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Textbook Handbook of Trait Narcissism Key Advances Research Methods and Controversies Anthony D Hermann Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Handbook of Trait Narcissism Key Advances Research Methods and Controversies Anthony D Hermann Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Anthony D. Hermann · Amy B. Brunell
Joshua D. Foster Editors
Handbook
of Trait
Narcissism
Key Advances, Research Methods, and
Controversies
Handbook of Trait Narcissism
Anthony D. Hermann • Amy B. Brunell
Joshua D. Foster
Editors
Handbook of Trait
Narcissism
Key Advances, Research Methods,
and Controversies
Editors
Anthony D. Hermann Amy B. Brunell
Department of Psychology Department of Psychology
Bradley University Ohio State University at Mansfield
Peoria, IL, USA Mansfield, OH, USA
Joshua D. Foster
Department of Psychology
University of South Alabama
Mobile, AL, USA
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
v
vi Preface
vii
viii Contents
xi
xii Contributors
xvii
xviii About the Editors
skinned, hypervigilant, shy). In general, grandi- reference to others for self-definition and self-
ose narcissism is associated with traits such as esteem regulation; exaggerated self- appraisal
immodesty, interpersonal dominance, self- inflated or deflated, or vacillating between
absorption, callousness, and manipulativeness; extremes; emotional regulation mirrors fluctua-
grandiose narcissism also tends to be positively tions in self-esteem”) (APA, 2013, p. 767).
related to self-esteem and negatively related to The purpose of this chapter is to draw upon
psychological distress. Alternatively, vulnerable the theoretical and empirical literature to delin-
narcissism is associated with increased rates of eate the distinguishing characteristics of grandi-
psychological distress and negative emotions ose and vulnerable narcissism, as well as NPD. To
(e.g., anxiety, shame), low self-esteem and feel- do so, we use the framework of the most promi-
ings of inferiority, as well as egocentric and hos- nent general and pathological personality trait
tile interpersonal behaviors. Both, however, are model – the five-factor model (FFM; e.g., Costa
thought to contain a core of antagonism (e.g., & McCrea, 1992). Finally, we discuss the diag-
Miller, Lynam, Hyatt, & Campbell, 2017), nostic model of NPD used in Section III of the
although this is weaker in vulnerable narcissism DSM-5 in view of the empirical literature.
than grandiose, at least according to how they are
currently operationalized.
There remain questions as to how these grandi- Trait-Based Understanding
ose and vulnerable narcissism dimensions fit into of Narcissism
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders-5 (DSM-5; APA, 2013)/DSM-IV Some of the most constructive tools for identifying
(APA, 1994)-based construct of NPD. Factor distinguishing characteristics of vulnerable narcis-
analyses of NPD symptoms indicate that the sism, grandiose narcissism, and NPD have been
DSM-IV NPD criteria set is either primarily (i.e., various structural models of “normal” or “general”
six of nine symptoms; Fossati et al., 2005) or personality such as the FFM, which are now instan-
entirely (Miller, Hoffman, Campbell, & Pilkonis, tiated in the DSM-5 to represent more pathological
2008) consistent with grandiose narcissism, variants of these traits. Multiple studies have dem-
although self-report measures can inadvertently onstrated that personality disorders can be concep-
vary in the dimension captured (e.g., Miller et al., tualized and assessed using models of general
2014). Nonetheless, the DSM-IV/5 text associ- personality like the FFM (Lynam & Widiger, 2001;
ated with NPD includes content indicative of vul- Miller, Lynam, Widiger, & Leukefeld, 2001;
nerability and fragility, such as the following: Miller, Reynolds, & Pilkonis, 2004). With respect
Vulnerability in self-esteem makes individuals to narcissism, we review previous expert ratings
with narcissistic personality disorder very sensitive and meta-analyses in order to delineate the rela-
to “injury” from criticism or defeat. Although they tions between these three narcissism dimensions
may not show it outwardly, criticism may haunt and general models of personality as assessed by
these individuals and may leave them feeling
humiliated, degraded, hollow, and empty. (APA, the FFM. The FFM is particularly well suited to
2000, p. 715) this task as it provides a more comprehensive rep-
resentation of traits related to straightforwardness/
Although the DSM-IV categorical model was sincerity and modesty than other similar models of
retained in the DSM-5 as the primary diagnostic personality (i.e., Big Five; John, Donahue, &
system, an alternative model of PDs was included Kentle, 1991), which may meaningfully underesti-
in Section III in order to encourage further study. mate the relation between grandiose narcissism
The alternative DSM-5 model of NPD similarly and an antagonistic interpersonal style (Miller &
involves primarily grandiose elements (Criterion Maples, 2011; Miller et al., 2011).
B trait facets: grandiosity, attention seeking), We have included tables of relevant relations
although the personality dysfunction required in between the FFM and narcissism dimensions to
Criterion A includes vulnerability (e.g., “excessive guide the reader (i.e., Tables 1.1 and 1.2).
1 Distinguishing Between Grandiose Narcissism, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Narcissistic Personality… 5
Second, the two differ to some degree, however, suggests that individuals with NPD symptoms
with regard to the role of extraversion with stron- respond to perceived dominance from others with
ger relations found for grandiose narcissism than increased quarrelsomeness (Wright et al., 2017).
NPD. It is important to note that research sug- As noted previously, the common core of
gests that extraversion might actually be parsed grandiose and vulnerable narcissism appears to
further into two components: agentic and com- be interpersonal antagonism or (low) agreeable-
munal positive emotionality/extraversion. Church ness from an FFM perspective Miller et al.,
(1994) described agentic positive emotionality as 2018). However, even within this interpersonal
measuring “generalized social and work domain, the traits associated with grandiose and
effectance,” whereas communal positive emo- vulnerable narcissism are not identical.
tionality “emphasizes interpersonal connected- Vulnerable individuals tend to be particularly low
ness” (p. 899). FFM facets that appeared to be in interpersonal trust, even relative to grandiose
commonly elevated in narcissism are those that individuals (see Table 1.1). Miller et al. (2010)
are more closely associated with agentic positive have suggested that individuals high on vulnera-
emotionality (i.e., assertiveness, excitement seek- ble narcissism may manifest a hostile attribution
ing). Third, although research on the personality bias such that they read malevolent intent in the
correlates of vulnerable narcissism has just actions of others and that these attributions may
begun, the extant data suggest that it represents a lead to more overtly problematic interpersonal
construct that is largely divergent from NPD and behavior. In contrast, grandiosely narcissistic
grandiose narcissism. From an FFM perspective, individuals tend to be particularly high in immod-
vulnerable narcissism is primarily composed of esty even relative to vulnerable individuals (see
the tendency to experience a wide array of nega- Table 1.1). Therefore, although individuals high
tive emotions such as depression, self- on either narcissism dimension behave antago-
consciousness, stress, anxiety, and urgency, nistically, the motivation behind these behaviors
consistent with evidence that FFM neuroticism may be quite different. For instance, the antago-
accounts for 65% of the variance in vulnerable nism found among individuals elevated on vul-
narcissism scores (Miller et al., 2017). nerable narcissism may be motivated by hostile
Furthermore, vulnerable individuals exhibit attribution bias, whereas it may be motivated by
explicit low self-esteem, while grandiose indi- needs for self-enhancement, status, and superior-
viduals exhibit high explicit self-esteem most ity among more grandiose individuals.
likely due to grandiose narcissism and self- These opposing motives may also explain
esteem manifesting similar relations with extra- observed differential relations between grandi-
version and (low) neuroticism (Miller & ose/vulnerable narcissism and aggressive behav-
Campbell, 2008; Miller et al., 2010; Pincus et al., ior. Grandiose and vulnerable individuals tend to
2009). However, although abundant empirical both exhibit higher rates of reactive aggression,
evidence indicates that neuroticism does not sig- but grandiose individuals may uniquely exhibit
nificantly underlie grandiose narcissism, one ele- proactive aggression, a more instrumental form
ment of neuroticism may. Both grandiose and of aggression that could be employed in the ser-
vulnerable share meaningful relations with FFM vice of self-enhancement motives (Vize et al.,
angry-hostility (r = 0.25 and 0.45, respectively). 2017). Notably, however, at least one study sug-
These relations are consistent with recent find- gests that vulnerable individuals, despite indicat-
ings suggesting that even the most prototypically ing higher levels of self-reported reactive
grandiose individuals exhibit anger for signifi- aggression, do not exhibit higher levels of behav-
cant periods of time in response to ego threat ioral aggression or increased testosterone pro-
(Hyatt et al., 2017). Longitudinal research is duction in a laboratory-based behavioral
needed to elucidate the proximal and distal causes aggression paradigm, while grandiose individu-
of anger that may differ across grandiose and als do (Lobbestael, Baumeister, Fiebig, & Eckel,
vulnerable narcissism. For instance, research 2014). Thus, more research, especially that using
1 Distinguishing Between Grandiose Narcissism, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Narcissistic Personality… 9
two traits to assess NPD as part of Criterion B is clear that the DSM-5 model should include
(i.e., grandiosity, attention seeking) may provide some representation of vulnerability for cases
inadequate coverage of the NPD construct. NPD where it is relevant.
is assessed with 50% fewer traits than the PD Research to date demonstrates that while the
measured with the next fewest (4 – obsessive- two traits articulated in Criterion B do a fairly
compulsive, schizotypal) and less than 30% of good job of accounting for variance in measures
some other PDs (e.g., 7, antisocial). Whether the of grandiose narcissism (i.e., R2 = 63%), the same
limited number of traits articulated for NPD was is not true for vulnerable narcissism (i.e.,
due to its last-minute inclusion (NPD was slated R2 = 19%; Miller, Gentile, Wilson, & Campbell,
for deletion until being reinstated; Miller, 2013). It is our contention that the core of narcis-
Widiger, & Campbell, 2010b) or concerns with sism/NPD are traits related to interpersonal
discriminant validity with PDs such as antisocial, antagonism and that traits from this domain
it is likely that additional traits would be helpful should form the bedrock of its assessment in
in capturing this construct. In fact, experts believe DSM. We believe the traits used should be
there are several other traits from the DSM-5 expanded to include other relevant traits beyond
alternative PD trait model that are relevant to grandiosity and attention seeking, particularly
NPD including manipulativeness, callousness, those emphasized by other expert-based charac-
risk taking, and hostility (Samuel & Widiger, terizations (e.g., manipulativeness, callousness,
2008; Samuel, Lynam, Widiger, & Ball, 2012). If entitlement; Ackerman, Hands, Donnellan,
the latter is the case, we believe that the overall Hopwood, & Witt, 2016; Lynam & Widiger,
construct validity of NPD’s diagnosis must be 2001; Samuel et al., 2012) and indicated by FFM-
prioritized over discriminant validity-related NPD relations (e.g., manipulativeness, hostility,
concerns and that NPD should be conceptualized deceitfulness, callousness; Samuel & Widiger,
in a rigorous and content-valid manner, even if 2008) and by recent work demonstrating that cer-
the inclusion of these additional traits increases tain emotionally reactive personality traits are
its overlap with near-neighbor disorders like found in prototypically grandiose individuals
antisocial PD (Miller et al., 2017). Such overlap (e.g., hostility; Gore & Widiger, 2016; Hyatt
is to be expected when one works from the per- et al., 2017).
spective that all PDs represent configurations of Next, we would include specifiers that would
some limited number of general/pathological allow for the delineation of more grandiose (e.g.,
traits (Lynam & Widiger, 2001). attention seeking, domineering) and vulnerable
Second, the alternative model of NPD as cur- forms of narcissism (e.g., depressivity, anxious-
rently presented fails to adequately reflect a ness, separation anxiety). The flexibility of this
growing body of research that supports the addi- trait-based approach is ideal for allowing many
tion of traits reflecting vulnerably narcissistic different representations of narcissism, beyond
features (e.g., Miller & Campbell, 2008). the two that have been the focus of substantial
Descriptions of these features have been found in discussion and study in the literature. For
numerous clinical accounts of the disorder (Cain instance, it is easy to imagine the clinical rele-
et al., 2008) with increased empirical attention vance of cases where narcissistic traits (e.g.,
growing rapidly in the last 10–15 years (e.g., grandiosity, callousness) are paired with traits
Miller et al., 2010b, 2011; Pincus et al., 2009). from the domain of psychoticism (e.g., unusual
While there remains substantial ongoing debate beliefs, eccentricity).
as to the role of these vulnerable features in NPD Third, the alternative model’s assessment of
(e.g., do all narcissistic individuals experience impairment can be improved upon in at least
both grandiosity and vulnerability via a pattern of two ways. Growing evidence suggests that
oscillation vs. many individuals fitting predomi- impairment, as currently operationalized, may
nantly into a singular dimension (i.e., grandiose not contribute further information beyond traits
narcissism only; vulnerable narcissism only)), it (Bastiaansen et al., 2016; Few et al., 2013;
1 Distinguishing Between Grandiose Narcissism, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Narcissistic Personality… 11
Sleep, Wygant, & Miller, 2017), suggesting that account for the many different presentations of
greater incremental validity and clinical utility narcissism that go beyond the grandiose vs. vul-
might be had by replacing Criterion A with a set nerable distinction that has been the focus of
of criteria that overlaps less substantially with research for the past decade. For instance,
the underlying traits. We believe these criteria research has generally shown a bifurcation in
should be more directly tied to functioning in how grandiose (positively) and vulnerable narcis-
specific domains (e.g., work and love) but also sism (negatively) relate to self-esteem. However,
be widened in its purview to include impair- a three-factor model shows that further differen-
ment caused to others, which is particularly rel- tiation is necessary and helpful such that the core
evant to constructs like NPD (Miller, Campbell, of narcissism – antagonism – is unrelated to self-
& Pilkonis, 2007; Pilkonis, Hallquist, Morse, & esteem, while the extraverted/agentic component
Stepp, 2011). In addition, we believe the order- is positively related and the vulnerable/neurotic
ing which the Criteria A (impairment) and B component is negatively related. This three-factor
(pathological traits) are assessed should be model, which has close ties to three of the five
reversed, such that impairment is assessed only major domains of personality, provides a frame-
after one has determined whether there is the work for examining the mechanisms that under-
presence of pathological traits (e.g., Widiger, lie narcissism’s relations with both maladaptive
Costa, & McCrae, 2002). This ordering is both and adaptive functioning. Ultimately, we believe
more logically coherent and should increase that the field is now well situated to unify schol-
efficiency. arly perspectives on narcissism into a singular
integrative model.
Future Directions
References
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