Gen Chem

MEASUREMENT:

- determining the extent, degree, quantity, dimension, and capacity of an object by bringing it into comparison with a
standard

•Length-in measuring the height of a person; distances; the size of clothes.

•Mass- in measuring the weight of a person; the amount of salt or sugar being bought.

•Volume- in measuring the amount of liquid(e.g. softdrinks) Time- in measuring the duration of an event (e.g. to run through a
distance)

•Temperature- in measuring the body temperature of a person or of the atmosphere

•Cause the results to be far from the true value (low accuracy). This errors are known as SYSTEMATIC ERRORS

•Cause the result to be different from each other(low precision). This errors are known as RANDOM ERRORS.

Significant Figures:

•Scientist use significant figures to determine how precise a measurement is

• Significant digits in a measurement include all of the known digits plus one estimated digit

Matter - everything that occupies space and has mass

Everything that you can see and touch is made up of matter

Particles Composing Matter:

• Atoms- the smallest particle

•lons- particles with charges

• Molecules-composed of atoms

STATES OF MATTER:

• Solid- made up of particles which are compact, so that it is no longer possible to push these particles closer to each other.

• Liquid- made up of particles that are far from each other, free movement.

• Gas- made up of particles that are very far apart from each other, which can be push closer towards each other.

Properties of Matter:

• Physical Property- no change on composition takes place during the determination on measurement of these properties.

• Chemical Property- change in composition occur

• Extensive Property- change their value when the amount of matter or substance is changed.

• Intensive Property- do not changed their value when the amount of matter or substance is chaged.

Pure substances:

•Based on the number of kinds of atoms present

Mixture:

•Based on the uniforminty of composition and properties

•Elements- pure substance that are made up of only one kind of atom.

ex: Iron, gold, mercury

• Compound- pure substance made up of two or more kinds of atoms

ex: Salt, sugar, water

• Homogeneous Mixture- has a uniform composition and exhibits the same properties in different parts of the mixture.

• Heterogeneous Mixture- has a non- uniform composition and its properties vary in different parts of the mixture.

SEPARATION METHOD:

• Distillation- to separate a liquid in a homogeneous mixture

• Filtration- to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture using a filtering membrane, like paper or cloth

• Magnetic Separation- to separate a magnetic solid from a heterogeneous mixture

Other separation methods:

• Decantation- to separate a solid from liquid in a heterogeneous mixture based on gravity

• Sublimation- to separate a volatile solid from a non-volatile solid

•Evaporation- can be used as a separation method to separate components of a mixture with a dissolve solid in a liquid

•Chromatography - is the method used to separate components of different degrees of solubility using a moving and a da
stationary fluid

•Magnetism - magnets are normally used to remove magnetic solids from the nonmagnetic components of the mixture.