Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Download textbook Clinical Anatomy Of The Shoulder An Atlas 1St Edition Murat Bozkurt ebook all chapter pdf
Download textbook Clinical Anatomy Of The Shoulder An Atlas 1St Edition Murat Bozkurt ebook all chapter pdf
https://textbookfull.com/product/atlas-of-advanced-shoulder-
arthroscopy-1st-edition-andreas-b-imhoff/
https://textbookfull.com/product/rhinoplasty-an-anatomical-and-
clinical-atlas-1st-edition-rollin-k-daniel/
https://textbookfull.com/product/color-atlas-of-pediatric-
anatomy-laparoscopy-and-thoracoscopy-1st-edition-merrill-mchoney/
https://textbookfull.com/product/shoulder-arthroplasty-the-
shoulder-club-guide-gazi-huri/
McMinn’s Color Atlas of Lower Limb Anatomy 5th Edition
Bari M. Logan
https://textbookfull.com/product/mcminns-color-atlas-of-lower-
limb-anatomy-5th-edition-bari-m-logan/
https://textbookfull.com/product/atlas-of-pelvic-anatomy-and-
gynecologic-surgery-5th-edition-baggish-md-facog/
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-management-of-biceps-
pathology-a-clinical-guide-from-the-shoulder-to-the-elbow-
anthony-a-romeo/
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-shoulder-1st-edition-gazi-
huri/
https://textbookfull.com/product/human-anatomy-color-atlas-and-
textbook-john-a-gosling/
Murat Bozkurt
Halil İbrahim Açar
Editors
Clinical Anatomy
of the Shoulder
An Atlas
123
Clinical Anatomy of the Shoulder
Murat Bozkurt • Halil İbrahim Açar
Editors
Clinical Anatomy
of the Shoulder
An Atlas
Editors
Murat Bozkurt Halil İbrahim Açar
Department of Orthopaedics and Department of Anatomy
Traumatology Ankara University
Yildirim Beyazit University Ankara
Ankara Turkey
Turkey
The shoulder joint continues to be one of the most remarkable and challeng-
ing joints in the human body. My primary goal in editing Clinical Anatomy of
the Shoulder—An Atlas is to create a valuable resource that includes a rich
visual content for those physicians, residents, fellows, or students practicing
or interested in orthopedic shoulder pathologies.
My belief is that the anatomical knowledge is crucial to maintain an appro-
priate approach for any orthopedic disorder. For this reason, the anatomy is
intended to constitute the basis of this book. In addition to the anatomy, this
book includes intensive radiology content, physical examination, and some
basic requirements for shoulder arthroscopy.
I greatly appreciate the contributions of all the authors. Their work in the
field of musculoskeletal system related to the shoulder has been invaluable
for the understanding and treatment of shoulder pathologies.
May this book help anyone interested in the shoulder to discover more
about this unique human joint with its complex functional structure and
interrelations.
vii
Contents
ix
Functional Anatomy of Shoulder
1
Halil İbrahim Açar, Nihal Apaydın,
İbrahim Tekdemir, and Murat Bozkurt
The shoulder joint, commonly known as the gle- humerus together with the joint capsule. Thus, they
nohumeral joint, is very important as it is the support the shoulder joint anteriorly, posteriorly and
joint with the body highest mobile capability. superiorly. The only part of the joint capsule that has
The ability of movement restriction of the passive no tendonious support is the inferior part.
structures of the joint (joint surfaces and liga- Another significant structure of the joint is the
ments) is very low. The articular surfaces of the glenoid labrum, which increases compatibility
bones which take part in the joint allow a wide between the small, shallow glenoid cavity and the
range of movement; on one side is the shallow large spheric humeral head. The glenoid labrum is a
glenoid cavity and on the other side, the wide fibrocartilaginous structure attached to the edges of
humeral head. The thin and loose joint capsule, the glenoid cavity. The coracoacromial arch is also a
again allows a wide range of movement. very important structure for the joint. This structure
How is stability provided together with this is a strong osteofibrous arch formed by the acro-
ability for wide range of movement? mion, coracoacromial ligament and coracoid pro-
As the passive structures of the joint provide cess which supports the shoulder joint from above.
limited support for stability, active structures There is a substantial amount of studies in
come into operation to be able to provide both literature explaining these structures in details.
movement and support to the joint. The active The aim of the Anatomy section of this book is to
structures are the muscles surrounding the joint. present the most appropriate viewpoints related
The muscles which participate actively in stabil- to these anatomic structures which are critical to
ity and support to the weak capsular ligaments are the shoulder joint and the relationships between
the rotator cuff muscles. The rotator cuff is formed the structures, for both open and for arthroscopic
by the tendons of the scapulohumeral muscles which approaches. Therefore, detailed theoretical
pass anterior, posterior and superior to the joint to knowledge has been avoided, and the anatomic
insert on the lesser and greater tubercles of the structures have been presented with the most
convenient images on adult human cadavers in a
H.İ. Açar (*) • N. Apaydın • İ. Tekdemir simple and comprehensible manner.
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, In this chapter the shoulder joint will be evalu-
Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey ated from various viewpoints (Fig. 1.1–1.12).
e-mail: drhalilacar@yahoo.com;
In the right shoulder region, the skin and
napaydin@gmail.com; itekdemir@yahoo.com
superficial fascial structures have been removed
M. Bozkurt
to present a wide view of the muscles around the
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology,
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey shoulder joint. These muscles are seen from the
e-mail: nmbozkurt@gmail.com front (Fig. 1.1).
The trapezius inserts on the shoulder girdle, this effect is the subacromial bursa, which shows
and the parts of the deltoid which start from continuity with the subdeltoid bursa.
approximately the same region, insert on the del- Although not described classically; CAL, CP
toid tuberosity over the distal side on the lateral and the conjoint tendon should be evaluated as an
margin of the humerus. Only the clavicular head important osteotendinoligamentous arch sup-
of the pectoralis major is observed on the figure porting the shoulder joint anterosuperiorly.
(Fig. 1.1). Pectoralis major extends to the antero- While the supraspinatus inserting on greater
lateral side of the proximal part of the humerus tubercle can be compressed by acromion, sub-
and inserts on the crest of the greater tubercle. scapularis inserting on the lesser tubercle can be
The important area here is the deltopectoral or compressed by CP in abduction. The relation-
clavipectoral triangle which lies between the clav- ships of the structures compressing under these
icle, deltoid and pectoralis major. The distal part osteofibrous arches may partially change with
of cephalic vein was removed together with the rotation during abduction.
superficial fascia. This vein passes through the tri- The topographical relationships and structures
angle and extends to the axillary fossa (Fig. 1.1). attaching to the coracoid process (CP) are seen.
The anterior and mid sections, namely the cla- The short head of the biceps brachii and coracobra-
vicular and acromial parts of the deltoid were cut chialis form the conjoint tendon which inserts on
from their attachments and retracted posterior to the tip of the CP. The pectoralis minor which origi-
reach the shoulder joint (Fig. 1.2). nates from the 3rd-5th ribs inserts over the medial
A very important structure encountered at this edge of the CP. A little more posteriorly, a small
level is the subdeltoid bursa. By inflating with air, tendon of the subclavius is also seen attaching over
the shape has become evident and the relationship the medial edge of the CP. The coracoacromial
with the structures surrounding the bursa is ligament (CAL), which is a strong, wide structure
observed (Fig. 1.2). This bursa, which functions attaches to the lateral edge of the CP. More posteri-
as a pillow between the deltoid and the proximal orly, two important ligaments connect the clavicle
end of humerus, by usually combining with the and CP and attach to the superior surface of the CP.
subacromial bursa, extends as far as the level of These two ligaments are the trapezoid ligament
the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) below the acro- (TL) and the conoid ligament (CL).
mion and coracoacromial ligament (CAL). The The infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus
subdeltoid bursa extends towards the surgical and the axillary vessels are seen medial to the CP
neck of the humerus to as far as 4 cm to the distal (Fig. 1.3).
from the anterolateral corner of acromion. The entry point of anterior arthroscopic portal
The coracoid process (CP), which is located is immediately lateral the CP. After palpating the
below the clavicular part of the deltoid muscle, CP, insertion of the portal can be made through
can be palpated approximately 2.5 cm below at the the pit just lateral to the tip of the CP without
lateral 1/5 of clavicle. The conjoint tendon formed damaging the axillary neurovascular structures
by the short head of biceps brachii and coracobra- and the conjoint tendon attaching here.
chial muscles is attached to the tip of the CP. With The relationship of the subdeltoid bursa and
retraction of deltoid, the distal section of the pec- the rotator cuff muscles is shown in the figure.
toralis major, which inserts on the crest of the Pectoralis major is seen at the anterior wall of the
greater tubercle is visualised. The terminal part of axillary fossa and immediately below this muscle
the anterior branch of the axillary nerve, which is the pectoralis minor, and above is the subcla-
extends below the deltoid is seen here (Fig. 1.2). vius (Fig. 1.3).
The acromion, CAL and CP form a very To better demonstrate the anterior relations of
strong osteoligamentous girdle by supporting the the shoulder joint, pectoralis major tendon was
shoulder joint from above. This girdle may dam- retracted medially by cutting its humeral inser-
age the underlying structures by compressing tion. The conjoint tendon was also retracted
them. The most important structure in reducing medially to reveal the subscapularis muscle and
4 H.İ. Açar et al.
the related structures at the posterior wall of the The biceps tendon is located in the
axillary fossa. More laterally, the tendon of long intertubercular groove wrapped with an inter-
head of biceps brachii running in the intertuber- tubercular tendon sheath, then enters the joint
cular groove is seen. Thus the anterior part of the cavity.
shoulder joint was reached through the interval The musculocutaneous nerve courses infero-
between the short and long heads of the biceps laterally after branching out from the lateral cord
brachii (Fig. 1.4). then passes within the coracobrachialis muscle
1 Functional Anatomy of Shoulder 5
and extends to the anterior compartment of the The posterior cord and its terminal branches are
arm (Fig. 1.4). This nerve was moved away from the closest neural structures located at the poste-
the joint by pulling the conjoint tendon rior wall of the axillary fossa. The axillary and
medially. radial nerves are the most important nerves sep-
The subscapularis muscle, which originates arating from this cord. The axillary nerve runs
from the subscapular fossa on the anterior sur- just anterior to subscapularis leaning on it and
face of the scapula, inserts on the lesser tuber- passes through the quadrangular space (also
cle. This muscle, which forms the anterior known as the lateral axillary or quadrilateral
section of the rotator cuff is one the most impor- space) at the posterior wall of the axillary fossa.
tant supporting structures of the shoulder joint. Posteror circumflex humeral vessels pass
6 H.İ. Açar et al.
through the space together with the axillary and runs in front of the surgical neck. The pos-
nerve (Fig. 1.4). terior circumflex artery is bigger and by passing
The anterior and posterior circumflex ves- through the quadrangular space together with
sels emerge from the axillary artery. They may the axillary nerve comes underneath the del-
also be separated as a common trunk as seen toid. The axillary nerve and posterior circum-
here. The anterior circumflex artery is smaller flex vessels separate into branches while they
pass through the space. The anterior branches vein tributaries were cut and pulled medially
course posterior to anterior around the surgical (Fig. 1.5).
neck within the fascia of the deltoid muscle The relationship between the infraclavicular
(Fig. 1.4). part of the brachial plexus and the axillary artery
The radial nerve, which is seen as a continua- is seen (Fig. 1.5).
tion of the posterior cord, course distally close The lateral cord is located anterolateral to the
the tendon of the latissimus dorsi below the sub- axillary artery. One of its terminal branches
scapularis (Fig. 1.4). which runs close to the shoulder joint is the mus-
The pectoralis minor was retracted medially culocutaneous nerve. Its other terminal branch
by cutting its attachment from the coracoid pro- forms the median nerve together with fibers com-
cess (CP). Thus, by elevating the anterior wall of ing from the medial cord (Fig. 1.5).
the axillary fossa, the neurovascular structures The medial cord is located posteromedial to
within were made visible. Some of the axillary the axillary artery. Apart from the fibres joining
the median nerve, the majority of the fibres con- When the artery and overlying lateral cord are
tinue as the ulnar nerve. The medial antebrachial pulled medially, the posterior cord with postero-
and brachial cutaneous nerves, which provide lateral location can be seen (Fig. 1.6). The axil-
sensory innervation of the medial surfaces of the lary nerve and the radial nerve are the important
arm and forearm, also separate from the medial branches of this cord. On a deeper plane, the sub-
cord (Fig. 1.5). scapular nerves and the thoracodorsal nerve sepa-
More proximally, the lateral and medial pecto- rate from the posterior cord (Fig. 1.6).
ral nerves separate from the lateral and medial The subscapular muscle originates from the
cords respectively and innervate the pectoral subscapular fossa and inserts on the lesser
muscles (Fig. 1.5). tubercle. It forms the anterior section of the
Two important branches of the supraclavicular rotator cuff and has a significant place in the
part of the brachial plexus are seen here. These anterior support of the shoulder joint (Fig. 1.6).
branches are the suprascapular and long thoracic Superior and inferior subscapular nerves inner-
nerves (Fig. 1.5). vate the muscle.
More superiorly, the long thoracic nerve and The structures within the rotator interval are
the supraclavicular nerve are seen (Fig. 1.6). demonstrated with transillumination. The joint
The subdeltoid/subacromial bursa was capsule lying between the subscapularis muscle
removed. Now the rotator cuff surrounding the and the coracohumeral ligament (CHL) in this
shoulder joint, coracoacromial girdle over the joint space is thinner (Fig. 1.8).
and the ligaments connecting the clavicle to the When examined arthroscopically, it is notice-
coracoid process (CP) (trapezoid ligament [TL] able that the intracapsular biceps tendon lies
and conoid ligament [CL]) are seen (Fig. 1.7). immediately below the supraspinatus tendon,
At the anterosuperior part of the shouder joint, and the thin, weak part of the capsule is located
there is a triangular interval lying between the between this tendon and the subscapularis. It
subscapularis and supraspinatus muscles with the can be noted that, this place is the part of the
base formed by the root of the CP. In the figure, capsule which is located just below the coracoid
the borders of the interval are drawn with dotted process (CP). This weak area is below the angle
lines. This space between the rotator cuff mus- formed by the coracoacromial ligament (CAL),
cles is known as the rotator interval (Fig. 1.7). coracoid process (CP) and conjoint tendon and it
The anterior arthroscopic portal passes through is supported by this osteoligamentotendinous
this interval. After palpation of the CP, the pit girdle.
immediately lateral to this must be used to enter A tear on the supraspinatus tendon which is
the joint cavity. Here is the corner of the angle attached to the top of the greater tubercle (GT) is
formed by the coracoacromial ligament (CAL), shown with arrowheads (Fig. 1.8).
coracoid process (CP) and conjoint tendon. If The trapezoid ligament (TL) and conoid liga-
entry is attempted immediately below the CP, the ment (CL), which attach the clavicle to the CP
trochar slipping medially over the conjoint tendon are also observed here (Fig. 1.8).
may damage the axillary neurovascular structures. The posterior part, namely the spinal part of
As emphasised previously, the closest structure to the deltoid was retracted by cutting from its
this point which is at risk is the musculocutaneous attachment on the spine of scapula. The infraspi-
nerve. This nerve enters the coracobrachialis natus and teres minor muscles, which originate
medially and is located more superolateral than from the posterior surface of the scapula below
the other branches of the brachial plexus. the spine, are seen (Fig. 1.9). These muscles form
Within the rotator interval, there is coraco- the posterior section of the rotator cuff. Three
humeral ligament (CHL) superiorly and at a muscles, the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus and
deeper plane the biceps tendon within the joint the teres minor, are attached to the greater tuber-
space. In addition, the superior glenohumeral cle (GT) from above to below respectively. Thus,
ligament (SGHL) can be seen over the joint the humeral head is supported posterosuperiorly.
capsule (Fig. 1.7). The supraspinatus is involved in abduction of the
The CAL extends below the acromion. Despite arm, and the infraspinatus and teres minor in
the subacromial bursa being in between the external rotation.
supraspinatus tendon and acromion, it contacts The axillary nerve together with posterior
the area below the acromion during abduction. circumflex vessels are observed emerging from
The inferior surface of the CAL can be eroded the lateral axillary space and passing underneath
and the supraspinatus tendon may injure due to the deltoid. The anterior branch of the axillary
repetetive trauma (Fig. 1.7). nerve (black arrow heads) and the branches of
By entering from the posterior portal approxi- the accompanying posterior humeral circumflex
mately 2 cm below the posterior corner of the vessels are seen on the deep surface of the del-
acromion, transillumination is made with the toid (Fig. 1.9). These branches, which course
arthroscopic light source. The borders of the rota- within the fascia of the deltoid encircle the sur-
tor interval, which is a weak part of the joint cap- gical neck of the humerus from posterior to
sule are seen (Fig. 1.8). anterior.
10 H.İ. Açar et al.
Innervation of the teres minor is provided by and the teres minor (black arrow) (Fig. 1.9). The
the axillary nerve branches passing through the posterior section of the joint capsule which is
quadrangular space. The nerve branches inner- revealed in the space between these two muscles
vating teres minor runs underneath the muscle. is extremely weak.
Innervation of the infraspinatus is provided by The posterior arthroscopy portal entry is made
the suprascapular nerve coming from above. The approximately 2 cm below and 1 cm medial the
internervous plane used for a posterior approach posterior corner of the acromion (*, acromial
to the shoulder joint is between the infraspinatus angle). The pathway of the portal is approxi-
mately the internervous plane between the infra- The suprascapular artery is a branch of the thy-
spinatus and the teres minor as described above rocervical trunk. Together with the accompanying
(Fig. 1.9). vein, it runs parallel to clavicle. It cross the trunks
We are looking at the shoulder joint and of the brachial plexus anteriorly in this region.
related structures from above. The clavicular and When approaching the STSL, it gives superficial
acromial attachments of the trapezius were cut branches to supply the surrounding muscles such
and retracted. The supraspinatus and surrounding as trapezius and omohyoid. Its acromial branches
important structures were exposed (Fig. 1.10). extend towards the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ)
The suprascapular vessels and nerve extend- over the supraspinatus. Then the artery runs
ing towards the supraspinatus from the cervical underneath the supraspinatus passing over the
region are seen (Fig. 1.10). The suprascapular STSL. Here, it is close to the bone. From this
nerve course in a deeper plane than the vessels. point on, they start to run together with the supra-
By originating from the upper trunk of the bra- scapular nerve. Passing below the coracoacromial
chial plexus, the suprascapular nerve passes girdle (acromion and coracoacromial ligament,
through suprascapular notch below the superior CAL), supraspinatus inserts at the top of the
transverse scapular ligament (STSL). greater tubercle (Fig. 1.10).
The right shoulder is seen from above (Fig. 1.11). posterior to the scapula neck. The branches sepa-
The mid-section of the supraspinatus was rate below the infraspinatus muscle.
removed to be able to demonstrate the suprascap- The suprascapular notch is adjacent the cora-
ular notch (black arrows) and supraspinous fossa coid process (CP). The conoid ligament (CL)
(Fig. 1.11). The branches of the suprascapular extends to the inferior surface of the clavicle
vessels and nerve continuing below the supraspi- (conoid tubercle) from the root of the CP located
natus (the branches to the supraspinatus were on the immediate lateral to the notch. As seen in
removed by cutting together with the muscle) the figure, the notch is bridged by the superior
progress close to the bone. They come to the transverse scapular ligament (STSL). It can be
fossa infraspinatus by winding below the acro- clearly seen that the suprascapular vessels run
mion immediately lateral to the spine scapula and over the STSL and the suprascapular nerve passes
underneath the STLS, through the notch. In nor- way in the cases where the connective tissue is
mal conditions, the suprascapular nerve is pro- increased (Fig. 1.11).
tected from the pressure of the surrounding In the right shoulder joint, the joint capsule
structures in this osteofibrous passageway. was opened posteriorly to expose the glenoid
However it can be compressed in this passage- cavity and related structures (Fig. 1.12).
The labrum is a fibrocartilaginous structure The suprascapular vessels and the nerve run
that attaches to the edges of the glenoid cavity for together after passing the suprascapular notch.
to increase the depth and surface area of the By passing spinoglenoid notch behind the neck
shoulder joint. Superiorly, it is fused to the biceps of scapula they come to the infraspinous fossa
tendon (Fig. 1.12). and provide branches to the infraspinatus. The
The biceps tendon originates from the supra- proximity of these neurovascular structures to the
glenoid tubercle immediately above the gle- glenoid must be kept in mind during arthroscopic
noid, and comes to the anterior compartment of or open surgery (Fig. 1.12).
the arm by passing through the intertubercular
groove (bicipital groove).
Arthroscopic Anatomy of Shoulder
2
Murat Bozkurt, Mehmet Emin Simsek,
and Halil İbrahim Açar
In the last 30 years, shoulder arthroscopy has In our hospital, arthroscopic shoulder operations
become of greater importance in the diagnosis are performed in the beach chair position. The
and treatment of shoulder diseases. An increasing patient is placed on the operating table seated in
number of arthroscopic techniques together with 70° flexion, and as deep vein thrombosis prophy-
innovations in surgical equipment have resulted laxis, both lower extremities are wrapped in elas-
in several surgical procedures which were applied tic bandages. A hip support is placed below the
as open surgery in the past now being applied as hips to prevent the patient slipping on the table.
arthroscopic procedures. The aim of arthroscopic The head position of the patient is fixed with a
surgery is to provide rapid, accurate diagnosis head holder. All patients are administered hypo-
and treatment during surgery together with the tensive anaesthesia under neuromonitorisation.
least morbidity possible to the patient. Therefore, The shoulder that is to be surgically treated is
the most important factor increasing the success placed at the edge of the table. Epinephrine is
of arthroscopic surgery is the ability to identify routinely included in the isotonic fluid to be used
natural-healthy anatomic structures. in the arthroscopy. After entry to the joint, fluid
In this section, it is aimed to identify natural- pressure is adjusted to an initial pressure of
healthy anatomic structures in shoulder arthroscopic 40 mmHg with automatic pressure control.
surgery. We routinely use the posterior portal at the
start of arthroscopy, and the surgical procedure
begins with intra-articular diagnostic arthros-
copy. Respectively, the skin, subcutaneous tissue,
M. Bozkurt (*)
deltoid muscle, teres minor and infraspinatus
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology,
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, interval, then the capsule are passed with the tro-
Ankara 06800, Turkey char. Adjacent to this area are the quadrangular
e-mail: nmbozkurt@gmail.com and triangular gaps. In the first entry to the gleno-
M.E. Simsek humeral joint space, a blunt-end obturator is
Yenimahalle Training and Research Hospital, Ankara used, and the arthroscopic cannula is placed over
Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
the obturator.
e-mail: mehmeteminsimsek@hotmail.com
To be able to identify pathological structures
H.İ. Açar
in shoulder arthroscopy, it is necessary to be
Department of Anatomy, Ankara University,
Ankara, Turkey able to identify the natural appearance of non-
e-mail: drhalilacar@yahoo.com pathological intra-articular structures. During
a b
Fig. 2.1 (a) Arthroscopic evaluation with the posterior portal (b) Glenoid, labrum and humeral head
a b
Fig. 2.2 (a) Anatomical structures seen from posterior portal (b) Labrum, glenoid, biceps tendon, MGHL and sub-
scapularis tendon
arthroscopy, e xamination of the intra-articular ana- The first things to be visualised within the
tomic structures in the same order will help in mak- joint are the triangle formed by the biceps ten-
ing a correct diagnosis. In diagnostic arthroscopy, don in the superior and the humerus head in the
we place the camera parallel to the floor perpen- lateral and the subscapularis in the inferior. Of
dicular to the glenoid with the end of the camera the intra-articular structures, the first to be
superomedial to the humerus head (Fig. 2.1a, b). located is the biceps tendon. On first entry to the
By turning the camera viewing angle to the joint, the biceps tendon must be identified for
glenoid, it is attempted to understand whether or orientation purposes. The biceps tendon is visu-
not there is chondral damage and whether or not alised from the attachment known as the biceps
the glenoid bone edges intact. Degeneration of anchor in the supraglenoid tubercle and superior
the glenoid superior articular surface is evaluated labrum, along the rotator interval as far as the
in respect of cartilage loss. It is thicker than the point where it emerges from the shoulder
central section. The central glenoid cartilage may (Figs. 2.2a, b and 2.3a, b).
sometimes be thin and can therefore be observed Then the first area to be identified should be the
as cartilage defect (Fig. 2.2a, b). rotator interval region. Structures in this area are
2 Arthroscopic Anatomy of Shoulder 19
a b
Fig. 2.3 (a) Visualization of biceps tendon (b) Biceps groove of humeral head
a b
Fig. 2.4 (a) Identification of the rotator interval (b) Anatomic structures of the rotator interval
the upper intra-articular tendinous section of the Stability of the biceps tendon within the groove
subscapularis muscle, the middle glenohumeral is provided by the support formed by the supra-
ligament (MGHL), the superior glenohumeral spinatus and the subscapularis attachment sites.
ligament and the subscapular recess. After poste- This structure is also held by the superior gleno-
rior portal entry, we use a guide needle in the iden- humeral ligament and the coracohumeral liga-
tification of the site of the anterior portal entry in ments. By acting as a pulley, this structure
the rotator interval. The anterior portal is located provides stability to the biceps tendon.
approximately 1 cm lateral to the coracoid pro- Treatment should be planned by pathological
cess. After opening the anterior portal, a cannula evaluation of degeneration, tears or dislocations
can be placed by widening the portal (Fig. 2.4a, b). which may be encountered in this area
With the aid of a prop, it is necessary to (Figs. 2.5a, b and 2.6a, b).
examine whether or not the biceps tendon has For evaluation of the intra-articular labrum
separated from the biceps anchor and whether and capsule attachments in the next stage, a 360°
or not there is full continuity in the bicipital examination is made around the glenoid to check
groove at the point of emergence from the joint. attachment of the labrum to the glenoid and
20 M. Bozkurt et al.
a b
Fig. 2.5 (a) View of the coracohumeral ligament and superior glenohumeral ligament (b) Colored view of the coraco-
humeral ligament , superior glenohumeral ligament , supraspinatus tendon and humeral head
a b
Fig. 2.6 (a) Arthroscopic evaluation of biceps tendon with prop (b) Colored view of the anatomic structures
whether or not there is capsular separation. Intra- The subscapular recess is a site where loose bod-
articular loose bodies can generally be deter- ies could be hidden (Fig. 2.7a, b).
mined in the inferior recess of the capsule. The middle glenohumeral ligament crosses
Examination continues of the ligaments and the subscapularis tendon at an angle of 60°.
tendons starting from the anterior structures of Starting from the supraglenoid tubercle from the-
the shoulder. Evaluation continues of the ana- medial and superior glenoid edge, the anatomic
tomic structures forming the rotator interval neck section is held to the medial of the tuberosi-
which is formed by the glenoid edge, the biceps tas minor. Due to variations in the structure, iden-
tendon and the subscapularis tendon in the ante- tification is not always possible. Just as it may not
rior. The attachment site of the subscapularis be possible to visualise at all, it may also be seen
muscle and tendon integrity are observed. It can in the form of a cord. The MGHL tightens in
be seen that 30% of the subscapularis tendon is external rotation and loosens in internal rotation.
inside the joint. It forms the lower border of the In 45°abduction, it is resistant to anterior transla-
rotator interval. It is particularly difficult to see tion. When the MGHL is seen, the intactness of
the humerus attachment site, but this is extremely the attachment site in the anterior superior labrum
important in respect of the evaluation of tears. is examined. (Figs. 2.8a, b and 2.9a, b).
2 Arthroscopic Anatomy of Shoulder 21
a b
Fig. 2.7 (a) The subscapularis recess and attachment (b) Colored view of subscapularis tendon attacment
a b
Fig. 2.8 (a) Anatomic relationship with subscapularis tendon and MGHL (b) Colored view of anatomic structures
around of MGHL
a b
a b
Fig. 2.10 (a) Arthroscopic evaluation IGHL (b) Colored view of IGHL
a b
Fig. 2.11 (a) Examination of IGHL (b) Colored view of examination of IGHL
In the next stage, the inferior glenohumeral prevents anterior translation of the humerus head
ligament and inferior labrum are examined. In 90° and resists inferior translation. It extends from the
abduction and external rotation, the posterior band glenoid towards the anatomic neck. When damage
of the inferior glenohumeral ligament prevents occurs in these structures, humeral avulsion gleno-
inferior translation of the humerus head. With trac- humeral ligament (HAGL) lesions should be kept
tion in 20°–30° abduction, the anterior band of the in mind (Figs. 2.10a, b and 2.11a, b).
inferior glenohumeral ligament is more easily To evaluate the rotator cuff, the end of the arthro-
observed. In 90° abduction and external rotation, it scope is turned along the attachment sites over the
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Mas não reza a história que êste amoroso fôsse desgraçado
como o Armando da Dama das Camélias, ou como o Werther se
suicidasse.
Por mim, em verdade lhes direi, que me creio o mais imune dos
bípedes, porque o mais egoísta me julgo. De resto o amor é para os
raros apenas. Deixá-los lá amar. São êsses que fazem depois os
belos livros que a gente gosta tanto de ler. Que em verdade, irmãos
caríssimos, admito o amor, a deliciosa mentira, mas só em teoria.
História remota, cujos heróis já morreram, e que sucedeu nalgum
país distante. Porque se é triste e eu entristeço, logo me põe bem
com a minha digestão e com a minha consciência,—duas cousas
que se parecem—o comentário clássico e absoluto: ¿Quem sabe lá
se ela não será mentira?
Estátuas e comendas
«DECIDIDAMENTE Portugal é um país de ingratos», escrevia-me
desolado um estrangeiro que há uns bons vinte anos se esforça por
tornar conhecidas no seu país a nossa história e a nossa literatura.
Há vinte anos que trabalha por nós, tem 15 volumes publicados
sôbre as nossas letras, e ainda não recebeu de Portugal um
agradecimento sequer. Sucede até escrever a portugueses,
escrever a estações oficiais e não receber resposta. E,
desoladamente enumera-me o que outras nações da Europa, por
quem êle tem feito menos, lhe teem concedido, comendas, cruzes,
medalhas, o demónio.
Não me chegou o homem a perguntar se em Portugal havia fitas,
cruzes e comendas. Não perguntou. Eu porêm é que lhe disse que
as havia, mas que eram para... os barbeiros. E que não tivesse
pena de não ter nenhuma, porque isso em Portugal não valia
absolutamente um caracol. Valia tão pouco que era até frequente
ver aguadeiros, comendadores, e capatazes da limpeza, grandes-
oficiais.
O que êle, na sua ingenuidade de homem do norte, reputava uma
honra, era, afinal e sómente, a marca da mediocridade.
Fizeram João de Deus grande-oficial de S. Tiago. Pois bem: João
de Deus, para se evadir à honra... morreu. E então S. Tiago, uma
cousa que se dá aos sapateiros, um hábito relaxado de todo. Que
os outros regulam pela mesma cousa. O da própria Tôrre e Espada
já por vezes tem sido recusado e o de Cristo é para os abastados,
criados de mesa, moços de esquina e... archeiros da casa real.
Tão desconceituado êle anda, que até o Baptista, o vélho criado
do Carlos d’Os Maias, o recusou sob o pretexto de que não havia
cão nem gato que o não tivesse.
As comendas em Portugal são a paga dos badalos para sinos,
das eleições ganhas, da galopinagem activa, e de muitas outras
cousas que se não podem precisar. Guy de Maupassant disse um
dia que três cousas em França desonravam um homem: a
Academia, as condecoraçõese a Révue des deux mondes. Isto em
França onde a Academia é uma cousa de préstimo, e a Révue des
deux mondes é a Révue des deux mondes. Que faria se fôsse em
Portugal, onde a Academia é um retiro de tatibitates e as
condecorações são o que se sabe.
A um caso assisti que me mostrou bem qual a ideia que o povo
faz de como elas são adquiridas: Quando nos visitou Afonso de
Espanha, sucedeu passar pelo local onde me achava um ilustre
desconhecido, cujo peito era couraçado por tôda a sorte de
condecorações. Uma se avantajava e impunha o seu destaque,
rebrilhante e majestosa. Dois operários conversavam ao meu lado e
quando o ilustre passou, um deles, apontando ao outro a venera,
explicou-lhe: «¿Vês aquela medalha grande? aquilo abichou-a êle
uma ocasião em que tinha que se levantar às dez horas e só
acordou ao meio dia». E estava certo.
Ora eis aqui a razão por que o estrangeiro, com os seus anos de
trabalho e os seus livros publicados, não apanhou ainda nem uma
sêde de água.
Ora, sendo o tempo uma cousa tão preciosa que cumpria não
esperdiçar, antes conservar avara e egoístamente, roubar tempo é
um crime, alêm de ser roubo. Os inglêses, dizem que tempo é
dinheiro. Eu direi que roubá-lo é uma grande pouca vergonha, digna
de muito cacete ou de fôrca, se quiserem. Não há país onde se
roube tempo como em Portugal. Em Portugal, país do Amanhã, não
há a noção do tempo. Ninguêm sabe o que seja pontualidade.
Prometer e cumprir caso é de estranhar, agora prometer e faltar é
caso trivial. Senão vejam os senhores em tudo e por tudo. Faz-se
um pedido, qual é a resposta? Deixe para amanhã. Procura-se um
devedor; amanhã paga. Pede-se fiado: «Hoje não se fia; amanhã
sim». Tudo é amanhã, tudo é no outro dia, um amanhã que nunca
chega e que só é pretexto para nos extorquir tempo e paciência.
¿Os senhores nunca foram registar uma carta ao correio geral?
Pois vão, mas vão com pressa. Isso é que é pândego! Uma pessoa
chega: há 15 pessoas agarra-das a um postiguinho muito
pequenino, um daqueles postigos que através da distância de
quinze pessoas só se vê por óculo. A gente chega e sossega. Póde