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Hsa - CC PHP Ton V Ly Tha V Lgarit
Hsa - CC PHP Ton V Ly Tha V Lgarit
Dạng 1: Thực hiện tính toán, rút gọn các biểu thức lũy thừa.
LÝ THUYẾT CẦN NHỚ:
a. Định nghĩa về các loại lũy thừa
- Lũy thừa với số mũ nguyên dương: Với 𝑎 là số thực tùy ý, lũy thừa bậc 𝑛 của 𝑎 là tích của 𝑛
thừa số 𝑎: 𝑎𝑛 = ⏟𝑎. 𝑎. . . . . 𝑎 (𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗ , 𝑎 ∈ ℝ). Khi đó, 𝑎 được gọi là cơ số, 𝑛 là số mũ.
𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑜
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3
HSA 02. Cho biểu thức 𝑃 = √𝑥. √𝑥 2 . √𝑥 3 với 𝑥 > 0. Giá trị của 𝑘 thuộc khoảng nào dưới đây để 𝑃 =
𝑘
23
𝑥 24
3 3 7 7
A. (0 ; 2) B. (2 ; 2) C. (2 ; 6) D. (6 ; 9)
Lời giải
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11
3 𝑚
√𝑎 7 .𝑎 3 𝑚
HSA 03. Rút gọn biểu thức 𝐴 = 7 với 𝑎 > 0 ta được kết quả 𝐴 = 𝑎 𝑛 , trong đó 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗ và là
𝑎4 . √𝑎 −5 𝑛
phân số tối giản. Khẳng định nào sau đây là đúng?
A. 𝑚2 − 𝑛2 = −312 B. 𝑚2 − 𝑛2 = 312
C. 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 543 D. 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 409
Lời giải
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2022 2022
HSA 04. Tính giá trị của biểu thức 𝑃 = (1 − √5) . (1 + √5)
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2021 2020
HSA 05. Tính giá trị của biểu thức 𝑃 = (7 − 5√2) . (5√2 + 7)
1
A. 𝑃 = 1 B. 𝑃 = 7−5
√2
C. 𝑃 = 5√2 + 7 D. 𝑃 = −5√2 + 7
Lời giải
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5+3𝑥 +3−𝑥
HSA 06. Cho 9𝑥 + 9−𝑥 = 23. Tính giá trị của biểu thức 𝐾 = 1−3𝑥 −3−𝑥?
5 1 5 3
A. 𝐾 = − 2 B. 𝐾 = 2 C. 𝐾 = 2 D. 𝐾 = 2
Lời giải
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Dạng 2: Các phép toán về Lôgarit
1. Công thức định nghĩa:
𝑎 > 0; 𝑎 ≠ 1
* 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 = 𝛼 ⇔ 𝑎𝛼 = 𝑏. ĐKXĐ: {
𝑏>0
Đặc biệt:
* Logarit tự nhiên: (Logarit Nê-pe) là logarit có cơ số 𝑒, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑏 với 𝑒 là một số vô tỷ:
1 𝑥
𝑒 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1 + ) ≈ 2,7182
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥
* Logarit thập phân: là logarit cơ số 10: 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑔 𝑏 (đọc là lốc của 𝑏).
HSA 07. Tìm tập xác định 𝐷 của hàm số 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3).
A. 𝐷 = −∞ ; − 1 ∪ 3 ; + ∞) B. 𝐷 = [−1 ; 3]
C. 𝐷 = (−∞ ; − 1) ∪ (3 ; + ∞) D. 𝐷 = (−1 ; 3)
Lời giải
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HSA 08. Tìm tập xác định 𝐷 của hàm số 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (−𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 4).
A. 𝐷 = (−∞ ; 1) ∪ (4 ; + ∞) B. 𝐷 = (−∞ ; 1) ∪ (4 ; + ∞)
C. 𝐷 = (1 ; 4)\{3} D. 𝐷 = (1 ; 4)
Lời giải
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HSA 09. Có bao nhiêu giá trị nguyên của 𝑚 ∈ (−50 ; 5 0) để hàm số 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2022 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑚 + 1) xác
định ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ?
A. 99 B. 49 C. 50 D. 100
Lời giải
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Lời giải
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HSA 11. Tổng bình phương các nghiệm của phương trình 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 7) = 0 bằng
2
A. 6 B. 5 C. 13 D. 7
Lời giải
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2. Nhóm công thức biến đổi, tính toán logarit trên cùng 1 cơ số:
1) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎𝛼 = 𝛼. Đặc biệt: 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1 ; 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0
2) Logarit của 1 tích: 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑏1 . 𝑏2 . . . . . 𝑏𝑛 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏2 +. . . + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏𝑛
𝑏
3) Logarit của 1 thương: 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏2
2
1 1
A. 𝐼 = 2 B. 𝐼 = 2 C. 𝐼 = − 2 D. 𝐼 = −2
Lời giải
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Lời giải
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HSA 14. Với 𝑎 là số thực dương tùy ý, 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑎) bằng.
1
A. 1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑎 B. 3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑎 C. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 D. 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑎
3 𝑎
Lời giải
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3) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝛼 𝑏 = 𝛼 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏
HSA 15. Cho 𝑎 là số thực dương, 𝑎 ≠ 1 và 𝑃 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3√𝑎 𝑎3 . Mệnh đề nào dưới đây đúng?
1
A. 𝑃 = 3 B. 𝑃 = 1 C. 𝑃 = 9 D. 𝑃 = 3
Lời giải
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HSA 16. Với các số thực dương 𝑥, 𝑦 tùy ý, đặt 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 = 𝛼; 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑦 = 𝛽. Mệnh đề nào dưới đây đúng?
3 3
√𝑥 𝛼 √𝑥 𝛼
A. 𝑙𝑜𝑔27 ( 𝑦 ) = 9 ( 2 − 𝛽) B. 𝑙𝑜𝑔27 ( 𝑦 ) = 2 + 𝛽
3 3
√𝑥 𝛼 √𝑥 𝛼
C. 𝑙𝑜𝑔27 ( 𝑦 ) = 9 ( 2 + 𝛽) D. 𝑙𝑜𝑔27 ( 𝑦 ) = 2 − 𝛽
Lời giải
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HSA 17. Cho 𝑎 và 𝑏 là hai số thực dương thỏa mãn 𝑎4 𝑏 = 16. Giá trị của 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑏 bằng:
A. 4 B. 2 C. 16 D. 8
Lời giải
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HSA 19. Cho 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑎 = 2 và 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑏 = 2. Tính 𝐼 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 [𝑙𝑜𝑔3(3𝑎)] + 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 𝑏2 ?
4
5 3
A. 𝐼 = B. 𝐼 = 4 C. 𝐼 = 0 D. 𝐼 =
4 2
Lời giải
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HSA 20. Cho 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 là các số thực dương thỏa mãn 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔2 5 = 4; 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔4 6 = 16; 𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 3 = 49. Tính giá trị
2
T a log2 5 blog4 6 clog7 3 ?
2 2
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HSA 21. Cho 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 3; 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 4 với 𝑎, 𝑏 là các số thực lớn hơn 1. Tính 𝑃 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑥?
7 1 12
A. 𝑃 = 12 B. 𝑃 = 12 C. 𝑃 = 12 D. 𝑃 = 7
Lời giải
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1+𝑙𝑜𝑔12 𝑥+𝑙𝑜𝑔12 𝑦
HSA 22. Cho 𝑥, 𝑦 là các số thực dương lớn hơn 1 thỏa mãn 𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 6𝑥𝑦. Tính 𝑀 = ?
2 𝑙𝑜𝑔12 (𝑥+3𝑦)
1 1 1
A. 𝑀 = 4 B. 𝑀 = 1 C. 𝑀 = 2 D. 𝑀 = 3
Lời giải
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3 2 2 3
𝑦≠0 𝑥 3 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑥𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0 → 𝑎 ( ) + 𝑏 ( ) + 𝑐 ( ) + 𝑑 = 0 → =?
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
1+𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥+𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑦
HSA 23. Cho 𝑥, 𝑦 > 1 và 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 > 1 thỏa mãn 𝑥 2 − 6𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑦. Tính 𝐼 = ?
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥−3𝑦)
1 1
A. 𝐼 = 4 B. 𝐼 = 2 C. 𝐼 = 2 D. 𝐼 = 1
Lời giải
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HSA 24. Với mọi số thực dương 𝑎 và 𝑏 thỏa mãn 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 8𝑎𝑏, mệnh đề nào dưới đây đúng?
1
A. 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏) B. 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏
1 1
C. 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 2 (1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏) D. 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏
Lời giải
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HSA 25. Cho 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 3 ; 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 7. Hãy biểu diễn 𝑙𝑜𝑔18 4 2 theo 𝑎 và 𝑏?
1+𝑎+𝑏 1+𝑎𝑏
A. 𝑙𝑜𝑔18 4 2 = B. 𝑙𝑜𝑔18 4 2 =
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑎+𝑏 1+𝑎+𝑏
C. 𝑙𝑜𝑔18 4 2 = 1+2𝑎 D. 𝑙𝑜𝑔18 4 2 = 1+2𝑎
Lời giải
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HSA 26. Đặt 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 3 ; 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 3. Hãy biểu diễn 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 4 5 theo 𝑎 và 𝑏
𝑎+2𝑎𝑏 2𝑎 2 −2𝑎𝑏
A. 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 4 5 = B. 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 4 5 =
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
𝑎+2𝑎𝑏 2𝑎 2 −2𝑎𝑏
C. 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 4 5 = D. 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 4 5 =
𝑎𝑏+𝑏 𝑎𝑏+𝑏
Lời giải
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𝑥.𝑎.𝑏+𝑦.𝑎+𝑧.𝑏+1
HSA 27. Cho 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 5 ; 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 3 ; 𝑙𝑜𝑔30 1 50 = 𝑚.𝑎.𝑏+𝑛.𝑎+𝑝.𝑏+𝑞 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ) thì 𝑥 + 𝑦 +
𝑧 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑝 + 𝑞 bằng?
A. 5 B. 4 C. 6 D. 1
Lời giải
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HSA 28. Cho 𝑥, 𝑦 và 𝑧 là các số thực lớn hơn 1 và gọi 𝑤là số thực dương sao cho 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑤 = 24,
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑤 = 40 và 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑤 = 12. Tính 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 𝑤.
Lời giải
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HSA 29. Cho các số thực dương 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 thỏa mãn đồng thời 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 2020 và 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ( 𝑥𝑦𝑧) =
2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2𝑧
2020. Tính 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥𝑦𝑧(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥 + 1)
A. 4040. B. 1010. C. 2020. D. 20202 .
Lời giải
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Lời giải
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