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Metals from Estuarine Sediment and
Bioavailability Anu Singh Bisht
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Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences
Anu Singh Bisht
Commercial
Surfactants for
Remediation
Mobilization of Trace Metals from
Estuarine Sediment and Bioavailability
Advances in Geographical and
Environmental Sciences
Series Editor
R. B. Singh, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13113

Anu Singh Bisht
Commercial Surfactants
for Remediation
Mobilization of Trace Metals from Estuarine
Sediment and Bioavailability
123
Anu Singh Bisht
Rockville, MD, USA
ISSN 2198-3542 ISSN 2198-3550 (electronic)

Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences
ISBN 978-981-13-0220-6 ISBN 978-981-13-0221-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0221-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018955718
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019

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Dedicated To
My Beloved Parents & Family
Acknowledgements
This book is based on a research conducted on environmental pollution. I am

grateful for a number of friends and colleagues for encouraging me to start the
work, preserve with it, and finally publish it. It is a pleasure to thank many people
who made this book possible. I am grateful for all the support I have received whilst
researching and writing this book.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Andrew Turner,
under whose supervision I chose this topic and began this research. I would also
like to thank him for his dedicated scientific guidance, consistent support, and
encouragement throughout the duration of my research.
I dedicate my book to my beloved mother, father, and husband for all kinds of
support, understanding, patience, and encouraging me to publish the book. I would
also like to thank my daughter Nyra for her constant source of love, affection, and
strength and encouragement during the preparation of the book.
Thank You!
vii
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Sources of Sediment Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Sediment Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Bioavailability of Metals in Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Introduction-Bioavailability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Solubilization of Metals in Invertebrate Guts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 Surfactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2 Types of Surfactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Properties of Surfactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.4 Surfactants as Remediating Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.5 Methods of Heavy Metal Extraction from Solids
by Surface Active Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 20
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 22
5 Commercial Surfactants for Remediation-Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.2 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3 Hexadecyltrimethylammonium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.4 Triton X-100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.5 Sodium Taurocholate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
ix
x Contents
6 Commercial Surfactants for Remediation-Methodology . . . . . . . . . 31

6.1 Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.2 Sample Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.3 Sample Digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.4 Reagents and Working Surfactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.5 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7 Metal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 39
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 39
7.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
(ICP-MS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 40
7.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission
Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.4 Metal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.5 CHN Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.6 Data Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8 Metal Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8.1 Sample Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8.2 Carbon, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
9 Kinetics of Metal Release by Surfactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
9.2 Kinetics of Metal Release by HDTMA Surfactant . . . . . . . . . . 53
9.3 Kinetics of Metal Release by SDS Surfactant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
9.4 Kinetics of Metal Release by Triton X 100 Surfactant . . . . . . . 55
9.5 Kinetics of Metal Release by NaTC Surfactant . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
9.6 Kinetics of Metal Release by Synthesized Surfactant . . . . . . . . 56
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
10 Surfactant Availability of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
10.2 Surfactant Availability of Metals by HDTMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
10.3 Surfactant Availability of Metals by SDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
10.4 Surfactant Availability of Metals by Triton X 100 . . . . . . . . . 62
10.5 Surfactant Availability of Metals by NaTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
10.6 Relationship Between the Metals Available by Different
Surfactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 62
10.7 Comparison Between SDS and NaTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 62
Contents xi
10.8 Mechanisms of Metal Release by Surfactants . . . . . . . . . . ... 64

10.9 Comparison Between the Metals Release by Proteinase K,
BSA, NaTC and SDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 66
10.10 Relationship Between the Metals Available by BSA, SDS,
and NaTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 67
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 68
11 Implication of Surfactants in Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.2 Implications for Metal Availability to Deposit-Feeders . . . . . . 70
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
12 General Discussion and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
13 Marine Conservation and Sustainable Development Goals ....... 75
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 75
13.2 Marine and Estuarine Protection and Management
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 76
13.3 Other Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 78
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 78
Appendix A: Change of pH Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Appendix B: Last Two Standard Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Appendix C: Concentration of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Appendix D: Concentration of Metals—SDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Appendix E: Concentration of Metals—NaTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Appendix F: Concentration of Metals—Synthesized Surfactant . . . . . . . 93
Appendix G: Concentration of Metals—HDTMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
About the Author
Anu Singh Bisht is a dedicated and focused researcher with more than 7 years of
extensive research experience in the areas of nanoscience, optics and microscopy,
environmental science, and microbiology.
She has a Ph.D. in physics from the prestigious French Institute École Normale
Supériuere de Cachan (ENS de Cachan). She completed her master’s in Erasmus
Mundus Joint European Water and Coastal Management from Spain and the United
Kingdom. She received a bachelor’s in microbiology from the University of Delhi,
India. Most recently, she worked as a post-doctoral research fellow at the University
of Technology of Troyes, France. She led research work on the development of new
light-emitting hybrid nanosources for their application in telecommunication.
She is a productive independent researcher with excellent credentials in
designing research experiments; she operates specialized scientific equipment and
conducts data collection, interpretation, result processing, and analysis. Her expe-
rience in scientific publication consists of more than 22 contributions to high impact
factor journals and two book chapters. She has participated in several national and
international conferences to present her research work and has also taken part in
summer schools in France, where she presented her work. She received several
awards and fellowships. These include a post-doctoral research fellowship from the
Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), France; a scholarship for her Ph.D. from
the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Délégation Ile-de-France
Est; an international scholarship for internship from the École Normale Supérieure
(ENS) de Cachan; and an Erasmus Mundus Scholarship for a Joint European
Master in Water and Coastal Management from the European Union.
xiii
Abbreviations
AA Amino Acids
Al Aluminum
AEs Absorption efficiencies
Ag Silver
Ar Argon
As Arsenic
BSA Bovine serum albumin
C Carbon
Ca Calcium
Cd Cadmium
CHN Carbon hydrogen nitrogen
(COCl)2 Oxalyl chloride
CMC Critical micelle concentration
Conc Concentration
Co Cobalt
Cr Chromium
Cu Copper
CYC Cyclohexanone-2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DOM Dissolved organic matter
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
Fe Iron
Fig Figure
GPT Gut passage time
H Hydrogen
h Hours
H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide
HCl Hydrochloric acid
HDTMA Br Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide
HNO3 Nitric acid
xv
xvi Abbreviations
HOCs Hydrophobic organic contaminants

Hg Mercury
ICP-OES Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry
ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
In Indium
Ir Iridium
LGC Laboratory of Government Chemists
LOD Limits of detection
MEUF Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration
MgO Magnesium oxide
mM L-1 Millimolar per liter
mM Millimolar
MQW Milli-Q Water
mL Milliliter
Mn Manganese
MW Molecular weight
N Nitrogen
Na Sodium
NaTC Sodium taurocholate
Ni Nickel
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
O Oxygen
PAHs Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
Pb Lead
PCBS Polychlorinated biphenyls
PtO2 Platinum (IV) oxide
RPM Revolutions per minute
S Sulphur
SD Standard deviation
SDS Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
Sn Tin
Synthesized N-glycino 2, 6-dimethyl heptanamide
T X-100 Triton X-100
µm Micrometer
µg g-1 Microgram per gram
U Uranium
Vol. Volume
Y Yttrium
Zn Zinc
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Point source pollution. Source NOAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3

Fig. 1.2 Nonpoint source pollution. Source NOAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
Fig. 1.3 Undesirable growth of green algae. Source https://commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potomac_green_water.JPG . . . . . . . . .. 5
Fig. 1.4 Spraying of insecticides in the fields along the river
Yamuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
Fig. 1.5 Oil on the beach at Refugio State Park in Santa Barbara
California, on May 19, 2015. Source U.S. Coast Guard
[DARRP NOAA] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
Fig. 1.6 Contamination by industrial waste. Source http://www.
greenpeace.org/eastasia/camp-aigns/toxics/problems/water-
pollution/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7
Fig. 4.1 Representation of a surfactant monomer. a Representation
of surfactant monomers and Micelle. b CMC and micelle
formation of surfactant monomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
Fig. 4.2 Mechanism for metal extraction by surfactant. Source
Mulligan et al. (1999). Reprinted (adapted) with permission
from Mulligan et al. (1999). Copyright (1999) American
Chemical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Fig. 5.1 Molecular structure of SDS. Source Urum et al. (2006) . . . . . . . 26
Fig. 5.2 Molecular structure of Triton X-100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Fig. 5.3 Molecular structure of NaTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Fig. 6.1 Tamar estuary, sediment sampling site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Fig. 6.2 Sieving of sediment through 63 µm nylon mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Fig. 6.3 Aqua regia digestion of sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Fig. 6.4 Synthetic route of surfactant N-glycino
2,6-dimethylheptanamide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
Fig. 6.5 Experimental set-up for kinetic study for different
surfactant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
Fig. 6.6 Centrifugation of surfactant digested sediments . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38
xvii
xviii List of Figures
Fig. 9.1 Concentration of metals released-HDTMA (when the estuarine

sample is digested by the different concentrations of HDTMA
relative to MQW and seawater in the kinetic experiment) . . . .. 48
Fig. 9.2 Concentration of metals released-SDS (when estuarine sample
is digested by the different concentrations of SDS relative to
MQW and seawater in the kinetic experiment) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
Fig. 9.3 Concentration of metals released-TX 100 (when estuarine
sample is digested by the different concentrations of TX 100
Fig. 9.4 Concentration of metals released-NaTC (when estuarine
sample is digested by the different concentrations of NaTC
Fig. 9.5 Concentration of metals released-synthesized surfactant
(when estuarine sample is digested by the different
concentrations of synthesized surfactant relative to MQW
and seawater in the kinetic experiment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
Fig. 10.1 Metal availability-HDTMA (metal availability in the
<63 lm fraction of sample by HDTMA after 22 h of
incubation relative to MQW and seawater) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60
Fig. 10.2 Availability of Metal in SDS (availability of metal in the
<63 lm fraction of sample by SDS after 22 h of
incubation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60
Fig. 10.3 Metal availability TX 100 (metal availability in the
<63 lm fraction of sample by TX 100 after 22 h
incubation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60
Fig. 10.4 Metal availability-NaTC (metal availability in the <63 lm
fraction of sample by NaTC after 22 h incubation) . . . . . . . . .. 61
Fig. 10.5 Relationships between the percentages of metal available . . . . .. 63
Fig. 10.6 Comparison between SDS and NaTC (comparison between
SDS and NaTC at 1 mM concentration of surfactants) . . . . . . .. 63
Fig. 10.7 Schematic representation of MEUF process. Source Fillipi
et al. (1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65
Fig. 10.8 Percentage of metal available by protein and surfactants . . . . .. 67
Fig. 13.1 Sustainable development goal 6. Source United Nations . . . . .. 76
List of Tables
Table 6.1 Relevant properties of surfactants used in the experiments . . .. 35

Table 7.1 Metal concentrations (estuary sediment vs. harbor
sediment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
Table 7.2 LOD value of elements measured by ICP-MS
and ICP-OES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
Table 7.3 Certified and measured values of reference material
PACS-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
Table 7.4 Elements which were not detected by ICP-MS
and ICP-OES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43
Table 8.1 Total metal concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46
Table 8.2 Total content of C, N, and H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46
Table 10.1 Availability of metals released (value expressed
in percentage (%)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66
xix
Chapter 1
Introduction
Abstract Metals are important for the normal development of organisms but they
need to be in there allowed limits but if they exceed their limits, they become toxic
for organisms as they are non-biodegradable and it continues in the environment
and bioaccumulates in the organisms. Metals enter in the sediment through natural
and anthropogenic activities. Human activities that lead to sediment contaminations
are improper industrial discharge, deforestation mining tailings, poor agricultural
practices, waste disposal, urban run-off, and etc. Basically, it can be divided into
point and nonpoint sources of pollution. Point source pollution comes from any
particular source such as a pipe and ship. Nonpoint source pollution cannot be
found because it originates from numerous diffuse sources such as rainfall moving
over and through the ground. Contaminated sediment not only contains metals such
as lead, mercury, cadmium but also contains a large variety of other contaminants
such as ammonia, phosphorous polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordane,
DDT, oil, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated hydrocarbons,
and etc. These contaminants found in sediments can cause human health problems
through the food chain.
Keywords Metals Pollution Organisms Sediments Contaminants
1.1 Metals
Metals are natural elements of the Earth’s outer layer. They are imperishable and
continue in the earth. Metals play an important role in the growth, development, and
reproduction of living beings. These include elements that available in excess, for
example, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), but also metals occur in
traces. Trace metals are in extremely small quantities, almost at the molecular level
and they are essential to aquatic life, nevertheless, other metals can be toxic and can
cause the alteration or harmful effects on organisms if concentrations exceed certain
levels or if ingested excess quantities. It includes iron (Fe), Mg, zinc (Zn), copper
(Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), vanadium (V), arsenic (As),
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 1

A. S. Bisht, Commercial Surfactants for Remediation,
Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0221-3_1
2 1 Introduction
molybdenum (Mo), and selenium (Se). Metals, particularly cadmium (Cd), Zn, Cu,
Pb and mercury (Hg) are toxic to aquatic organisms; even at very low concentra-
tions. Heavy metals enter the marine environment from natural and anthropogenic
sources. Metals are hazardous as they tend to bioaccumulate. It has been reported
that many mankind activities can lead to contamination of sediments with different
metals. The main anthropogenic sources of metals are generally improper industrial
discharge, mining tailings, waste disposal, and urban run-off. Metals are generally
more available and toxic in solution than when bound to particulate material.
1.2 Sediment
Natural sediments are very much characterized as the natural and inorganic mate-
rials found at the base of water bodies. It comprises sand, rock, clay loose and other
soil particles except waste occur by the human, for example, industrial discharge.
Harmful dynamic contaminants are combined with the surfaces of sediment parti-
cles. The level of contaminants at a site can be determined by the size of the
particles (Chap. 7).
According to Power and Chapman (1992), sediments can be divided into two
categories, first one is coarse with a grain size greater than 62 microns (lm), and
the other one is fine with a grain size less than 62 lm. The composition and the
properties of both the grains are different. The coarse grain division is made up of
invariable, inorganic silicate materials that are not united and fine grain is made up
of particles. The coarse grain is mostly free from the chemical contamination
whereas the fine grain has the larger surface area to volume ratio. Usually, fine
grains become more biologically and chemically active because of its surface
electric charges and therefore it increases the chances of sorption and desorption of
contaminants.
The physical and chemical properties of fine-grained sediments usually at the size
range of mud and silt-clay make them more likely to adsorb contaminants. Hence,
sediments exist at an estuarine area display the high level of pollutants as they are in
the size range of mud and rich in silt-clay (NRC 1989; Brooks and Doyle 1991;
Chap. 7). Sediments are generally the large repositories for trace metals (Ahrens
et al. 2001). Soil erosion and decomposition of plants and other wildlife animals can
originate Sediment. These particles transfer to the water bodies with the help of
wind, water, and ice. Sediments provide main habitats for the wide variety of aquatic
life, including crustaceans, clams, worms, insects, and mussels. It plays a noteworthy
role in deciding the overall environmental conditions of an estuarine system because
of its possible harmful effects on biological resources and often, indirectly, on the
human body. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) records indicate, sediment as
the most widely recognized contaminant in water reservoirs (USEPA 1999, 2005).
The definition of contaminants is defined by European legislation. According to
European legislation, “contaminants are substances or group of substances that are
1.2 Sediment 3
harmful, persistent and responsible to bio-accumulate. It also includes other sub-

stances or groups of substances that increase to an equal level of concern” (Water
Framework Directive, Article 2(29)). Similar substances are found in the aquatic
habitat, it includes insecticides and pesticides, heavy metals, and organotins.
1.3 Sources of Sediment Contaminants
There are many different sources of sediment contaminations due to human

activities such as deforestation, poor agricultural practices, road construction, etc.
Generally, there are two sources of sediment contamination, point, and non-point.
The point source releases contamination from any single identifiable source, for
example, a drain, ship, and pipe whereas nonpoint source contamination can’t be
drawn as it originates from numerous diffuse sources, for example, agriculture
runoff, sewage treatment plant and rainfall.
– Urbanization, wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharge, storm sewers,
metal-based industries, chemical industries and paper mills; toxic metal-based
paint for boats come under point sources. Figure 1.1 is showing point source
pollution [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)].
– Nonpoint sources include rainfall/storm water runoff from hazardous and
solid-waste sites, agricultural lands, and mining and construction areas. Another
Fig. 1.1 Point source pollution. Source NOAA

4 1 Introduction
Fig. 1.2 Nonpoint source pollution. Source NOAA
cause of nonpoint contamination is the atmospheric deposition. As we can see in

Fig. 1.2, the non-point source pollution comes from different sources, therefore,
it is very difficult to control it [NOAA].
1.4 Sediment Contaminants
Contaminated sediments contain a large variety of contaminants.

Main categories of contaminations found in sediments are:
– Nitrogen-based compounds like nitrogen oxides, phosphorous and ammonia
comes from the application of the fertilizers in soil. If the excessive amount of
ammonia accumulated to surface waters of lakes, pond, reservoirs, and bays, it
can be dangerous to marine life. High concentrations of phosphorous and
nitrogen can support the undesirable growth of algae in a short period of time.
Figure 1.3 is showing undesirable growth of green algae. This undesirable
growth of the algae uses oxygen and obstruct sunlight from aquatic plants.
When the algae in the end die, the oxygen in the water is used up. It is
impossible for aquatic life to survive in the absence of oxygen.
– Chemicals that are denser than water and resistant to decay, like polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides like chlordane, DDT, and atrazine, will go
underneath water streams and contaminate sediments. Figure 1.4 is showing the
use of insecticides in the fields along the river Yamuna.
– Organic fuel hydrocarbons that include oil, grease and other pollutants come
from maritime activities. USEPA (1999) mentioned that most of the boatyard’s
sediment is polluted with tributyltin (TBT), an organotin compound that was
1.4 Sediment Contaminants 5
Fig. 1.3 Undesirable growth of green algae. Source https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:

Potomac_green_water.JPG
utilized as a biocide in marine paints. Figure 1.5 is showing contamination of

water because of an oil spill.
– Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated hydrocarbons, chemi-
cals that includes several petroleum products, byproducts and other pollutants
from industrial facilities. In Fig. 1.6 showing the industrial waste is the main
threat to the Pearl River in China.
– Waste coming from Industrial contains metals like zinc, iron copper, man-
ganese, lead, mercury, cadmium, and metalloids like arsenic and selenium and
enter into the water streams. Palma and Mecozzi mentioned in their research that
accumulation of heavy metal is usually detected onto the fine-grained fraction
because of large surface to volume ratio of silt and clays. Due to this properties,
it has various binding facilities with numerous metals and has different impacts
on the metal bioavailability.
6 1 Introduction
Fig. 1.4 Spraying of insecticides in the fields along the river Yamuna
Fig. 1.5 Oil on the beach at Refugio State Park in Santa Barbara California, on May 19, 2015.
Source U.S. Coast Guard [DARRP NOAA]
1.4 Sediment Contaminants 7
Fig. 1.6 Contamination by industrial waste. Source http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/camp-

aigns/toxics/problems/water-pollution/
Heavy metals, PCBs, PAHs, and organics mentioned above are dangerous to
plants and animals along with human. Heavy metals in sediments are basically
dispersed in various geochemical stages, like Fe–Mn oxides, carbonates, sulfides,
and organic matter (Peng et al. 2004; Palma and Mecozzi 2007). They are able to
bind with sediment by different methods such as ionic exchange, precipitation, and
adsorption responses. Many researchers worried about the accessibility of con-
taminants in sediment, therefore they performed the experiments and utilized
reagents like dilute acids, bases, electrolytes or solvents (Turner 2006). However,
these reagents don’t imitate the chemical conditions occurred in the gut of
deposit-feeders, where mixer of surfactants, enzymes, and chemicals derived from
pre-digested food abound (Mayer et al. 1997; Turner 2006).
In summary, the contaminants found in sediments can cause human health
problems. Pollutants from sediments making their way into the food chain.
Eventually, these toxic chemicals wind up on our dinner plates. Numerous fish
populations are in good condition and safe to consume, but some of the fish
inhabitants from waters with polluted sediments are in danger. Pollution of waters
and the sediments beneath them as well harm wildlife. Scientists around the world
studying the effect of polluted sediments on wildlife and some of the discoveries are
disturbing.
8 1 Introduction
References
Ahrens MJ, Hertz J, Lamoureux EM, Lopez GR, McElroy AE, Brownawell BJ (2001) The role of
digestive surfactants in determining bioavailability of sediment-bound hydrophobic organic
contaminants to 2 deposit-feeding polychaetes. Mar Eco Prog Series 212:145–157
Brooks GR, Doyle LJ (1991) Distribution of sediments and sedimentary contaminants. In:
Treat SF, Clark PA (eds) Proceedings of the Tampa Bay area scientific information
symposium, Feb 27–Mar 1. TEXT, Tampa, Fla., pp 399–413
Chapter 7. Sediment Contaminants and Benthic Habitat Quality By Gerold Morrison (AMEC–
BCI); Holly Greening (Tampa Bay Estuary Program); and Kimbery K. Yates (U.S. Geological
Survey–St. Petersburg, Florida) studies examining metal bioaccumulation from contaminated
sediments
Mayer LM, Schick LL, Self RFL, Jumars PA, Findlay RH, Chen Z, Sampson S (1997) Digestive
environments of benthic macroinvertebrate guts: enzymes, surfactants and dissolved organic
matter. J Mar Res 55:785–812
National Research Council (NRC) (1989) Contaminated marine sediments—assessment and
remediation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., p 493
NOAA Ocean Service Education. Categories of pollution: non-point source, 6th July 2017. https://
oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/pollution/04nonpointsource.html
NOAA Ocean Service Education. Categories of pollution: point source, 6th July 2017. https://
oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/pollution/03pointsource.html
Palma LD, Mecozzi R (2007) Heavy metals mobilization from harbour sediments using EDTA and
citric acid as chelating agents. J Hazard Mat 147:768–775
Peng S-H, Wang W-X, Li X, Yen Y-F (2004) Metal partitioning in river sediments measured by
sequential extraction and biomimetic approaches. Chemosphere 57:839–851
Power EA, Chapman PM (1992) Assessing sediment quality. In: Burton Jr GA (ed) Chapter 1 in
sediment toxicity assessment. Lewis Publishers
Refugio Beach Oil Spill. https://darrp.noaa.gov/oil-spills/refugio-beach-oil-spill
Sediment Contaminants. https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4928836/
FID1596/html/modules/watqual/wmsedcon.htm
Turner A (2006) Enzymatic mobilization of trace metals from estuarine sediment. Mar Chem
98:140–147
USEPA (1999) Introduction to contaminated sediments. EPA 823-F-99-006, Office of Science and
Technology, p 24
USEPA (2005) Contaminated sediment remediation guidance for hazardous waste sites,
EPA-540-R-05-012. Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, p 236
USGS, National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project. http://wwwsc.er.usgs.gov/nawqa/
pest.html
Water Pollution in China. http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/campaigns/toxics/problems/water-
pollution/
Wikipedia.org. Eutrophication. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication, https://commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potomac_green_water.JPG
Chapter 2
Bioavailability of Metals in Sediment
Abstract Different types of contaminants such as metals, hydrocarbons, PCBs,

pesticides, and etc. enter the sediment and then to the aquatic habitat. These con-
taminants are very high in the sediment due to which it is very harmful to our living
organisms as it enters in their body when they eat sediments. The transfers from
lower organisms to upper organisms through the food chain. Many studies have
shown that the accumulation of heavy metals from sediment and water to living
tissues of organisms. Especially, many fishes contain the high level of mercury in
their body. These harmful contaminants have shown serious health issues such as
skin cancer, the decline in reproductive rates, improper embryonic development or
progeny with birth defects, and neurological disorder. On the other hand, total
concentrations of sediment-bound contaminant processed by deposit-feeding
polychaetes cannot be predicted by their bioavailability and toxicity, despite suit-
able helpful measures of metal contamination in sediments.
Keywords Sediments Contaminants Metals Organisms Habitat
2.1 Introduction-Bioavailability
Bioavailability can be described as the rate at which chemicals exhibit in the soil are
ingested or processed by human or environmental receptors or are accessible for
interactions with living systems (ISO 2005). The dynamic process of bioavailability
can be depicted by three stages:
(1) Accessibility of the contaminant present in the soil/sediment (i.e., ecological
accessibility);
(2) Take-up of the contaminant by the living organism (i.e., ecological bioavail-
ability); and
(3) Accessibility, accumulation, and impact of the contaminant in the living
organism (i.e., toxicological bioavailability) (Peijnenburg et al. 1997).

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0221-3_2
10 2 Bioavailability of Metals in Sediment
The different types of contaminant present in the sediment enter the aquatic food
chain through ingestion process of deposit-feeding organisms and the take-up and
absorption process of contaminants by means of the eating routine is believed to be
the primary means of bioaccumulation in deposit-feeding organisms for metals,
PCBs, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other hydrophobic organic
contaminants (HOCs) (Weston et al. 2002).
Major populations of marine sustaining invertebrates, for example, the lugworm
Arenicola marina, need to ingest the huge amount of sediments consistently that
may make their digestive system susceptible to sediment-bound contaminations due
to the low quality of sediment (Chen and Mayer 1998; Voparil and Mayer 2000).
How much a sediment-bound contaminant is processed by deposit-feeding poly-
chaetes isn’t really proportionate to the sum ingested or absorbed; anyway, it is of
central noteworthiness in assessing the potential ecological and natural effects of
contaminated particles (Ahrens et al. 2001; Turner 2006).
The degree to which these sediment-bound contaminants hazard to benthic life
mostly rely upon their bioavailability (Ahrens et al. 2001). Toxicity test reveals that
even very low concentrations of heavy metals and synthetic organics has an adverse
influence on many animal species (USGS 1998). Chronic or acute effects on numerous
species may arise from Indirect and direct exposure of contaminated sediments (EPA
1998). According to the laboratory tests and field, readings confirm that contaminated
sediments can be toxic to benthic organisms and these organisms play a significant
role in the food chain. If the number of smaller organisms diminishes because of
harmful contaminants in the sediment on the food chain, the larger organisms on the
top level of food chain won’t get the supply of food. Alternatively, if the smaller
organisms accumulate toxic contaminants in their body and survive, the larger
organisms may take in risky levels of toxins when they eat the smaller ones.
For example, Fish-eating birds, including the bald eagle, may suffer low
reproductive rates or produce offspring with birth defects. Many fishes have been
found that contains the dangerous level of Mercury (Hg) which can be harmful to
higher trophic levels. Benthic living beings have appeared to experience the ill
effects of pesticides, heavy metals, and PAHs accumulated in sediments (EPA
1998). The high concentration of metals, like Hg, Cu, and Silver (Ag), in sediment,
inhibits the enzyme systems and growth, therefore it becomes harmful to benthic
organisms (Chen and Mayer 1998).
The human eats animals high on the food chain, like, salmon and trout through
which they also get exposed to toxic levels of contaminants. In addition to that
human can be exposed to dangerous contaminants by coming in direct contact with
contaminated sediments especially, waders, seekers, and swimmers could be in
danger. USGS in their report mentioned that lead has been accumulated in water-
fowl to harmful levels through ingestion of sediments (USGS 1998). Many possible
connections have been demonstrated between organic contaminants (pesticides,
PCBs, and dioxin) in sediments and endocrines in fish and different vertebrates and
invertebrates (EPA 1998; USGS 1998).
Deposit-feeding organisms are mainly exposed to high HOCs via the digestive
tract, as they consume up to twenty times of their body weight of wet sediments per
day (Chen et al. 2000). Bioavailability of sediment-bound metals to marine
2.1 Introduction-Bioavailability 11
organisms (Fan and Wang 2001; Peng et al. 2004) are not only determine by
geochemistry of metal in sediments but also by the physiology and biochemistry of
the benthic organisms (Chen and Mayer 1999; Lawrence et al. 1999; Peng et al.
2004). It is presently notable that the total concentrations of trace metals in soil or
sediments cannot presume their bioavailability and toxicity, despite suitable helpful
measures of metal contamination in sediments (Peng et al. 2004).
References
Ahrens MJ, Hertz J, Lamoureux EM, Lopez GR, McElroy AE, Brownawell BJ (2001) The role of
digestive surfactants in determining bioavailability of sediment-bound hydrophobic organic
contaminants to 2 deposit-feeding polychaetes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 212:145–157
Chen Z, Mayer LM (1998) Digestive proteases of the lungworm (Arenicola marina) inhibited by
Cu from contaminated sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 17(3):433–438
Chen Z, Mayer LM (1999) Assessment of sedimentary Cu availability: a comparison of
biomimetic and AVS approaches. Environ Sci Technol 33:650–652
Chen Z, Mayer LM, Quetel C, Donard OFX, Self RFL, Jumars PA, Weston DP (2000) High
concentrations of complexes metals in the guts of deposit feeders. Limnol Oceanogr 45
(6):1358–1367
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1998) Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing
Advisory Committee (EDSTAC). Final Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC
Fan W, Wang W-X (2001) Sediment geochemical controls on Cd, Cr, and Zn assimilation by the
clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:2309–2317
ISO 11074 (2005) Soil-quality-vocabulary. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland
Lawrence AL, Mcaloon KM, Mason RP, Mayer LM (1999) Intestinal solubilization of
particle-associated organic and inorganic mercury as a measure of bioavailability to benthic
invertebrates. Environ Sci Technol 33:1871–1876
Peijnenburg W, Posthuma L, Eijsackers H, Allen H (1997) A conceptual framework for
implementation of bioavailability of metals for environmental management purposes.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 37:163–172
Peng S-H, Wang W-X, Li X, Yen Y-F (2004) Metal partitioning in river sediments measured by
sequential extraction and biomimetic approaches. Chemosphere 57:839–851
Turner A (2006) Enzymatic mobilization of trace metals from estuarine sediment. Mar Chem
98:140–147
United States Geological Survey (1998) Pesticides in surface waters of the Santee River basin and
coastal drainages of South and North Carolina. Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainages
Study Unit, National Water Quality Assessment Program
Voparil M, Mayer LM (2000) Dissolution of sedimentary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into
the Lugworm’s (Arenicola marina) digestive fluids. Environ Sci Technol 34:1221–1228
Weston DP, Millward RN, Mayer LM, Voparil I, Lotufo GR (2002) Sediment extraction using
deposit-feeder gut fluids: a potential rapid tool for assessing bioaccumulation potential of
sediment-associated contaminants. ERDC/EL TR-02-18, US Army Engineer Research and
Development Center, Vicsburg, MS
Chapter 3
Solubilization of Metals
in Invertebrate Guts
Abstract The gut of the deposit feeder’s organisms is the composition of complex
mixtures of organic compounds, hydrolytic enzymes, and the surfactant which these
organisms use it for dissolving and consumption of nutrients from the sediments.
The digestive fluids vary in color and with age of the organisms. Studies have been
done to know the composition and purpose of the surfactants. In this regard, three
endogenous digestives, complex mixtures of surfactant compounds have been
isolated from the gut of Arenicola marina (Smoot et al. in Mar Ecol Prog Ser
258:161–169, 2003). The complex mixture of fluid is able to dissolve contaminants
bound in the sediments along with the nutrients and then travels to the whole body
of the organisms and contribute in the bioaccumulation of the metals in the deposit
feeder’s organisms. Several studies show that the complex mixture of the surfactant
and dissolve process depends on the several parameters which are discussed in
the chapter.
Keywords Sediments Deposit feeders Gut Digestive fluids
3.1 Introduction
The gut of invertebrates is made up of the complicated mixer of the compounds

like, hydrolytic enzymes and organic compounds where different reactions take
place which is several times complex than sea water (Singh and Turner 2009;
Voparil and Mayer 2000, 2003). These marine deposit-feeding organisms rely to a
great extent on a broad variety of secreted dissolving agents, like, enzymes and
surfactants to hydrolyze and solubilize nutrients from bulk sedimentary matrices
and bound organic materials (Mayer et al. 1997; Chen et al. 2000). The gut fluids
are often intensively yellow to dark brown in color suggesting high organic matter
contents (Mayer et al. 1996) furthermore digestive secretions may change with the
age of the individual and in response to the composition of the diet (Mayer et al.
1997). However, since a large number of compounds are available in aquatic
invertebrates’ guts, an interaction between solubilizates is possible to impact

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0221-3_3
14 3 Solubilization of Metals in Invertebrate Guts
ingestion and consumption and therefore affect the assimilation of dietetics fats
along with the bioaccumulation of contaminants present in the sediments (Voparil
and Mayer 2000, 2003). Deposit feeders gut has neutral pH which suggests that H+
is unlikely to be accountable for the disintegration of metals present in sediments
(Chen and Mayer 1998). The sedimentary particles frequently transit through ani-
mal guts and considering exposed with the surfactant, enzyme activity and dis-
solved organic matter (Mayer et al. 1997).
Secreted digestive agents found in invertebrate guts can improve the solubility of
pollutants in an aqueous phase, so they greatly enhance the bioavailability of metals
in sediments. Several in vitro analysis have presented that incubation of
deposit-feeder organisms gut fluid with contaminated sediment gives a predictable
estimation of bioavailability by investigating the available contamination in that
fluid (Mayer et al. 1996; Lawrence et al. 1999; Weston et al. 2002; Voparil and
Mayer 2004).
Deposit feeders gut contains the huge concentrations of surfactants (Mayer et al.
1997; Ahrens et al. 2001b) but the composition and purpose of surfactants are still
nearly undiscovered. On the bases of available evidence, it is assumed that surfactants
help in the process of ingestion and consumption by dissolving hydrophobic nutrition
or through blocking adsorptive destruction of gut enzymes and organic matter on
particles of sediment. Smoot et al. (2003) isolated and identified 3 endogenous
digestive, complex mixtures of surfactant compounds from the gut of deposit feeders
known as Arenicola marina. These three compounds are 2,6-dimethylheptanoic acid
amide combine with glycine, 2,6-dimethylheptanoic acid amide combine to leucine,
and 2,6-dimethylheptenoic acid amide combine with leucine. Analysis has been done
on the digestive process of deposit feeders has proven that the size of the body decides
the gut passage time (GPT). Moreover, it has been proven that absorption efficiency
rises with the longer GPT (Ahrens et al. 2001a).
Recently, gut surfactants have come under close examination which reveals that
gut fluids solubilizing power for HOC are higher than seawater (Ahrens et al.
2001b). Previous work involving in vitro incubation of contaminated sediments
with gut fluids of two deposit feeders discovered that intense discharge of Cu and
PAH from the sediment (Chen and Mayer 1998). Giant deposit feeder’s organisms
and holothuroids have shown that containing huge concentration of surfactants and
immense digestive enzyme activities (Mayer et al. 1997), which expedite disinte-
gration and absorption of large amounts of toxic metals, sediment-bound PAHs,
PCBs and other HOCs (Mayer et al. 1996, 1997; Ahrens et al. 2001a). Previously
has been shown that elevated surrounding levels of heavy metals like, AS, Pb, Cd,
and Cu in digestive fluids of sea cucumber and lugworm from contamination free
environments (Mayer et al. 1996; Chen et al. 2000). This report shows that metals
present in the surrounding sediments were dissolved by the process of gut ligand
complexation for the long duration of time, gut activities of deposit-feeders and
balance within the digestive fluid and the organism’s unpolluted native sediment
perhaps occur (Chen et al. 2000). According to Ahrens et al. report Absorption
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no related content on Scribd:
“The principal defects may be presented under the following
headings:
1. Insufficiency in the amount of food allotted.

2. Wrong relative amounts of different classes of food, making it
difficult to serve balanced rations.
3. Unsatisfactory method of distribution of food among the
prisoners.
4. Inadequate system of food allotment and estimates at the
central office.”
Their observations at Sing Sing confirm the report of Warden

Kirchwey.
“With a view to varying the daily menu as much as possible a new
dietary was established early in the year by Dr. Emily C. Seaman, of
Columbia University. A new kitchen was provided in what was
formerly known as the old boiler room, with concrete floor, and walls
and ceiling enameled white. New equipment was installed, including
potato steamers, aluminum kettles, steam kettles, an electric meat
chopper, electric potato paring machine, large gas range for roasting
meats, and large coffee urns. Those employed in the kitchen and
mess hall are dressed in white duck suits. Tables with white
enameled tops and chairs with backs are being installed in place of
the old tables and stools. The new arrangement is reported to have
improved the quality and cleanliness of the food served.”
A Scientific Ration.
In order to make our contention clear, it seems necessary to impart

some technical information.
The value of food is estimated in calories. A calorie may be
expressed in terms of heat or in terms of work. In the laboratory and
by experimentation with human subjects the value of all foods has
been very scientifically demonstrated. Foods largely consist of
proteins, fats and carbohydrates, which have the function of
supplying the body with energy or the power to work. The proper
proportion of these constituents of food makes up a balanced ration
which satisfies our physical needs in the way of nourishment. We get
our carbohydrates from bread, fruits, vegetables, sugar and all grain
products. Fats are derived from meats, eggs, butter, milk, nuts, etc.
The proteins are derived from meats, eggs and some vegetables,
especially beans.
A calorie in terms of heat is defined as the amount required to raise
one pound of water four degrees Fahrenheit. In terms of work or
physical energy a calorie represents the amount of food required to
lift 100 pounds about 30 feet.
It has been ascertained that the average amount of calories required
daily is about 3000 calories for a man who takes exercise. 2500
calories are regarded sufficient for a man who does not take
exercise.
Now a good balanced ration for the average man who is working
moderately may be estimated in the following proportion:
Carbohydrates 2000 calories
Fats 800 calories
Proteins 300 calories
——
3100 calories
Dietary for a Prison.
At the request of the Prison Association of New York a dietary, with

cost values, was prepared by Mr. William Golden, General Inspector
and Dietitian of the Department of Correction, New York City, and Dr.
Emily C. Seaman, Instructor in physiology and chemistry in
Teachers’ College, Columbia University. They suggested a dietary for
fourteen consecutive days and made an estimate of the cost. The
average daily cost for each prisoner was 18.4c, based on prices
February, 1917.
As a sample we present their proposed bill of fare for three alternate
days:
Wednesday.
Breakfast—Oatmeal with milk and sugar, fruit, bread, coffee with milk
and sugar.
Dinner—Roast beef, cornstarch pudding, rice, carrots, raisin sauce,
bread, coffee with milk and sugar.
Supper—Vermicelli soup, graham bread, tea with sugar.
Friday.
Breakfast—Puffed wheat with milk and sugar, bread, coffee with milk
and sugar.
Dinner—Bread, coffee with milk and sugar, salmon, scalloped rice
and tomatoes.
Supper—Bread pudding with raisins, bread, tea with sugar.
Sunday.
Breakfast—Rice with syrup, graham bread, coffee with milk and
sugar.
Dinner—Roast beef, baked potatoes, peas, graham bread, gelatine,
coffee with milk and sugar.
Supper—Cornstarch pudding, gingerbread, tea with sugar.
Now the dietary given above was prepared with special reference to
the physical requirements of the human system. The ingredients are
in the correct proportion to insure health and happiness. Let no one
think this menu is extravagant. The following table presents the
exact amounts given to each person with the cost value. It will
surprise many a warden to note that the total cost is little in excess of
the usual monotonous and haphazard dietary.
Daily Amount and Cost for Each Inmate.
Wednesday.
Oatmeal, 1 oz. $ .00234
Milk, ½ pint .01743
Beef, 9 oz. .06283
Coffee, ⅔ oz. .00530
Fruit, 1 piece .01
Cornstarch, ½ oz. .00138
Raisins, 2 oz. .01016
Bread, 24 oz. .03375
Rice, 1 oz. .00219
Cheese, ½ oz. .00735
Vermicelli, 2 oz. .0084 $ .16113
Estimated value in calories, 3000.
Friday.
Puffed wheat, 1 oz. $ .00235
Salmon, canned, 4 oz. .05313
Rice, 1 oz. .00219
Tomatoes, 2 oz. .00644
Bread, 24 oz. .03375
Raisins, 2 oz. .01016
Coffee, ⅔ oz. .00530
Tea, .11 oz. .00115
Sugar, 2 oz. .00741 $ .13931
Sunday.
Rice, 1 oz. $ .00219
Syrup, 1 oz. .00226
Sugar, 2 oz. .00741
Bread, 24 oz. .03375
Roast Beef, 9 oz. .06283
Potatoes, 10 oz. .025
Peas, 2 oz. .01087
Gelatine, 2 oz. .00375
Cornstarch, ½ oz. .00276
Gingerbread, 8 oz. .02
Tea, .11 oz. .00115
Coffee, ⅔ oz. .00530 $ .19470
The average cost for these three days for each inmate, 16½ cents.
Now this is an imaginary bill of fare, not supposed to be served in
any institution in the world. It is a suggestion of possibilities. The new
service at Sing Sing may approximate to this list of eatables.
Eats in a Michigan Prison.
In the report of the Michigan State Prison for two years ending June
30, 1916, we find the daily menu for every meal in a whole year.
Twenty-six pages of the report are taken up with this schedule of
eatables.
An extract from this report explains the unusual pains to publish the
bill of fare.
“An old adage states that one of the avenues to a man’s heart is
through his stomach. The now existing system of intensive farming,
and of canning the surplus fruits and vegetables not consumed by
the prison commissary has furnished the Michigan State Prison with
unusual opportunity to supply food products. The opportunity is
reflected in the following menu, showing the food actually served
during the last fiscal year.”
We present the menu for a few days selected from different times of
the year:
Saturday, July 3, 1915.
Breakfast—Oatmeal, milk, sugar, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner—Fried pork steak, mashed potatoes, cream gravy, stewed
tomatoes, bread, iced tea, cookies, strawberry shortcake.
Supper—Lunch from dinner, bread, coffee.
Sunday, August 1, 1915.
Breakfast—Hot biscuits, syrup, fried potatoes, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner—Roast beef, browned potatoes, beans, lettuce, radishes,
bread, mince pie, iced tea.
Supper—Lunch from dinner, bread, coffee.
Wednesday, December 15, 1915.
Breakfast—Liver and bacon, steamed potatoes, bread, gravy, coffee.
Dinner—Boiled beef, fried parsnips, steamed potatoes, onions,
mashed turnips, tomato pickle, bread.
Supper—Bean soup, corn bread, crackers, bread, coffee.
Thursday, February 24, 1916.
Breakfast—Baked hash, gravy, bread, coffee.
Dinner—Baked beans, pork, syrup, steamed potatoes, bread,
buttermilk.
Supper—Rice soup, corn bread, crackers, bread, coffee.
Tuesday, May 23, 1916.
Breakfast—Creamed potatoes, apple jelly, bread, coffee.
Dinner—Boiled pork, stewed beans, horseradish, mashed
rutabagas, green onions, bread, buttermilk.
Supper—Rice soup, rhubarb pie, bread, coffee.
Complete menus are given for 364 days, or for 1092 meals. No, we
were not quoting from the Ritz-Carlton cuisine, but from the culinary
department of a western penal establishment.
Elmira Reformatory.
The daily bill of fare at the Elmira Reformatory shows that the
question of the serving and the variety of food has had careful
thought. We quote from a recent report of the State Commission of
Prisons, N. Y.
“This institution has one of the best equipped kitchens in the State. It
is kept scrupulously clean and the waste has been reduced to a
minimum. A physician makes frequent inspections which include an
examination of the inmates employed in the kitchen and mess halls.
Special white suits are provided.”
Sunday.
Breakfast—Rolled oats, bread, coffee, syrup.
Dinner—Beef soup, corned beef, boiled potatoes, bread, coffee,
pudding.
Supper—Stewed raisins, spice cake, bread, butter, syrup, tea.
Monday.
Breakfast—Creamed rice, bread, coffee.
Dinner—Roast beef, brown gravy, potatoes, bread, coffee, rice
pudding.
Supper—Roast beef hash, bread, butter, syrup, tea.
Friday.
Breakfast—Rolled oats with milk and sugar, bread, coffee.
Dinner—Macaroni with tomato sauce, creamed potatoes, rice
pudding with raisins, bread, coffee.
Supper—Creamed rice, bread, butter, syrup, tea.
Albany, N. Y.
From the same report we learn of a more modest menu at the

Albany County Prison. Besides the conventional bread and coffee
served every morning, there was always an additional article of food.
Beginning with Monday in one week, these articles in consecutive
order were oatmeal, hash, rice and syrup, cornbeef hash, oatmeal,
hash, rice and jelly.
For supper the invariable ration was bread, beef stew and tea. For
dinner, always bread and coffee, meat four times weekly, pea soup
one day, bean soup one day, and on Sunday beans and eggs.
This menu is above the average for variety and quantity.
There are many institutions still serving bread and coffee night and
morning, and a dinner of weak soup, with more or less meat and
vegetables.
Buying for Institutions.
In the last report of the Board of State Charities, Ohio, Mr. Henry C.
Eyman, of Massillon, makes some wise suggestions in regard to
some economical variation of the dietary.
“By a little care in arranging the diet list a great saving may result. It
is easy to reduce the total cost of your food supply 25%. Does that
look unreasonable? Well, let us analyze some prices. We must use
present-day prices because we know not what tomorrow may bring.
Suppose you have potatoes on the bill of fare twice daily, or fourteen
times a week, the cost for 1000 persons would be at present prices,
$32.00 per meal, or $448.00 per week. Now substitute for potatoes,
rice three times, hominy twice and corn meal mush three times, your
total cost of potatoes will be six times $192.00; rice three times
$6.00; hominy twice $4.00; corn meal mush three times $5.00, or a
total of $207.00, as against $448.00, or a saving of $241.00 per
week, or $12,532 per year. Now let us substitute evaporated
peaches, evaporated apples and evaporated apricots for these same
goods canned. Fruits should be used once daily. The canned fruits
will cost an average of $14.00 a meal for 1000 persons, while the
evaporated fruit will cost an average of $4.00 for same number, a
saving of $10.00 per day, or $3,650.00 a year. Now you will admit
that fish is a desirable article of diet for at least 32 weeks a year.
Suppose fish be placed on your bill of fare twice a week for 32
weeks, or in all for 64 meals. Beef, pork or mutton will all cost about
the same, or for 1000 persons $45.00. Fish for same number, $18.00
to $20.00, or a saving per meal of $25.00 to $27.00, or for the year,
$1670.00. Now, in these three items just mentioned we have
effected a saving of $16,000.00, or more than 25% of your entire
food cost. The entire food cost for 1000 persons will run between
$40,000.00 and $45,000.00 per annum.
“It is an easy matter to take every article of food which makes your
dietary, calculate food values and prices and make your bill of fare in
accordance therewith. Entirely too much meat is used by all of us.
Beans, peas, asparagus, milk, cheese and spinach make an
excellent direct substitute. This is conservation, without loss in heat
units or even in the tastiness of the food.”
Dietary in Illinois.
In the Institution Quarterly, published by the Public Charity Service of

Illinois, Mr. Thomas Carroll, Traveling Steward for the Board, writes
in regard to the waste which has been so prevalent in public
institutions.
“The lack of proper distribution, indifference as to preparation, lack of
proper knowledge of the amounts of food required, have been chief
impediments encountered in some of the institutions. Non-utilization
of food up to its fullest possibilities has also been a serious drawback
in the past.”
Among the defects found in the institutions were:
1. Too much food of one kind. Entire lack of variety.

2. Poorly balanced menus.
3. An overamount of meat, occasionally an under supply.
4. Making of bones into soap instead of stock for soup.
5. Waste of fats.
6. Poor supervision in serving the food.
7. Inadequate chinaware or dishes in general.
8. Unsanitary conditions in the kitchen and in service.
“With the co-operation of managers, storekeepers, cooks and

servers, nearly all these defects have been remedied to a large
degree.”
One illustration will indicate the nature of the service of Mr. Carroll.
“One institution which usually purchased 11,000 to 13,000 pounds of
cooking oils and lard annually has not purchased a single pound
since the first visit of the Steward. Excessive fats are trimmed from
the meats, and are rendered in a large caldron expressly made for
that purpose, and there is at present a surplus of nearly 5,000
pounds on hand, notwithstanding the fact that every requisition for
fats and oils have been filled.
“By saving all bones the same institution has an excellent supply of
soup two or three times each week for the entire institution. It is of
excellent quality, superior to that served in most restaurants.”
Dietary for 1000 Persons.
At the special request of the Secretary of the Society,

Superintendent Eyman has prepared for our readers the following
table, to which we call the attention of all superintendents, wardens
and managers of public institutions. The estimates are based on the
food requirements for an institution having 1000 inmates, and
include the complete menu for every day in a week, with amounts,
prices and food values. This table was prepared before the President
had issued his request with reference to our abstinence from meats
and white bread on certain days of the week. It can readily be
modified to meet the present food conditions of the country.
His estimate of the daily cost for each inmate is only 16 cents and
thus indicates that a considerable variety may be served without
undue expense. It is not intended that any purveyor may follow the
exact program, but his suggestions are highly interesting.
BILL OF FARE FOR ONE WEEK FOR AN

INSTITUTION OF 1,000 INMATES
By Henry C. Eyman, Superintendent Ohio State Hospital, Massillon,
Ohio.
SUNDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Amount Cost
Baked beans 150lbs. (raw) $11.75
With pork 50lbs. 11.00
Evaporated fruit 90lbs. 9.45
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Roast pork 300lbs. 66.00
Gravy 10lbs. .50
Potatoes 5bushels 6.25
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Pie 29.50
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Tea 2lbs. .48
Sugar 9lbs. .75
SUPPER.
Tapioca pudding 5.85
Hot biscuit 6.00
Syrup 4.00
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2lbs. .48
Sugar 9lbs. .75
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
———
Total cost Sunday for 1,000 inmates $217.79
Approximate cost for each inmate 21⅘ cents
Food value for each inmate, 2,700 calories.
MONDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Amount Cost
Evaporated fruit 90lbs. $ 9.45
Oatmeal 71lbs. 3.20
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Beef Stew 26.84
Macaroni 85lbs. 5.95
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Tea 2lbs. .48
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Sugar 9lbs. .75
SUPPER.
lbs.
Cornmeal mush 70 5.85
(meal)
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2½lbs. .60
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
————
Total cost Monday for 1,000 inmates $132.75
Approximate cost each inmate 13¼ cents
Food value for each inmate, 2,631
calories.
TUESDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Quantity Cost
Prunes 54lbs. $ 4.72
Boiled potatoes 5bushels 6.25
Rye bread 70loaves 3.50
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Boiled pork 65lbs. } 12.50
Boiled cabbage 400lbs. }
Red beets 8bushels 8.00
Sugar 9lbs. .75
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Tea 2lbs. .48
SUPPER.
Stewed corn 100lbs. 4.00
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2¼lbs. .52
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sour pickles 25gal. 3.00
Sugar 9lbs. .75
———
Total cost Tuesday for 1,000 inmates $107.70
Approximate cost each inmate 10⅘ cents
WEDNESDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Quantity Cost
Sausage 200lbs. $32.00
Oatmeal 71lbs. 3.20
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Boiled pork 300lbs. 66.00
Navy beans 165lbs. 18.00
Kraut 4.56
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Tea 2lbs. .52
Sugar 9lbs. .75
SUPPER.
Gingerbread 4.80
Cornmeal mush 70lbs. 5.85
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2lbs. .52
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
———
Total cost Wednesday for 1,000 inmates $215.83
Approximate cost each inmate 21⅗ cents
THURSDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Quantity Cost
Rice 50lbs. 5.00
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Beef Stew 26.84
Macaroni 85lbs. 5.95
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Tea 2lbs. .48
Sugar 9lbs. .75
SUPPER.
Stewed tomatoes 50gal. 12.50
Cinnamon rolls 4.80
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2lbs. .48
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
————
Total cost Thursday for 1,000 inmates $145.88
Approximate cost each inmate 14⅗ cents
FRIDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Quantity Cost
Farina 45lbs. 2.70
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Fish 300lbs. 27.00
Potatoes 5bushels 6.25
Navy beans 150lbs. 17.25
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Tea 2lbs. .48
Sugar 9lbs. .75
SUPPER.
Oatmeal 71lbs. 3.20
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2lbs. .48
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
————
Total cost Friday for 1,000 inmates $145.74
Approximate cost each inmate 14⅘ cents
SATURDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Quantity Cost
Liver 225lbs. $29.25
Bacon 16lbs. 9.60
Oatmeal 71lbs. 3.20
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Pork 65lbs. } 12.50
Cabbage 400lbs. }
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Tea 2lbs. .48
SUPPER.
Hot rolls 6.00
Kraut 40gal. 4.80
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2lbs. .48
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
———
Total cost Saturday for 1,000 inmates $150.29
Approximate cost each inmate 15 cents
It must be understood that in the preparation of this dietary for a
week Mr. Eyman had in mind the food necessities for the general
institution, not specializing for an establishment where men and
women are sent to repent. However, it is now recognized that a
wholesome and appetizing bill of fare should be prepared for
inmates of any home or institution in order for both health and
economy. Most wardens would cut out the Sunday pie. Something
more nutritious and wholesome could readily be substituted. The
loaves of bread are reported to weigh 2 lbs. each.
Expert Opinion.
In this connection we are glad to call attention to a portion of an

editorial from the Journal of the American Medical Association for
November, 1916:
“So long as it was held that a prison is merely an institution for the
safe detention of criminals, it was not to be expected that the
hygienic conditions prevailing in such a place would be in harmony
with the best experience or the newest schemes of sanitary science.
Food in such an institution was intended solely to keep the prisoner
alive and enable him to perform his allotted daily tasks. Penal
institutions are beginning, however, to be the seats of active reform.
With the acceptance of such a program as part of the function of our
prisons, the problem of nutrition can no longer be neglected entirely.
It may reasonably be contended that good housing conditions and
suitable diet do not of themselves secure reformation of the
misguided or the habitual criminal; but without some consideration of
the necessity of proper food, the best ends of the imprisonment for
crime cannot be attained. Malnutrition may or may not contribute to
the production of criminals; in any event, the physiologic and psychic
conditions attending the lack of palatable food and a well-balanced
ration are not such as are conducive to those mental attitudes that
lead to improved conduct and more wholesome life. It has been
remarked that while a prisoner is not incarcerated for the purpose of
being fed an ideal diet, nevertheless he should be fed so as to insure
good health and a stable nervous system. * * *
“It seems extraordinary that so little judgment is shown by prison
officials in varying and improving the dietary. The same unappetizing
stuff is served day after day and year after year, with no variety in
food or manner of preparation. A large number of the prisoners have
stomach troubles from this cause alone. Canned food is served
when fresh vegetables would be just as cheap. The meat is cooked
to death and is covered by a so-called sauce. The kitchen keepers
are not to blame; it is the fault of the system.
“The remedy for this fault is to be found in the appointment of trained
dietitians. So long as hospitals and other establishments which
incidentally cater to mankind have been slow to appreciate the need
of expert services in the planning and preparation of meals as well
as in the purchasing of rations, we can understand the inertia of the
prison management in this respect. But the time has apparently
come for the introduction of such efficiency and supervision as will
lead not only to economy of service but also to physiologic well-
being. If the dietary is as important as the coal supply or the
construction accounts, it deserves a dietitian rather than a stoker or
a skilled mechanic to be placed in charge of the food problems.”
MICHIGAN STATE PRISON.
We have received the Report of the Board of Control of the Michigan
State Prison at Jackson. It is a pamphlet of 140 pages, including 40
full page cuts. There are also four folders of the farm plots. It is a
report which reports. We have already spoken of the 26 pages
reporting the menu for every meal for a year. We may learn the
names and duties of the 90 officers, and their salaries. One table
gives the age, nativity, crime, sentence, residence and previous
record of each inmate. The names are wisely withheld. The average
population was 986. Twenty-five men had escaped in the last two
years. We are informed of the date of the escape and the part of the
farm and premises from which they absconded. The date of their
return is specified. Ten were at large when the pamphlet was made
up. They are confident of apprehending these ten. They have no
barred windows, no locked doors, no armed guards. The men work
over a plantation of more than three thousand acres, of which 2,137
belong to the institution. They rent 900 acres. They had 507 cattle
when the report was made, having just sold 146 steers for $14,600.
The dairy of 200 cows supplies the institution with abundant milk and
butter. Horses, hogs, bees and poultry are also in evidence. “The
banner record in poultry this year was made by an inmate * * * who
without an incubator was responsible for hatching and raising more
than two thousand chickens.”
By no means do they confine their attention to farming. To put a
thousand men on a farm of three thousand acres and expect them to
support themselves and have a surplus is an absurdity. There are
various industries.
Twine plant, product 1916 $106,820.79
Canning factory, product 1916 62,949.58
Granite shop, product 1916 16,385.79
Brick and tile plant, product 1916 52,866.44
Brooms, product 1916 5,696.25
The net earnings in two years were $206,206.18
They had paid to the efficient workmen 65,009.35
In the year 1917 they were anticipating a canned pack of
$100,000.00. Of the products of the farm “they eat what they can,
and can what they can’t.”
Canning Factory.
“The intensive production of fruits and vegetables on the farms

created a surplus which had to be cared for. * * * Hence the
necessity for the canning plant. This industry * * * has accomplished
more than any other one industry in the prison to insure the industrial
success of the institution.
“From the standpoint of a prison industry it ranks first, inasmuch as
the entire produce except the can is the direct result of prison labor.
While other industries require the purchase of material for
manufacturing, in the canning plant, the material, coming from the
prison farms, is also produced by prison labor.
“The refuse from the factory in the lines of fodder, husks, etc., from
the sweet corn; vines and pods from the peas; tops from the beets,
and pomace from the apples press, furnish largely the ensilage
ration for the large herds of cattle.
“The management is adding each year some new item to the pack of
canned goods, until now it includes all varieties of fruits and
vegetables, apple jelly, sorghum molasses, baked pork and beans,
spaghetti, and the generation of pure cider vinegar. (They may soon
rival the 57 varieties of Mr. Heinz.)
“The sanitary conditions in the factory are perfect. Any man, in order
to be eligible to work in this factory, must have a clean bill of health
from the prison physician. To further the sanitary conditions, the
equipment and entire interior of the plant is painted white.”
Consumers and any one interested may inspect this plant at any
time. Here they see the men, preparing the vegetables for canning,
in a white room, dressed in white caps, white coats, white shirts, and
white aprons.
They have copyrighted the label “Home Grown,” and adopted as
their slogan: “We grow, pack, sell and guarantee our own product.”
Their goods are sold in the open market, being very popular
throughout the State and in adjoining States.
They have long ago abolished the contract system which was really
a system of slavery. They have gone beyond the policy of raising
produce or manufacturing articles for State-use, but transact
business on the State-Account plan, disposing of the product
wherever they can find a market. They claim that under their system
of employing convicts, outside labor has nothing to fear from
competition. Contract labor may have been somewhat of a menace
to labor on the outside, but these men earning wages are engaged in
honest production and the product is distributed just as the fruits of
any other industry. Let me illustrate. A man working on a farm, in a
canning factory, in a cotton mill, commits a fault and is secluded from
the community but continues his work on another farm, in another
canning factory, in another cotton mill. He receives wages which
maintains his family. Competition is neither increased nor
diminished. When the man is released, he may return to his old job.
High authority in the labor unions has stated that there is no
objection to a system which affords fair play to the prisoner and also
to the working man. Laborers have justly opposed the exploitation of
prisoners under the lease and contract systems. They have not been
opposed to the development of prison industries on a fair basis.
They present no objection to a “State-Use” method, and we trust
they will not oppose the development of a few industries organized
under the State-Account plan which appears to have been so
successful in the Michigan State Prison.
Fair Exhibits.
The products of the prison industries and of the farm have been
shown at a number of County Fairs and also at the State Fair, and
the public has thus been informed of their activities and greatly
pleased therewith. Nought has been heard but favorable comment.
Kitchen and Dining Room.
The culinary department is managed on the most approved sanitary

scheme. None but healthy men are employed. They use every
vegetable which will grow in Michigan, as long as the season lasts,
and the canned product when the season is over. Every sanitary
precaution is taken in the preparation of the meat from the pasturage
and feeding of the stock, the slaughtering and handling of the
carcass, in the cooking and serving the various viands on the dining
table.
Objects.
It is not the object of the officers to exploit the men to the advantage
of the State. In the last two years they may have returned to the
State about $9,000, but in the same time they paid out to the men
the sum of $65,000 in wages. They are spending their surplus in
betterments. They have built dormitories, with rooms, not cells,
avoiding particularly the menagerie appearance. They aim to supply
the men with a wholesome and natural environment, believing that
thus they may accomplish the main object of a penal institution
which is the reformation and restoration of the offender.
A. H. V.
THE PRISON AND THE PRISONER.
A Symposium, edited by Julia K. Jaffray, Secretary, National
Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor. Boston. Little, Brown and
Company. 1917. $2.50.
A volume of 216 pages, containing eleven chapters contributed by
fourteen men of high repute. Judge Wadhams, of New York City,
comments on the Indeterminate Sentence, favoring a liberal
application of the principle. Doctor Glueck and Doctor Salmon
describe the necessity for psychiatrical studies of the convict in order
to determine the best treatment for his welfare and also for the
interest of the community.
Thomas Mott Osborne briefly delineates the self-government plan as
instituted by him at Auburn and Sing Sing, and E. Kent Hubbard
describes a similar system adopted in the Connecticut State
Reformatory. “The Honor System” is condemned and there is no
word in its defense.
We commend the book to all those who wish in brief compass to
know what progress has been made in humanitarian ideals for the
reformation of prisoners and what the scientific analysis of modern
conditions indicates as the best measures to attain the cure and
prevention of crime. Like other compilations, however, the various
themes are not treated with equally judicial tone or
comprehensiveness.
THE OFFENDER.
By Burdette G. Lewis, Commissioner of Correction, New York City.
Harper and Brothers. 382 pp. $2.00.
In this volume of 382 pages, Commissioner Lewis speaks from
careful observation and from conscientious study. The reader will
soon perceive that a judicial treatment is applied to the various
questions involved in dealing with penological problems. Various
systems of government are considered, the differences between the
Honor System and the Self-Government clearly indicated, and
valuable suggestions made as to the classes of prisoners to which
the various systems of government may be adapted. The subjects of
Probation and The Indeterminate Sentence are fairly presented and
discussed, the author coming to the conclusion that the
Indeterminate Sentence is far preferable to the determinate system
of the older penology.
The tendency today is to treat the offender in much the same way as
the insane are now treated. Originally these unfortunates were dealt
with as though possessed of demons. Gradually a reform was
introduced. Special institutions were established, and these have
been gradually improved to the extent that such afflicted persons are
given such occupation and such freedom as compatible with safety.
The result is that from 20 to 30 per cent. of them are either released
as cured or may be released under the custodial care of their friends
or relatives.
Mr. Lewis holds that the tendency to accord similar treatment after a
careful diagnosis of each case to the delinquent is likely to produce a
similar result. Each offender should be dealt with according to his
special peculiarity, the treatment aiming at the substitution of good
for bad habits, commitment to prison being used when it is not in the
interest of the individual or of society to release the convicted
criminal. Mr. Lewis advocates the retaining of old-established
methods as long as they are of service. These should not be
discarded merely because they are old. He claims that the leaders in
the movement agree that the new methods should be wisely tested
before they are introduced generally. It is clear that there must have
been good reasons for the adoption of any new method, but at the
same time he is strongly in favor of studying the human equation,
and of differentiating the treatment to suit each case.
In order to administer intelligently the large department under his
charge he has “found it necessary to proceed carefully and to
experiment widely before effecting a departure from the well-known
methods of treatment.” The processes as well as the result of Mr.
Lewis’s labors are given in the present volume. In Part I he
rehearses the fundamental social forces upon which one must
depend in order to check the development of the criminal. Among
these are the home, the church, the school, health and sanitation,
and the police.
In Part II are outlined the manner of utilizing the forces likely to
improve the offender; in short, all the forces of law, order and social
development in harmonious co-operation. The book is of serious
concern to all interested in social science and in the best means of
encouraging normal growth and development through a study of
existing conditions.
PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK.
We acknowledge the receipt of the Seventy-second Annual Report
of our sister association in New York. It is a ponderous pamphlet of
648 pages full of information concerning Prison Progress in 1916.
This Association was incorporated in 1846.
Our members will be interested in knowing that their Executive
Committee, like our Acting Committee, has power to examine, and
inspect all prisons of the State. Not only do they have the power but
it is also enjoined upon them as a duty to make such visits and to
report annually to the State Legislature the condition of the prisons
and any circumstances “in regard to them as may enable the
Legislature to perfect their government and discipline.” The charter
also provides that the State shall print 500 copies of this annual
report. Many additional copies are purchased by the Association for
general distribution.
Their working staff contains twenty officers who are engaged in
parole and probation duties, in the work of inspection and research,
in securing employment and in affording relief.
The last 300 pages of this document are devoted to reports of the
inspection of the various prisons of the State. The officers do not
shrink from sharp criticism of undesirable features, and yet their
criticism is of a constructive type. Recommendations are made, and
the progress made since the last inspection is duly credited.
We have also received the Report of the New York State
Commission of Prisons, a bound volume of 592 pages. 328 pages
are devoted to description, recommendations and criticisms
connected with the prisons of the State from the large State Prisons
to the small village lock-ups. This appears to us a duplication of the
work of the Prison Association. Why should there be two
organizations doing the same work?
The report of the Prison Association contains much valuable
information with regard to legislation both recent and proposed, and
to the success of the reformatory measures recently introduced into
their penal system. Those who desire copies of the report may write
to this Association at 135 E. 15th St., New York City.
NEW JERSEY PRISON INQUIRY
COMMISSION.
This Commission was appointed according to the provisions of a bill
of the legislature of the State passed in January, 1917. By January 1,
1918, the Commission had prepared an elaborate report of 822
pages giving a history and description of the prisons and penal
methods of the State, and also presenting their recommendations.
The historical record in general indicates a series of failures rather
than of successes in penal administration. The so-called
“Pennsylvania system,” the “Auburn Plan,” the method of contract
labor, the State-Use plan, the Parole work, the efforts at
Reformation, the partisan Boards, all have their share of more or
less condemnation.
The student of penology, however, will discover in this record
encouraging tendencies which may ultimately bring about a higher
type of treatment of those who go astray.
The Commission believes in giving the largest opportunities for work
in the open air and regards with detestation the “vicious rule of
silence.”
Their discussion with regard to the merits and demerits of a Central
Board of Control of all correctional institutions is deeply interesting
and illuminating. They have come to the conclusion that a “system
may be devised which will give to the State of New Jersey the
benefits of a centralized control of its correctional system as a whole,
but which will still leave to the separate institutions the advantages of
the personal interest and devotion which have been such important
factors in their development.” To accomplish this purpose, they
recommend the appointment of a Central Board by the Governor,
who without compensation, shall have a general power of
supervision and visitation of all correctional institutions. The local
boards are to be continued with authority to manage the several
institutions to which they are attached.
The principal recommendation of this Commission is to advise the
appointment of this Central Board with whom should be vested the
power to readjust, harmonize and improve the entire penal system of
the State.

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Commercial Surfactants for

Remediation Mobilization of Trace

Bioavailability, Leachability, Chemical Speciation, and

Know Me 1st Edition Akshat Singh Bisht

Water Pollution and Remediation: Heavy Metals Inamuddin

Discover Biology 6th Edition Anu Singh-Cundy

Mechanics of Sediment Transport First Edition Mueller

Basics of Marine and Estuarine Ecology 1st Edition

Biohydrometallurgical Recycling of Metals from

The Politics of Domestic Resource Mobilization for

Anu Singh Bisht

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13113

ISSN 2198-3542 ISSN 2198-3550 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018955718

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019

This book is based on a research conducted on environmental pollution. I am

6 Commercial Surfactants for Remediation-Methodology . . . . . . . . . 31

10.8 Mechanisms of Metal Release by Surfactants . . . . . . . . . . ... 64

HOCs Hydrophobic organic contaminants

Fig. 1.1 Point source pollution. Source NOAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3

Fig. 9.1 Concentration of metals released-HDTMA (when the estuarine

Table 6.1 Relevant properties of surfactants used in the experiments . . .. 35

Keywords Metals Pollution Organisms Sediments Contaminants

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 1

harmful, persistent and responsible to bio-accumulate. It also includes other sub-

1.3 Sources of Sediment Contaminants

There are many different sources of sediment contaminations due to human

Fig. 1.1 Point source pollution. Source NOAA

Fig. 1.2 Nonpoint source pollution. Source NOAA

cause of nonpoint contamination is the atmospheric deposition. As we can see in

1.4 Sediment Contaminants

Contaminated sediments contain a large variety of contaminants.

Fig. 1.3 Undesirable growth of green algae. Source https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:

utilized as a biocide in marine paints. Figure 1.5 is showing contamination of

Fig. 1.6 Contamination by industrial waste. Source http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/camp-

Abstract Different types of contaminants such as metals, hydrocarbons, PCBs,

Keywords Sediments Contaminants Metals Organisms Habitat

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 9

Keywords Sediments Deposit feeders Gut Digestive fluids

The gut of invertebrates is made up of the complicated mixer of the compounds

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 13

1. Insufficiency in the amount of food allotted.

Their observations at Sing Sing confirm the report of Warden

In order to make our contention clear, it seems necessary to impart

Dietary for a Prison.

At the request of the Prison Association of New York a dietary, with

Daily Amount and Cost for Each Inmate.

Eats in a Michigan Prison.

From the same report we learn of a more modest menu at the

Buying for Institutions.

In the Institution Quarterly, published by the Public Charity Service of

1. Too much food of one kind. Entire lack of variety.

“With the co-operation of managers, storekeepers, cooks and

Dietary for 1000 Persons.

At the special request of the Secretary of the Society,

BILL OF FARE FOR ONE WEEK FOR AN

In this connection we are glad to call attention to a portion of an

“The intensive production of fruits and vegetables on the farms

Kitchen and Dining Room.

The culinary department is managed on the most approved sanitary

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