

Mesoderm (3rd layer) Anterior end of primitive

extends between ectoderm groove communicates with
and endoderm. yolk sac by an aperture
called blastopore (future
anus).
Primitive streak
Present
Firdous Ansari between
(Asst. Teacher) Ectoderm and Endoderm
Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Gastrulation
Cells of Primitive streak divides

Cells migrate in between Endoderm and

Ectoderm

Mesoderm (Third layer) is formed

Bilaminar Embryonic disc becomes

Trilaminar

Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher) Organogenesis

Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Gastrulation

Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)

Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Fate of germinal layers:

Ectoderm
• Epidermis – skin, hair and nails
• Glands - sweat, salivary, mammary, lacrimal,
sebaceous, pineal, anterior and posterior pituitary
glands, adrenal medulla
• Cornea, lens, retina and conjunctiva.
• Nasal epithelium.
• Enamel of teeth.
• Internal and external ear.
• Foregut and hind gut.
• Entire nervous system.
Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)
Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College
 Fate of germinal layers:

Mesoderm
• All types of muscles (except iris and ciliary muscles of
eyes)
• Connective tissues
• Dermis of skin
• Adrenal cortex
• Heart, blood, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
• Middle ear
• Dentine of teeth
• Urinary and Reproductive ducts
• Gonads
• Kidneys
Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)
Biology Dept. (Jr. College) • Sclera and Choroid of eye.
Mithibai College
 Fate of germinal layers:

Endoderm
• Epithelium of mid- gut, urethra, middle ear
• Glands of stomach and intestine
• Tongue, Tonsils
• Lungs, Trachea, Bronchi, Larynx
• Urinary bladder
• Vagina
• Liver, Pancreas, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Thymus
gland
• Eustachian tube

Firdous Ansari (Asst. Teacher)

Biology Dept. (Jr. College)
Mithibai College ----------The End----------