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 Pei-Luen Patrick Rau (Ed.)

Cross-Cultural Design
LNCS 10912

Applications in Cultural Heritage,

Creativity and Social Development
10th International Conference, CCD 2018
Held as Part of HCI International 2018
Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 15–20, 2018, Proceedings, Part II

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10912
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7409
Pei-Luen Patrick Rau (Ed.)

Cross-Cultural Design
Applications in Cultural Heritage,
Creativity and Social Development
10th International Conference, CCD 2018
Held as Part of HCI International 2018
Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 15–20, 2018
Proceedings, Part II

123
Editor
Pei-Luen Patrick Rau
Tsinghua University
Beijing
China

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

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 Foreword

The 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International

2018, was held in Las Vegas, NV, USA, during July 15–20, 2018. The event incor-
porated the 14 conferences/thematic areas listed on the following page.
A total of 4,373 individuals from academia, research institutes, industry, and gov-
ernmental agencies from 76 countries submitted contributions, and 1,170 papers and
195 posters have been included in the proceedings. These contributions address the
latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of design and
use of computing systems. The contributions thoroughly cover the entire field of
human-computer interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge and effective
use of computers in a variety of application areas. The volumes constituting the full set
of the conference proceedings are listed in the following pages.
I would like to thank the program board chairs and the members of the program
boards of all thematic areas and affiliated conferences for their contribution to the
highest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI International 2018
conference.
This conference would not have been possible without the continuous and unwa-
vering support and advice of the founder, Conference General Chair Emeritus and
Conference Scientific Advisor Prof. Gavriel Salvendy. For his outstanding efforts, I
would like to express my appreciation to the communications chair and editor of HCI
International News, Dr. Abbas Moallem.

July 2018 Constantine Stephanidis

 HCI International 2018 Thematic Areas
and Affiliated Conferences

Thematic areas:
• Human-Computer Interaction (HCI 2018)
• Human Interface and the Management of Information (HIMI 2018)
Affiliated conferences:
• 15th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergo-
nomics (EPCE 2018)
• 12th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interac-
tion (UAHCI 2018)
• 10th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality (VAMR
2018)
• 10th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design (CCD 2018)
• 10th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media (SCSM
2018)
• 12th International Conference on Augmented Cognition (AC 2018)
• 9th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications in
Health, Safety, Ergonomics, and Risk Management (DHM 2018)
• 7th International Conference on Design, User Experience, and Usability (DUXU
2018)
• 6th International Conference on Distributed, Ambient, and Pervasive Interactions
(DAPI 2018)
• 5th International Conference on HCI in Business, Government, and Organizations
(HCIBGO)
• 5th International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies (LCT
2018)
• 4th International Conference on Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population
(ITAP 2018)
 Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

1. LNCS 10901, Human-Computer Interaction: Theories, Methods, and Human

Issues (Part I), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
2. LNCS 10902, Human-Computer Interaction: Interaction in Context (Part II), edited
by Masaaki Kurosu
3. LNCS 10903, Human-Computer Interaction: Interaction Technologies (Part III),
edited by Masaaki Kurosu
4. LNCS 10904, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Interac-
tion, Visualization, and Analytics (Part I), edited by Sakae Yamamoto and
Hirohiko Mori
5. LNCS 10905, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Infor-
mation in Applications and Services (Part II), edited by Sakae Yamamoto and
Hirohiko Mori
6. LNAI 10906, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, edited by
Don Harris
7. LNCS 10907, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Methods,
Technologies, and Users (Part I), edited by Margherita Antona and
Constantine Stephanidis
8. LNCS 10908, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Virtual, Aug-
mented, and Intelligent Environments (Part II), edited by Margherita Antona and
Constantine Stephanidis
9. LNCS 10909, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Interaction, Navigation,
Visualization, Embodiment, and Simulation (Part I), edited by Jessie Y. C. Chen
and Gino Fragomeni
10. LNCS 10910, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Applications in Health,
Cultural Heritage, and Industry (Part II), edited by Jessie Y. C. Chen and
Gino Fragomeni
11. LNCS 10911, Cross-Cultural Design: Methods, Tools, and Users (Part I), edited by
Pei-Luen Patrick Rau
12. LNCS 10912, Cross-Cultural Design: Applications in Cultural Heritage, Creativity,
and Social Development (Part II), edited by Pei-Luen Patrick Rau
13. LNCS 10913, Social Computing and Social Media: User Experience and Behavior
(Part I), edited by Gabriele Meiselwitz
14. LNCS 10914, Social Computing and Social Media: Technologies and Analytics
(Part II), edited by Gabriele Meiselwitz
15. LNAI 10915, Augmented Cognition: Intelligent Technologies (Part I), edited by
Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
16. LNAI 10916, Augmented Cognition: Users and Contexts (Part II), edited by
Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
17. LNCS 10917, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics, and Risk Management, edited by Vincent G. Duffy
18. LNCS 10918, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Theory and Practice
(Part I), edited by Aaron Marcus and Wentao Wang
X Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

19. LNCS 10919, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Designing Interactions
(Part II), edited by Aaron Marcus and Wentao Wang
20. LNCS 10920, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Users, Contexts, and Case
Studies (Part III), edited by Aaron Marcus and Wentao Wang
21. LNCS 10921, Distributed, Ambient, and Pervasive Interactions: Understanding
Humans (Part I), edited by Norbert Streitz and Shin’ichi Konomi
22. LNCS 10922, Distributed, Ambient, and Pervasive Interactions: Technologies and
Contexts (Part II), edited by Norbert Streitz and Shin’ichi Konomi
23. LNCS 10923, HCI in Business, Government, and Organizations, edited by
Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah and Bo Sophia Xiao
24. LNCS 10924, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Design, Development
and Technological Innovation (Part I), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and
Andri Ioannou
25. LNCS 10925, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Learning and Teaching
(Part II), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
26. LNCS 10926, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Acceptance, Com-
munication, and Participation (Part I), edited by Jia Zhou and Gavriel Salvendy
27. LNCS 10927, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Applications in
Health, Assistance, and Entertainment (Part II), edited by Jia Zhou and Gavriel
Salvendy
28. CCIS 850, HCI International 2018 Posters Extended Abstracts (Part I), edited by
Constantine Stephanidis
29. CCIS 851, HCI International 2018 Posters Extended Abstracts (Part II), edited by
Constantine Stephanidis
30. CCIS 852, HCI International 2018 Posters Extended Abstracts (Part III), edited by
Constantine Stephanidis

http://2018.hci.international/proceedings
 10th International Conference on Cross-Cultural
Design

Program Board Chair(s): Pei-Luen Patrick Rau, P.R. China

• Na Chen, P.R. China • Yongqi Lou, P.R. China

• Zhe Chen, P.R. China
• Kuohsiang Chen, Taiwan
• Zhiyong Fu, P.R. China
• Toshikazu Kato, Japan
• Sheau-Farn Max Liang, Taiwan
• Dyi-Yih Michael Lin, Taiwan
• Juifeng Lin, Taiwan
• Rungtai Lin, Taiwan
• Cheng-Hung Lo, P.R. China
• Liang Ma, P.R. China
• Alexander Mädche, Germany
• Katsuhiko Ogawa, Japan
• Chun-Yi (Danny) Shen, Taiwan
• Hao Tan, P.R. China
• P.L. Teh, Malaysia
• Yuan-Chi Tseng, Taiwan
• Lin Wang, South Korea
• Hsiu-Ping Yueh, Taiwan

The full list with the Program Board Chairs and the members of the Program Boards of
all thematic areas and affiliated conferences is available online at:

http://www.hci.international/board-members-2018.php
 HCI International 2019
The 21st International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International
2019, will be held jointly with the affiliated conferences in Orlando, FL, USA, at Walt
Disney World Swan and Dolphin Resort, July 26–31, 2019. It will cover a broad
spectrum of themes related to Human-Computer Interaction, including theoretical
issues, methods, tools, processes, and case studies in HCI design, as well as novel
interaction techniques, interfaces, and applications. The proceedings will be published
by Springer. More information will be available on the conference website:
http://2019.hci.international/.

General Chair
Prof. Constantine Stephanidis
University of Crete and ICS-FORTH
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
E-mail: general_chair@hcii2019.org

http://2019.hci.international/
 Contents – Part II

Culture, Learning and Games

Assessing the Effectiveness of an Augmented Reality Application

for the Literacy Development of Arabic Children
with Hearing Impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Shiroq Al-Megren and Aziza Almutairi

Research Model for Traditional Board Game Renaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Erik Armayuda, Po-Hsien Lin, and Rungtai Lin

What Makes for Successful Game Storytelling? A Model for Evaluating

Game-Adaptability of Stories in China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Yun Gong, Bingcheng Wang, Pei-Luen Patrick Rau,
and Dinglong Huang

Integrated Strategies of Participatory Design and PBL Towards

Collaboration Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Chenhan Jiang and Yongqi Lou

Can Virtual Reality Help Children Learn Mathematics Better?

The Application of VR Headset in Children’s Discipline Education. . . . . . . . 60
Xin Lei, Andong Zhang, Bingcheng Wang,
and Pei-Luen Patrick Rau

An Innovated Design of Escape Room Game Box Through Integrating

STEAM Education and PBL Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Jui-Ping Ma, Miao-Hsien Chuang, and Rungtai Lin

Designing an Application for Learning Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Vu Thu Thi Hien, Ganta Murali, Nguyen Khanh Linh, Nguyen Hai Yen,
Nguyen Thi Thu Hien, Aymen Saleh Abuzied, Zhe Chen, Lin Ma,
and Lin Wang

Mobile VR Game Design for Stroke Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Jia Yu, Rong Jiang, Yuan Feng, Meng Yuan, Yong Il Kang,
and Zhenyu Gu

Designing Craft Learning Experience for Rural Children: A Case Study

on Huayao Cross-Stitch in Southwest China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Duoduo Zhang, Yuanyuan Yang, Tie Ji, Huiling Xie, and Yuwei He
XVI Contents – Part II

Culture and Creativity

New Approach to Design in Cultural Society from ABCDE to FGHIJ . . . . . . 135

Wen-Ko Chiou, Erik Armayuda, Yang Gao, and Rungtai Lin

A Cheerful Journey or a Depressive Process? A Study of the Integrated

Cultural and Creative Design Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Shu Hui Huang, Chun-Liang Chen, and Po-Hsien Lin

S.A.D in Education and CHEER in Practice: A Case Study of DTIT

Program at NTUA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
John Kreifeldt, Hong-lin Li, Ming-Xean Sun, Wei Bi, and Rungtai Lin

Design Method and Application of DNA in the Design of

Cultural Creative Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Yi Li, Jin Li, and Qiu Yan

Teaching Thoughts and Cases Analysis of the Innovative Design

of Lacquer Art Products in the Multi-disciplinary and Trans-Boundary
Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Jin Li and Yonghui Lin

Research on the Professional Quality of Product Designers

in the Context of the Intelligent Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Yonghui Lin and Jin Li

The Construction of Cultural Impressions for the Idea

of Cultural Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Po-Hsien Lin and Mo-Li Yeh

Chinese Sociocultural Perspectives and Creativity: Design Practices

in the Public Transport Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Sara E. Sterling and Bingjian Liu

Beijing Opera Cultural Heritage: A Service Design Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . 235

Lu Wang

Appearance–Behavior–Culture in Creating Consumer Products

with Cultural Meaning Meant to Evoke Emotion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Tyan-Yu Wu and Wei-Hsiang Huang

Cross-Cultural Design for Social Change and Development

Study on Cultural and Creative Experience Model of Featured Towns . . . . . . 257

Wei Bi, Yang Gao, Li-Yu Chen, and Shu Hua Chang
 Contents – Part II XVII

Influence of Rebound Effect on Energy Saving in Smart Homes . . . . . . . . . . 266

Ko-jung Chen, Ziyang Li, Ta-Ping Lu, Pei-Luen Patrick Rau,
and Dinglong Huang

Transforming a Neighborhood into a Living Laboratory for Urban

Social Innovation: A Comparative Case Study of Urban Living Labs . . . . . . 275
Eun Ji Cho

The Co-Regulation of TV-White Spaces: The Southern Africa

Development Community Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Salomão David, Américo Muchanga, and Marco Zennaro

Experiences-Based Design for Overcoming Language Barriers

in Healthcare Service: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Ding-Hau Huang, Chun Ming Yang, and Gia Hue On

HEDI: An Online Platform for Healthcare Engineering Design

and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Long Liu, Weiyu Zhang, Jinhua Li, and Hua Dong

Growing a Community-Supported Ecosystem of Future Living:

The Case of NICE2035 Living Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Yongqi Lou and Jin Ma

Facilitating Gerontechnology Adoption: Observational Learning

with Live Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Lu Peng, Qi Ma, Rita W. L. Yu, Alan H. S. Chan, Pei Lee Teh,
and Ka Kit So

Modern Service Design Thinking on Traditional Culture-Based Services:

A Case Study of the Service Businesses in Suzhou Old Town Areas . . . . . . . 346
Xin Shen and Cheng-Hung Lo

Driverless Vehicle-Based Urban Slow Transportation Service Platform . . . . . 358

Jintian Shi and Xiaohua Sun

Cities as Sustainable Service Platforms: A Framework for Institutional

Service Delivery in the Urban Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Jarmo Suominen

The Transition to a New University Campus as an Opportunity

for the Urban Regeneration of the Former Milan Expo 2015 Areas . . . . . . . . 391
Paola Trapani, Luisa Collina, Barbara Camocini, Laura Daglio,
and Martina Mazzarello

Bridge the Physical and Virtual Design for Hutongs - Creative Design
Supports Hutongs Community Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Huan Wang and Zhiyong Fu
XVIII Contents – Part II

Case Studies of Designing for Ecology: Branding EVEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

I-Wen Wu, Hsien-Fu Lo, and I-Ting Wang

A Study for the Elderly-Oriented Public Rest Facility Design

Based on User’s Demands and Perceptual Cognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Hao Yang and Yueran Wang

The Research and Co-creation Model for Urban Interaction

Design and Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Yuyao Zhou and Nan Jiang

Innovation Design of Rural Tourism Based on Service Design

Methods—A Case Study of Beijing Lingshui Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Yanfei Zhu, Zhisheng Zhang, Chengqi Xue, Tianyang Zhu,
and Jie Shen

Well-Being Design for an Aging Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

Ming‐Ming Zong and Chen Li

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

 Contents – Part I

Cross-Cultural Design Methods and Tools

Applying Design Thinking in Real Estate Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Li-Yu Chen, Wei Bi, and Yang Gao

User Defined Eye Movement-Based Interaction for Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . 18

Wen-jun Hou, Kai-xiang Chen, Hao Li, and Hu Zhou

Cross-Cultural Communication in Design Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Rungtai Lin, Hong-lin Li, Jun Wu, and Wei Bi

Representation of Memory in Design for Humanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Hsien-Fu Lo, I-Wen Wu, and Chien-Chih Ni

HCI Practices in Software-Development Environments in Saudi Arabia . . . . . 58

Khalid Majrashi and Areej Al-Wabil

Mental Model Diagrams as a Design Tool for Improving

Cross-cultural Dialogue Between the Service Providers and Customers:
Case of the Chinese Restaurant Business in Milan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Margherita Pillan, Milica Pavlović, and Shushu He

Integration of Communication Matrix for Evaluating Microfilm . . . . . . . . . . 97

Jun Wu, Yang Gao, and Sandy Lee

Story Board Tools and Methods for User-Knowledge-Based

Automotive Human-Machine Interface Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Qingshu Zeng and Mingxiang Shi

Cross-Cultural Product Design

Research on Selection Differences Between Parent and Child on Toys. . . . . . 123

Yang Gao, Jun Wu, and Po-Hsien Lin

Study on the Application of Peak-End Rule

in the Design of App Blank Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Canqun He and Zhangyu Ji

Influence of Different Types of Auxiliary Sensors on the Behaviors

of Right Turn and Right Changes of Lane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Jitao Li, Hua Qin, and Linghua Ran
XX Contents – Part I

Three Dimensional Head Modeling Based on Direct Free

Form Deformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Haixiao Liu, Yanling Zheng, Xiai Wang, Taijie Liu, Linghua Ran,
and Jianwei Niu

Influence of Song Porcelain Aesthetics on Modern Product Design . . . . . . . . 166

Xiao Song, Zhaoqi Wu, Li Ouyang, and Jei Ling

User-Oriented Research on Perceivable Indicators of Smartphone

Interactive Operation Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Zhengyu Tan and Xiao Tan

Applications of Metaphors in Jewelry Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

I. Ting Wang, Chien-Chih Ni, and I-Wen Wu

A 3D Head Model Fitting Method Using Chinese Head

Anthropometric Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Haining Wang, Wanrong Chen, Yi Li, Yang Yu, Wenxiu Yang,
and Roger Ball

Responsive Web Design for Chinese Head and Facial Database . . . . . . . . . . 216
Haining Wang, Yang Yu, Wanrong Chen, Wenxiu Yang,
and Roger Ball

Modeling and Analyzing Information Preparation Behaviors

in Cross-Device Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Dan Wu, Jing Dong, and Yuan Tang

From Traditional Culture to Lifestyle - A Case Study on Local Specialties

in the Lingnan Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Zhaoqi Wu, Xiao Song, Jie Shen, and Jie Tang

Augmenting Food Experience While Traveling Abroad by Using Mobile

Augmented Reality Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Yue Yuan

An Exploratory Study on Design and Implement an Emotional Karaoke

Robot (EKR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Yi-Lun Zheng, Pei-Luen Patrick Rau, Hsiu-Ping Yueh, Pin-Hsuan Chen,
and Ding-Long Huang

Cultural Differences

Automatic Assessment of Personality Traits Using Non-verbal Cues

in a Saudi Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Sharifa Alghowinem and Basmah AlKadhi
 Contents – Part I XXI

Determinants of E-Commerce Websites’ User Interface: A Cross-Cultural

Investigation Between Saudi Arabia and Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Regina Garcia Almonte

Cross-Cultural Design for Employability: Mobile Support

for Healthcare Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Nataliya Berbyuk Lindström

Sociability from the Perspective of Cultural Diversity in Virtual

Communities of Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Tatiany Xavier de Godoi, Breno Guerra Zancan,
Daniela Freitas Guilhermino, Eduardo Filgueiras Damasceno,
Jose Reinaldo Merlin, Thiago Adriano Coleti, André Menolli,
and Ederson Marcos Sgarbi

International Users’ Experience of Social Media: A Comparison Between

Facebook and WeChat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Hanjing Huang, Hengameh Akbaria, Nina Alef, Phairoj Liukitithara,
Monica Marazzi, Bastian Verhaelen, Gina Chi-Lan Yang,
and Pei-Luen Patrick Rau

Status Effects on Attributions for Online Knowledge Sharing Failures:

A Comparison Between Chinese and Korean Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Nan Qie, Pei-Luen Patrick Rau, and Jun Liu

“Which Country Are You from?” A Cross-Cultural Study on Greeting

Interaction Design for Social Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Mohammad Shidujaman and Haipeng Mi

The Literature Review of Human Factors Research on Unmanned Aerial

Vehicle – What Chinese Researcher Need to Do Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Xin Zhang, Guozhu Jia, and Zhe Chen

Culture, Emotions and Design

Acceptance of Social Robots by Aging Users: Towards

a Pleasure-Oriented View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Na Chen

Study on Design Principles of Voice Interaction Design

for Smart Mobile Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Feng Gao, Chaoyang Yu, and Jun Xie

Trendiness and Emotion, Two Key Factors for Predicting Aesthetic

Preference on Automotive Interior Form Design
Among Chinese Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Fangzhou Gu, Danhua Zhao, and Jianghong Zhao
XXII Contents – Part I

Applying Storyboards to Fashion Design for Empathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Chien-Chih Ni, I-Ting Wang, and Hsien-Fu Lo

A Survey Website Designed for the Older People – A Case Study

of Happy Life Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Yimeng Xiao and Hsien-Hui Tang

Constructing and Analyzing a Measurement Model

of Product Emotional Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Hui-Yun Yen

Effect of Illumination on Reading Performance and Affect

in a Virtual Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Xingchen Zhou and Pei-Luen Patrick Rau

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Culture, Learning and Games
 Assessing the Effectiveness
of an Augmented Reality Application
for the Literacy Development of Arabic
Children with Hearing Impairments

Shiroq Al-Megren(B) and Aziza Almutairi

Information Technology Department, King Saud University,

Riyadh 12371, Saudi Arabia
salmegren@ksu.edu.sa, aziza.m.m@hotmail.com

Abstract. Word and Sign is a mobile AR application that was devel-

oped to support the literacy development of Arabic children who are deaf
or hard of hearing. The utilization of AR is intended to support reading,
particularly the process of mapping a printed word to its corresponding
ArSL. In this paper, the performances of elementary grade children who
are deaf or hard of hearing are assessed after they are taught thirteen
new words using two methods: AR using Word and Sign and a tradi-
tional teaching approach using ArSL, fingerspelling and pictures. The
assessment is conducted as a series of tasks in which participants are
asked to associate a printed word with its corresponding picture and
ArSL. The findings show that participants who were taught via the AR
application completed significantly more tasks successfully and with sig-
nificantly fewer errors compared to participants who were taught the
new words via a traditional approach. These findings encourage the uti-
lization of AR inside and outside the classroom to support the literacy
development of children with hearing impairments.

Keywords: Augmented reality (AR) · Deaf · Hard of hearing

Mobile augmented reality · Reading · Literacy

1 Introduction
Recent statistics from the General Authority for Statistics in Saudi Arabia
reported that approximately 3% of the population was registered as being hear-
ing impaired in 2017 [17]. This segment of the population shares a common
native language, i.e., Arabic sign language (ArSL), with Arabic (the official lan-
guage in Saudi Arabia) being considered a second language. The prevalence of
hearing disabilities varies geographically in Saudi Arabia, with almost two thirds
of the people with hearing disabilities found residing in rural areas [4]. A study
carried out in Saudi Arabia before 2010 showed that a majority of people with
disabilities did not have access to psychological and educational services from an
c Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018
P.-L. P. Rau (Ed.): CCD 2018, LNCS 10912, pp. 3–18, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92252-2_1
4 S. Al-Megren and A. Almutairi

early age. This isolation resulted in below-average literacy skills when entering
schools, hence negatively impacting academic progression and achievements [13].
Children are exposed to language early in their development, which leads
to the acquisition of the literacy skills necessary for their growth [9]. As a child
learns to read, language familiarity is one of the two factors that impact reading.
The other factor is the process of cognitively mapping printed text into a famil-
iar language, i.e., decoding, by recognizing the patterns that make letters and
words [12,27]. While children who can hear grow familiar with spoken language,
children who are deaf are disadvantaged by a limited or non-existent exposure
to language at a young age. This late acquisition of language delays the develop-
ment of literacy skills, which greatly impacts educational, social, and vocational
development [22].
Augmented reality (AR) is a user interface paradigm that involves the direct
superimposition of virtual objects onto a real environment. This supports the
primacy of the physical world while still supplementing the user experience and
enhancing the interaction with virtual components. AR was principally intro-
duced in 1993 [28] and has since rapidly expanded, considering the technolog-
ical advances of the past few decades and the continuously growing amount of
information exposed to the user. AR supports users’ actions within the cur-
rent context as they navigate a new enhanced reality using reality sensors [18].
In recent years, mobile or phone-based AR systems have become more preva-
lent, as they layer information onto any environment without constraining users’
locations [24]. Mobile AR has the potential to support users’ interactions with a
plethora of computer-supported information without distracting them from the
real world [10].
The value of AR as an educational tool has increasingly been recognized
by researchers, as the enhanced reality can allow for the visualization of
abstract concepts, the experience of phenomena, and interaction with computer-
supported synthetic objects [29]. The benefits of AR adoption for educational
purposes, i.e., increased motivation, attention, concentration, and satisfaction,
have regularly been documented [11]. AR has also been found to support active
and collaborative learning, interactivity, and information accessibility, which
encourage exploration. The value of AR as an educational tool has also been
revealed in various studies considering children with varied disabilities, such as
autism [8,20,25], intellectual deficiency [25], and hearing impairment [23].
Current teaching techniques in Saudi Arabian schools rely heavily on sound-
based approaches that disadvantage the literacy development of students who
are hearing impaired. To address this issue, Word and Sign, a mobile AR applica-
tion, was developed to support the reading comprehension and literacy of Arabic
children who are deaf. In this paper, this AR application is evaluated via a com-
parative user study. The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of
the mobile AR application at supporting the acquisition of new printed vocab-
ulary and the necessary decoding onto their visual representations. The results
show that the use of AR has the potential to support the decoding process and
thus improve the reading comprehension and literacy of Arabic children who are
hearing impaired.
 Assessing the Effectiveness of an Augmented Reality Application 5

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews existing

works that adopted AR for the educational development of individuals who are
hearing impaired. The section particularly considers children’s literacy devel-
opment and reading comprehension. Next, in Sect. 3, a mobile AR application
that supports the decoding of printed Arabic vocabulary from fingerspelling and
ArSL, i.e., Word and Sign, is briefly described. The experimental setup and pro-
cedure for evaluating Word and Sign are presented in Sect. 4. This section also
reports the results of the experiment. These results are then discussed in Sect. 5.
Finally, Sect. 6 summarizes and concludes the paper. It also briefly discusses
future work.

2 Related Work

Several research efforts have been devoted towards supporting the educational
development of children who have hearing impairments. This section reviews a
variety of AR applications (mobile and otherwise) that aim to advance the edu-
cational progress of hearing-impaired children in various subject areas, including
science, religion, reading comprehension and literacy. The review also considers
AR applications developed for various sign languages, such as Malaysian, Arabic,
American, and Slovenian sign languages.
A sign language teaching model (SLTM) was proposed to support preschool
and primary education for children who are deaf [5,6]. The proposed model, i.e.,
multi-language cycle for sign language understanding (MuCy), was developed to
improve the communication skills of children who are deaf by utilizing AR as a
complementary tool for teaching sign language. The MuCy model is a continuous
psycho-motor cycle with two levels of education. The first level addresses the
learning of the correct use of a sign in conjunction with their visual and written
representations. The second level verbalizes these words via imitation of face,
mouth, and tongue movements. The model utilizes a sign language book and an
AR desktop application. Two pilot lessons involving four children were carried
out using the MuCy model, and additional feedback was collected from parents
and teachers. Data were collected via observation of the children and interviews
with parents and teachers. The findings showed that the model can easily be
adapted by teachers and can improve sign language communication skills in
children who are deaf.
A mobile AR application was developed to augment pictures that repre-
sent word signs performed by an interpreter with sign language interpretation
videos that are played on a mobile phone [19]. The application is intended for
signers who are deaf or hard of hearing and also those interested in learning
Slovenian sign language. A comparative user study was conducted to evaluate
the efficiency of using AR when learning sign language and users? perception of
augmented content. The study compared the success rate of signing words when
using (a) a picture, (b) the mobile AR application, and (c) a physically present
sign language interpreter. The study recruited 25 participants with a mean age
of approximately 30 years old, 11 of which were deaf or hard of hearing and 14
6 S. Al-Megren and A. Almutairi

of which were hearing non-signers. The results from a between-within subjects

analysis showed a significant success rate when utilizing the AR application or
an interpreter compared to using a picture. Of these two, the latter showed an
increment in success rate of 9% compared to the AR application. The findings
also showed that there was no significant difference between participants who are
deaf or hard of hearing and hearing non-signers. These results suggest the poten-
tial of AR for learning sign language; nevertheless, the study did not objectively
measure sign language skills prior to the study.
A communication board was developed to support the communication skills
of children who are deaf as a means to supplement speech [7]. The communica-
tion board is based on the Fitzgerald Keys teaching method, which involves a
linguistic code of visual representation that utilizes color codes in the form of
questions in which a word sequence is put together. The proposed communica-
tion board was designed based on findings from an observational study involving
children in secondary education who are deaf and do not have a grasp of the
American sign language. In the study, five mobile applications that each func-
tion as a communication board and a newly developed application called Literacy
with Fitzgerald were comparatively observed. The results revealed that the digi-
tal application can potentially produce more favorable results when allowing for
interaction with a real environment. This led to the development of a physical
communication board that consists of physical cards that correspond to virtual
content of visual information via an augmented 3D model.
The visual needs of children who are deaf were elicited from a preliminary
study that was conducted on three groups of respondents: education officers,
teachers, and learners who are deaf [21]. The purpose of the study was to identify
the visual needs that can support scientific acquisition when learning about
science. The findings from the interview with the education officers highlight the
lack of material that supports the science education of children who are deaf.
Science teachers were similarly interviewed, and the results underline several
difficulties faced by students who are deaf: difficulty understanding abstract
concepts and a lack of visual materials. While observing three students who
are deaf, several difficulties were identified as they attempted to recognize text
compared to pictures, understand abstract concepts, and grasp complex words.
These findings enabled the development of a Malaysian secondary (fifth year)
science courseware, PekAR-Mikroorganisma, that utilizes AR in a web-based
environment to augment a physical notebook with 3D objects [30]. The new
system was heuristically evaluated by seven usability experts to identify design
problems, who provided positive feedback highlighting the potential of AR in
enhancing learning for science courseware.
Najeeb is a mobile AR application that was developed to educate children
who are deaf or hard of hearing on religious traditions [3]. Prior to develop-
ment, a review was conducted to explore current ArSL mobile AR applications
and explore parameters that impact their effectiveness as educational tools. The
review considered signing avatars, analyzing texts, and dictionaries. The findings
signify the importance of using 3D imagery to allow for realistic and fluid move-
 Assessing the Effectiveness of an Augmented Reality Application 7

ments between fingers and hands. Several of the reviewed applications support
text analysis, which can provide assistance to individuals who either are deaf or
can hear during the learning process. Due to their different functionalities, the
applications maintained words that differ from one application to another. More
importantly, the findings show an unavailability of educational resources for indi-
viduals who are deaf or hard of hearing. Najeeb is an educational Islamic tool
that teaches basic tenets of Islam to children who are deaf or hard of hearing.
The application uses images, video, and 3D animations to motivate and sup-
port the learning process. The design of Najeeb was grounded in a theoretical
framework of the information processing theory that promotes engagement and
learning in an e-learning environment. Tenets are presented in the application
as multimode tutorials that take into account the presentation of information
that can impact comprehension and memorization.
The use of Google glass as a head-mounted display for an AR application
was proposed to improve the reading process of children who are deaf or hard of
hearing [16]. Using the prototype, a child would point to a word in an augmented
book to request its representative American sign language. The user’s finger is
detected by Google glass, which determines the word location above the fingertip,
after which a blob detection algorithm is used to detect the edge of the image.
Once the word boundaries are recognized the image is cropped and passed on
to an optical character recognition algorithm, which converts the cropped image
into text and finally to a corresponding sign video. Several limitations were
identified when it comes to displaying the correct sign. The meaning of the word
also varies based on its context; thus, the accuracy of the sign is affected when
the word is extracted regardless of its contextual meaning.
The purpose of this review was to introduce several efforts made towards the
adoption of AR with various sign languages to supplement and enhance commu-
nication and learning. The review focuses on AR applications that are intended
for educating children or adults who are deaf or hard of hearing. The majority
of the articles reviewed address the visual communication needs of individuals
who are deaf or the development of supportive information. Nevertheless, only a
few of these studies conducted user studies to assess their effectiveness as educa-
tional tools in real contextual settings. This underlines the value of this work’s
contribution, as evaluations were conducted in a class against a control group to
asses the effectiveness of a mobile AR application for the literacy development
of children who are deaf or hard of hearing.

3 Word and Sign

A series of user studies was previously conducted to elicit requirements that
highlight the visual needs of children who are deaf or hard of hearing as they learn
new printed Arabic vocabulary [2]. These needs were determined from various
perspectives, i.e., teachers and interpreters, parents, and children who are deaf
or hard of hearing, via interviews, surveys, and observations, respectively. The
visual preferences determined based on the user studies are summarized and
presented in Table 1.
8 S. Al-Megren and A. Almutairi

Table 1. The visual needs of children who are deaf or hard of hearing as elicited from
teachers and interpreters, parents, and children [2]. The order of preference is shown
in the table.

Media Interview Survey Observation

Picture 2 1 2
2 1
Video   3
Sign language 1 2 4
Fingerspelling - - 1

According to interviews conducted, teachers of children who are deaf or hard

of hearing advocated for the use of sign language to represent printed text. They
also recommended the use of pictures and/or videos to further supplement the
mapping of printed text with its sign. Survey results collected from parents of
children who are deaf revealed higher precedence for picture and videos than for
sign language. Observations of first-grade elementary school children who are
hard of hearing were made as they completed tasks that required linking printed
text with pictures, videos, fingerspelling using signs of individual letters, and
sign language. These findings showed that students performed the tasks best
when mapping a printed text with fingerspelling. The observations showed that
children’s performances were better when the signer face and body were shown,
i.e., not limited to showing the hands. Intriguingly, children also performed better
when the interpreter was an actual person and not an avatar. The children fared
the worst with sign language, which clearly indicates a weakness when decoding
signs into printed text.
Fingerspelling has been utilized for reading by educators of children who are
deaf and hard of hearing in a systematic way by using sequences called “chain-
ing” and “sandwiching”. Both techniques comprise a series of steps used to cre-
ate links between signs, printed text, and fingerspelling. The chaining technique
begins with the educator pointing to a printed word, followed by the finger-
spelling of each of the letters in that word, and finally signing of the word. In
sandwiching, the educator essentially ’sandwiches’ the fingerspelling of a printed
word with its corresponding sign, or vice versa. The utility of such techniques
has previously been documented for American sign language [1,14,26]; however,
this was not reported in the interviews, with no systematic technique reportedly
being utilized when learning new vocabulary and reading [2].
These findings led to the development of Word and Sign, a mobile AR appli-
cation for the literacy development of Arabic children who are deaf or hard of
hearing. Unity and Vuforia were used to develop the application for Android
smartphones. The application is supported by an electronic book that shows
a series of Arabic words along with picture representations. These words were
collected from the original first-grade courseware to support educators in the
classroom, acting as a supplement to existing teaching methods. When a phone’s
camera detects a word, the picture is superimposed with a video depicting the
 Assessing the Effectiveness of an Augmented Reality Application 9

(a) The application’s main (b) The application’s settings

functionalities: ArSL chaining options, from top to bottom:
or sandwiching video (middle), about, tutorial, e-book, and
sound (right), and representa- exit.
tive video (left).

Fig. 1. Word and Sign mobile AR application.

word using either the chaining or sandwiching techniques. This is to guaran-

tee that the text is always evident to encourage decoding. Due to the lack of
video resources for ArSL, a female child interpreter aged 10 years old was video
recorded. These videos are maintained in the video-based dictionary. A sound
option is included to encourage the participation of hearing friends or family in
learning ArSL. The user is also presented with a video option to display video
representing the detected word. Figure 1 shows the Word and Sign application
with the three main options: ArSL chaining or sandwiching video (middle), sound
(right), and representative video (left). The figure also shows the settings menu,
which provides access to the electronic book.

4 Assessing the Efficacy of Word and Sign

The efficacy of utilizing a mobile AR application for the literacy development
of children who are deaf or hard of hearing was assessed by conducting a user
experiment. The goal of the experiment was to comparatively assess the perfor-
mance of children who are deaf when taught new vocabulary using the traditional
method of teaching (control group) and with the aid of the mobile AR applica-
tion. The experiment adopted a between-participants design. In the experiment,
10 S. Al-Megren and A. Almutairi

we studied the similarities and differences between these two groups as they
completed a series of association tasks that link the new taught words with rep-
resentative pictures and ArSL based on three measures: completion rate, number
of errors, and time on task. Based on these measures, the following hypotheses
are proposed:

– H1: Compared to the traditional method of learning new printed vocabulary,

utilizing Word and Sign increases the completion rate and reduces the error
rate in an association task between a new learned word and a representative
picture or ArSL.
– H2: The time needed to complete the association tasks is reduced when the
participants are taught the new word via Word and Sign compared to the
traditional method.

4.1 Participants

Twenty participants who are deaf or hard of hearing were recruited from Al-
Amal Institute (six students) and public elementary school 300 (fourteen stu-
dents). Al-Amal Institute is an exclusive deaf institute, while public elementary
school 300 is a public school with exclusive classes for students who are deaf or
hard of hearing. Both schools utilize the elementary curriculum provided by the
Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia. All participants were female first-grade
students with mild (four students) or moderate (5 participants) to severe (11
participants) hearing loss. None of the students suffered from any additional
disabilities. Students’ ages ranged from 7 to 12 years old, with a mean of 8.5
years and a standard deviation (SD) of 1.28 years. All students were familiar
with tablets and/or smartphones.
The reading levels of the students, prior to recruitment, were determined with
the assistance of the educators using two scales: students ability to understand
a word and link it with its corresponding sign and the ability to fingerspell
the word. The teachers were asked to assess the reading level of a student as
either poor, good (i.e., average), or excellent based on these scales. The recruited
participants were then divided equally into two experimental groups based on
this assessment (10 students for each group). Each group consisted of two poor
students, three average students, and five excellent students.

4.2 Materials

An Android smartphone with the Word and Sign application was utilized for
the experiment. The electronic book provided with the application was printed
to produce a physical book, as recommended by the educators, to support the
learning process. Morae, a usability software tool, was used to record the users’
interaction with the application and log test results, which were then analyzed
and visualized.
 Assessing the Effectiveness of an Augmented Reality Application 11

Experimental Word Set. Twenty six words were originally selected from the
current first-grade reading and comprehension curriculum. A knowledge test was
performed a week prior to the experiment to exclude already known vocabulary.
The knowledge test was carried out by asking the participant to associate a
printed word with its corresponding pictures and ArSL. Of the twenty six words,
thirteen words were excluded. This leaves thirteen words that were taught to the
students.

Experimental Task. To assess the effectiveness of utilizing Word and Sign

when learning new printed vocabulary and thus its effectiveness in aiding read-
ing, a series of association tasks were used to determine the acquisition of the
new words by the participants. The tasks were divided into two groups to deter-
mine two levels of possible new vocabulary acquisition via pictures or decoding
to ArSL. Children who are deaf or hard of hearing are arguably known as visual
learners [15]. When associating printed text with its corresponding pictures, a
child maintains the image as a memory and recalls it when presented with the
text. In the case of decoding into ArSL, a child who is deaf maps the sign to the
corresponding text, therefore bilingually linking the Arabic (second language)
written word with its corresponding sign from their native language, i.e., ArSL.
These two levels of acquisition were represented by two tasks:

– Associate printed word with corresponding picture: in this task, participants

are presented with one of the taught words and four pictures, only one of
which corresponds to the printed word.
– Associate printed word with corresponding ArSL: this task asks the partici-
pants to link the printed word with one of four videos of a human interpreter
performing the word’s corresponding sign.

Each of the tasks consisted of ten subtasks, which were selected from thirteen
words not known to the students. The main goal of the tasks was to determine
if there are any learning differences when using the traditional method of vocab-
ulary teaching and when using AR with Word and Sign.

4.3 Procedure
The twenty participants were divided into two equal groups. The first group
was taught the thirteen new words using a traditional method of teaching. This
involved the teacher presenting the printed word and then using pictures, fin-
gerspelling, and ArSL to convey its meaning. The second group was taught the
new words using Word and Sign. In this case, the teacher presented the writ-
ten word and used the application in groups of students to convey the word’s
meaning. Prior to evaluation, the AR group and the educator were introduced
to the AR application using the words already known by the students. The size
of the phone often required the educator to group a smaller number of students
together to show them the application. To assure the attentiveness of the edu-
cator while teaching, the first group was similarly instructed in subgroups of
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American war, from an Eirish corporal, of the name of Dochart
O’Flaucherty, at Dalkeith fair, when he was at his ’prenticeship; he,
not being accustomed to malt-liquor, having got fouish and frisky—
which was not his natural disposition—over half-a-bottle of porter.
From this it will easily be seen, in the first place, that it would be with
a fecht that his master would get him off, by obliging the corporal to
take back the trepan money; in the second place, how long a date
back it is since the Eirish began to be the death of us; and in
conclusion, that my honoured faither got such a fleg as to spane him
effectually, for the space of ten years, from every drinkable stronger
than good spring-well water. Let the unwary take caution; and may
this be a wholesome lesson to all whom it may concern.
In this family history it becomes me, as an honest man, to make
passing mention of my faither’s sister, auntie Mysie, that married a
carpenter and undertaker in the town of Jedburgh; and who, in the
course of nature and industry, came to be in a prosperous and
thriving way; indeed so much so, as to be raised from the rank of a
private head of a family, and at last elected, by a majority of two
votes over a famous cow-doctor, a member of the town-council itself.
There is a good story, howsoever, connected with this business,
with which I shall make myself free to wind up this somewhat fusty
and fuzzionless chapter.
Well, ye see, some great lord,—I forget his name, but no matter,—
that had made a most tremendous sum of money, either by foul or
fair means, among the blacks in the East Indies, had returned before
he died, to lay his bones at home, as yellow as a Limerick glove, and
as rich as Dives in the New Testament. He kept flunkies with plush
small-clothes, and sky-blue coats with scarlet-velvet cuffs and
collars,—lived like a princie, and settled, as I said before, in the
neighbourhood of Jedburgh.
The body, though as brown as a toad’s back, was as pridefu’ and
full of power as auld king Nebuchadneisher; and how to exhibit all
his purple and fine linen, he aye thought and better thought, till at
last the happy determination came ower his mind like a flash of
lightning, to invite the bailies, deacons, and town-council, all in a
body, to come in and dine with him.
Save us! what a brushing of coats, such a switching of stoury
trousers, and bleaching of white cotton stockings, as took place
before the catastrophe of the feast, never before happened since
Jeddart was a burgh. Some of them that were forward, and geyan
bold in the spirit, crawed aloud for joy at being able to boast that
they had received an invitation letter to dine with a great lord; while
others, as proud as peacocks of the honour, yet not very sure as to
their being up to the trade of behaving themselves at the tables of the
great, were mostly dung stupid with not kenning what to think. A
council meeting or two was held in the gloamings, to take such a
serious business into consideration; some expressing their fears and
inward down-sinking, while others cheered them up with a fillip of
pleasant consolation. Scarcely a word of the matter for which they
were summoned together by the town-offisher—and which was about
the mending of the old bell-rope—was discussed by any of them. So,
after a sowd of toddy was swallowed, with the hopes of making them
brave men, and good soldiers of the magistracy, they all plucked up a
proud spirit, and, do or die, determined to march in a body up to the
gate, and forward to the table of his lordship.
My uncle, who had been one of the ringleaders of the chicken-
hearted, crap away up among the rest, with his new blue coat on,
shining fresh from the ironing of the goose, but keeping well among
the thick, to be as little kenspeckle as possible; for all the folk of the
town were at their doors and windows to witness the great occasion
of the town-council going away up like gentlemen of rank to take
their dinner with his lordship. That it was a terrible trial to all cannot
be for a moment denied; yet some of them behaved themselves
decently; and if we confess that others trembled in the knees, as if
they were marching to a field of battle, it was all in the course of
human nature.
Yet ye would wonder how they came on by degrees; and, to cut a
long tale short, at length found themselves in a great big room, like a
palace in a fairy tale, full of grand pictures with gold frames, and
looking-glasses like the side of a house, where they could see down to
their very shoes. For a while they were like men in a dream, perfectly
dazzled and dumfoundered; and it was five minutes before they
could either see a seat, or think of sitting down. With the reflection of
the looking-glasses, one of the bailies was so possessed within
himself that he tried to chair himself where chair was none, and
landed, not very softly, on the carpet; while another of the deacons, a
fat and dumpy man, as he was trying to make a bow, and throw out
his leg behind him, tramped on a favourite Newfoundland dog’s tail,
that, wakening out of his slumbers with a yell that made the roof
ring, played drive against my uncle, who was standing abaft, and
wheeled him like a butterflee, side foremost, against a table with a
heap o’ flowers on’t, where, in trying to kep himself, he drove his
head, like a battering ram, through a looking-glass, and bleached
back on his hands and feet on the carpet.
Seeing what had happened, they were all frightened; but his
lordship, after laughing heartily, was politer, and kent better about
manners than all that; so, bidding the flunkies hurry away with the
fragments of the china jugs and jars, they found themselves,
sweating with terror and vexation, ranged along silk settees, cracking
about the weather and other wonderfuls.
Such a dinner! The fume of it went round about their hearts like
myrrh and frankincense. The landlord took the head of the table, the
bailies the right and left of him; the deacons and councillors were
ranged along the sides like files of sodgers; and the chaplain, at the
foot, said grace. It is entirely out of the power of man to set down on
paper all that they got to eat and drink; and such was the effect of
French cookery, that they did not ken fish from flesh. Howsoever, for
all that, they laid their lugs in everything that lay before them, and
what they could not eat with forks, they supped with spoons; so it
was all to one purpose.
When the dishes were removing, each had a large blue glass bowl
full of water, and a clean calendered damask towel, put down by a
smart flunkey before him; and many of them that had not helped
themselves well to the wine while they were eating their steaks and
French frigassees, were now vexed to death on that score, imagining
that nothing remained for them but to dight their nebs and flee up.
Ignorant folk should not judge rashly, and the worthy town-
council were here in error; for their surmises, however feasible, did
the landlord wrong. In a minute they had fresh wine decanters
ranged down before them, filled with liquors of all variety of colours,
red, green, and blue; and the table was covered with dishes full of
jargonelles and pippins, raisins and almonds, shell walnuts and
plum-damases, with nutcrackers, and everything else they could
think of eating; so that after drinking “The King, and long life to
him,” and “The constitution of the country at home and abroad,” and
“Success to trade,” and “A good harvest,” and “May ne’er waur be
among us,” and “Botheration to the French,” and “Corny toes and
short shoes to the foes of old Scotland,” and so on, their tongues
began at length not to be so tacked; and the weight of their own
dignity, that had taken flight before his lordship, came back and
rested on their shoulders.
In the course of the evening, his lordship whispered to one of the
flunkies to bring in some things—they could not hear what—as the
company might like them. The wise ones thought within themselves
that the best aye comes hindmost; so in brushed a powdered valet,
with three dishes on his arm of twisted black things, just like sticks of
Gibraltar-rock, but different in the colour.
Bailie Bowie helped himself to a jargonelle, and Deacon Purves to
a wheen raisins; and my uncle, to show that he was not frightened,
and kent what he was about, helped himself to one of the long black
things, which, without much ceremony, he shoved into his mouth,
and began to. Two or three more, seeing that my uncle was up to
trap, followed his example, and chewed away like nine-year olds.
Instead of the curious-looking black thing being sweet as honey,—
for so they expected,—they soon found they had catched a Tartar; for
it had a confounded bitter tobacco taste. Manners, however, forbade
them laying it down again, more especially as his lordship, like a man
dumfoundered, was aye keeping his eye on them. So away they
chewed, and better chewed, and whammelled them round in their
mouths, first in one cheek, and then in the other, taking now and
then a mouthful of drink to wash the trash down, then chewing away
again, and syne another whammel from one cheek to the other, and
syne another mouthful, while the whole time their een were staring
in their heads like mad, and the faces they made may be imagined,
but cannot be described. His lordship gave his eyes a rub, and
thought he was dreaming, but no—there they were bodily, chewing
and whammelling, and making faces; so no wonder that, in keeping
in his laugh, he sprung a button from his waistcoat, and was like to
drop down from his chair, through the floor, in an ecstasy of
astonishment, seeing they were all growing sea-sick, and as pale as
stucco-images.
 Frightened out of his wits at last, that he would be the death of the
whole council, and that more of them would poison themselves, he
took up one of the cigars,—every one knows cigars now, for they are
fashionable among the very sweeps,—which he lighted at the candle,
and commenced puffing like a tobacco-pipe.
My uncle and the rest, if they were ill before, were worse now; so
when they got to the open air, instead of growing better, they grew
sicker and sicker, till they were waggling from side to side like ships
in a storm; and, no kenning whether their heels or heads were
uppermost, went spinning round about like peeries.
“A little spark may make muckle wark.” It is perfectly wonderful
what great events spring out of trifles, or what seem to common eyes
but trifles. I do not allude to the nine days’ deadly sickness, that was
the legacy of every one that ate his cigar, but to the awful truth, that
at the next election of councillors, my poor uncle Jamie was
completely blackballed—a general spite having been taken to him in
the townhall, on account of having led the magistracy wrong, by
doing what he ought to have let alone, thereby making himself and
the rest a topic of amusement to the world at large, for many and
many a month.
Others, to be sure, it becomes me to mention, have another version
of the story, and impute the cause of his having been turned out to
the implacable wrath of old Bailie Bogie, whose best black coat,
square in the tails, that he had worn only on the Sundays for nine
years, was totally spoiled, on their way home in the dark from his
lordship’s, by a tremendous blash that my unfortunate uncle
happened, in the course of nature, to let flee in the frenzy of a deadly
upthrowing.—The Life of Mansie Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith.
 JOHN BROWN;
OR, THE HOUSE IN THE MUIR.

John Brown, the Ayr, or as he was more commonly designated by

the neighbours, the Religious, Carrier, had been absent, during the
month of January (1685), from his home in the neighbourhood of
Muirkirk, for several days. The weather, in the meantime, had
become extremely stormy, and a very considerable fall of snow had
taken place. His only daughter, a girl of about eleven years of age,
had frequently, during the afternoon of Saturday, looked out from
the cottage door into the drift, in order to report to her mother, who
was occupied with the nursing of an infant brother, the anxious
occurrences of the evening. “Help,” too, the domestic cur, had not
remained an uninterested spectator of the general anxiety, but by
several fruitless and silent excursions into the night, had given
indisputable testimony that the object of his search had not yet
neared the solitary shieling. It was a long, and a wild road, lying over
an almost trackless muir, along which John Brown had to come; and
the cart track, which even in better weather, and with the advantage
of more daylight, might easily be mistaken, had undoubtedly, ere
this, become invisible. Besides, John had long been a marked bird,
having rendered himself obnoxious to the “powers that were,” by his
adherence to the Sanquhar declaration, his attending field-
preachings, or as they were termed “conventicles,” his harbouring of
persecuted ministers, and, above all, by a moral, a sober, and a
proverbially devout and religious conduct.
In an age when immorality was held to be synonymous with
loyalty, and irreligion with non-resistance and passive obedience, it
was exceedingly dangerous to wear such a character, and,
accordingly, there had not been wanting information to the prejudice
of this quiet and godly man. Clavers, who, ever since the affair of
Drumclog, had discovered more of the merciless and revengeful
despot than of the veteran or hero, had marked his name, according
to report, in his black list; and when once Clavers had taken his
resolution and his measures, the Lord have mercy upon those against
whom these were pointed! He seldom hesitated in carrying his plans
into effect, although his path lay over the trampled and lacerated
feelings of humanity. Omens, too, of an unfriendly and evil-boding
import, had not been wanting in the cottage of John to increase the
alarm. The cat had mewed suspiciously, had appeared restless, and
had continued to glare in hideous indication from beneath the
kitchen bed. The death-watch, which had not been noticed since the
decease of the gudeman’s mother, was again, in the breathless pause
of listening suspense, heard to chick distinctly; and the cock, instead
of crowing, as on ordinary occasions, immediately before day-dawn,
had originated a sudden and alarming flap of his wings, succeeded by
a fearful scream, long before the usual bedtime.
It was a gloomy crisis; and after a considerable time spent in dark
and despairing reflection, the evening lamp was at last trimmed, and
the peat fire repaired into something approaching to a cheerful
flame. But all would not do; for whilst the soul within is disquieted
and in suspense, all external means and appliances are inadequate to
procure comfort, or impart even an air of cheerfulness. At last Help
suddenly lifted his head from the hearth, shook his ears, sprung to
his feet, and with something betwixt a growl and a bark, rushed
towards the door, at which the yird drift was now entering copiously.
It was, however, a false alarm. The cow had moved beyond the
“hallan,” or the mice had come into sudden contact, and squeaked
behind the rafters. John, too, it was reasoned betwixt mother and
daughter, was always so regular and pointed in his arrivals, and this
being Saturday night, it was not a little or an insignificant
obstruction that could have prevented him from being home, in due
time, at least, for family worship. His cart, in fact, had usually been
pitched up, with the trams supported against the peat-stack, by two
o’clock in the afternoon; and the evening of his arrival from his
weekly excursion to Ayr was always an occasion of affectionate
intercourse, and more than ordinary interest. Whilst his disconsolate
wife, therefore, turned her eyes towards her husband’s chair, and to
the family Bible, which lay in a “bole” within reach of his hand, and
at the same time listened to the howling and intermitting gusts of the
storm, she could not avoid—it was not in nature that she should—
contrasting her present with her former situation; thus imparting
even to objects of the most kindly and comforting association, all the
livid and darkening hues of her disconsolate mind. But there is a
depth and a reach in true and genuine piety, which the plummet of
sorrow may never measure. True religion sinks into the heart as the
refreshing dew does into the chinks and the crevices of the dry and
parched soil; and the very fissures of affliction, the cleavings of the
soul, present a more ready and inviting, as well as efficient access, to
the softening influence of piety.
This poor woman began gradually to think less of danger, and
more of God—to consider as a set-off against all her fruitless
uneasiness, the vigilance and benevolence of that powerful Being, to
whom, and to whose will, the elements, in all their combinations and
relations, are subservient; and having quieted her younger child in
the cradle, and intimated her intention by a signal to her daughter,
she proceeded to take down the family Bible, and to read out in a
soft, and subdued, but most devout and impressive voice, the
following lines:—
I waited for the Lord my God,
And patiently did bear;
At length to me he did incline
My voice and cry to hear.

These two solitary worshippers of Him whose eyes are on the just,
and whose ear is open to their cry, had proceeded to the beginning of
the fourth verse of this psalm, and were actually employed in singing
with an increased and increasing degree of fervour and devotion, the
following trustful and consolatory expressions—
O blessed is the man whose trust
Upon the Lord relies,

when the symphony of another and a well-known voice was felt to be

present, and they became at once assured that the beloved object of
their solicitude had joined them, unseen and unperceived, in the
worship. This was felt by all to be as it ought to have been; nor did
the natural and instinctive desire to accommodate the weary and
snow-covered traveller with such conveniences and appliances as his
present condition manifestly demanded, prevent the psalm-singing
from going on, and the service from being finished with all suitable
decency. Having thus, in the first instance, rendered thanks unto
God, and blessed and magnified that mercy which pervades, and
directs, and over-rules every agent in nature, no time was lost in
attending to the secondary objects of inquiry and manifestation, and
the kind heart overflowed, whilst the tongue and the hand were
busied in “answer meet” and in “accommodation suitable.”
In all the wide range of Scotland’s muirs and mountains, straths
and glens, there was not to be found this evening a happier family
than that over which John Brown, the religious carrier, now
presided. The affectionate inquiries and solicitous attentions of his
wife,—of his partner trusty and tried, not only under the cares and
duties of life, but in the faith, in the bonds of the covenant, and in all
the similarity of sentiment and apprehension upon religious
subjects, without which no matrimonial union can possibly ensure
happiness,—were deeply felt and fully appreciated. They two had sat
together in the “Torwood,” listening to the free and fearless accents
of excommunication, as they rolled in dire and in blasting destiny
from the half-inspired lips of the learned and intrepid Mr Donald
Cargill. They had, at the risk of their lives, harboured for a season,
and enjoyed the comfortable communion and fellowship of Mr
Richard Cameron, immediately previous to his death in the
unfortunate rencounter at “Airsmoss.” They had followed into and
out the shire of Ayr, the zealous and eloquent Mr John King, and that
even in spite of the interdict of council, and after that a price had
been set upon the preacher’s head. Their oldest child had been
baptised by a Presbyterian and ejected minister under night, and in
the midst of a wreath of snow, and the youngest was still awaiting the
arrival of an approven servant of God, to receive the same sanctified
ordinance. And if at times a darker thought passed suddenly across
the disc of their sunny hearts, and if the cause of a poor persecuted
remnant, the interests of a reformed, and suffering, and bleeding
church, supervened in cloud upon the general quietude and
acquiescence of their souls, this was instantly relieved and dispersed
by a deeper, and more sanctified and more trustful tone of feeling;
whilst amidst the twilight beams of prophecy, and the invigorating
exercise of faith, the heart was disciplined and habituated into hope,
and reliance, and assurance. And if at times the halloo, and the yells,
and the clatter of persecution, were heard upon the hill-side, or up
the glen, where the Covenanters’ Cave was discovered, and five
honest men were butchered under a sunny morning, and in cold
blood,—and if the voice of Clavers, or of his immediate deputy in the
work of bloody oppression, “Red Rob,” came occasionally in the
accents of vindictive exclamation, upon the breeze of evening; yet
hitherto the humble “Cottage in the Muir” had escaped notice, and
the tread and tramp of man and horse had passed mercifully, and
almost miraculously by. The general current of events closed in upon
such occasional sources of agitation and alarm, leaving the house in
the muir in possession of all that domestic happiness, and even
quietude, which its retirement and its inmates were calculated to
ensure and to participate.
Early next morning the cottage of John Brown was surrounded by
a troop of dragoons, with Clavers at their head. John, who had
probably a presentiment of what might happen, urged his wife and
daughter to remain within doors, insisting that as the soldiers were,
in all likelihood, in search of some other individual, he should soon
be able to dismiss them. By this time the noise, occasioned by the
trampling and neighing of horses, commingled with the hoarse and
husky laugh and vociferations of the dragoons, had brought John,
half-dressed and in his night-cap, to the door. Clavers immediately
accosted him by name; and in a manner peculiar to himself, intended
for something betwixt the expression of fun and irony, he proceeded
to make inquiries respecting one “Samuel Aitkin, a godly man, and a
minister of the word, one outrageously addicted to prayer, and
occasionally found with the sword of the flesh in one hand, and that
of the spirit in the other, disseminating sedition, and propagating
disloyalty among his Majesty’s lieges.”
John admitted at once that the worthy person referred to was not
unknown to him, asserting, however, at the same time, that of his
present residence or place of hiding he was not free to speak. “No
doubt, no doubt,” rejoined the questioner, “you, to be sure, know
nothing!—how should you, all innocence and ignorance as you are?
But here is a little chip of the old block, which may probably recollect
better, and save us the trouble of blowing out her father’s brains, just
by way of making him remember a little more accurately.” “You, my
little farthing rush-light,” continued “Red Rob,”[2] alighting from his
horse, and seizing the girl rudely, and with prodigious force by the
wrists,—“you remember an old man with a long beard and a bald
head, who was here a few days ago, baptizing your sister, and giving
many good advices to father and mother, and who is now within a
few miles of this house, just up in a nice snug cave in the glen there,
to which you can readily and instantly conduct us, you know?” The
girl looked first at her mother, who had now advanced into the
doorway, then at her father, and latterly drooped her head, and
continued to preserve a complete silence.
2. “Red Rob,” the “Bothwell,” probably, of “Old Mortality,” was, in fact, the
right hand man of Clavers on all occasions, and has caused himself long to be
remembered amidst the peasantry of the West of Scotland, not only by the
dragoon’s red cloak, which he wore, but still more by his hands, crimsoned in the
blood of his countrymen!
“And so,” continued the questioner, “you are dumb; you cannot
speak; your tongue is a little obstinate or so, and you must not tell
family secrets. But what think you, my little chick, of speaking with
your fingers, of having a pat and a proper and a pertinent answer just
ready, my love, at your finger ends, as one may say. As the Lord lives,
and as my soul lives, but this will make a dainty nosegay” (displaying
a thumbikin or fingerscrew) “for my sweet little Covenanter; and
then” (applying the instrument of torture, meanwhile, and adjusting
it to the thumb) “you will have no manner of trouble whatever in
recollecting yourself; it will just come to you like the lug of a stoup,
and don’t knit your brows so” (for the pain had become insufferable);
“then we shall have you quite chatty and amusing, I warrant.” The
mother, who could stand this no longer, rushed upon the brutal
executioner, and with expostulations, threats, and the most
impassioned entreaties, endeavoured to relax the questioner’s twist.
“Can you, mistress, recollect anything of this man we are in quest
of?” resumed Clavers, haughtily. “It may save us both some trouble,
and your daughter a continuance and increase of her present
suffering, if you will just have the politeness to make us acquainted
with what you happen to know upon the subject.” The poor woman
seemed for an instant to hesitate; and her daughter looked most
piteously and distractedly into her countenance, as if expectant and
desirous of respite, through her mother’s compliance. “Woman!”
exclaimed the husband, in a tone of indignant surprise, “hast thou so
soon forgot thy God? And shall the fear of anything which man can
do induce thee to betray innocent blood?” He said no more; but he
had said enough, for from that instant the whole tone of his wife’s
feelings was changed, and her soul was wound up as if by the hand of
Omnipotence, into resolution and daring. “Bravo!” exclaimed the
arch persecutor, “Bravo! old Canticles; thou word’st it well; and so
you three pretty innocents have laid your holy heads together, and
you have resolved to die, should it so please God and us, with a secret
in your breast, and a lie in your mouth, like the rest of your psalm-
singing, hypocritical, canting sect, rather than discover gude Mr
Aitken!—pious Mr Aitken!—worthy Mr Aitken! But we shall try what
light this little telescope of mine will afford upon the subject,”
pointing at the same time to a carabine or holster pistol, which hung
suspended from the saddle of his horse. “This cold frosty morning,”
continued Clavers, “requires that one should be employed, were it for
no other purpose than just to gain heat by the exercise. And so, old
pragmatical, in order that you may not catch cold, by so early an
exposure to the keen air, we will take the liberty,” (hereupon the
whole troop gathered round, and presented muskets), “for the
benefit of society, and for the honour and safety of the King, never to
speak of the glory of God and the good of souls,—simply and
unceremoniously, and in the neatest and most expeditious manner
imaginable, to blow out your brains.” John Brown dropped down
instantly, and as it were instinctively, upon his knees, whilst his wife
stood by in seeming composure, and his daughter had happily
become insensible to all external objects and transactions whatever.
“What!” exclaimed Clavers, “and so you must pray too, to be sure,
and we shall have a last speech and a dying testimony lifted up in the
presence of peat-stack and clay walls and snow wreaths; but as these
are pretty staunch and confirmed loyalists, I do not care though we
entrust you with five minutes of devotional exercise, provided you
steer clear of King, Council, and Richard Cameron,—so proceed,
good John, but be short and pithy. My lambs are not accustomed to
long prayers, nor will they readily soften under the pathetic whining
of your devotions.” But in this last surmise Clavers was for once
mistaken; for the prayer of this poor and uneducated man ascended
that morning in expressions at once so earnest, so devout, and so
overpoweringly pathetic, that deep silence succeeded at last to oaths
and ribaldry; and as the following concluding sentences were
pronounced, there were evident marks of better and relenting
feelings:—“And now, gude Lord,” continued this death-doomed and
truly Christian sufferer, “since Thou hast nae mair use for Thy
servant in this world, and since it is Thy good and rightful pleasure
that I should serve Thee better and love Thee more elsewhere, I leave
this puir widow woman, with the helpless and fatherless children,
upon Thy hands. We have been happy in each other here, and now
that we are to part for awhile, we maun e’en look forward to a more
perfect and enduring happiness hereafter. As for the puir blindfolded
and infatuated creatures, the present ministers of Thy will, Lord,
reclaim them from the error and the evil of their courses ere it be too
late; and may they who have sat in judgment and in oppression in
this lonely place, and on this blessed morning, and upon a puir weak
defenceless fellow-creature, find that mercy at last from Thee which
they have this day refused to Thy unworthy but faithful servant.”
“Now, Isbel,” continued this defenceless and amiable martyr, “the
time is come at last, of which, you know, I told you on that day when
first I proposed to unite hand and heart with yours; and are you
willing, for the love of God and His rightful authority, to part with me
thus?” To which the poor woman replied with perfect composure,
“The Lord gave, and He taketh away. I have had a sweet loan of you,
my dear John, and I can part with you for His sake, as freely as ever I
parted with a mouthful of meat to the hungry, or a night’s lodging to
the weary and benighted traveller.” So saying, she approached her
still kneeling and blindfolded husband, clasped him round the neck,
kissed and embraced him closely, and then lifting up her person into
an attitude of determined endurance, and eyeing from head to foot
every soldier who stood with his carabine levelled, she retired slowly
and firmly to the spot which she had formerly occupied. “Come,
come, let’s have no more of this whining work,” interrupted Clavers
suddenly. “Soldiers! do your duty.” But the words fell upon a circle of
statues; and though they all stood with their muskets presented,
there was not a finger which had power to draw the fatal trigger.
Then ensued an awful pause, through which a “God Almighty bless
your tender hearts,” was heard coming from the lips of the now
agitated and almost distracted wife. But Clavers was not in the habit
of giving his orders twice, or of expostulating with disobedience. So,
extracting a pistol from the holster of his saddle, he primed and
cocked it, and then walking firmly and slowly up through the circle
close to the ear of his victim.
 There was a momentary murmur of discontent and of
disapprobation amongst the men as they looked upon the change
which a single awful instant had effected; and even “Red Rob,”
though a Covenanting slug still stuck smarting by in his shoulder,
had the hardihood to mutter, loud enough to be heard, “By God, this
is too bad!” The widow of John Brown gave one, and but one shriek
of horror as the fatal engine exploded; and then, addressing herself
leisurely, as if to the discharge of some ordinary domestic duty, she
began to unfold a napkin from her neck. “What think ye, good
woman, of your bonny man now?” vociferated Clavers, returning, at
the same time, the pistol, with a plunge, into the holster from which
it had been extracted. “I had always good reason,” replied the woman
firmly and deliberately, “to think weel o’ him, and I think mair o’ him
now than ever. But how will Graham of Claverhouse account to God
and man for this morning’s work?” continued the respondent firmly.
“To man,” answered the ruffian, “I can be answerable; and as to God,
I will take Him in my own hands.” He then marched off, and left her
with the corpse. She spread the napkin leisurely upon the snow,
gathered up the scattered fragments of her husband’s head, covered
his body with a plaid, and sitting down with her youngest and yet
unbaptised infant, wept bitterly.
The cottage, and the kail-yard, and the peat-stack, and the whole
little establishment of John Brown, the religious carrier, have long
disappeared from the heath and the muir; but the little spot, within
one of the windings of the burn, where the “House in the Muir”
stood, is still green amidst surrounding heath; and in the very centre
of that spot there lies a slab, or flat stone, now almost covered over
with grass, upon which, with a little clearing away of the moss from
the faded characters, the following rude but expressive lines may still
be read:—
Clavers might murder godly Brown,
But could not rob him of his crown;
Here in this place from earth he took departure,
Now he has got the garland of the martyr.
Blackwood’s Magazine, 1822.
 TRADITIONS OF THE OLD TOLBOOTH OF
EDINBURGH.

By Robert Chambers, LL.D.

Chapter I.
Whosoever is fortunate enough to have seen Edinburgh previous
to the year 1817—when as yet the greater part of its pristine character
was entire, and before the stupendous grandeur, and dense old-
fashioned substantiality, which originally distinguished it, had been
swept away by the united efforts of fire and foolery—must remember
the Old Tolbooth. At the north-west corner of St Giles’s Church, and
almost in the very centre of a crowded street, stood this tall, narrow,
antique, and gloomy-looking pile, with its black stancheoned
windows opening through its dingy walls, like the apertures of a
hearse, and having its western gable penetrated by sundry
suspicious-looking holes, which occasionally served—horresco
referens—for the projection of the gallows. The fabric was four
stories high, and might occupy an area of fifty feet by thirty. At the
west end there was a low projection of little more than one story,
surmounted by a railed platform, which served for executions. This,
as well as other parts of the building, contained shops.
On the north side, there remained the marks of what had once
been a sort of bridge communicating between the Tolbooth and the
houses immediately opposite. This part of the building got the name
of the “Purses,” on account of its having been the place where, in
former times, on the King’s birthday, the magistrates delivered
donations of as many pence as the King was years old to the same
number of beggars or “blue-gowns.” There was a very dark room on
this side, which was latterly used as a guard-house by the right
venerable military police of Edinburgh, but which had formerly been
the fashionable silk-shop of the father of the celebrated Francis
Horner. At the east end there was nothing remarkable, except an iron
box, attached to the wall, for the reception of small donations in
behalf of the poor prisoners, over which was a painted board,
containing some quotations from Scripture. In the lower flat of the
south and sunny side, besides a shop, there was a den for the
accommodation of the outer door-keeper, and where it was necessary
to apply when admission was required, and the old gray-haired man
was not found at the door. The main door was at the bottom of the
great turret or turnpike stair, which projected from the south-east
corner. It was a small but very strong door, full of large headed nails,
and having an enormous lock, with a flap to conceal the keyhole,
which could itself be locked, but was generally left open.
One important feature in the externals of the Tolbooth was, that
about one third of the building, including the turnpike, was of ashlar
work—that is, smooth freestone—while the rest seemed of coarser
and more modern construction, besides having a turnpike about the
centre, without a door at the bottom. The floors of the “west end,” as
it was always called, were somewhat above the level of those in the
“east end,” and in recent times the purposes of these different
quarters was quite distinct—the former containing the debtors, and
the latter the criminals. As the “east end” contained the hall in which
the Scottish Parliament formerly met, we may safely suppose it to
have been the oldest part of the building—an hypothesis which
derives additional credit from the various appearance of the two
quarters—the one having been apparently designed for a more noble
purpose than the other. The eastern division must have been of vast
antiquity, as James the Third fenced a Parliament in it, and the
magistrates of Edinburgh let the lower flat for booths or shops, so
early as the year 1480.
On passing the outer door, where the rioters of 1736 thundered
with their sledge-hammers, and finally burnt down all that
interposed between them and their prey, the keeper instantly
involved the entrant in darkness by reclosing the gloomy portal. A
flight of about twenty steps then led to an inner door, which, being
duly knocked, was opened by a bottle-nosed personage denominated
“Peter,” who, like his sainted namesake, always carried two or three
large keys. You then entered “the hall,” which, being free to all the
prisoners except those of the “east end,” was usually filled with a
crowd of shabby-looking, but very merry loungers. This being also
the chapel of the jail, contained an old pulpit of singular fashion,—
such a pulpit as one could imagine John Knox to have preached
from; which, indeed, he was traditionally said to have actually done.
At the right-hand side of the pulpit was a door leading up the large
turnpike to the apartments occupied by the criminals, one of which
was of plate-iron. This door was always shut, except when food was
taken up to the prisoners.
On the north side of the hall was the “Captain’s Room,” a small
place like a counting-room, but adorned with two fearful old muskets
and a sword, together with the sheath of a bayonet, and one or two
bandeliers, alike understood to hang there for the defence of the jail.
On the west end of the hall hung a board, on which—the production,
probably, of some insolvent poetaster—were inscribed the following
emphatic lines:—
A prison is a house of care,
A place where none can thrive,
A touchstone true to try a friend,
A grave for men alive—
Sometimes a place of right,
Sometimes a place of wrong,
Sometimes a place for jades and thieves,
And honest men among.

The historical recollections connected with “the hall” ought not to

be passed over. Here Mary delivered what Lindsay and other old
historians call her “painted orations.” Here Murray wheedled, and
Morton frowned. This was the scene of Charles’s ill-omened attempts
to revoke the possessions of the Church; and here, when his
commissioner, Nithsdale, was deputed to urge that measure, did the
Presbyterian nobles prepare to set active violence in opposition to
the claims of right and the royal will. On that occasion, old Belhaven,
under pretence of infirmity, took hold of his neighbour, the Earl of
Dumfries, with one hand, while with the other he grasped a dagger
beneath his clothes, ready, in case the act of revocation were passed,
to plunge it into his bosom.
From the hall a lobby extended to the bottom of the central
staircase already mentioned, which led to the different apartments—
about twelve in number—appropriated to the use of the debtors. This
stair was narrow, spiral, and steep—three bad qualities, which the
stranger found but imperfectly obviated by the use of a greasy rope
that served by way of balustrade. This nasty convenience was not
rendered one whit more comfortable by the intelligence, usually
communicated by some of the inmates, that it had hanged a man! In
the apartments to which this stair led, there was nothing remarkable,
except that in one of them part of the wall seemed badly plastered.
This was the temporary covering of the square hole through which
the gallows-tree was planted. We remember communing with a
person who lodged in this room at the time of an execution. He had
had the curiosity, in the impossibility of seeing the execution, to try if
he could feel it. At the time when he heard the psalms and other
devotions of the culprit concluded, and when he knew, from the
awful silence of the crowd, that the signal was just about to be given,
he sat down upon the end of the beam, and soon after distinctly felt
the motion occasioned by the fall of the unfortunate person, and
thus, as it were, played at “see-saw” with the criminal.
The annals of crime are of greater value than is generally
supposed. Criminals form an interesting portion of mankind. They
are entirely different from us—divided from us by a pale which we
will not, dare not overleap, but from the safe side of which we may
survey, with curious eyes, the strange proceedings which go on
beyond. They are interesting, often, on account of their courage—on
account of their having dared something which we timorously and
anxiously avoid. A murderer or a robber is quite as remarkable a
person, for this reason, as a soldier who has braved some flesh-
shaking danger. He must have given way to some excessive passion;
and all who have ever been transported beyond the bounds of reason
by the violence of any passion whatever, are entitled to the wonder, if
not the admiration, of the rest of the species. Among the inmates of
the Old Tolbooth, some of whom had inhabited it for many years,
there were preserved a few legendary particulars respecting
criminals of distinction, who had formerly been within its walls.
Some of these I have been fortunate enough to pick up.
One of the most distinguished traits in the character of the Old
Tolbooth was, that it had no power of retention over people of
quality. It had something like that faculty which Falstaff attributes to
the lion and himself—of knowing men who ought to be respected on
account of their rank. Almost every criminal of more than the
ordinary rank ever yet confined in it, somehow or other contrived to
get free. An insane peer, who, about the time of the Union,
assassinated a schoolmaster that had married a girl to whom he had
paid improper addresses, escaped while under sentence of death. We
are uncertain whether the following curious fact relates to that
nobleman, or to some other titled offender. It was contrived that the
prisoner should be conveyed out of the Tolbooth in a trunk, and
carried by a porter to Leith, where some sailors were to be ready with
a boat to take him aboard a vessel about to leave Scotland. The plot
succeeded so far as the escape from jail was concerned, but was
knocked on the head by an unlucky and most ridiculous
contretemps. It so happened that the porter, in arranging the trunk
upon his back, placed the end which corresponded with the feet of
the prisoner uppermost. The head of the unfortunate nobleman was
therefore pressed against the lower end of the box, and had to
sustain the weight of the whole body. The posture was the most
uneasy imaginable. Yet life was preferable to ease. He permitted
himself to be taken away. The porter trudged along the Krames with
the trunk, quite unconscious of its contents, and soon reached the
High Street, which he also traversed. On reaching the Netherbow, he
met an acquaintance, who asked him where he was going with that
large burden. To Leith, was the answer. The other enquired if the job
was good enough to afford a potation before proceeding farther upon
so long a journey. This being replied to in the affirmative, and the
carrier of the box feeling in his throat the philosophy of his friend’s
enquiry, it was agreed that they should adjourn to a neighbouring
tavern. Meanwhile, the third party, whose inclinations had not been
consulted in this arrangement, felt in his neck the agony of ten
thousand decapitations, and almost wished that it were at once well
over with him in the Grassmarket. But his agonies were not destined
to be of long duration. The porter, in depositing him upon the
causeway, happened to make the end of the trunk come down with
such precipitation, that, unable to bear it any longer, the prisoner
fairly roared out, and immediately after fainted. The consternation of
the porter, on hearing a noise from his burden, was of course
excessive; but he soon acquired presence of mind enough to conceive
the occasion. He proceeded to unloose and to burst open the trunk,
when the hapless nobleman was discovered in a state of insensibility;
and as a crowd collected immediately, and the City Guard were not
long in coming forward, there was of course no farther chance of
escape. The prisoner did not revive from his swoon till he had been
safely deposited in his old quarters. But, if we recollect aright, he
eventually escaped in another way.
Of Porteous, whose crime—if crime existed—was so sufficiently
atoned for by the mode of his death, an anecdote which has the
additional merit of being connected with the Old Tolbooth, may here
be acceptable. One day, some years before his trial, as he was walking
up Liberton’s Wynd, he encountered one of the numerous hens,
which, along with swine, then haunted the streets of the Scottish
capital. For some reason which has not been recorded, he struck this
hen with his cane, so that it immediately died. The affair caused the
neighbours to gather round, and it was universally thought that the
case was peculiarly hard, inasmuch as the bird was a “clocker,” and
left behind it a numerous brood of orphan chickens. Before the
captain had left the spot, the proprietrix of the hen, an old woman
who lived in the upper flat of a house close by, looked over her
window, and poured down upon the slayer’s head a whole “gardeloo”
of obloquy and reproach, saying, among other things, that “she
wished he might have as many witnesses present at his hinder-end as
there were feathers in that hen.”[3]
3. It is but charity to suppose Porteous might, in this case, be only
endeavouring to introduce a better system of street police than had formerly
prevailed. It is not many years since the magistrates of a southern burgh drew
down the unqualified wrath of all the good women there by attempting to
confiscate and remove the filth which had been privileged to grace the causeway
from time immemorial.
Porteous went away, not unaffected, as it would appear, by these
idle words. On the night destined to be his last on earth, he told the
story of the hen to the friends who then met in the jail to celebrate
his reprieve from the execution which was to have taken place that
day; and the prophetess of Liberton’s Wynd was honoured with