Organelle Structure Function

Nucleus -Sphere like shape -Contains the cells

-Placement is in the middle of
the cell
-Stored in a gel like
substance(nucleoplasm)
genetics(control center)
-dna replication is present as
well as the genes mature
form
-final gene growth stage is
located in the cytoplasm
- responsible for protein
synthesis, cell division,
growth,.
-control center of the cell
-manages cells reproduction
-acts as a brain of the cell
-allows a selective passage
of different types of
molecules(proteins nucleic
acids) in and out of the
nucleus
-ribosome assembly
-nucleus is present in the cell
and is attached to the nuclear
membrane
Nucleolus -sphere or oblong structure
found in nucleus
-large dark spot
Mitochondrion -surrounded by a double
membrane system
-consists of an inner and
outer membrane
-separated intermembrane
space
Rough and Smooth -smooth er is a continuous
Endoplasmic Reticulum extension of the rough er
-ribosomal genes are copied
-composed of
RNA(ribonucleic acid) and
proteins
-lacks a membrane
-makes parts to help build the
most important workers of the
cell(the ribosomes)
-nucleolus is a sub organelle
present inside the nucleus
and is not attached to any
membrane
-produces energy through the
process of oxidative
phosphorylation
-responsible for
managing/regulating
metabolic activity
-detoxes ammonia in the liver
cells
-promotes cell multiplication
and cell growth
plays an important role in:
oxidative phosphorylation-
a biological mechanism that
uses the reduction of oxygen
to produce adenosine
triphosphate, a high-energy
phosphate bond.
- The ser is typically
used for the storage
 -located more to the far end
from the nucleus
-rough er shaped like
flattened hollow pancakes
-smooth er is tubular in
structure
Golgi Apparatus -a series of 5-8 cup shaped
membrane covered flat sacs
called cisternae
-looks like a stack of deflated
balloons
Ribosome - A little like a
hamburger with a
puffy bun on top
- Appear flattened and
spherical
of liquids and steroids
- rer plays a significant
role in the synthesis of
various proteins
- Difference of the ser
and rer are the
ribosomes
- ribosomes attach to
the surface and gives
a rough appearance
(rough er)
- smooth er does not
have ribosomes on its
surface (possess
ribosomes attached to
its membrane)
-helps package proteins and
lipid molecules
-proteins are destined to be
exported from the cell
-a series of stacked
membranes
-proteins are transported to
lysosomes, the plasma
membrane, or released after
being processed and sorted
after leaving the ER
-The Golgi is the place where
sphingomyelin and glycolipids
are made
- made of both RNA
and protein
- the site of the protein
synthesis in the cell
- protein synthesis in
the cell
- the messenger RNA
(mRNA) sequence is
read by the ribosome,
which then converts
the genetic code into
a specific string of
amino acids that
develop into extended

Lysosome -sphere shaped sacs filled
with hydrolytic enzymes
-spherical bodies about 50-70
in diameter and are bounded
by a single membrane
Vacuole -surrounded by a thin
membrane and filled with fluid
and any molecules they take
-membrane bound subcellular
structure
Chloroplast -oval shaped
-has two membranes(outer
membrane and an inner
membrane)
-intermembrane space
chains and fold to
create proteins.
- use metabolic energy,
accessible
transferable RNAs,
and cellular
supplemental proteins
to carry out the
beginning, extension,
and end of peptide
synthesis
- produces protein by
following the coded
instructions from the
DNA
-digestive system of the cell
-degrades material taken up
from outside the cell to digest
-responsible for the digestion
of macromolecules, old cell
parts, and microorganisms
-responsible
-cell membrane repairs
-responses against foreign
substances (bacteria and
viruses)
-plant cell(help maintain
water balance)
-involved in intracellular
digestion
-animal cell(generally small
and help sequester waste)
-a single vacuole can take up
most of the interior space of
the plant cell
-insulating materials that may
be harmful to the cell
-containing small molecules
-produce energy through
photosynthesis and oxygen
release processes
-sustains plant growth and
crop yield
 approx 10-20 nm wide
Cell Wall -rigid external layer
-plasma membrane that
consists of both lipids and
proteins
-phospholipid layer(provides
a stable barrier between two
aqueous compartments)
Cytoplasm -thick solution (fills each cell
and is inclosed by cell
membrane)
Cilia/Flagella Flagella- long wavy
structures(extend from
plasma membrane and are
used to move an entire cell)
CIlia- short hair like structures
(that are used to move entire
cells or substances along the
outer surface of the cell)
-responsible for biosynthesis
of active compounds (amino
acids, vitamins, lipids,
nucleotides, phytohormones,
etc)
-plant cell
-specifically designed to
provide structural support and
rigidity
-keeps all interior
components of the cell intact
-keeps cell safe from external
environment
-plant cell
-protects against infection
and mechanical stress
-consists of a nucleus and
organelles such as
mitochondria and vacuoles
-mainly composed of water,
salt and protein,.
- in eukaryotes cells the
cytoplasm includes all the
materials inside the cell and
outside of the nucleus
-provides a platform in which
other organelles can operate
within the cell
-cell expansion, growth, and
replication is all carried out
-antenna like protrusions
-present on many times of
eukaryotic cells
- provides functions such as
locomotion, mucus clearance,
fluid circulation,
chemosensation, and
mechanosensation,.
-to move water relative to the
cell in regular
movement(cilia)
 -helps organism in movement
and acts as a sensory organ
to detect temp and PH
changes(flagella)

Cell Membrane -consists of lipids and -serves as gatekeepers and

proteins barriers
-plasma membrane -some molecules can diffuse
-two dense lines separated across the lipid bilayer but
by an intervening space others can not
- gases,oxygen, and carbon
dioxide cross membranes
rapidly
-transports materials coming
in and out of the cell
-they contain receptors that
allow specific molecules such
as ions, nutrients, waste that
mediate cellular and
extracellular activities to pass
between organelles and the
outside environment