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ADVANCES IN SMART CITIES
SMARTER PEOPLE, GOVERNANCE, AND SOLUTIONS
ADVANCES IN SMART CITIES
SMARTER PEOPLE, GOVERNANCE, AND SOLUTIONS
EDITED BY
ARPAN KUMAR KAR, MANMOHAN PRASAD GUPTA,

P. VIGNESWARA ILAVARASAN, and YOGESH K. DWIVEDI
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Version Date: 20161212
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Kar, Arpan Kumar, editor.

Title: Advances in smart cities : smarter people, governance and solutions /
[edited by] Arpan Kumar Kar, M. P. Gupta, Vigneswara Ilavarasan, Ygesh
Dwivedi.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016032829| ISBN 9781498795708 (hardback) | ISBN
9781498795715 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Cities and towns--Technological innovations. | City
planning--Technological innovations. | Urban policy.
Classification: LCC HT153 .A29 2016 | DDC 307.1/216--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016032829
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................. vii
Editors...............................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors.....................................................................................................................................xi
1. Understanding Smart Cities: Inputs for Research and Practice....................................1

Arpan Kumar Kar, Syed Ziaul Mustafa, Manmohan Prasad Gupta,
P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan, and Yogesh K. Dwivedi
2 How Do Smart Cities Influence Governance? A Descriptive Literature Review......9

Sumedha Chauhan and Neetima Agarwal
3 Smart People for Smart Cities: A Behavioral Framework for Personality and
Roles......................................................................................................................................... 23
Shristi Gupta, Syed Ziaul Mustafa, and Harish Kumar
4 Self-Sustainable Integrated Township: A Resource-Based Planning to

Improve the Quality of Urban Life.................................................................................... 31
Sahil Singh Kapoor
5 Adoption and Acceptance of Mandatory Electronic Public Services by

Citizens in the Developing World: Three Case Studies from India........................... 49
Harjit Singh, Arpan Kumar Kar, and P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan
6 Role of Manufacturing Sector to Develop Smart Economy: A

Competitiveness Study between India and China......................................................... 71
Manoj Kumar Singh, Harish Kumar, and Manmohan Prasad Gupta
7 Concept of Smart Village in India: A Proposed Ecosystem and Framework...........83

Sheshadri Chatterjee and Arpan Kumar Kar
8 Smart City: An Integrated Approach Using System Dynamics.................................. 93

Alok Raj and Gourav Dwivedi
9 Smart City Technologies: An Oversell Product of Global Technology

Companies or the Ultimate Solution to the Challenges Persisting in Urban
India....................................................................................................................................... 105
Alok Tiwari
10 A Cloud-Based Mobile Application for Cashless Payments to Enhance

Transportation Mobility in India..................................................................................... 115
Arunava Ghosh
v
vi Contents
11 Financial Viability of Energy Conservation Using Natural Light in an

Institutional Building in India......................................................................................... 127
Pooja Sharma and Dibakar Rakshit
12 Management of Multidimensional Risk for Digital Services in Smart Cities....... 149

Syed Ziaul Mustafa and Arpan Kumar Kar
13 M-Commerce in Smart Cities: Changing Mindsets of Individuals,

Organizations, and Society............................................................................................... 167
Himanshu Agarwal and Gaurav Dixit
14 The Shift toward a Sustainable Urban Mobility through Decision Support

Systems.................................................................................................................................. 181
Valeria Caiati, Salvatore Di Dio, Francesco Ferrero, and Andrea Vesco
15 Low-Carbon Logistics Network for Smart Cities: A Conceptual Framework........ 199

Harpreet Kaur and Surya Prakash Singh
Index.............................................................................................................................................. 213
Preface
There has been a massive focus on “ smart cities,” both in developed and emerging econo-
mies in recent times. Europe, the United States, and several Asian countries (e.g., Korea
and Japan) have been leading smart city development. Attempts have been made to deploy
an assortment of smart technologies to make a new city livable, that is, safe, more comfort-
able, and secure. Underneath lies a complex web of issues that keep city managers busy,
and which broadly boil down to transforming a city into a sustainable city. This transfor-
mation refers to a new scenario defined by clean and surplus energy, modern living in
serene surroundings, and a real-time response system to meet needs or deal deftly with
emergency situations (terror attacks, natural calamities, or accidents).
Digital services, transportation, energy, and natural resource management are cen-
tral themes of all smart city projects. Clean energy is a major concern all over the world.
Germany, in particular, has been quite aggressive in revising its energy policy from
demand to supply and in shifting from centralized to distributed generation to replace
overproduction and avoidable energy consumption with energy-saving measures and
increased efficiency. Smart technologies are vital in energy production and consumption
as they enhance our capacity multifold to deal with the challenges. Digital services, which
may provide residents access to utilities and services over the Internet, are increasingly
gaining prominence.
Following these trends, other nations have also announced similar programs. Today,
China and India are in focus as they deal with a variety of complex problems arising from
irreversible urbanization trends across all cities. They therefore offer vast business oppor-
tunities for proven smart city solutions. The Government of India (GoI) has announced
the launch of 100 smart cities across the nation to fulfil a dream of maximizing urban-
ization without overburdening the ecosystem that exists in major cities. However, these
attempts are not greenfield projects, but are mostly brownfield projects. The focus is on
whether, by using enablers such as information and communication technologies, smart
technologies, sensors, process reengineering and governance, productivity, and resource
utilization could be optimized for sustenance. However, there are enormous challenges
in implementing the vision of restructuring and reengineering the economy within such
urban settlements so that the best utilization of resources and maximization of productiv-
ity may be achieved by leveraging enablers such as technology. This edited book, titled
Advances in Smart Cities: Smarter People, Governance and Solutions , is a compilation of studies
that contribute to creating a better understanding of smart cities in terms of critical issues
and concerns surrounding governance, processes, and policies, which may make such a
focused effort successful.
The book is organized into 15 chapters, contributing to 4 distinct themes. First, we intro-
duce readers to the concept and perspectives through which research and development
in smart cities could be analyzed and categorized. Subsequently, readers are exposed to
some of the key needs of the residents of such smart cities, and how such needs can be
serviced. A lot of discussion has centered on how urban life may be improved by bet-
ter understanding of needs and better governance. This is followed with discussions on
the public policies and governance issues surrounding smart city planning and develop-
ment. Readers are exposed to holistic insights, developed through comparative analysis of
best practices and frameworks that may be adopted for governance. Furthermore, much
vii
viii Preface
discussion provides perspectives on the potential scope of development through smarter

governance. The next section focuses on introducing readers to some of the solutions and
governance of such solutions that may be needed for smarter cities. The focus of such solu-
tions has been to leverage the best practices that are enabled through different technolo-
gies and provide extraordinary benefits across domains such as digital services, logistics
and mobility, and mobile-based economic activity, among others.
To meet this objective, the editors planned a research conference for attracting the
best ideas that could be converted into chapters for this book. To meet this objective,
the International Conference on Smart Cities was organized at the Indian Institute of
Technology (IIT) Delhi on January 22, 2016. This conference was a joint academic effort
between IIT Delhi, Swansea University, and Waterford Institute of Technology, and was
supported by Beyond Evolution Tech Solutions and Unnat Bharat Abhiyan. The conference
was coorganized by the EU-India Cooperation Platform in Future Internet and Electronic
Media project (EU-INDIA FI-MEDIA) and FIWARE Mundus. From over 34 very high-
quality research presentations chosen from over 50 submissions after peer review, the
editors finally chose 14 articles that contributed significantly to enriching the knowledge
and understanding surrounding smart cities. On behalf of the editorial team, we take
this opportunity to thank our sponsors and supporters, who made this conference— and
hence the realization of this edited book— a success. The enormous support from our host-
ing department (Management Studies) and our colleagues cannot be expressed in words.
However, we thank our esteemed colleagues in our department and in other departments/
centers of IIT Delhi for making this initiative successful and for supporting us in all our
stages of academic endeavors. A special mention goes to Professor Sushil (Deputy Director,
Operations) and Professor Kanika Bhal (head of department) for extending their support
to make this conference a major success. We also thank our conference secretaries (Vimal
and Amit) and our research scholars (Harish, Syed, and Ashish) for their support during
the conference; they are the driving force behind the implementation of our plans.
After the initial submissions and presentations made at the conference, each chapter in
this book has undergone three to four revisions after review and further screening. We
thank our reviewers and research scholars for all their hard work in supporting these
activities. On behalf of the editors, a special mention goes to Mr. Nimish Joseph, who
has taken on the task of interacting with the individual authors so many times after each
review and has brought each chapter to its current stage. Furthermore, the team from CRC
Press/Taylor & Francis has been extremely helpful in providing us with detailed reviews
that have helped the editors to shape the book to its current form. Many aspects that have
been added, especially many of the case studies and examples, are based on the feed-
back received after review. We are thankful to the reviewers for their reviews, which have
helped us significantly in enhancing the content of this book.
Arpan Kumar Kar

Manmohan Prasad Gupta
P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan
Yogesh K. Dwivedi
Editors
Arpan Kumar Kar is an assistant professor at IIT Delhi. Prior to joining IIT Delhi, he
was an assistant professor at IIM Rohtak. He is also a visiting professor at IIM Lucknow.
He has published over 60 articles with Elsevier, Springer, Emerald, Taylor & Francis, the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the Association for Information
Systems, Inderscience, and so on, and has presented his research at leading international
conferences such as the Hawaii International Conference on System Science and the
International Federation for Information Processing. He is the recipient of multiple pres-
tigious awards and recognitions for his research. He also has prior industry experience
with IBM— India Research Laboratory and Cognizant Business Consulting, besides hav-
ing completed a number of prestigious projects for multiple leading organizations such as
the EU and GoI. He completed his doctorate and master’ s studies at the Xavier School of
Management Jamshedpur, and graduated in engineering from Jadavpur University (gold
medalist).
Manmohan Prasad Gupta is a professor, area chair of information systems, and coordina-
tor of the Center for Excellence in E-governance at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
Delhi. He is well known for his pioneering work in the area of e-governance (including
18 doctoral theses, 13 sponsored projects, the coauthored book Government Online , two
other edited books, Towards E-government and Promise of E-governance , and 176 research
papers in national and international journals/conference proceedings). He is involved in
several policy-making committees on information and communications technology (ICT)
at central and state government level in India. He is also on the jury of prestigious awards
committees such as the Data Security Council of India, the Computer Society of India
E-governance Awards, and the Web Ratna Awards.
P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan is an associate professor at the Department of Management

Studies, IIT Delhi. He researches and teaches on the production and consumption of ICT,
with a special focus on India. His specific research interests are ICT and development , the
Indian information technology (IT) industry, and social media. Presently, he is teaching
management information systems, e-commerce, social media, and market research meth-
ods. Dr. Ilavarasan is a recipient of the Outstanding Young Faculty Fellowship Award at IIT
Delhi and the Prof. M.N. Srinivas Memorial Prize of the Indian Sociological Society. He is
also the recipient of research grants from the International Development Research Centre
(Canada), GoI, Oxford Analytica (United Kingdom), the European Commission Institute
for Prospective Technological Studies, and IdeaCorp (Philippines). He has previously
taught at Pondicherry Central University and the Indian Institute of Management (IMM)
Rohtak. Dr. Ilavarasan is an active contributor to international journals and conferences
of repute. His publications and other details are available at http://web.iitd.ac.in/~vignes.
Yogesh K. Dwivedi is a professor of digital and social media, director of the Emerging
Markets Research Centre (EMaRC), and director of research in the School of Management
at Swansea University, Wales, United Kingdom. His research interests are in the area of
information systems including the adoption and diffusion of emerging ICTs and digital
ix
x Editors
and social media marketing. He has published more than 100 articles in a range of lead-
ing academic journals and conferences. He has co-edited more than 15 books on tech-
nology adoption, e-government, and IS theory and had them published by international
publishers such as Springer, Routledge, and Emerald. He acted as co-editor of 15 special
issues; organised tracks, mini-tracks, and panels in leading conferences; and served as
programme co-chair of the IFIP WG 8.6 Conference and Conference Chair of the IFIP WG
6.11 I3E2016 Conference. He is associate editor of the European Journal of Marketing; assis-
tant editor of the Journal of Enterprise Information Management and Transforming Government:
People, Process and Policy; and senior editor of the Journal of Electronic Commerce Research.
More information: http://www.swansea.ac.uk/staff/som/academic-staff/y.k.dwivedi/
Contributors
Himanshu Agarwal Yogesh K. Dwivedi

Department of Management Studies Swansea University
Indian Institute of Technology Swansea, United Kingdom
Roorkee, India
Francesco Ferrero
Neetima Agarwal Smart City Strategic Program
School of Management Istituto Superiore Mario Boella
G D Goenka University Turin, Italy
Gurgaon, India
Arunava Ghosh
Valeria Caiati Indian Institute of Management Indore
Smart City Strategic Program Indore, India
Istituto Superiore Mario Boella
Turin, Italy Manmohan Prasad Gupta
Department of Management Studies
Sheshadri Chatterjee Indian Institute of Technology
Department of Management Studies Delhi, India
Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, India Shristi Gupta
Amar Nath and Shashi Khosla School of
Sumedha Chauhan Information Technology
School of Management Indian Institute of Technology
G D Goenka University Delhi, India
Gurgaon, India
P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan
Salvatore Di Dio
Palermo Urban Solutions Hub (PUSH)
Delhi, India
Palermo, Italy
Sahil Singh Kapoor
Gaurav Dixit Department of Policy Studies
Department of Management Studies The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Indian Institute of Technology University
Roorkee, India Delhi, India
Gourav Dwivedi Harpreet Kaur

Operations Management Area Department of Management Studies
Indian Institute of Management Indian Institute of Technology
Lucknow, India Delhi, India
xi
xii Contributors
Harish Kumar Pooja Sharma

Department of Management Studies Centre for Energy Studies
Indian Institute of Technology Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, India Delhi, India
Arpan Kumar Kar

Department of Management Studies Harjit Singh
Indian Institute of Technology Department of Management
Delhi, India Studies
Syed Ziaul Mustafa Delhi, India
Center of Excellence in Cyber Systems and
Information Assurance
Manoj Kumar Singh
Department of Management
Delhi, India
Studies
Surya Prakash Singh
Delhi, India
Delhi, India Alok Tiwari
Department of Urban and Regional
Alok Raj Planning
Operations Management Area King Abdulaziz University
Indian Institute of Management Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Lucknow, India
Dibakar Rakshit Andrea Vesco

Centre for Energy Studies Istituto Superiore Mario Boella
Indian Institute of Technology Smart City Strategic Program
Delhi, India Turin, Italy
1
Understanding Smart Cities: Inputs
for Research and Practice
Arpan Kumar Kar, Syed Ziaul Mustafa, Manmohan Prasad Gupta,

P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan, and Yogesh K. Dwivedi
CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Smart People............................................................................................................................3
1.3 Smart Economy.......................................................................................................................3
1.4 Smart Mobility........................................................................................................................3
1.5 Smart Living............................................................................................................................4
1.6 Smart Governance..................................................................................................................4
1.7 Smart Environment................................................................................................................4
1.8 Connecting the Perspectives: A Unified View...................................................................5
1.9 Concluding Discussion..........................................................................................................5
References .........................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Introduction
Smart cities are envisioned as the future of technology-enabled, resilient, sustainable,
creative, and livable urban human settlements in the world. It is increasingly becoming
part of the vision of the national governments wherein technologies are massively used to
improve the processes surrounding all dimensions of urban development, planning, and
management. Various domain experts such as civil engineering specialists, information
and communication technology (ICT) specialists, process consultants, private corpora-
tions, and government departments are required to work together to plan and implement
how the smart city will be understood, conceptualized, designed, and maintained. On a
more holistic scope, smart cities can be explored as an assemblage of ICTs, public policy,
process reengineering for sustainability, urban development, and citizen participation in
public life.
Since 2011, contribution in the smart city has been examined by scholars from diverse
disciplines— information systems, political economy, economics, urban planning, public
administration, public policy, and so on. Basically, the relationship between technology
and society creates a situation like actor-network theory (Sö derströ m et al., 2014), where
technology becomes an enabler and partner in realizing many of the societal needs and
process improvements, and vice versa. Several discussions have been raised in the litera-
ture related to the impact of ICTs in cities. With the increase in digital technologies, which
enable urban planning, policy makers realize the connection between urban development
and ICTs, and how ICTs can impact the outcome of urban development initiatives.
1
2 Advances in Smart Cities: Smarter People, Governance, and Solutions
Literature has shown that the smart city has been represented with different concepts
over a period of time, such as networked cities (Castells, 2001); techno cities (Downey and
McGuigan, 1999); cyber cities (Graham and Marvin, 1999); creative cities (Florida, 2005);
and digital cities (Komninos, 2009). The concept of the smart city was first introduced
in academic literature in the 1990s. However, since then, no detailed definition has been
standardized that can fit into all the dimensions of the city. This may stem from a lack of
empirical validation of proposed frameworks, and a gap between practice and academia.
This book is a modest attempt to fill this gap by bridging fundamental research at the aca-
demic space and practitioner-based standards.
An exploration into academic literature highlights that there are six important dimen-
sions of smart cities that have been explored typically, namely smart economy, smart peo-
ple, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment, and smart living (Chatterjee
and Kar, 2015; Chauhan et al., 2016). An exploration into practitioner-oriented literature
on urban management (ISO 37120:2014) highlights the presence of areas surrounding eco-
nomic and societal indicators; education management; energy management; environment
management; financial management; emergency management, public policy and gover-
nance; health-care management; recreation facilities; safety, shelter, and housing facilities;
waste management; telecommunication management; transportation and logistics man-
agement; urban planning; water resource management; and sanitation. An attempt has
been made in Figure 1.1 to integrate these indicators for defining the focus areas of smart
cities.
In subsequent sections, we explore what these pillars of smart cities actually entail and
what could be explored for research and development, under these pillars.
Smart Smart Smart

Smart people Smart mobility Smart living
economy governance environment
• Higher • High-full time • Local • Better • Access to • Water

education employment accessibility education information resource
management
• Social and • High • International • Digital literacy • Public utilities
ethnic economic accessibility programs and services • Smart energy
diversity productivity management
• Green • Better • Democratic
• Openness and • Entrepreneurs transportation health care participation • Gas and
cohesion hip and systems particle
globalization • Planned • Women pollution
• Cosmopolitan • Public housing participation control
outlook • Idea and IP transportation facilities
generation • Smart policing • Hazardous
• Flexible • Physical • Cultural and crime waste
approaches in • High-skilled safety facilities control management
work and life labor and jobs
• Monitoring • Sports • Urban • Solid waste
• High work • Small and control facilities planning management
productivity supporting systems support
businesses • Smart urban • Sanitation
• Entrepreneur • Logistics and planning • Grievance management
focus and zeal • Vocationally freight control management
trained • ICT access • Noise control
• Cultural workforce • Commutation • Information
plurality infrastructure • Low infant security and
mortality risk
management
Pillars of smart cities
FIGURE 1.1
Integration of academic and practitioner literature to define the pillars of smart cities.
Understanding Smart Cities: Inputs for Research and Practice 3
1.2 Smart People

This perspective highlights the focus on issues surrounding people’ s education, learning,
creativity, and participation in public life as some of the critical indicators to exploit the
human potential of a smart city. In order to make the residents of such settlements smart,
quality of life and personality should be systematically enhanced. The High Human
Development Index could be considered the most important aspect of such smart people.
One of the most important attributes is enrolment of graduate students to higher education
and the highest level of qualification achieved, which could further lead to knowledge-
driven jobs and intellectual property creation. Such smart people should have the zeal to
learn lifelong as well as having high social and ethnic plurality. Open-mindedness is also
one of the desired qualities of such people residing in smart cities. Flexibility to adapt to the
changes in the environment as well as sufficient creativity to contribute to the knowledge
economy would be of paramount importance. Such smart people would also be expected
to possess a democratic nature and participate in public life as well.
1.3 Smart Economy

It may be envisioned that a smart economy can be achieved by securing investment, jobs,
businesses, and talents. According to Lombardi et al. (2012), focus areas for a smart econ-
omy could be indicators such as public expenses on education, research grants, research
and development (R&D), and percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) per head of city
population. Some factors, such as GDP per head of the city population, average annual
household income, the unemployment rate, percentage of the project funded by civil soci-
ety, average annual household income, business activities, financial intermediation, and
commercial services, also contribute to the smart economy. A smart economy is driven by
innovation and would be expected to be supported by best-in-class universities, provid-
ing an ecosystem to nourish the entrepreneurial spirit of the people in the society. The
economy of the should create an economic image globally, and have a trademark as well.
Productivity and a flexible labor market should be provided by the city administrative
authority. The economy should have international branding as well as generate a highly
diversified economy.
1.4 Smart Mobility

A smart city would need smart mobility systems and an infrastructure to address the
needs of the residents within the city. In this context, a smart mobility simulation analysis
may help policy makers plan for smart cities in a better way. Smart mobility requirements
would also entail that the city have national and international accessibility. Also it would
be important to ensure that ICTs have been used widely during the development and
management of related infrastructure, such as bridges and national highways, monorail
and metros. Intelligent transportation systems should provide last-mile connectivity for
both citizens and organizations. Transportation systems should take care of the daily and
occasional commuters, as well as logistical needs within and outside the city.
1.5 Smart Living

Literature highlights (Lombardi et al., 2012) that indicators of smart living may be consid-
ered within smart cities when there are areas for leisure use: cinemas, sports arenas, public
libraries, and multiplexes. People need to be exposed to industrial training and interna-
tional standards while developing such infrastructure. Diverse cultural facilities for dif-
ferent religions and ethnicities should be made available, whether they belong to minor
or major communities. Both primary and higher education facilities should be given high
priority. Further development of world-class universities with a focus on both knowledge
creation and dissemination should also have high priority. Moreover, a city should have
world-class hospitals with state-of-the-art treatment facilities and infrastructure. Cities
should have provisions for good-quality housing and a related supporting ecosystem, so
that citizens can contribute positively to their city’ s development.
1.6 Smart Governance

A smart city will be able to develop and maintain only if focus is brought into developing
policies for smart governance. It is not only about making the right policy choices but also
about implementing those policies. Accessing public information should be made easy
for the general public. This should not breach privacy or security, nor risk misuse of the
information assets, opportunities for which may be created when all of the key processes
and entities are digitized. Electronic governance and its maturity would play a critical
role in such a smart city. Public participation in democracy and policy-making would be
expected in such cities. For example, in India, platforms such as MyGov facilitate a citi-
zen’ s participation in public policy and urban governance. As per Lombardi et al. (2012),
smart governance may be enabled for a citizen by the use of e-governance. Sharing of
information, transparent decision making, and stakeholders’ participation for improving
the government services would play a critical role in achieving smarter governance. Lee
et al. (2014) highlight that public– private partnership and citizen participation would be an
important element of smart city governance.
1.7 Smart Environment

A smart city should have a high focus on the sustainability issues of the environment.
Smart energy management schemes may be adopted, such as the conversion of natural
light for use in institutional buildings, homes, hotels, and so on. Since carbon emissions
and other pollutants affect the environment of a city, low-carbon logistics networks should
be used to reduce the carbon footprint. According to Lombardi et al. (2012), smart envi-
ronment management constitutes the management of green gas emissions, achieving
high-energy efficiency, conservation of electricity, treatment and conservation of water
resources, and management of green spaces. A comprehensive policy would be required
to improve and monitor environmental performance and air pollution. With respect to
civil society: the percentage of people using public transport, efforts to use clean transport,
and engagement in sustainability oriented activity could be indicators to focus on. With
respect to industry: the percentage of energy derived from renewable sources, the propor-
tion of recycled waste as a ratio of total waste produced, the management of gas emissions,
and the management of buildings and infrastructure could be some of the key indicators
assessed in terms of sustainability. For achieving and maintaining a smart environment,
focused initiatives need to be started to monitor the carbon footprint and preservation of
natural resources such as water, greenery, and air.
1.8 Connecting the Perspectives: A Unified View

The studies in this book touch upon many of these pillars of smart cities, and provide a
futuristic direction for deliberation and development of public policy to address these
concerns. Each of the perspectives in isolation adds little to enhance the understand-
ing on smart cities. A broader perspective needs to be developed by focusing on stud-
ies that contribute to enriching the understanding across these perspective in unison
rather than in isolation. This is what the individual chapters in this book strive to con-
tribute to and enrich the existing literature on smart cities. By utilizing interdisciplin-
ary and mixed-research methodologies, perspectives of addressing key issues in smart
cities are discussed. Figure 1.2 highlights the potential areas that would need special
focus in terms of policies and exploration, as touched upon by subsequent chapters in
this book.
The scope of understanding smart cities would remain incomplete without bringing in
perspectives from multiple facets of public policy, engineering, process management, and
urban governance. Many of the experts working on these domains often work in isolation,
which is why the knowledge created has limited scope for dissemination through proper
platforms and channels.
1.9 Concluding Discussion

While there has been significant focus on developing smart cities for over a decade, the
scientific literature is still at a rather nascent stage. Although empirical validations for
the purpose of generalizability are difficult in many of the explorations, this book high-
lights many examples that provide real-life cases for developing a deeper understanding
of smart city literature. Since the literature is still at an infancy stage, this book contrib-
utes significantly in strengthening the understanding of different interdisciplinary issues
in smart cities. Readers will be exposed to different areas of deliberation and solutions,
which contribute to a unified view of the smart city as the ultimate solution of the future
6
Transportation,
People's Low-carbon e-services, e- Sustainability,
Rapid transport local
personality, logistics, carbon governance, e- urban ICT, big data,
system, sewer, accessibilily,
creativity, emission, filing, ICTs, development, internet of
urban mobility, ICT
education, skill, pollutants, taxation, public entertainment, things, big data,
enviromnental infrastructure,
and public life logistics utilities, case public urbanization
sustainability. economic
participation. network. studies participation
growth.
Smart people Smart enviroment Smart mobility Smart economy Smart governance Smart living
Financial viability,
Investment, jobs, Information risk, Health, cleanliness, Integrated
energy m-commerce, Mobile
business, talent, digital services, e- education, township, quality
management, internet, changing application, e-
manufacturing services, privacy, employment, of urban life,
artificial lighting, mind-sets, wallet, m-
firm, service firm, infonnation ‘greenery and affordable
emissions society, commerce, cloud,
public and private security, process cordiality within housing, quality of
reduction, indoor organization transportation
organization risk conmmnity’ life
environment
FIGURE 1.2
Relationship between different factors with the dimensions of smart cities.
Advances in Smart Cities: Smarter People, Governance, and Solutions
for urbanization and the improvement of human settlements, not only in metropolitan
cities, but also in smaller cities.
References
Castells, Manuel. 2011. The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age— Economy, Society, and
Culture . Vol. Wiley.
Chatterjee, Sheshadri, and Arpan Kumar Kar. 2015. Smart Cities in developing economies: A lit-
erature review and policy insights . Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics
(ICACCI), 2015 IEEE International Conference on , 2335– 2340.
Chauhan, Sumedha, Neetima Agarwal, and Arpan Kumar Kar. 2016 Addressing big data challenges
in smart cities: A systematic literature review. Info 18, no. 4: 73– 90.
Downey, John, and Jim McGuigan, eds. 1999. Technocities: The Culture and Political Economy of the
Digital Revolution . London: Sage.
Florida, Richard. 2005. Cities and the Creative Class . New York: Routledge.
Graham, Stephen, and Simon Marvin. 1999. Planning cybercities: Integrating telecommunications
into urban planning. Town Planning Review 70, no. 1: 89.
ISO. ISO37120: Sustainable development of communities— Indicators for city services and quality of
life. http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=62436 (Accessed 01-07-2016).
Komninos, Nicos. 2009. Intelligent cities: Towards interactive and global innovation environments.
International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development 1, no. 4: 337– 355.
Lee, Jung Hoon, Marguerite Gong Hancock, and Mei-Chih Hu. 2014. Towards an effective frame-
work for building smart cities: Lessons from Seoul and San Francisco. Technological Forecasting
and Social Change 89: 80– 99.
Lombardi, Patrizia, Silvia Giordano, Hend Farouh, and Wael Yousef. 2012. Modelling the smart city
performance. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 25, no. 2: 137– 149.
Sö derströ m, Ola, Till Paasche, and Francisco Klauser. 2014. Smart cities as corporate storytelling.
City 18, no. 3: 307– 320.
2
How Do Smart Cities Influence Governance?
A Descriptive Literature Review
Sumedha Chauhan and Neetima Agarwal
CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................9
2.2 Smart City and Its Role in Governance............................................................................. 10
2.3 Research Methodology........................................................................................................ 11
2.4 Results of Classification....................................................................................................... 11
2.4.1 Benefits....................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.1.1 Sustainability.............................................................................................. 15
2.4.1.2 Urban Development................................................................................... 15
2.4.1.3 Entertainment............................................................................................. 15
2.4.1.4 Public Participation.................................................................................... 16
2.4.2 Challenges.................................................................................................................. 16
2.4.2.1 Political Issues............................................................................................ 16
2.4.2.2 Human Issues............................................................................................. 16
2.4.2.3 Security Issues............................................................................................ 17
2.4.2.4 Technological Issues.................................................................................. 18
2.5 Discussion and Conclusion................................................................................................. 18
2.6 Future Directions.................................................................................................................. 19
References........................................................................................................................................ 20
2.1 Introduction
Advances in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) have contributed
vitally in enhancing the effectiveness of electronic governance (e-governance). E-governance
refers to the intensive use of ICTs for timely provision of public services, government informa-
tion, information access without bureaucracy, improvement of managerial effectiveness, and
promotion of democratic values (Stemberger and Jaklic, 2007). Today, the concept of smart cit-
ies has gained popularity in city associations and governmental institutions (Van den Bergh
and Viaene, 2015). Cities were once merely considered as part of local government but they are
now the centers of governmental innovation (Lee and Lee, 2014). The importance of develop-
ing cities in a sustainable manner is dramatically rising because of population growth and
urbanization trends. The urban population is estimated to grow by 2.3 billion in the next 40
years, while around 70% of the world’s population will reside in cities by 2050 (Theodoridis
et al., 2013). This increasing population growth will lead to a rise in the consumption of
resources, which will pose a challenge to the quality of life. A wide range of problems can be
tackled by exploiting ICTs in a smart city. As ICTs play a critical role in designing smart cities,
a significant part of city investment is utilized in developing new ICTs (Perboli et al., 2014).
9
Smart city is a newly introduced and ambiguous term. Nevertheless, it can be used to
describe a city that uses ICTs to enhance the quality of life of its citizens and promotes sus-
tainable development (Chourabi et al., 2012). Smart city initiatives have attracted the attention
of policy makers and researchers, as they can address issues related to either e-government,
economy, mobility, environment, energy, or a combination of these (Caragliu et al., 2011).
Several smart city initiatives target the development of ICTs to augment the effectiveness,
efficiency, accountability, and transparency of communications and transactions between
citizens and government (Perboli et al., 2014). Though the smart city and e-government ini-
tiatives might differ from each other in the context and characteristics of specific projects,
there is still much commonality between them. This is because many smart city initiatives
are driven by governments with the objective to serve the citizens in a better way. ICT-based
governance is also known as smart governance. The research firm Forrester has stated that
smart governance is fundamental to smart city initiatives (Chourabi et al., 2012).
On the other hand, researchers have also put forth negative aspects of the smart city.
Martinez-Balleste et al. (2013) argued that the collection and management of huge amounts
of data would lead to a “Big Brother” effect, that is, a lack of privacy due to which citizens
may abstain from availing of smart city services. Thus, the rapid growth of smart cities,
along with these contrasting claims, makes it an exciting area to research on. As smart city
initiatives and governance complement each other, gaining an understanding of the hitherto
sparsely studied impact of smart cities on governance underscores the importance of con-
ducting this research. In light of the aforementioned view, we raise our research question:
How do smart cities influence governance? This research intends to answer this question
by conducting an in-depth literature review to find and classify the benefits and challenges
faced by governance in a smart city. Most importantly, given the contemporary relevance of
this subject, we also provide key insights for future researchers and policy makers.
2.2 Smart City and Its Role in Governance

The concept of the smart city is related to many other concepts, such as the information city,
the intelligent city, the digital city, the ubiquitous city, and the knowledge city. Though there
might be differences in the wordings, these concepts mainly focus on the use of ICTs in
urban management (Lee and Lee, 2014). The indicators for managing the smart city should
follow the SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound) principle
(Carli et al., 2013). Though the concept of the smart city is still blurry, several researchers
have provided different definitions for this term. Roscia et al. (2013) defined a smart city as a
city with increased connectivity, automation, and coordination among consumers, provid-
ers, and networks, in order to make the most of data transmission and distribution. A smart
city is required to develop and manage various innovative services that deliver information
related to all aspects of life to its citizenry, through Internet-based and interactive applica-
tions (Kuk and Janssen, 2011). Caragliu et al. (2011) articulated that a city is smart “ when
investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) com-
munication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with
a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.”
A smart city facilitates the government in monitoring, understanding, analyzing, and
subsequently planning the city in order to improve equity, efficiency, and quality of life
(Carli et al., 2013). Caragliu et al. (2011) stated that within the concept of the smart city,
How Do Smart Cities Influence Governance? A Descriptive Literature Review 11
e-governance acts as a tool through which the current structures, processes, and practices
of government can be improved. Thus, it aims to realize the social inclusion of citizens
in public services. Good governance in the context of smart administration also refers to
the use of new channels of communication for the citizens, for example e-governance or
e-democracy. Smart governance consists of aspects related to political participation, ser-
vices for citizens, and the functioning of administration (Giffinger et al., 2007). Further, ICTs
play a crucial role not only in enhancing the efficiency and transparency of government, but
also help in facilitating the democratic practices by improving the collaboration between
citizens and government. ICTs enable government institutions and citizens to voluntarily
share knowledge, stimulate innovation, and nurture new knowledge (Gil-Garcia, 2013).
2.3 Research Methodology

The particular goal of a literature review is to conceptualize research areas and synthesize
prior research. The firm foundation of advancing knowledge can be created through an effec-
tive review of existing literature (Webster and Watson, 2002). In order to achieve the research
objective, a comprehensive descriptive literature review was conducted. A descriptive review
reveals an interpretable pattern from the existing body of literature (Guzzo et al., 1987). It
involves the systematic process of searching, filtering, and classifying research papers.
The research papers for this review were selected via a computerized search in seven
prominent databases— ProQuest (ABI/INFORM), Elsevier (ScienceDirect), EBSCOhost,
JSTOR, INFORMS, IEEE, and Google Scholar. The relevant research papers were identified
by querying these scholarly databases using a combination of keywords such as “ smart
city,” “ smart cities,” and “ e-governance.” The papers considered for this research were
published on or before August 2015. The initial search resulted into a total of 101 hits,
which were subsequently filtered in two steps.
The first step of the filtration process involved the manual scanning of the titles of all
the papers so that the irrelevant ones could be removed. This resulted in the exclusion of
duplicates and opinion articles. The second step involved reading the abstract and com-
plete text, if required. In this step, we removed papers that didn’ t discuss smart cities and
e-governance as the central concept, but merely mentioned them in the text. After the sec-
ond step, we were left with only 32 peer-reviewed research papers addressing the concepts
of the smart city and e-governance together.
The reviewed research papers enabled us to classify the benefits and challenges into
four major categories of each. These categories were further classified into subcategories
that were further broken down into sub-sub-categories. The next section elaborates the
results of classification of benefits and challenges of smart cities in e-governance context.
2.4 Results of Classification

Table 2.1 depicts the classification of reviewed research papers. Figure 2.1 classifies the
benefits of smart cities, while Figure 2.2 classifies the challenges of smart cities in an
e-governance context.
TABLE 2.1
Classification of Reviewed Research Papers
Category References
Sustainability
Quality of life Kourtit et al., 2012; Lee and Lee, 2014; Roscia et al., 2013; Capdevila and Zarlenga,
2015; Awaluddin, 2014; Theodoridis et al., 2013; Carli et al., 2013; Chourabi et al.,
2012
Environment Perboli et al., 2014; Albino et al. 2015; Sivarajah et al., 2014; Roscia et al., 2013;
Delponte and Ugolini, 2011
Urban Development
Transport and logistics Delponte and Ugolini, 2011; Lee and Lee, 2014; van Geenhuizen and Nijkamp,
2009; Roscia et al., 2013
Infrastructure Capdevila and Zarlenga, 2015; Tranos and Gertner, 2012; Van den Bergh and
Viaene, 2015; Albino et al., 2015; Martinez-Balleste et al., 2013; Roscia et al., 2013;
Lee and Lee, 2014; Kourtit et al., 2012; Mainka et al., 2015
Entertainment
Tourism Roscia et al., 2013; Kourtit et al., 2012
Leisure and recreation Roscia et al., 2013; Kourtit et al., 2012
Public Participation
Social media Khan et al., 2014; Mainka et al., 2015; van der Graaf and Veeckman, 2014; Van den
Bergh and Viaene, 2015; Przeybilovicz et al., 2015; Sandoval-Almazan et al., 2015
Crowdsourcing You et al., 2014; van der Graaf and Veeckman, 2014
Political Issues
Leadership Issues Lee and Lee, 2014; Awaluddin, 2014; Van den Bergh and Viaene, 2015
Human Issues
Social issues Awaluddin, 2014; Sandoval-Almazan et al., 2015; Theodoridis et al., 2013
Cultural issues Kourtit et al., 2012; Lee and Lee, 2014; Delponte and Ugolini, 2011; van
Geenhuizen and Nijkamp, 2009; Carli et al., 2013; Roscia et al., 2013; Albino et al.,
2015; Vakali et al., 2013
Communication issues Veeckman and van der Graaf, 2014; Mainka et al., 2015; Thomas et al., 2010;
Syvä jä rvi et al., 2015; Przeybilovicz et al., 2015; Martinez-Balleste et al., 2013;
Cano et al., 2014; Gil-Garcia, 2013; Khan et al., 2014; Chadwick and May, 2003
Behavioral issues Nam and Pardo, 2013; Thomas et al., 2010; Lee and Lee, 2014; Sandoval-Almazan
et al., 2015
Security Issues
Crime and disaster issues Sandoval-Almazan et al., 2015; Przeybilovicz et al., 2015; Martinez-Balleste et al.,
2013; Cano et al., 2014; van der Graaf and Veeckman, 2014; Syvä jä rvi et al., 2015
Privacy issues Bartoli et al., 2011; Veeckman and van der Graaf, 2014; Martinez-Balleste et al.,
2013; van der Graaf and Veeckman, 2014; Syvä jä rvi et al., 2015
Authenticity issues Van den Bergh and Viaene, 2015; Albino et al., 2015; Martinez-Balleste et al., 2013;
Roscia et al., 2013; Lee and Lee, 2014; Kourtit et al., 2012; Mainka et al., 2015
Technological Issues
Hardware and software Roscia et al., 2013; Delponte and Ugolini, 2011; Przeybilovicz et al., 2015
incompatibility
Lack of know-how Veeckman and van der Graaf, 2014; Mainka et al., 2015; Thomas et al., 2010;
Syvä jä rvi et al., 2015; Przeybilovicz et al., 2015; Martinez-Balleste et al., 2013;
Cano et al., 2014; Gil-Garcia, 2013; Khan et al., 2014; Delponte and Ugolini, 2011;
Odendaal, 2006
Education
Per capita income
Quality of life
Employment
Allocation of
resources
Sustainability
Energy
consumption
Environment CO2emission
Natural
Benefits resources
Internet
peneteration rate
Transport and Digital
logistics infrastructure
Urban
Real-time
development
information
Infrastructure Creative industry
Safety and
Tourism
security
Entertainment
Leisure and
recreation
Social media
Public
participation
Crowdsourcing
FIGURE 2.1
Benefits of smart cities in an e-governance context.
Political issues Silo issues
Social issues
High
empowerment
issues
Cultural issues Mobility
Lack of citizen
engagement
Communication Citizen
Human issues issues participation
Perception issues
Challenges
Resistance to
change
Behavioral issues
Difference in
individual's
agendas and goals
Crime and disaster
issues
Security issues Privacy issues
Authentication
issue
Hardware and
software
incompatibility
Technological
issues
Lack of know-how
FIGURE 2.2
Challenges of smart cities in an e-governance context.
2.4.1 Benefits
2.4.1.1 Sustainability
Sustainability refers to a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment.
It ensures that human needs can continue to be met in the long run through conservation
and allowing the regeneration of the natural environment (Keirstead and Leach, 2008;
Alberti and Susskind, 1996). This category refers to the urban population’ s basic needs
and quality of life, which includes the measures of individual income, poverty, income
distribution, unemployment and training, housing conditions, health, security, and work
satisfaction (Kourtit et al., 2012; Awaluddin, 2014).
2.4.1.1.1 Quality of Life
This subcategory includes the topics that cover the basic dimensions of socioeconomic
sustainability, such as population or demography (Carli et al., 2013); economic activity;
per capita gross domestic product (GDP) or personal income; rates of change in employ-
ment, education, and culture (Awaluddin, 2014; Capdevila and Zarlenga, 2015). In other
words, good governance in smart cities should ensure the physiological, safety, social,
economic, and esteem needs of every individual.
2.4.1.1.2 Environment
This subcategory specifically addresses environmental sustainability indicators, such as green-
house gas emissions, rise in GDP, modal split of transport, urban air quality, and municipal
solid waste landfilled or incinerated (Perboli et al., 2014; Sivarajah et al., 2014; Roscia et al., 2013).
2.4.1.2 Urban Development

This category contains the research papers that provide a general view of urban devel-
opment with an aim of providing an understanding of how smart city development can
provide equitable growth opportunities to the following two subcategories (Lee and Lee,
2014; Mainka et al., 2015).
2.4.1.2.1 Transport and Logistics
This subcategory refers to the topics that examine how the evolution of smart cities would
improve transportation facilities (Van Geenhuizen and Nijkamp, 2009). Further, few
research papers proposed the detailed classification of info-mobility, intelligent transport
systems (ITS), smart mobility, and logistics (Roscia et al., 2013).
2.4.1.2.2 Infrastructure
This subcategory contains the research papers discussing infrastructure development
(Capdevila and Zarlenga, 2015; Tranos and Gertner, 2012). Smart cities should lead to
growth of significant infrastructures, such as roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, subways,
airports, seaports, communication infrastructure, water, power, and major buildings. In
smart cities, the entire infrastructure should be constantly monitored for maximizing ser-
vices such as the security of residents, while optimizing the use of these resources (Van
den Bergh and Viaene, 2015; Albino et al., 2015).
2.4.1.3 Entertainment
This category includes the research papers that discuss how smart cities would lead to
an effective management of resources and time. This would in turn encourage tourism,
leisure, and recreation. Thus, the brand equity and prosperity of the country and its citizens
would improve (Kourtit et al., 2012; Su et al., 2011).
2.4.1.3.1 Tourism
This subcategory examines how smart city tourism would apply useful databases capa-
ble of acquiring various kinds of tourism information such as tourism resources, tourism
economy, tourism activities, and tourism participants. The real-time tourism information
would be obtained through mobile Internet or Internet terminal equipment (MacKay and
Vogt, 2012; Roscia et al., 2013).
2.4.1.3.2 Leisure and Recreation
This subcategory inspects how the availability of digital gadgets, timely information, and a
conducive environment in an ICT-enabled city would expedite and reduce the complexity of
tasks. As a result, it would provide freedom for individuals to be creative and enable them to
spend quality time with friends and family (Roscia et al., 2013; Kourtit et al., 2012).
2.4.1.4 Public Participation

This category scrutinizes the topics related to public participation. In a smart city, ICTs
would strengthen the freedom of speech and improve access to public information and
services via social media and crowdsourcing (Khan et al., 2014; Sandoval-Almazan et al.,
2015). Citizens prefer online participation and discussion because of the absence of nonver-
bal politics in an online environment (Veeckman and van der Graaf, 2014).
2.4.1.4.1 Social Media
This subcategory discusses how the use of social media would increase public participa-
tion in government policies and various other issues (Khan et al., 2014; Mainka et al., 2015).
Social media analytics enables the measurement of public sentiments with real-time data
mined from Twitter, blogs, and other social networks (Przeybilovicz et al., 2015).
2.4.1.4.2 Crowdsourcing
Crowdsourcing refers to the user collaboration and engagement that would foster public
participation in the smart city governance process. Crowdsourcing leads to the sharing of
knowledge among the citizens and citizen participation, which facilitates the smart city to
utilize the wisdom of the crowd. Moreover, virtual communities launch communication
channels across residents, government, and relevant business stakeholders (You et al., 2014).
2.4.2 Challenges
2.4.2.1 Political Issues
This category discusses various political issues that would be faced by an ICT-enabled
government functioning in smart cities. Some of the political issues are lack of horizon-
tal and vertical integration across various government and urban initiatives, leadership
issues, and a relatively low level of interest shown by many national authorities working
together (Van den Bergh and Viaene, 2015).
2.4.2.2 Human Issues

This category discusses several issues such as social issues, cultural issues, communica-
tion issues, and the behavioral issues that may occur in smart cities.
Another random document with
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PLATE XXXVIII
SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL.—P. fruticosa.
Of all the cinquefoils perhaps this one most truly merits the title
five finger. Certainly its slender leaflets are much more finger-like
than those of the common cinquefoil. It is not a common plant in
most localities, but is very abundant among the Berkshire Hills.
Silvery Cinquefoil.
Potentilla argentea. Rose Family.
Stems.—Ascending, branched at the summit, white, woolly. Leaves.—Divided

into five wedge-oblong, deeply incised leaflets, which are green above, white with
silvery wool, beneath.
The silvery cinquefoil has rather large yellow flowers which are
found in dry fields throughout the summer as far south as New
Jersey.
Golden Ragwort. Squaw-weed.

Senecio aureus. Composite Family (p. 13).
Stem.—One to three feet high. Root-leaves.—Rounded, the larger ones mostly

heart-shaped, toothed, and long-stalked. Stem-leaves.—The lower lyre-shaped, the
upper lance-shaped, incised, set close to the stem. Flower-heads.—Yellow,
clustered, composed of both ray and disk-flowers.
A child would perhaps liken the flower of the golden ragwort to a
yellow daisy. Stain yellow the white rays of the daisy, diminish the
size of the whole head somewhat, and you have a pretty good
likeness of the ragwort. There need be little difficulty in the
identification of this plant—although there are several marked
varieties—for its flowers are abundant in the early year, at which
season but few members of the Composite family are abroad.
The generic name is from senex—an old man—alluding to the
silky down of the seeds, which is supposed to suggest the silvery
hairs of age.
Closely allied to the golden ragwort is the common groundsel, S.
vulgaris, which is given as food to caged birds. The flower-heads of
this species are without rays.
——— ———
Clintonia borealis. Lily Family.
Scape.—Five to eight inches high, sheathed at its base by the stalks of two to
four large, oblong, conspicuous leaves. Flowers.—Greenish-yellow, rather large,
rarely solitary. Perianth.—Of six sepals. Stamens.—Six, protruding. Pistil.—One,
protruding. Fruit.—A blue berry.
PLATE XXXIX
Clintonia borealis.
When rambling through the cool, moist woods our attention is

often attracted by patches of great dark, shining, leaves; and if it be
late in the year we long to know the flower of which this rich foliage
is the setting. To satisfy our curiosity we must return the following
May or June, when we shall probably find that a slender scape rises
from its midst bearing at its summit several bell-shaped flowers,
which, without either high color or fragrance, are peculiarly
charming. It is hard to understand why this beautiful plant has
received no English name. As to its generic title we cannot but
sympathize with Thoreau. “Gray should not have named it from the
Governor of New York,” he complains; “what is he to the lovers of
flowers in Massachusetts? If named after a man, it must be a man of
flowers.... Name your canals and railroads after Clinton, if you
please, but his name is not associated with flowers.”
C. umbellata is a more Southern species, with smaller white
flowers, which are speckled with green or purplish dots.
Yellow Lady’s Slipper. Whip-poor-Will’s Shoe.

Cypripedium pubescens. Orchis Family (p. 17).
Stem.—About two feet high, downy, leafy to the top, one to three-flowered.
Leaves.—Alternate, broadly oval, many-nerved and plaited. Flowers.—Large,
yellow. Perianth.—Two of the three brownish, elongated sepals united into one
under the lip; the lateral petals linear, wavy-twisted, brownish; the pale yellow lip
an inflated pouch. Stamens.—Two, the short filaments of each bearing a two-celled
anther. Stigma.—Broad, obscurely three-lobed, moist and roughish.
The yellow lady’s slipper usually blossoms in May or June, a few
days later than its pink sister, C. acaule. Regarding its favorite
haunts, Mr. Baldwin[3] says: “Its preference is for maples, beeches,
and particularly butternuts, and for sloping or hilly ground, and I
always look with glad suspicion at a knoll covered with ferns,
cohoshes, and trilliums, expecting to see a clump of this plant among
them. Its sentinel-like habit of choosing ‘sightly places’ leads it to
venture well up on mountain sides.”
The long, wavy, brownish petals give the flower an alert, startled
look when surprised in its lonely hiding-places.
PLATE XL
SMALLER YELLOW LADY’S SLIPPER.

—C. parviflorum.
C. parviflorum, the small yellow lady’s slipper, differs from C.

pubescens in the superior richness of its color as well as in its size. It
also has the charm of fragrance.
Early Meadow Parsnip.

Zizia aurea. Parsley Family (p. 15).
One to three feet high. Leaves.—Twice or thrice-compound, leaflets oblong to

lance-shaped, toothed. Flowers.—Yellow, small, in compound umbels.
This is one of the earliest members of the Parsley family to
appear. Its golden flower-clusters brighten the damp meadows and
the borders of streams in May or June and closely resemble the
meadow parsnip, Thaspium aureum, of which this species was
formerly considered a variety, of the later year.
The tall, stout, common wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, is
another yellow representative of this family in which white flowers
prevail, the three plants here mentioned being the only yellow
species commonly encountered. The common parsnip may be
identified by its grooved stem and simply compound leaves. Its roots
have been utilized for food at least since the reign of Tiberius, for
Pliny tells us that that Emperor brought them to Rome from the
banks of the Rhine, where they were successfully cultivated.
Golden Club.
Orontium aquaticum. Arum Family.
Scape.—Slender, elongated. Leaves.—Long-stalked, oblong, floating. Flowers.

—Small, yellow, crowded over the narrow spike or spadix.
When we go to the bogs in May to hunt for the purple flower of
the pitcher-plant we are likely to chance upon the well-named golden
club. This curious-looking club-shaped object, which is found along
the borders of ponds, indicates its relationship to the jack-in-the-
pulpit, and still more to the calla lily, but unlike them its tiny flowers
are shielded by no protecting spathe.
Kalm tells us in his “Travels,” “that the Indians called the plant
Taw-Kee, and used its dried seeds as food.”
Spearwort.
Ranunculus ambigens. Crowfoot Family.
Stems.—One to two feet high. Leaves.—Oblong or lance-shaped, mostly

toothed, contracted into a half-clasping leaf-stalk. Flowers.—Bright yellow, solitary
or clustered. Calyx.—Of five sepals. Corolla.—Of five to seven oblong petals.
Stamens.—Indefinite in number, occasionally few. Pistils.—Numerous in a head.
Many weeks after the marsh marigolds have passed away, just
such marshy places as they affected are brightly flecked with gold.
Wondering, perhaps, if they can be flowering for the second time in
the season, we wade recklessly into the bog to rescue, not the marsh
marigold, but its near relation, the spearwort, which is still more
closely related to the buttercup, as a little comparison of the two
flowers will show. This plant is especially common at the North.
Indian Cucumber-root.
Medeola Virginica. Lily Family.
Root.—Tuberous, shaped somewhat like a cucumber, with a suggestion of its

flavor. Stem.—Slender, from one to three feet high, at first clothed with wool.
Leaves.—In two whorls on the flowering plants, the lower of five to nine oblong,
pointed leaves set close to the stem, the upper usually of three or four much
smaller ones. Flowers.—Greenish-yellow, small, clustered, recurved, set close to
the upper leaves. Perianth.—Of three sepals and three petals, oblong and alike.
Stamens.—Six, reddish-brown. Pistil.—With three stigmas, long, recurved, and
reddish-brown. Fruit.—A purple berry.
One is more apt to pause in September to note the brilliant
foliage and purple berries of this little plant than to gather the
drooping inconspicuous blossoms for his bunch of wood-flowers in
June. The generic name is after the sorceress Medea, on account of
its supposed medicinal virtues, of which, however, there seems to be
no record.
The tuberous rootstock has the flavor, and something the shape,
of the cucumber, and was probably used as food by the Indians. It
would not be an uninteresting study to discover which of our
common wild plants are able to afford pleasant and nutritious food;
in such a pursuit many of the otherwise unattractive popular names
would prove suggestive.
Common Bladderwort.
Utricularia vulgaris. Bladderwort Family.
Stems.—Immersed, one to three feet long. Leaves.—Many-parted, hair-like,

bearing numerous bladders. Scape.—Six to twelve inches long. Flowers.—Yellow,
five to twelve on each scape. Calyx.—Two-lipped. Corolla.—Two-lipped, spurred at
the base. Stamens.—Two. Pistil.—One.
This curious water-plant may or may not have roots; in either
case it is not fastened to the ground, but is floated by means of the
many bladders which are borne on its finely dissected leaves. It is
commonly found in ponds and slow streams, flowering throughout
the summer. Thoreau calls it “a dirty-conditioned flower, like a
sluttish woman with a gaudy yellow bonnet.”
The horned bladderwort, U. cornuta, roots in the peat-bogs and
sandy swamps. Its large yellow helmet-shaped flowers are very
fragrant, less than half a dozen being borne on each scape.
Yellow Pond-lily. Spatter Dock.

Nuphar advena. Water-lily Family.
Leaves.—Floating or erect, roundish to oblong, with a deep cleft at their base.

Flowers.—Yellow, sometimes purplish, large, somewhat globular. Calyx.—Of five
or six sepals or more, yellow or green without. Corolla.—Of numerous small, thick,
fleshy petals which are shorter than the stamens and resemble them. Stamens.—
Very numerous. Pistil.—One, with a disk-like, many-rayed stigma.
Bordering the slow streams and stagnant ponds from May till
August may be seen the yellow pond-lilies. These flowers lack the
delicate beauty and fragrance of the white water-lilies; having,
indeed, either from their odor, or appearance, or the form of their
fruit, won for themselves in England the unpoetic title of “brandy-
bottle.” Owing to their love of mud they have also been called “frog-
lilies.” The Indians used their roots for food.
PLATE XLI
INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT.—M.
Virginiana.
Winter-cress, Yellow Rocket. Herb of St. Barbara.

Barbarea vulgaris. Mustard Family (p. 17).
Stem.—Smooth. Leaves.—The lower lyre-shaped; the upper ovate, toothed or

deeply incised at their base. Flowers.—Yellow, growing in racemes. Pod.—Linear,
erect or slightly spreading.
As early as May we find the bright flowers of the winter-cress
along the roadside. This is probably the first of the yellow mustards
to appear.
Black Mustard.
Brassica nigra. Mustard Family (p. 17).
Often several feet high. Stem.—Branching. Leaves.—The lower with a large

terminal lobe and a few small lateral ones. Flowers.—Yellow, rather small, growing
in a raceme. Pods.—Smooth, erect, appressed, about half an inch long.
Many are familiar with the appearance of this plant who are
ignorant of its name. The pale yellow flowers spring from the waste
places along the roadside and border the dry fields throughout the
summer. The tall spreading branches recall the biblical description:
“It groweth up, and becometh greater than all herbs, and shooteth
out great branches; so that the fowls of the air may lodge under the
shadow of it.”
This plant is extensively cultivated in Europe, its ground seeds
forming the well-known condiment. The ancients used it for
medicinal purposes. It has come across the water to us, and is a
troublesome weed in many parts of the country.
Wild Radish.
Raphanus Raphanistrum. Mustard Family (p. 17).
One to three feet high. Leaves.—Rough, lyre-shaped. Flowers.—Yellow, veiny,

turning white or purplish; larger than those of the black mustard, otherwise
resembling them. Pod.—Often necklace-form by constriction between the seeds.
This plant is a troublesome weed in many of our fields. It is the
stock from which the garden radish has been raised.
PLATE XLII
WINTER-CRESS.—B. vulgaris.
Cynthia. Dwarf Dandelion.

Krigia Virginica. Composite Family (p. 13).
Stems.—Several, becoming branched, leafy. Leaves.—Earlier ones roundish;

the latter narrower and often cleft. Flower-heads.—Yellow, composed entirely of
strap-shaped flowers.
In some parts of the country these flowers are among the earliest
to appear. They are found in New England, as well as south and
westward.
The flowers of K. amplexicaulis appear later, and their range is a
little farther south. Near Philadelphia great masses of the orange-
colored blossoms and pale green stems and foliage line the railway
embankments in June.
Rattlesnake-weed.
Hieracium venosum. Composite Family (p. 13).
Stem or Scape.—One or two feet high, naked or with a single leaf, smooth,
slender, forking above. Leaves.—From the root, oblong, often making a sort of flat
rosette, usually conspicuously veined with purple. Flower-heads.—Yellow,
composed entirely of strap-shaped flowers.
The loosely clustered yellow flower-heads of the rattlesnake-
weed somewhat resemble small dandelions. They abound in the
pine-woods and dry, waste places of early summer. The purple-
veined leaves, whose curious markings give to the plant its common
name, grow close to the ground and are supposed to be efficacious in
rattlesnake bites. Here again crops out the old “doctrine of
signatures,” for undoubtedly this virtue has been attributed to the
species solely on account of the fancied resemblance between its
leaves and the markings of the rattlesnake.
H. scabrum is another common species, which may be
distinguished from the rattlesnake-weed by its stout, leafy stem and
unveined leaves.
Dandelion.
Taraxacum officinale. Composite Family (p. 13).
PLATE XLIII
RATTLESNAKE-WEED.—H. venosum.
If Emerson’s definition of a weed, as a plant whose virtues have

not yet been discovered, be correct, we can hardly place the
dandelion in that category, for its young sprouts have been valued as
a pot-herb, its fresh leaves enjoyed as a salad, and its dried roots
used as a substitute for coffee in various countries and ages. It is said
that the Apache Indians so greatly relish it as food, that they scour
the country for many days in order to procure enough to appease
their appetites, and that the quantity consumed by one individual
exceeds belief. The feathery-tufted seeds which form the downy balls
beloved as “clocks” by country children, are delicately and beautifully
adapted to dissemination by the wind, which ingenious arrangement
partly accounts for the plant’s wide range. The common name is a
corruption of the French dent de lion. There is a difference of opinion
as to which part of the plant is supposed to resemble a lion’s tooth.
Some fancy the jagged leaves gave rise to the name, while others
claim that it refers to the yellow flowers, which they liken to the
golden teeth of the heraldic lion. In nearly every European country
the plant bears a name of similar signification.
Poverty-grass.
Hudsonia tomentosa. Rock-rose Family.
“Bushy, heath-like little shrubs, seldom a foot high.” (Gray.) Leaves.—Small,

oval or narrowly oblong, pressed close to the stem. Flowers.—Bright yellow, small,
numerous, crowded along the upper part of the branches. Calyx.—Of five sepals,
the two outer much smaller. Corolla.—Of five petals. Stamens.—Nine to thirty.
Pistil.—One, with a long and slender style.
In early summer many of the sand-hills along the New England
coast are bright with the yellow flowers of this hoary little shrub. It is
also found as far south as Maryland and near the Great Lakes. Each
blossom endures for a single day only. The plant’s popular name is
due to its economical habit of utilizing sandy unproductive soil
where little else will flourish.
Bush-honeysuckle.
Diervilla trifida. Honeysuckle Family.
An upright shrub from one to four feet high. Leaves.—Opposite, oblong, taper-
pointed. Flowers.—Yellow, sometimes much tinged with red, clustered usually in
threes, in the axils of the upper leaves and at the summit of the stem. Calyx.—With
slender awl-shaped lobes. Corolla.—Funnel-form, five-lobed, the lower lobe larger
than the others and of a deeper yellow, with a small nectar-bearing gland at its
base. Stamens.—Five. Pistil.—One.
PLATE XLIV
BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE.—D. trifida.
This pretty little shrub is found along our rocky hills and
mountains. The blossoms appear in early summer, and form a good
example of nectar-bearing flowers. The lower lobe of the corolla is
crested and more deeply colored than the others, thus advising the
bee of secreted treasure. The hairy filaments of the stamens are so
placed as to protect the nectar from injury by rain. When the
blossom has been despoiled and at the same time fertilized, for the
nectar-seeking bee has probably deposited some pollen upon its
pistil, the color of the corolla changes from a pale to a deep yellow,
thus giving warning to the insect world that further attentions would
be useless to both parties.
Cow Wheat.
Melampyrum Americanum. Figwort Family.
Stem.—Low, erect, branching. Leaves.—Opposite, lance-shaped. Flowers.—
Small, greenish-yellow, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx.—Bell-
shaped, four-cleft. Corolla.—Two-lipped, upper lip arched, lower three-lobed and
spreading at the apex. Stamens.—Four. Pistil.—One.
In the open woods, from June until September, we encounter
the pale yellow flowers of this rather insignificant little plant. The
cow wheat was formerly cultivated by the Dutch as food for cattle.
The Spanish name, Trigo de Vaca, would seem to indicate a similar
custom in Spain. The generic name, Melampyrum, is from the
Greek, and signifies black wheat, in reference to the appearance of
the seeds of some species when mixed with grain. The flower would
not be likely to attract one’s attention were it not exceedingly
common in some parts of the country, flourishing especially in our
more eastern woodlands.
Meadow Lily. Wild Yellow Lily.

Lilium Canadense. Lily Family.
Stem.—Two to five feet high. Leaves.—Whorled, lance-shaped. Flowers.—

Yellow, spotted with reddish-brown, bell-shaped, two to three inches long.
Perianth.—Of six recurved sepals, with a nectar-bearing furrow at their base.
Stamens.—Six, with anthers loaded with brown pollen. Pistil.—One, with a three-
lobed stigma.
What does the summer bring which is more enchanting than a
sequestered wood-bordered meadow hung with a thousand of these
delicate, nodding bells which look as though ready to tinkle at the
least disturbance and sound an alarum among the flowers?
PLATE XLV
MEADOW LILY.—L. Canadense.
These too are true “lilies of the field,” less gorgeous, less
imposing than the Turks’ caps, but with an unsurpassed grace and
charm of their own. “Fairy-caps,” these pointed blossoms are
sometimes called; “witch-caps,” would be more appropriate still.
Indeed they would make dainty headgear for any of the dim
inhabitants of Wonder-Land.
The growth of this plant is very striking when seen at its best.
The erect stem is surrounded with regular whorls of leaves, from the
upper one of which curves a circle of long-stemmed, nodding
flowers. They suggest an exquisite design for a church candelabra.
Prickly Pear. Indian Fig.
Opuntia Rafinesquii. Cactus Family.
Flowers.—Yellow, large, two and a half to three and a half inches across.
Calyx.—Of numerous sepals. Corolla.—Of ten or twelve petals. Stamens.—
Numerous. Pistil.—One, with numerous stigmas. Fruit.—Shaped like a small pear,
often with prickles over its surface.
This curious-looking plant is one of the only two representatives
of the Cactus family in the Northeastern States. It has deep green,
fleshy, prickly, rounded joints and large yellow flowers, which are
often conspicuous in summer in dry, sandy places along the coast.
O. vulgaris, the only other species found in Northeastern
America, has somewhat smaller flowers, but otherwise so closely
resembles O. Rafinesquii as to make it difficult to distinguish
between the two.
Four-leaved Loosestrife.
Lysimachia quadrifolia. Primrose Family.
Stem.—Slender, one or two feet high. Leaves.—Narrowly oblong, whorled in

fours, fives, or sixes. Flowers.—Yellow, spotted or streaked with red, on slender,
hair-like flower-stalks from the axils of the leaves. Calyx.—Five or six-parted.
Corolla.—Very deeply five or six-parted. Stamens.—Four or five. Pistil.—One.
PLATE XLVI
FOUR-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE.—L.
quadrifolia.
This slender pretty plant grows along the roadsides and attracts
one’s notice in June by its regular whorls of leaves and flowers.
Linnæus says that this genus is named after Lysimachus, King of
Sicily. Loosestrife is the English for Lysimachus; but whether the
ancient superstition that the placing of these flowers upon the yokes
of oxen rendered the beasts gentle and submissive arose from the
peace-suggestive title or from other causes, I cannot discover.
Yellow Loosestrife.
Lysimachia stricta. Primrose Family.
The yellow loosestrife bears its flowers, which are similar to

those of L. quadrifolia, in a terminal raceme; it has opposite lance-
shaped leaves. Its bright yellow clusters border the streams and
brighten the marshes from June till August.
Rock-rose. Frost-weed.
Helianthemum Canadense. Rock-rose Family.
About one foot high. Leaves.—Set close to the stem, simple, lance-oblong.
Flowers.—Of two kinds: the earlier, more noticeable ones, yellow, solitary, about
one inch across; the later ones small and clustered, usually without petals. Calyx.—
(Of the petal-bearing flowers) of five sepals. Corolla.—Of five early falling petals
which are crumpled in the bud. Stamens.—Numerous. Pistil.—One, with a three-
lobed stigma.
These fragile bright yellow flowers are found in gravelly places in
early summer. Under the influence of the sunshine they open once;
by the next day their petals have fallen, and their brief beauty is a
thing of the past. On June 17th Thoreau finds this “broad, cup-like
flower, one of the most delicate yellow flowers, with large spring-
yellow petals, and its stamens laid one way.”
In the Vale of Sharon a nearly allied rose-colored species
abounds. This is believed by some of the botanists who have travelled
in that region to be the Rose of Sharon which Solomon has
celebrated.
The name of frost-weed has been given to our plant because of
the crystals of ice which shoot from the cracked bark at the base of
the stem in late autumn.

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Advances in smart cities : smarter

people, governance and solutions 1st

Smart Techniques for a Smarter Planet Towards Smarter

Smart Infrastructure and Applications: Foundations for

Smart Governance for Cities: Perspectives and

Natural Gas Markets in India Opportunities and

Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

Green and Smart Technologies for Smart Cities 1st

Smart Cities Zaigham Mahmood

Proceedings of International Conference on Recent

ARPAN KUMAR KAR, MANMOHAN PRASAD GUPTA,

© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-9570-8 (paperback)

Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Kar, Arpan Kumar, editor.

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

and the CRC Press Web site at

1. Understanding Smart Cities: Inputs for Research and Practice....................................1

2 How Do Smart Cities Influence Governance? A Descriptive Literature Review......9

4 Self-Sustainable Integrated Township: A Resource-Based Planning to

5 Adoption and Acceptance of Mandatory Electronic Public Services by

6 Role of Manufacturing Sector to Develop Smart Economy: A

7 Concept of Smart Village in India: A Proposed Ecosystem and Framework...........83

8 Smart City: An Integrated Approach Using System Dynamics.................................. 93

9 Smart City Technologies: An Oversell Product of Global Technology

10 A Cloud-Based Mobile Application for Cashless Payments to Enhance

11 Financial Viability of Energy Conservation Using Natural Light in an

12 Management of Multidimensional Risk for Digital Services in Smart Cities....... 149

13 M-Commerce in Smart Cities: Changing Mindsets of Individuals,

14 The Shift toward a Sustainable Urban Mobility through Decision Support

15 Low-Carbon Logistics Network for Smart Cities: A Conceptual Framework........ 199

discussion provides perspectives on the potential scope of development through smarter

Arpan Kumar Kar

P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan is an associate professor at the Department of Management

Himanshu Agarwal Yogesh K. Dwivedi

Gourav Dwivedi Harpreet Kaur

Harish Kumar Pooja Sharma

Arpan Kumar Kar

Dibakar Rakshit Andrea Vesco

Arpan Kumar Kar, Syed Ziaul Mustafa, Manmohan Prasad Gupta,

Smart Smart Smart

• Higher • High-full time • Local • Better • Access to • Water

Pillars of smart cities

1.2 Smart People

1.3 Smart Economy

1.4 Smart Mobility

1.5 Smart Living

1.6 Smart Governance

1.7 Smart Environment

1.8 Connecting the Perspectives: A Unified View

1.9 Concluding Discussion

Sumedha Chauhan and Neetima Agarwal

2.2 Smart City and Its Role in Governance

2.3 Research Methodology

2.4 Results of Classification

Per capita income

Political issues Silo issues

Cultural issues Mobility

Security issues Privacy issues

2.4.1.2 Urban Development

2.4.1.4 Public Participation