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Handbook of Pediatric Behavioral

Healthcare An Interdisciplinary
Collaborative Approach Susan G.
Forman
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Susan G. Forman · Jeffrey D. Shahidullah
Editors

Handbook of
Pediatric Behavioral
Healthcare
An Interdisciplinary Collaborative Approach
Handbook of Pediatric Behavioral
Healthcare
Susan G. Forman
Jeffrey D. Shahidullah
Editors

Handbook of Pediatric
Behavioral Healthcare
An Interdisciplinary Collaborative
Approach
Editors
Susan G. Forman Jeffrey D. Shahidullah
Department of School Psychology Department of School Psychology
Graduate School of Applied and Graduate School of Applied and
Professional Psychology, Rutgers, Professional Psychology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey The State University of New Jersey
New Brunswick, NJ, USA New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Department of Pediatrics
Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson
Medical School
New Brunswick, NJ, USA

ISBN 978-3-030-00790-4    ISBN 978-3-030-00791-1 (eBook)


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00791-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961587

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018


This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
SGF
To Karen L. Westphal and Krista J. Stewart. First students, now
lifelong friends.
JDS
In memory of my grandfather, Donald R. Clapp (1937–2013),
for his love and encouragement.
Preface

The need for an interdisciplinary, collaborative approach to the provision of


behavioral healthcare for children and adolescents has become apparent as a
result of the comorbidity of physical and behavioral health problems; the preva-
lence of a range of mental health issues; the lack of access to behavioral health
services for substantial numbers of youth and families in need of treatment,
evidence-based treatments that in some cases are both pharmacologically and
behaviorally based; and the need for evaluating treatment outcomes in multiple
settings to which varying professionals have access. This book addresses the
delivery of high-quality pediatric behavioral healthcare services that are multi-
tiered, evidence-based, and integrated, involving interprofessional collabora-
tion across child serving systems, such as the pediatrician’s office and the
school. The book sets forth an approach that reflects the relationship between
biological and psychosocial development and between pediatric physical health
and behavioral health problems. Behavioral aspects of commonly occurring
chronic physical health conditions as well as physical health aspects of high-
incidence mental health and educational problems are addressed. Service
delivery approaches that emphasize prevention as well as treatment and rec-
ognize the role of systems in youth functioning are described.
This volume provides direction for facilitating interprofessional and inter-
organizational collaboration around screening, assessment, and diagnosis,
prevention and treatment planning and provision, and treatment monitoring
and evaluation. It will be a resource for the wide range of professionals
involved in behavioral health and physical health service delivery for pediat-
ric populations. These professionals include practitioners in pediatric medi-
cine, clinical and school psychology, nursing, counseling, social work,
marriage and family therapy, physical therapy, pharmacy, and public health,
as well as university trainers, researchers, and policy-makers in these areas.
The book is organized in four parts which address the following topics: foun-
dations of interdisciplinary, collaborative practice; behavioral health aspects
of chronic physical health conditions; physical health implications of behav-
ioral health and educational problems; and crosscutting issues relevant to
common pediatric conditions.
The first part of the book, Foundations of Collaborative Pediatric
Healthcare: Theory and Frameworks, addresses foundational issues in col-
laborative pediatric behavioral healthcare service delivery. Theoretical bases
for this approach to healthcare are included, as well as the essential elements
and processes of this approach. This part includes chapters on Systems of

vii
viii Preface

Pediatric Healthcare Delivery and the Social-Ecological Framework; Multi-­


tiered, Evidence-Based Systems of Support; and Interprofessional
Collaboration.
The second part of the book, Chronic Physical Health Conditions:
Behavioral Health Aspects, addresses behavioral health issues associated
with common chronic pediatric physical health conditions. Chapters include
Obesity, Diabetes, Asthma, Epilepsy, Traumatic Brain Injury/Concussion,
Cancer, and Chronic and Recurrent Pain. Each chapter addresses (a) back-
ground—definition, etiology, diagnosis, prevalence, physical health out-
comes; (b) psychosocial concomitants and consequences; (c) psychosocial
screening and assessment/evaluation; (d) prevention and intervention; (e)
implications for interprofessional care; (f) a case study; and (g) conclusions
and future directions.
The third part, Behavioral Health and Education Problems: Physical
Health Implications, addresses common pediatric behavioral health and edu-
cational issues that have significant physical health concomitants and impli-
cations and/or are likely to present in pediatric medical practices. Chapters
include Externalizing Disorders, Internalizing Disorders, Attention-Deficit/
Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Learning Disabilities,
Substance Abuse, Eating Disorders, and Sleep Disorders. Each chapter
addresses (a) background—definition, etiology, diagnosis, prevalence, out-
comes; (b) physical health implications; (c) screening and assessment/evalu-
ation; (d) prevention and intervention; (e) implications for interprofessional
care; (f) a case study; and (g) conclusions and future directions.
The last part, Cross-Cutting Issues, addresses issues that cut across behav-
ioral health service provision for common pediatric conditions. Chapters
include Coping with Chronic Illness and Medical Stress, Treatment
Adherence, and School Reintegration After Illness. Each of these addresses:
(a) definition and prevalence of the issue; (b) assessment, prevention/inter-
vention, monitoring, and evaluation approaches; (c) implications for interpro-
fessional care; (d) a case study; and (e) conclusions and future directions. The
final chapter in this part, Future Directions for Integrated Pediatric Behavioral
Healthcare, synthesizes major issues presented in this volume and presents a
set of conclusions and areas for future work that will lead to progress in high-­
quality behavioral health service delivery.
It is our hope that this volume will provide a knowledge base for healthcare
practitioners who wish to move forward in provision of integrated services and
for the university-based educators who provide training for future and current
professionals. In addition, we hope that this book sheds light on the organiza-
tional and systems issues that are barriers to integrated service delivery and the
actions that administrators and managers in healthcare organizations can take
to address these barriers and facilitate integrated professional functioning.
Finally, we also hope that in presenting the current knowledge base, we have
illuminated areas for further research, the results of which can make the poten-
tial of integrated pediatric behavioral healthcare a reality.

New Brunswick, NJ, USA Susan G. Forman


New Brunswick, NJ, USA  Jeffrey D. Shahidullah
Contents

Part I Foundations of Collaborative Pediatric Behavioral Healthcare:


Theory and Frameworks

1 Systems of Pediatric Healthcare Delivery


and the Social-Ecological Framework ����������������������������������������    3
Jeffrey D. Shahidullah, Erica Lee, Rachel Shafrir,
and Liza Pincus
2 Multi-tiered, Evidence-Based Systems of Support���������������������   17
Thomas J. Power and Seth D. Laracy
3 Interprofessional Collaboration����������������������������������������������������   31
Susan G. Forman, Anindita Chaudhuri, and Christina Barone

Part II Chronic Physical Health Conditions:


Behavioral Health Aspects

4 Obesity��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   47
Tarrah Mitchell and David Janicke
5 Diabetes�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 59
Kathy L. Bradley-Klug and Emily Shaffer-Hudkins
6 Asthma��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   73
Mallory Netz, David Fedele, Susan Horky, and Sreekala
Prabhakaran
7 Epilepsy�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 85
Katherine Follansbee-Junger, Aimee W. Smith,
Shanna Guilfoyle, and Avani C. Modi
8 Traumatic Brain Injury/Concussions������������������������������������������   99
Susan Davies and Alison Kolber-Jamieson
9 Cancer �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 113
Kimberly S. Canter, Melissa Alderfer, Corinna L. Schultz,
and Anne Kazak
10 Chronic and Recurrent Pain �������������������������������������������������������� 125
Joanne Dudeney and Emily F. Law

ix
x Contents

Part III Behavioral Health and Educational Problems: Physical


Health Implications

11 Externalizing Disorders������������������������������������������������������������������ 139


Sean M. O’Dell, Jenna M. Marx, and Monika Parikh
12 Internalizing Disorders������������������������������������������������������������������ 155
Sara S. Frye, Michelle M. Perfect, and Joseph W. Graham
13 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder������������������������������������ 171
John S. Carlson, Danielle Haggerty, and Sally Askar
14 Autism Spectrum Disorder����������������������������������������������������������� 185
Kimberly N. Sloman, Kate E. Fiske, and Robert H. LaRue
15 Learning Disabilities���������������������������������������������������������������������� 199
Cody A. Hostutler, Matthew J. Gormley, Seth D. Laracy,
and Melissa Winterhalter
16 Substance Abuse���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 213
Steve Sussman, Burton Cowgill, Ellen Galstyan,
and Jessica Richardson
17 Eating Disorders���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 229
Ilana Brodzki, Kathryn M. Huryk, Arielle F. Casasnovas,
Leslie Sanders, and Katharine L. Loeb
18 Sleep Disorders������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 243
Tawnya J. Meadows, Kathryn W. Hoffses,
and Jessica R. Sevecke

Part IV Cross-Cutting Issues

19 Coping with Chronic Illness and Medical Stress������������������������ 261


Cynthia A. Riccio, Cheryl Maykel, Meiko Howell,
and Melissa A. Bray
20 Treatment Adherence�������������������������������������������������������������������� 275
Kathleen L. Lemanek and Heather L. Yardley
21 School Reintegration After Illness������������������������������������������������ 287
George J. DuPaul, Molly S. Daffner,
and Aliza R. Jaffe
22 Future Directions for Integrated Pediatric
Behavioral Healthcare ������������������������������������������������������������������ 301
Susan G. Forman and Jeffrey D. Shahidullah

Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 313
Contributors

Melissa Alderfer, Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Nemours


Children’s Health System, Wilmington, DE, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas
Jefferson University, Wilmington, DE, USA
Sally Askar, Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education,
College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
Christina Barone, Department of School Psychology, Graduate School of
Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New
Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Kathy L. Bradley-Klug, Department of Educational and Psychological
Studies, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
Melissa A. Bray, Department of Educational Psychology, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
Ilana Brodzki, School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University,
Teaneck, NJ, USA
Kimberly S. Canter, Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Nemours
Children’s Health System, Wilmington, DE, USA
Division of Behavioral Health, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for
Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas
Jefferson University, Wilmington, DE, USA
John S. Carlson, Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special
Education, College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI, USA
Anindita F. Casasnovas, School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson
University, Teaneck, NJ, USA
Anindita Chaudhuri, Department of School Psychology, Graduate School
of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

xi
xii Contributors

Burton Cowgill, Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA


Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Molly S. Daffner, School Psychology Program, College of Education,
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
Susan Davies, Department of Counselor Education and Human Services,
University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
Joanne Dudeney, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development,
Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
George J. DuPaul, Education and Human Services, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, PA, USA
David Fedele, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Arielle F. Casasnovas, School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson
University, Teaneck, NJ, USA
Kate E. Fiske, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology,
Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Katherine Follansbee-Junger, Division of Behavioral Medicine and
Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
Susan G. Forman, Department of School Psychology, Graduate School of
Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New
Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Sara S. Frye, Disability and Psychoeducational Studies, School Psychology
Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Ellen Galstyan, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern
California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Matthew J. Gormley, Department of Educational Psychology, University
of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
Joseph W. Graham, School of Special Education, School Psychology, and
Early Childhood Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Shanna Guilfoyle, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical
Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati,
OH, USA
Danielle Haggerty, Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special
Education, College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI, USA
Kathryn W. Hoffses, Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/A.I. DuPont
Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
Susan Horky, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of
Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
Contributors xiii

Cody A. Hostutler, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University,


Columbus, OH, USA
Meiko Howell, Department of Educational Psychology, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
Kathryn M. Huryk, School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University,
Teaneck, NJ, USA
Aliza R. Jaffe, School Psychology Program, College of Education, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
David Janicke, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Anne Kazak, Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Nemours Children’s
Health System, Wilmington, DE, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas
Jefferson University, Wilmington, DE, USA
Alison Kolber-Jamieson, Department of Counselor Education and Human
Services, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
Seth D. Laracy, Easton Area School District, Easton, PA, USA
Robert H. LaRue, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology,
Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Emily F. Law, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle
Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington
School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
Erica Lee, Department of School Psychology, Graduate School of Applied
and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey,
New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Kathleen L. Lemanek, Department of Pediatric Psychology and
Neuropsychology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH, USA
Katharine L. Loeb, School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University,
Teaneck, NJ, USA
Jenna M. Marx, Department of Psychology, Lebanon Valley College,
Annville, PA, USA
Cheryl Maykel, Department of Education, Rivier University, Nashua, NH,
USA
Tawnya J. Meadows, Division of Psychiatry, Geisinger Health System,
Danville, PA, USA
Tarrah Mitchell, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
xiv Contributors

Avani C. Modi, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology,


Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Mallory Netz, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Sean M. O’Dell, Division of Psychiatry, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
Monika Parikh, Division of Psychiatry, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
Michelle M. Perfect, Disability and Psychoeducational Studies, School
Psychology Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Liza Pincus, Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of
Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New
Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Thomas J. Power, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
PA, USA
Sreekala Prabhakaran, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida
College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
Cynthia A. Riccio, Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M
University, College Station, TX, USA
Jessica Richardson, Cancer Prevention and Control Research, UCLA
Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Leslie Sanders, Adolescent Health Center, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New
York, NY, USA
Jessica R. Sevecke, Division of Psychiatry, Geisinger Health System,
Danville, PA, USA
Emily Shaffer-Hudkins, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of
Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
Rachel Shafrir, Department of School Psychology, Graduate School of
Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New
Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Jeffrey D. Shahidullah, Department of School Psychology, Graduate
School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, The State University
of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School,
New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Corinna L. Schultz, Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Nemours
Children’s Health System, Wilmington, DE, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas
Jefferson University, Wilmington, DE, USA
Contributors xv

Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Health System,
Wilmington, DE, USA
Kimberly N. Sloman, The Scott Center for Autism Treatment, Florida
Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
Aimee W. Smith, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Steve Sussman, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of
Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Melissa Winterhalter, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s
Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
Heather L. Yardley, Department of Pediatric Psychology and
Neuropsychology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH, USA
About the Editors

Susan G. Forman, PhD, is a university professor at Rutgers, the State


University of New Jersey. She has served as chair of the Department of
Applied Psychology, director of clinical training for the School Psychology
Program in the Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, and
vice president for undergraduate education at Rutgers. Prior to coming to
Rutgers, she was a professor of psychology and also served as an associate
provost at the University of South Carolina.
Her research and scholarship focus on factors that influence intervention
implementation, the implementation of interprofessional collaborative
approaches to pediatric behavioral healthcare, and the effectiveness of behav-
ioral and cognitive-behavioral interventions in educational settings. She has
authored approximately 100 publications, including Implementation of
Mental Health Programs in Schools: A Change Agent’s Guide, published by
the American Psychological Association. She has served on the editorial
boards of many psychology and education journals, including School
Psychology Review and the Journal of School Psychology. Her work has been
supported by grants from the US Department of Education, the National
Institute on Drug Abuse, the National Institute of Mental Health, the National
Science Foundation, and the American Psychological Association, as well as
a number of corporate and family foundations.
She has also served on the executive boards of the School Psychology
Division of the American Psychological Association and the National
Association of School Psychologists and has served as chair of the Council of
Directors of School Psychology Programs. She is a fellow of the American
Psychological Association and has been elected to membership in the Society
for the Study of School Psychology based on her scientific contributions to
the field.

Jeffrey D. Shahidullah, PhD, is a licensed psychologist, a National Register


Health Service Psychologist (HSP), and a Nationally Certified School
Psychologist (NCSP). He is currently an assistant professor of school psychol-
ogy within the Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology at
Rutgers University. He also holds an appointment as an adjunct assistant pro-
fessor of pediatrics at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. Dr.
Shahidullah earned a BA in psychology and EdS in school psychology from
Baylor University. He then earned a PhD in school psychology at Michigan
State University. He completed his APA-accredited predoctoral internship at

xvii
xviii About the Editors

the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and postdoctoral fellowship


at Geisinger Medical Center, both in pediatric psychology. While at CHOP, he
was a Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental Disabilities (LEND) fel-
low. Dr. Shahidullah’s clinical, research, and training interests pertain to the
development and delivery of models of integrated behavioral healthcare that
are evidence-based and coordinated among the numerous systems in which
children and adolescents interact—the family, school, community, and health-
care system. He is also interested in models of interdisciplinary training and
collaboration among healthcare providers.
Part I
Foundations of Collaborative Pediatric
Behavioral Healthcare: Theory
and Frameworks
Systems of Pediatric Healthcare
Delivery and the Social-Ecological 1
Framework

Jeffrey D. Shahidullah, Erica Lee, Rachel Shafrir,


and Liza Pincus

Abstract and not coordinated among the numerous


Research continues to elucidate the finding ­systems (e.g., family, school, healthcare) in
that children’s functioning is composed of which children interact. This chapter aims to
numerous interdependent influences such as highlight the importance of using a broader
physical and psychological health, and systems orientation and social-ecological
ecological contexts which are inextricably
­ framework in pediatric healthcare delivery.
linked. However, our nation’s healthcare
delivery system has not traditionally followed
this framework in adequately addressing
whole-person needs within a holistic frame-  urrent Status of Physical
C
work. This care has often been fragmented and Behavioral Health Problems
(i.e., physical health providers functioning
separately from behavioral health providers) Chronic health conditions among children and
adolescents in the United States cause significant
J. D. Shahidullah (*) impairment in individuals and families, as well as
Department of School Psychology, Graduate School financial burden to school and medical systems,
of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, employers, and federal spending. Defined as a
The State University of New Jersey, prolonged health issue that prevents children or
New Brunswick, NJ, USA
adolescents from attending school regularly, or
Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood doing usual schoolwork or activities, the ­estimated
Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
e-mail: js2326@gsapp.rutgers.edu prevalence of chronic health conditions in US
children is 15–18 million (25%) according to the
E. Lee · R. Shafrir
Department of School Psychology, Graduate School National Survey of Youth-Child Cohort (Van
of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, Cleave, Gortmaker, & Perrin, 2010).
The State University of New Jersey, One implication of this high prevalence of
New Brunswick, NJ, USA
chronic health conditions among children is the
e-mail: erica.lee@gsapp.rutgers.edu; rbs120@gsapp.
rutgers.edu likelihood that these conditions will persist into
adulthood. For example, childhood obesity is the
L. Pincus
Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School strongest predictor of adult obesity (Whitaker,
of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, Wright, Pepe, Seidel, & Dietz, 1997). Therefore,
The State University of New Jersey, children risk cardiovascular disease, ­hypertension,
New Brunswick, NJ, USA
orthopedic problems, and social stigmatization in
e-mail: liza.pincus@gsapp.rutgers.edu

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 3


S. G. Forman, J. D. Shahidullah (eds.), Handbook of Pediatric Behavioral Healthcare,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00791-1_1
4 J. D. Shahidullah et al.

adulthood. Obese children are more likely to  ealthcare Delivery in the United
H
need disability services when they become adults, States for Children and Adolescents
leading to higher welfare costs, lower employ-
ment, and lower educational status than n­ on-obese Pediatric healthcare in America is a study in
individuals. As another example, asthma persists ­contrast. On the one hand, the USA spends more
in adulthood in at least 25% of individuals. money on healthcare than any country in the world;
Roughly 1.4% of children experience disability on the other hand, patients and their families often
due to their asthma, and asthma-­related expendi- struggle with inadequate insurance coverage for
tures continue to increase into adulthood (Perrin, common behavioral health concerns due to “carve-
Bloom, & Gortmaker, 2007). outs” (insurance company relegates behavioral care
According to mental health surveillance to separate company in which they contract with)
among children from 2005 to 2011 (Perou et al., and limited provider panels (The Commonwealth
2013), 13–20% of US children experienced a Fund, 2015). Many children have access to special-
mental disorder in a given year. Most commonly, ist providers, renowned hospitals, and specialty care
children were diagnosed with ADHD (6.8%), fol- centers across the nation that provide leading edge
lowed by behavioral or conduct problems (3.5%), care; yet, many children lack access to timely and
anxiety (3.0%), depression (2.1%), autism spec- appropriate care and “fall through the cracks” in
trum disorder (1.1%), and Tourette syndrome terms of healthcare access, especially during pivotal
(0.2%). Approximately 4.7% of adolescents aged times in which an illness is developing or its effects
12–17 reported illicit drug use in the past year, could be remediated more effectively by prevention
4.2% reported an alcohol abuse disorder in the and early intervention efforts. Research continues to
past year, and 2.8% reported cigarette depen- elucidate the finding that children’s functioning is
dence in the past month. The suicide rate for ado- composed of numerous interdependent influences
lescents aged 10–19 was 4.5 suicides per 100,000 such as physical and psychological health, and eco-
persons in 2010 (Perou et al., 2013). An estimated logical contexts which are inextricably linked.
40% of children with one psychiatric disorder However, our nation’s healthcare delivery system
meet criteria for at least one other (Costello, has not traditionally followed this framework in
Mustillo, Erkanli, Keeler, & Angold, 2003). terms of adequately addressing whole-person needs
Children with mental disorders are at greater risk within a holistic framework. This care has often
for chronic physical health conditions such as been fragmented (i.e., physical health providers
diabetes, asthma, and epilepsy than children functioning separately from behavioral health pro-
without mental disorders (Perou et al., 2013). viders) and not coordinated among the numerous
Mental disorders among individuals under the systems (e.g., family, school, healthcare) in which
age of 24 cost $247 billion annually in the USA, children interact.
including spending on healthcare, special educa- These realities of service delivery are particu-
tion, and juvenile justice services, as well as from larly concerning given the increasing number of
decreased productivity (Perou et al., 2013). Costs youth in America who experience physical health
to children and adolescents include difficulties at (Perrin et al., 2007) and behavioral health con-
home, with peers, and at school (Kessler, Foster, cerns (Perou et al., 2013). In response to dissatis-
Saunders, & Stang, 1995), as well as associated faction with the state of the healthcare delivery
risks for substance use, criminal behavior, and system, a number of innovations have regained
other risk-taking behaviors (Copeland, Miller-­ traction (e.g., integrated care and patient-­centered
Johnson, Keeler, Angold, & Costello, 2007). medical home models), or have been initiated
Because youth with mental health problems are (e.g., “Triple Aim” goals and the Affordable Care
also at risk for mental disorders in adulthood, this Act [ACA]) over the past decade to improve deliv-
in turn contributes to decreased productivity, ery and patient outcomes (Tanenbaum, 2017).
increased risk of substance use and injury, and Guiding principles of these initiatives include
further healthcare spending. team-based care, consisting of a unified approach
1 Systems of Pediatric Healthcare Delivery and the Social-Ecological Framework 5

from providers across multiple child-­ serving the AAP released its Standards of Child Care
­systems to promote health and prevent disease. Report, stating: “For children with chronic
­diseases or disabling conditions, the lack of a
complete record and a ‘medical home’ is a major
Integrated Care deterrent to adequate health supervision.
Wherever the child is cared for, the question
The concept of integrated care (i.e., the system- should be asked, ‘Where is the child’s medical
atic coordination of physical and behavioral home?’ and any pertinent information should be
healthcare) is not new. For over half a century, transmitted to that place” (Sia, Tonniges,
Kaiser Permanente has been experimenting with Osterhus, & Taba, 2004, pp. 77–79). The patient-­
integrated care models in their clinics (The centered medical home model in its current state
Commonwealth Fund, 2009). Since then, the is intended to facilitate interdisciplinary collabo-
integrated care movement has progressed in fits ration around both physical and behavioral health
and starts. The ACA and patient-centered medi- concerns in an accessible primary care setting.
cal home concepts have recently progressed the The model also positions behavioral health pro-
movement and have created ways for disciplines viders to operate as part of the healthcare team,
that have previously been underrepresented and/ rather than be relegated to specialty care, where
or relegated to “specialty care” (e.g., psychology, they are often inaccessible for families. This
social work, addiction counseling) to take promi- inaccessibility is due to several factors, notably
nent roles in primary healthcare. transportation, location, costs/reimbursement,
In our nation’s healthcare system, physical and stigma in accessing mental health support
health and behavioral health services have tradi- (Cummings & O’Donohue, 2011). A set of joint
tionally been rendered by different providers and guidelines put forth by the American Academy of
in separate settings. Communication and collabo- Family Physicians, American Academy of
ration between physical health and behavioral Pediatrics, American Academy of Physicians,
health providers has generally been suboptimal and the American Osteopathic Association (2007)
(Cummings & O’Donohue, 2011). This fragmen- emphasized the patient-centered medical home’s
tation is thought to be the cause of much of our role in promoting comprehensive, team-based,
health system’s inefficiencies because of duplica- coordinated, and compassionate care via a whole-­
tion of services and/or failure to address critical person orientation that encourages shared
aspects of care that are assumed to be the respon- decision-­making. These goals of the patient-­
sibility of another (e.g., failure to address con- centered medical home are facilitated through
tributory mental health issues). This fragmentation integrated care.
has been eased somewhat by the use of electronic
health records within healthcare systems and the
patient-centered medical home model in the con- Triple Aim Goals
text of integrated care. However, we still have a
ways to go in terms of integrating behavioral The Triple Aim of healthcare reform was p­ roposed
health systems with physical health systems. by Don Berwick, Nolan, and Whittingham (2008)
at the Institute for Health Improvement as a frame-
work for optimizing health system p­ erformance by
 atient-Centered Medical Home
P simultaneously: (1) Improving the individual expe-
Model rience of care, (2) Improving the health of popula-
tions, and (3) Reducing per capita healthcare costs.
The term “patient-centered medical home” was Berwick points out that each of these ­indicators
originally developed in the field of pediatrics in reciprocally influences the other two. For example,
1967 (American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP] coordinating behavioral health ­ intervention into
Specialty Council on Pediatric Practice) when medical care may improve underlying behavioral
6 J. D. Shahidullah et al.

lifestyle causes/contributors of many chronic (Aim 2: Improve health of populations); and by


health conditions (e.g., tobacco use, diet and activ- making adequate health insurance coverage more
ity patterns, alcohol abuse/illicit drug use, sexual affordable and available to the public by offering
behavior; McGinnis & Foege, 1993) and/or adher- incentives to expand coverage, including offering
ence to treatment regimens. This in turn may recip- first dollar coverage for preventative care and
rocally reduce subsequent hospital/emergency structuring payment based on quality (Aim 3:
room admissions or unnecessary medical proce- Reduce the per capita cost of healthcare).
dures (e.g., diagnostics, imaging). Berwick et al. The passing of the ACA also provided several
(2008) suggested that our nation’s low performance provisions which explicitly encouraged integra-
in each of the aims mirrors the fragmented and tion of behavioral healthcare into primary medical
uncoordinated health delivery system where pro- settings in the context of integrated care. Notable
viders largely operate within professional silos, and changes included new parity regulations (e.g.,
that achieving the Triple Aim must come through Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act)
making healthcare more integrated by encouraging which dictated that payments for psychologists,
providers to rely on interprofessional teams. for example, would be the same as medical spe-
Bodenheimer and Sinsky (2014) added an cialists (Mechanic, 2012). Also, reimbursement
additional aim (i.e., “Quadruple Aim”) of improv- for any DSM-5 diagnosis would receive the same
ing the work life of healthcare providers and their coverage as any medical disorder. Additionally,
experience in providing care. This fourth aim was health coverage offered through Medicaid expan-
added after recognizing that low provider satisfac- sion and the “Health Insurance Marketplace”
tion, which often leads to provider burnout, incorporated the “10 essential health benefits”
impacts our ability to achieve the first three aims. including mental health and substance use disor-
Bodenheimer and Sinsky recognized that part of der benefits. The legislation also required many
the antidote to low provider satisfaction was better insurance plans to cover preventative services like
coordination of care in the context of team-­based behavioral assessments for children in pediatric
care. Ultimately, Berwick and Bodenheimer’s rec- well-child visits, which align with the screening
ommendations signal a paradigm shift that strives recommendations of the AAP (Hagan, Shaw, &
for the unification of our long divorced physical Duncan, 2017).
health and behavioral health systems and repack- However, even after the passing of the ACA,
aging them in a way that is accessible, beneficial, which was intended to address the fragmented
and sustainable from a patient-, provider-, and and uncoordinated system through team-based
population-based perspective. care including behavioral health providers,
patients still experience significant issues with
access to timely and appropriate behavioral
The Affordable Care Act healthcare. Even with more people covered,
behavioral health services largely remained
The Triple Aim concepts have continued to be “carved-out” of many insurance plan carriers.
driving forces behind governmental healthcare Because providers must rely on separate funding
policy—most notably the Patient Protection and streams for these services, many do not offer
Affordable Care Act (ACA, 2010). The ACA was behavioral healthcare services. Many may elect
highly aligned with Triple Aim concepts. ACA to not treat children and adolescents, or may not
elements included the provision of incentives via be accessible from a geographical perspective
“value-based payment” for patient satisfaction given location or transportation barriers. This
goals and consumer assessment of services pro- contributes to low treatment initiation rates for
vided (Aim 1: Improve the experience of care); patients who are referred by their PCPs to spe-
offering patient-centered medical homes, creat- cialty mental healthcare (Kessler, 2012).
ing and delivering Accountable Care Despite the signing of the ACA into law in
Organizations and clinically integrated networks 2010, which allowed millions of previously
1 Systems of Pediatric Healthcare Delivery and the Social-Ecological Framework 7

u­ninsured Americans to access healthcare, the and in which phenomena can be reduced to smaller
future of this healthcare law remains uncertain parts and understood as molecular interactions.
(Obama, 2017). Despite what occurs with the ACA Criticisms of this model include its tendency to
in the current political climate, the robust and irre- minimize the effect of psychological well-being
futable research findings which helped to initially and social context in health outcomes.
spur the passing of the ACA will likely remain While the biomedical model has its roots in
salient with providers, researchers, trainers, and René Descartes’ mind–body dualism of the sev-
administrators in healthcare. The most salient of enteenth century, its influence has persisted well
these findings is the importance of social determi- into the twenty-first century with an ongoing
nants in health. These social determinants (e.g., reluctance of many medical providers to treat
effect of exposure to child poverty on brain devel- conditions that are “above the neck.” In fact, the
opment, lack of access to healthcare and quality biomedical model remains the dominant concep-
preschool in families of low socioeconomic status), tualizing framework for many medical profes-
particularly those that occur within the first 5 years sions, including psychiatry (Suls & Rothman,
of a life, are increasingly recognized as the most 2004). Despite increasingly robust research
significant predictors in health outcomes (Adler, pointing to the role that behavioral health factors
Glymour, & Fielding, 2016). and the patient’s subjective experience play in
physical health outcomes (Moussavi et al., 2007),
the training of healthcare providers continues to
 obilizing Diverse Models
M be entrenched in “siloed” training programs.
and Converging Knowledge Physicians have little exposure to interdisciplin-
ary collaboration with behavioral health col-
The following sections highlight the progression leagues in formal medical school and residency
in how social determinants of health have been training (McMillan, Land, & Leslie, 2017).
conceptualized in healthcare delivery. This pro-
gression begins with a description of the frame-
work to which many healthcare providers Biopsychosocial Model
subscribe, and which we now understand to be
inherently outdated—the biomedical model. Then, In a significant step forward in how we conceptu-
more contemporary social-ecological models for alize health and illness, George Engel proposed
understanding wellness and disease are presented the biopsychosocial model (1977, 1980), which
in juxtaposition with the biomedical model. maintains the importance of biological factors
while also considering psychological and social
factors. In the biopsychosocial model, biological
Biomedical Model factors include genetics, physical trauma, nutri-
tion, hormones, and pathogens like germs and
The dominant model of disease in our nation has toxins. Psychological factors include a person’s
been biomedical, with biological and physiological explanatory processes, emotional turmoil, nega-
mechanisms viewed as the necessary factors to tive thinking, and self-control. Social factors
understand, prevent, and treat illness. This model include socioeconomic status, culture, education,
has contributed much to our understanding of poverty, spirituality, and religion. This model
health and disease processes and has led to many offers a framework for considering how “nature”
medical breakthroughs (e.g., the development of and “nurture” interact to shape child develop-
vaccines to prevent infectious diseases such as ment, thus making the model more contextual
polio and measles). However, it is largely reduc- and cross-disciplinary.
tionistic in its focus on only those health conditions This recognition of the interactive relation-
which have biological or physiological etiologies ship between genes and environment contrasted
(e.g., infections, injuries, biochemical imbalances) prior conceptualizations viewing biological and
8 J. D. Shahidullah et al.

p­ sychological development as mutually exclu- v­ ariables which influence their development. The
sive (e.g., Gessell (1925, 1929) understood skill transactional model and the social ecological
development to be driven primarily by genes; model emphasize both “proximal” and “distal”
Watson (1928) concluded that all behaviors are influences. Together, this Transactional-­Ecological
determined by the environment). Sameroff and model of development provides a framework for
Chandler (1975) described this concept as the moving past the nature–nurture dialectic, and into
“transactional” nature of development, in which one in which biology, psychology, and cultural
interactions between genetic, historical, and ecology are interactively related.
environmental milieu over time are crucial to
understanding a child’s functioning. In the
transactional model, nature and nurture are Ecobiodevelopmental Model
constantly being altered by their dynamic inter-
action with one another. The ecobiodevelopmental model furthers the
Soon after this time, Urie Brofenbrenner ­evolution from the biomedical to the biopsycho-
developed a model for understanding human social model. This model signifies a paradigm
ecology (Ecological Systems Theory; 1979). shift in the understanding of wellness and disease
Brofenbrenner’s model illustrates that children across the lifespan. Like the biopsychosocial
who are referred for problems within their clin- model, the ecobiodevelopmental model reaffirms
ics, schools, and communities arrive with inter- the significance of biological factors, such as
connected layers of social and ecological genetic predisposition, on psychosocial function-
influences. Any biologically oriented or even ing. However, it does so at the molecular and cel-
psychologically oriented intervention will not be lular levels. Further, it elucidates the effect that
sufficient unless perpetuating factors in multiple ecology has on altering molecular biological
“systems” are addressed concurrently. The model mechanisms that affect gene expression.
conceptualizes three predominant systems in The significance of early developmental expo-
which children are influenced: sure to adversity and stress being able to “get
under the skin” and alter neurochemistry was
1. Microsystems—those proximal and i­ mmediate demonstrated in the Adverse Childhood
influences, including reciprocal relationships Experiences (ACE) study (Felitti et al., 1998).
with families, teachers, coaches, clergy mem- This study demonstrated how early prenatal and
bers, and doctors among others; two or more postnatal adverse experiences affect future reactiv-
microsystems interact to form mesosystems ity to stress by altering the brain’s developing neu-
(e.g., child–parent microsystem interacting ral circuitry controlling neuroendocrine responses
with child–teacher microsystem). (Roth, Lubin, Funk, & Sweatt, 2009). Driven by
2. Exosystems—include settings and events that advances in developmental neuroscience, biology,
indirectly influence processes which occur in and epigenetics, the model highlights the dynamic
the immediate setting of the child (e.g., neigh- continuum between wellness and disease while
borhoods, health systems, religious systems, emphasizing the lasting effect that early experi-
schools, extended families). ences have on learning, behavior, and health.
3. Macrosystems—include cultural norms, An AAP report (Shonkoff et al., 2012) on
­customs, values, and expectations related to early childhood adversity and toxic stress
child development; these distal influences affirmed the use of the ecobiodevelopmental
both shape and are shaped by broader issues model by healthcare providers in promoting
such as health, social, and educational policy healthier ecologies. This model encourages pro-
stemming from the state and national level. viders to “think developmentally” while consid-
ering salient features of a child’s ecology (e.g.,
Sameroff and Brofenbrenner both view the nutritional, physical, psychosocial) and how
child as existing within an intricate system of those features become biologically embedded to
1 Systems of Pediatric Healthcare Delivery and the Social-Ecological Framework 9

influence developmental trajectories. Further, it b­ iological, socio-cultural, and educational factors


shifts the emphasis toward providers asking, or systems, which are each interdependent on the
“What has happened to this patient?” rather than, other. The following sections describe existing
“What is wrong with this patient?”. “Thinking programs and approaches that aim to promote
developmentally” encourages providers to “go optimal child development through intervening in
upstream” in remediating more distal etiologies the context of the numerous systems in which chil-
such as the environmental ecology of a child. dren function, namely the healthcare system (i.e.,
This type of remediation requires capitalizing on primary care), educational system (i.e., schools),
the collaborative strengths of numerous child-­ and family/community system.
serving systems, including the family/commu-
nity, educational home, and medical home for the
purpose of prevention and intervention within the Primary Care
first 5 years of life.
Neal Halfon in his Lifecourse Health Recent healthcare reform efforts have largely
Development Model (Halfon, Larson, Lu, Tullis, centered around increasing the capacity of pri-
& Russ, 2014) cites key factors within the first mary care to address social and behavioral deter-
5 years of life which influence healthy lifecourse minants of health using an integrated and
trajectories across the lifespan. These early life- collaborative approach. Children typically visit
course factors include poverty, lack of health ser- their primary care clinic several times in the first
vices, and exposure to toxic stress. Early lifecourse 3 years of life and then continue a regular appoint-
prevention programs can protect from and remedi- ment schedule throughout childhood. This set-
ate the effects of these factors through parent edu- ting offers an accessible venue for prevention and
cation and educational health literacy programs, intervention services for physical and behavioral
exposure to quality language/reading, positive par- health concerns. Increasingly, behavioral health
enting practices/appropriate discipline, access to providers, such as psychologists, social workers,
health services and quality preschool. James and mental health trained nurses, are integrating
Heckman, the Nobel Prize winning economist at their services into primary care. These services
the University of Chicago, has made a compelling can vary considerably in terms of level of
financial argument for delivering high-quality integration and collaboration (Heath, Wise
­
early childhood (birth to age five) programming to Romero, & Reynolds, 2013).
all children (particularly those from poor families) The accessibility of the primary care setting
from a societal return-on-­investment perspective makes it an ideal venue to deliver prevention ser-
(Heckman & Masterov, 2007). vices like routine screening and anticipatory
guidance, as well as clinical interventions.
Screening in an interdisciplinary context can
 pproaching Pediatric Healthcare
A address issues such as adverse childhood experi-
from a Systems Orientation ences/toxic stress, developmental delays/disabili-
ties, ADHD, anxiety, depression, and substance
To change the focus of our current service delivery use. When behavioral health issues are identified,
system from one that diagnoses and treats chronic families often find the option of receiving ser-
health conditions to one that is focused on opti- vices from an on-site behavioral health provider
mizing population health, we must do a better job as less stigmatizing compared to an external pro-
at delivering preventative programs which are vider. Because child behavioral and developmen-
­targeted at the early lifespan of an individual. Such tal problems are so prevalent, there are numerous
a system requires connecting pediatric offices to a opportunities for behavioral health providers to
wider range of community services and supports. improve the standard of care, beginning with
This is necessary, as child and adolescent develop- well-child visits. These services may include
mental considerations include psychological, education and strategies around sleep, feeding
10 J. D. Shahidullah et al.

and toileting concerns, positive parenting, and s­everal of our nation’s most debilitating (and
learning/academic performance, among many expensive) health conditions (e.g., diabetes, heart
other issues. disease) (Katon et al., 2003; Unutzer et al., 2008).
From a population-based perspective, this set- The cost savings also result from a reduced utili-
ting may be equipped to deliver care within a tiered zation of medical care and hospital/emergency
prevention model: Tier 1—universal screening, department visits (Krupski et al., 2016).
anticipatory guidance/psychoeducation, health
communication promotion, community advocacy;
Tier 2—on-site coordination of care, brief visits, School Systems
parenting groups; Tier 3—on-­site psychotherapy/
treatment, multimodal therapies potentially involv- Schools play a pivotal role in child behavioral
ing psychotropic medications that can be pre- and physical healthcare. There are various
scribed by the primary care physician in school-wide multi-faceted approaches to pre-
collaboration with a behavioral health provider. If venting mental illness and physical health issues,
concerns require a higher level of care, patients can as well as promoting health. Schools are an
be referred to the appropriate setting such as a accessible and feasible setting to address behav-
community-­based mental health clinic, child and ioral and physical health issues as children spend
adolescent psychiatry provider, medical subspe- roughly 40 h per week in schools and may not
cialty clinic, or hospital. have access to resources needed at home or other
Several studies have demonstrated that inte- service systems.
grating behavioral health within primary care
yields improved clinical outcomes in patients Early intervention Children’s experiences prior
(Asarnow, Rozenman, Wiblin, & Zeltzer, 2015; to entering kindergarten are correlated with level
Blount, 2003; Butler et al., 2008). Additionally, of cognitive development, school readiness, and
given that typically only 20% of patients access academic outcomes (Ramey & Ramey, 2004).
needed psychological treatment (Kataoka, The importance of early intervention delivery
Zhang, & Wells, 2002) (due to lack of local within school systems has been ­highlighted for a
resources, inability to afford care, difficulty in number of problems including neurodevelopmen-
getting an appointment, travel time, PCP train- tal (Myers & Johnson, 2007; Wong et al., 2015)
ing/time limitations), the integrated primary care and academic issues including reading and liter-
model has shown to improve access to and family acy (Lovett et al., 2017). Seminal research by Hart
engagement in treatment as well as satisfaction in and Risley (1995) found that children living in
care (Asarnow et al., 2015; Burt, Garbacz, poverty hear approximately 30 million fewer
Kupzyk, Frerichs, & Gathje, 2014; Pomerantz, words by the time they are 4 years old than chil-
Cole, Watts, & Weeks, 2008; Power et al., 2014). dren from higher-income families. This “word-
Specifically, these integrated medical-behavioral gap” exposure at an early age predicted academic
models show that patients have higher rates of and occupational attainment for decades to fol-
treatment initiation and completion, and less low. Preschool programs such as Early Head
treatment dropout compared to non-integrated Start focus specifically on addressing positive
models (Kolko et al., 2014; Kolko, Campo, development of children from impoverished
Kilbourne, & Kelleher, 2012). Evaluations have backgrounds (Olsen & Deboise, 2007).
begun to assess cost of care reductions due to
behavioral health integration in the medical home
(Collins, Piper, & Owens, 2013; Yu, Kolko, & Health prevention and promotion Interventions
Torres, 2017). These models demonstrate finan- targeting multiple settings including schools have
cial cost savings as a result of improved manage- shown to effectively address common childhood
ment of behavioral health conditions such as health concerns such as obesity (Nigg et al.,
depression, which is a major risk factor for 2016). For example, effective obesity prevention
1 Systems of Pediatric Healthcare Delivery and the Social-Ecological Framework 11

programs educate and train children on healthy the potential for positive impact on the sexual
eating and physical activity through behavior health of youth. Evidence suggests that many of
change interventions within early school settings. the problems associated with adolescent preg-
Additionally, programs may involve teachers, nancy and parenting may be addressed by SBHCs
school staff, and parents facilitating their child/ that offer healthcare, counseling, and education
students healthy lifestyle through dietary choices (Strunk, 2008).
or involve increasing accessibility of environ-
ments for physical activity and play (McIsaac,
Hernandez, Kirk, & Curran, 2016). The Fun n Family and Community Systems
healthy in Moreland! intervention is a multi-level,
long-­ term child obesity school-based program Parenting programs Parenting plays a pivotal
that resulted in policy implementation around role in child development. The Triple P (Positive
obesity prevention; increased parent engagement Parenting Program) is a community-wide
and resources; improved child self-rated health; approach to support parents and families in
and increased fruit, vegetable, and water con- managing child emotional and behavioral
sumption; and reduction in sugary drinks (Waters issues. Triple P can be delivered in various set-
et al., 2017). Other examples of school-based pre- tings by a range of providers from different dis-
vention initiatives include bullying and suicide ciplines. It involves five programming levels of
prevention programming. The Olweus Bullying increasing intensity to meet various parental
Prevention Program is a comprehensive, school- needs, with a focus on destigmatizing the need
wide program aimed to reduce bullying and for support by parents (Sanders, 2008). There is
improve peer relations among students and has a robust evidence-­base for Triple P in its effec-
been shown to have a positive impact on bullying tiveness in reducing behavior problems, improv-
and antisocial behavior (Olweus & Limber, 2010). ing parenting practices, and enhancing parental
The National Association for School Psychologists self-­
efficacy (Fawley-King, Trask, Calderón,
(NASP) school crisis prevention and intervention Aarons, & Garland, 2014). Other behaviorally
training curriculum, PREPaRE, delivers training based parent training programs have also been
for educational professionals to serve on compre- found to be effective in reducing problem
hensive school crisis teams (Brock et al., 2016). behaviors in young children, which in turn has
been linked to fewer issues like school failure
and substance abuse in adolescence. The
School-based health clinics The US educa- Incredible Years (Webster-­Stratton & McCoy,
tional system offers students access to resources 2015) and Helping the Non-­Compliant Child
that address an array of academic, emotional, or (McMahon & Forehand, 2003) are evidence-
behavioral needs. A review by Stephan, Weist, based parenting programs which can be adapted
Kataoka, Adelsheim, and Mills (2007) found that for delivery in a wide range of service delivery
schools are the most common setting in which systems including schools and primary care for
children and adolescents receive needed mental intervention involving the f­ amily system.
health services. In recent years, School Based
Health Clinics (SBHC) have evolved into com-
prehensive facilities offering physical and mental Home visiting programs Home visitation pro-
health, community, social, and other services for grams offer a prevention and intervention mecha-
students and their families from professionals in nism to ensure that parents have the knowledge,
various disciplines working collaboratively social support, and resources to provide for the
(Kubiszyn, 1999). Moore, Barr, Wilson, and physical, emotional, and developmental needs of
Griner (2016) found that offering sexual health their children (Schonberg et al., 1998). These
services such as STI/HIV testing and treatment, programs can also serve as links for families to
and condom distribution through SBHCs have public and private community resources. A recent
12 J. D. Shahidullah et al.

systematic review (Abbott & Elliott, 2017) of groups, and media, can serve as powerful tools
home visiting programs in the USA found these for stakeholders to facilitate systemic change
programs to help disadvantaged families circum- (Janosky et al., 2013). Examples of successful
vent obstacles and possibly eliminate health dis- community coalition models include the
parities related to disease and accidents. A Communities That Care movement, which
successful home visiting program is Healthy involves the development of a local coalition to
Families America (Whipple & Whyte, 2010), a match empirically based prevention/promotion
program that targets overburdened families at methods with specific community needs. It has
risk for child abuse, neglect, and other adverse been used community wide to prevent drug
childhood experiences. Services commence dur- abuse, foster positive youth development, and
ing pregnancy and continue until the child is promote psychosocial competence. Another
5 years old. Its rationale is based on the idea that example is the Healthy Communities Movement,
children need nurturing care from their families which emerged due to community recognition
in order to lead healthy and productive lives. that environmental factors influence individual
Healthy Families America is structured on 12 health, and both prevention and treatment are
critical elements, but is flexible and allows ser- needed. For instance, after recognizing that
vice providers in the community to design ser- engine exhaust can trigger asthmatic symptoms
vices to meet unique local needs. in children, a local asthma coalition in a
Connecticut town advocated to implement a
The Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) pro- policy that school buses must turn off their
gram is a research-based program that aims to engines as passengers board and unboard
improve the health and development of mothers (Wargo, 2002).
and infants, as well as their future life pros-
pects, through home visits carried out by nurses.
The target recipients of the NFP program are Conclusions
low-­income mothers who are giving birth for
the first time. The visiting nurses aim to To meet pediatric behavioral healthcare delivery
improve: (1) pregnancy outcomes by teaching goals, we must use biopsychosocial and ecobiode-
women to improve their prenatal health, (2) velopmental models, which direct prevention and
child health and development by providing par- intervention efforts within these multiple systems.
ents with education about competent and sensi- The use of a broader systems orientation and
tive childcare, and (3) the parental lifecourse by social-ecological framework in pediatric behav-
helping parents plan future pregnancies, com- ioral healthcare highlights the importance of:
plete education programs, and find jobs (Olds,
2012). A long-term study (Eckenrode et al., • Re-focusing healthcare efforts around a priority of
2017) of 357 families enrolled in an NFP pro- addressing social and behavioral determinants of
gram reinforced the long-­term success of the child and family health, emphasizing prevention
program in reducing child maltreatment due to and early intervention within the medical home
its positive effect on pregnancy planning and • Emphasizing proactive approaches of preven-
economic self-sufficiency. tion and early intervention, rather than the
reactive approach of rendering services when
Community coalitions Grassroots initiatives individuals are older and their problems
such as community coalitions can facilitate become more severe (which overwhelms the
changes by developing and implementing action healthcare system, particularly mental health
plans to address community-wide issues regard- system, with cases that are difficult to treat,
ing child development and health. These coali- time-consuming, and expensive)
tions, which can involve citizens, schools, • The medical home establishing an active and
community agencies, government, religious engaged relationship between the family, school,
1 Systems of Pediatric Healthcare Delivery and the Social-Ecological Framework 13

and community agencies (e.g., local early inter- Model (2nd ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Association
of School Psychologists.
vention programs, social services) Burt, J. D., Garbacz, A. S., Kupzyk, K. A., Frerichs, L., &
• Team-based approaches that require the blended Gathje, R. (2014). Examining the utility of behavioral
expertise of multiple health p­ rofessionals (e.g., health integration in well-child visits: Implications for
physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitio- rural settings. Families, Systems, & Health, 32, 20–30.
Butler, M., Kane, R. L., McAlpine, D., Kathol, R. G., Fu,
ners, psychologists, social workers, counselors, S. S., Hagedorn, H., & Wilt, T. J. (2008). Integration
care managers) of mental health/substance abuse and primary care
• Care that is community-based, coordinated, (Prepared by the Minnesota Evidence-based Practice
multidisciplinary, developmentally appropri- Center). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality. Retrieved from https://www.
ate, and family-centered ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/mhsapc/
• Efforts to forge a multi-level and multi-­systems mhsapc.pdf
approach to behavioral health promotion and Collins, W., Piper, K. B., & Owens, G. (2013). The oppor-
prevention efforts that can appreciate the vari- tunity for health plans to improve quality and reduce
costs by embracing primary care medical homes.
ous processes that connect the biological, psy- American Health and Drug Benefits, 6, 30–38.
chological, and social systems overtime Copeland, W. E., Miller-Johnson, S., Keeler, G., Angold,
A., & Costello, E. J. (2007). Childhood psychiat-
ric disorders and young adult crime: A prospec-
tive, population-­ based study. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 164, 668–675.
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no related content on Scribd:
— Mitäkö? Ka, tiedäthän sinä, mitä minä haluan! Sieluja tietysti.
En suinkaan minä nyt rahan tai muun mullan perässä rupea
kuljeksimaan.

— Ei siitä mitään puhetta ollut, väitti nyt seppä, enkä minä sieluani
anna.

Tästä paholainen raivostui ja silmäin hohto kävi entistä


kiiluvammaksi. Vaahto pursusi pitkin hänen torahampaitaan ja häntä
kohosi ylös kuin iskeäkseen kynnellään, kun hän sanoi:

— Tässä ei kysytäkään, vaan otetaan, koska kerran valta on!

Ja hän yritti nousta lavitsalta, kuroitellen kaameita, koukkukynsisiä


käsiään seppää kohti. Mutta ennenkuin hän ehti sen tehdä, ärjäisi
seppä ihmeellinen ilme silmissään, kasvaen varreltaan jättiläisen
kokoiseksi kuin olisi hänestä yht'äkkiä tullut kaiken olevaisen valtias,
Jumalan antamalla pelastuksen uskolla:

— Tartu kiinni!

Samassa jo päivä valkeni lopullisesti ja lumiulappa levisi sepän


silmien eteen puhtaana, miljoonien kiteiden kimallellessa säihkyvänä
vyönä maan uumenilla. Tuo pimeä olento kiemurteli rahillaan
tuskaisena, ja sen silmistä suihkusi sihisten helvetin kaameata tulta.
Mutta sepän kimppuun se ei päässyt, vaan kävi yhä utuisemmaksi,
kunnes seppä ei enää nähnyt sitä ollenkaan. Hän seisoi nojaten
alasimeensa ja mietti mennyttä elämäänsä ja sen turhia pyrkimyksiä,
ja kun vihdoin aurinko kohotti teränsä taivaanrannan takaa täyttäen
avaruuden valonsa tulvalla, tunsi seppä sielunsa ylenevän Jumalan
puoleen, siihen korkeaan auvoon, joka täällä elämässä joskus
suurina hetkinä ihmisen sieluun kajastaa. Hän tunsi löytäneensä
täydellisen tiedon, jonka paholainen oli häneltä hänen omaan
sieluunsa kätkenyt.

*****

— Mutta mitä tämä nyt merkitsee! tuskitteli Pietari, kun Jeesus


käski hänen vain ajaa eteenpäin. Tuossahan seppä makaa
tainnoksissa, etkä häntä ollenkaan auta. Kohta saapuu paholainen ja
vie hänet ihan iltikseen.

Jeesus ei vastannut mitään. Pietari nureksi vanhaan totuttuun


tapaansa edelleen ja puheli:

— Tääkin seppä raukka — hyvä mieshän se on ollut ikänsä… ja


totuutta etsivä. Äskenkin hiihti perääsi kuin hurja, ja sinä vain ajelet
pois niine hyvinesi. Niinkuin tämän maan ihmiset erikoisesti perääsi
hiihtelisivät — johan nyt!

Ja hän todisti suruisena ja tyytymättömänä:

— Eivät hiihtele, eivät… Eivät edes oveansa tahdo avata, vaikka


tarjolle tulet.

Silloin kohotti Jeesus sormensa, katsoi Pietariin nuhdellen ja


sanoi:

— Ole vaiti, Pietari, ja kuuntele!

Pietari teroitteli kuuloansa joka taholle. Aluksi tunkeutui vain


talviaamut syvä ja häiriintymätön hiljaisuus kaikkialta hänen
mieleensä, kunnes yht'äkkiä avaruudessa särähtikin kipeä ja
kiukkuinen vingahdus. Se oli kuin pitkä ja hirveä pettymyksen kirous,
ja samalla myös Pietarille vaikeni totuus. Ilahtuneena hän kääntyi
sanomaan Jeesukselle:

— Mutta sieltähän täisikin tulla paholaiselle liukas lähtö!

Hyvästä mielestä hytisten hän kääntyi kiirehtimään ruunaa, kun


Jeesus käski pysähdyttää ja odottaa. Hetken kuluttua rupesi aurinko
nousemaan ja pian täytti koko taivaan ja maan ihmeellinen kirkkaus,
josta tuntui hohtavan sieluun sanomaton auvon ja rauhan
hengähdys. Ja Pietari ymmärsi. Hän risti kätensä, painoi päänsä
rinnalleen pyhän hartauden vallassa ja lääkitsi sydäntänsä sillä
tunnelmalla, joka taivaassa herää, kun Jeesuksen lunastustyö
valloittaa taistelevan sielun pahan kahleista. Hänen vanhan
kalastajasydämensä täytti suuri ja jumalallinen rakkaus.

VII

Jeesus ja Pietari matkasivat edelleen ympäri Suomea. Ei ollut sitä


kotia, sitä sydäntä, jonka ovelta ei sinä talvena ja keväänä olisi
kuulunut tuota hiljaista kolkutusta, joka sävähdyttää, koskee kipeästi,
herättää ja hellyttää. Ei ollut liioin sitä vaaraa ja sitä lehtoa,
järvenselkää ja lakeutta, jota Jeesus ei olisi hymyllään siunannut,
jättäen sen väräjämään maisemien ylle ihanana autereena. Ja kuta
pitemmälle kevät ehti, sitä riemukkaammalta se rupesi tuntumaan
kaikista luoduista: Jumalan läsnäolo kaikui joka linnun laulusta ja
tuulen raikkaasta huminasta urpurikkaassa koivikossa. Mielihyvillään
astua köpitteli Pietari uskollisesti Herransa jäljessä antaen
sydämensä nauttia siitä siunauksen runsaudesta, jota Jeesus
kaikkialle valoi. Hän oli iloinen, vaikka pyrkikin vanhaan tapaansa
väliin väittelemään, perustellen itsepäisesti omaa mielipidettään. Kun
hän taas kerrankin hiukan moitiskeli Jeesusta siitä, että tämä oli
määrännyt laiskalle miehelle vireän vaimon, asettaen tälle siis
ylimääräisen taakan kannettavaksi, sanoi Jeesus:

— Kuule Pietari! Eiköhän ole parasta, että nyt lähdet liikkeelle


ominpäin? Silloinpa saat järjestellä ihmisten asioita niinkuin
viisaimmaksi katsot. Minä menen omalle haaralleni. Tapaamme
sitten toisemme, kun olemme tosihyvän ihmisen löytäneet.

Pietari suostui ja hyvästeli Herransa, joka läksi yksin astumaan


tietänsä, Pietarin mennessä omaansa. Ja Pietari päätti, että nyt hän
vapaasti ja esteettä koettelee ihmisten sydäntä ja kylvää runsain
käsin siunausta heidän keskuuteensa.

Tämä tapahtui samaan aikaan, jolloin sotamies Lusti sai eron


sotapalveluksesta. Lusti oli iloinen sotilas, joka ei ollut vielä siihen
päivään saakka itsestään eikä huomisesta huolehtinut. Kun häntä ei
enää tarvittu, vaan maksettiin viimeinen killinki kouraan ja sanottiin,
että sai mennä, otti hän huoletonna laukkunsa, osti kaikilla rahoillaan
kolme pientä leipää evääksi ja läksi laulellen kävelemään
kotipuoleensa, muistellen niitä otteluja ja iloisia juominkeja, joissa oli
ehtinyt mukana olla. Huolimatta synnistä ja pahasta, jota sotamies
Lusti oli tehnyt paljonkin, oli hänen sydämessään säilynyt syrjä
puhtaana, ja siitäpä kohosi hänen mieleensä ehtymätön iloisuus
sekä silmiinsä kirkas ja avonainen lapsen katse. Näin hän nyt
hilpeänä ja ajatusten puutteessa vihellellen vaelsi keväistä kangasta
pitkin sinne päin, jossa kerran nuoruudessa oli ollut hänen kotinsa.

Eipä aikaakaan, kun jo tulee häntä vastaan kumaraharteinen,


valkopartainen ukko, joka hiljalleen astua köpittää koukkusauvansa
nojassa. Kun ukko saapuu sotamiehen eteen, huomaa tämä, että
hänen silmistään loistaa lapsellisen hurskas ja vilpitön ilme. Ukko
tarkastelee häntä muhoillen ja tyynesti hyvän aikaa, kunnes tervehtii:
— Kuka sinä olet ja yksinkö kävelet?

Sotamies Lustia naurattaa, mutta hän vastaa ystävällisesti toisen


tervehdykseen ja sanoo:

— Minä olen sotamies Lusti ja menen kotipuoleen. Kuka sinä olet?

Silloin Pietari älyää sanoa:

— Vai Lusti. Minä olen Santtepekki.

Ja hän hymyilee omalla keksinnöllään. Lustia naurattaa myöskin,


sillä tuo ukko tuossa näyttää niin herttaiselta ja hyvältä. Hän istahtaa
tiepuoleen, avaa laukkunsa ja vetää leipänsä esiin, aikoen ruveta
syömään. Silloin Pietari, joka on ruvennut pitämään Lustista, päättää
koetella hänen sydämensä hyvyyttä ja sanoo:

— Anna, rakas veli, yksi noista leivistä minulle! jouduin kulkemaan


aivan ilman ruokaa ja kovin nyt sydänalaani hiukaa.

Sotamies Lusti katsoo vuoroin häneen ja vuoroin leipiinsä, kunnes


rupeaa nauramaan ja sanoo:

— Etpä paljoa pyydä kuin kolmanneksen kaikista eväistäni. Mutta


minä pidän sinusta — kas siinä, heh!

Ja hän ojensi auliisti leivän Pietarille, jonka vanha sydän oikein


sykähti ilosta. Nythän tässä hyvä ihminen vastaan sattui! Kiitollisena
pureskeli hän leipäänsä, kunnes tuli ajatelleeksi, että vasta viimeisen
leivän anto tosi hyvää sydäntä todistaisi, ja päätti varovaisuuden
vuoksi koetella Lustia perinpohjin. Niinpä hän, kun oli erottu ja
hyvästelty, kiiruhti toista tietä uudelleen Lustia vastaan, muuttaen
muotonsa. Ystävällisesti nytkin Lusti tiedusteli nimet ja kaikki,
puhutteli hauskasti ja alkoi siinä taas ajatuksissaan leipäkyrsäänsä
pureskella. Silloin Pietari pyysi valittavalla äänellä leipää, kun oli
kovasti nälkäinen eikä ollut evästä. Lusti nauroi leveästi ja puheli:

— Kolme vaivaista kakkaraa eväikseni sainkin ja niistäkin annoin


jo yhden muutamalle äijälle, joka tuolla tiellä nälkäänsä valitteli.
Mutta mitäpä siitä! Kun olet nälkäinen, niin tuossa on — heh!

Ja hän ojensi leipänsä Pietarille, joka tuskin tahtoi uskoa niin


hyvää sydäntä olevankaan. Mutta uskoa täytyi. Varmuuden vuoksi
hän päätti kuitenkin koetella Lustia vielä viimeisen kerran, ja kiiruhti
siis taas uuden muotoisena häntä vastaan, pyysi leipää ja saikin.
Reilusti puheli hänelle Lusti:

— Sen ei vanhan sotamiehen sovi viimeistäkään palaa itkeä, jos


tarvitsevainen sitä häneltä pyytää. Siinä on, äijä, nautitse
terveydeksesi!

Viimeisen leivän hän antoi ja Pietarille ihan herahtivat kyyneleet


silmiin. Hän natusteli karkeata leipää ja puheli:

— Jumala sinua siunatkoon ja sinulle hyvän työsi palkitkoon!

Sitten he erosivat taas, kunnes Pietari palasi sotamiehen luo siinä


ensimmäisessä Santtepekin haahmossaan. Hän tahtoi seurata
tämän kunnon miehen mukana, voidakseen sitten Jeesukselle
kuvata, minkälainen hän oikein oli. He vaelsivat yhdessä ja sotamies
Lusti jutteli leveästi:

— Vaivaisen leivänkakkaran kyllä raatsii köyhälle antaa, jos on


miestä toista sijalle puuhaamaan. Kun meillä molemmilla on nyt
eväiden puute, niin ruvetaanpas miettimään, mistä niitä saataisiin,
sillä emme me kauan tyhjällä kulje. Jotakin elämisen keinoa on nyt
keksittävä.

— Mitäpä muuta kuin pyydetään ensimmäisestä talosta, joka


eteen koituu, työtä. Työntekohan on rehellisin elämisen keino, arveli
tähän Santtepekki ja katseli tutkivasti toveriinsa.

— Saattaa kyllä olla, vastasi sotamies Lusti hiukan ikävystyneesti,


ja varmaan niin onkin. Mutta, lisäsi hän, en tahdo salata sinulta,
Santtepekki, sitä, että työnteko on minusta vihdoinviimeistä tässä
maailmassa. Työtä en tahdo tehdä, ellei ihan nälkäkuolema siihen
pakota, ja sitä en usko, sillä aina sentään nokkela mies itsensä
nikarasta toiseen muutenkin keinottelee.

Santtepekki kuunteli toverinsa puhettaviaan kauhistuneena ja


tiedusteli:

— Kuinka voit pitää rehellistä työntekoa niin vastenmielisenä?


Työstähän vasta ihmiselle tosi ilo ja onni lähtee.

— Kaikkia vielä, vastasi Lusti. Olen kyllä kuullut niin sanottavan,


mutta kysynpä: tokko lienee tavallista tervettä ihmistä, joka viitsisi
kortta ristiin panna, ellei pakkoa olisi tahi synnillinen kunnia
houkuttelisi? Eipä ole. Selväähän on, että laiskuus, kun ei vain leipä
puutu, on kaikista ihaninta tässä maailmassa. Sehän näkyy jo
sanastakin, sillä pantiinhan paratiisissa työ ihmiselle synnin
rangaistukseksi. Ja sitä se on. En viitsi tehdä työtä.

Santtepekki tuli aivan ymmälle kuullessaan Lustin viime väitteen,


johon hänellä ei ollut erikoisempaa vastaamista. Suruissaan siitä,
että tämä hänen niin hyväsydämiseksi huomaamansa toveri
osoittautuikin toisaalta näin kevytmieliseksi, hän uudelleen tiedusteli,
minkälaisilla keinoilla Lusti sitten aikoi itsensä elättää. Tämä puheli
leveästi:

— Vielä häntä sellaista kysyy vanhalta sotamieheltä, joka on jo


moneen kertaan ehtinyt kaikki metkut oppia. Suoraan sanoen: aion
elää kerjäämisellä ja pienellä petkutuksella, arkailematta viatonta
varkauttakaan, sillä sellainen ei ole erikoisemmasti synnillistä. Mutta
vanhastaan pidän lakina sitä, että köyhän viimeistä en ota, enkä
ihmisen henkeen kajoa. Näin olen tähänkin saakka kunniallisesti
toimeen tullut ja luulenpa edelleenkin tulevani, kunnes luoja
armossaan korjaa sieluni iankaikkiseen autuuteensa.

Santtepekki ei ollut uskoa korviaan. Ihmeissään hän kysyi:

— Kuinka voit luulla, että luoja korjaa sielusi, kun kerran sanot
aina petkutuksella eläneesi? Piru kai sinut korjaa eikä luoja?

— Ehei! nauroi Lusti leveästi. Sillä otuksella ei ole Lustin kanssa


mitään tekemistä. Et tiedä, Santtepekki, että minä olen vanha,
urhoollinen sotamies, joka satoja kertoja olen pannut alttiiksi henkeni
muiden puolesta. Olen kyllä varastanut, juonut, mässännyt, kun olen
saanut tilaisuuden, elänyt kovin huonosti, mutta sillä olen tehnyt
pahaa vain itselleni enkä muille. Viatonta ja sorrettua olen aina
puolustanut, totisessa asiassa en ole valehdellut, ja Jumalaan olen
lapsuudesta saakka järkähtämättä uskonut. Katson siis
kerskailematta olevani tämän maailman paremmanpuoleisia ihmisiä,
jo senkin vuoksi, että sydämessäni on aina asunut ilo ja rakkaus
kaikkia luotuja kohtaan, olivatpa ne mitä hyvänsä. Olen iloinen mies,
Santtepekki, huomaa se! Ja minä elän aina niin kuin iloinen
ihmisluontoni vaatii, milloinkaan itseäni pettämättä tahi
teeskentelemättä muuksi kuin mikä olen, nimittäin ihmisparka,
alaston ja kurja Jumalan edessä, vailla kaikkia ansioita. Kuinka voisi
nyt Jeesus, joka korjasi molemmat ryövärit rinnaltaan paratiisiin,
kiristää mitattoman armonsa minun vaivaisen kohdalle niin pieneksi,
että kehno saisi kauluksestani kiinni? Se on mahdotonta,
Santtepekki, en usko sitä milloinkaan, ja iloisena sekä luottaen
Jumalaan astua tellää siis sotamies Lusti taivasta kohti. Joko nyt
ymmärrät, kuinka varmalla perustuksella minun asiani ovat?

Santtepekki tunsi päätänsä huimaavan. Sotamies Lusti oli


erikoinen ihminen, se täytyi myöntää. Jos tuo kaikki, mitä hän sanoi
itsestään, oli totta, oli hän hyvin huono ihminen, suuri syntinen. Mutta
ei käynyt kieltäminen, että hänellä oli myös hyvät puolensa.
Ilmeisesti hänellä oli jalo ja avara sydän, johon hän lämpimästi sulki
kaiken, mitä maailmasta tajusi. Sotamies Lusti oli jo harmaapää,
mutta siitä huolimatta lapsi, joka herätti ystävyyden tunnetta kaikilla
ominaisuuksillaan, hyvillä ja huonoilla, sen avomielisen lapsen-
asteen vuoksi, jolla hän oli. Santtepekin päässä vilahti ajatus, että
sotamies Lusti oli turmeltumaton, hyvä ihminen, mutta sitten, hän
heti muisti, mitä Lusti oli huonosta elämästään tunnustanut,
ikäänkuin säikähti omaa sekaannustaan ja virkahti ankarasti:

— Helvettiin sinä joudut!

— No, sehän saadaan nähdä sitten, kun sinne asti päästään,


vastasi tähän hyväntuulisesti Lusti.

He astuivat vaiteliaina edelleen, molemmat mietiskellen omia


asioitaan, kunnes poikkesivat tien vieressä olevaan taloon. Pirttiin
tultuaan he näkivät, kuinka isäntä hapuili siellä melkein kuin sokea ja
valitteli silmiänsä, jotka olivat pahoin kipeytyneet. Sotamies Lustia
säälitti ja hän ryhtyi isännän kanssa laveihin puheisiin, kertoen
ihmeellisestä silmäin voiteesta, josta vieraalla maalla sotaretkellä
ollessaan oli kuullut. "Se olisi varmaankin auttanut, jos sitä olisi
saatu", lopetti hän. Isäntä huokaili:

— Olisipa saattanut auttaa, kun jo siitä kuuleminenkin tuntuu


tuottavan huojennusta. Mikä sinulla on tämä mies toverina? kysyi
hän samalla.

— Tämä on mikä lienee mieron kiertäjä, joka nälissään turvautui


minuun, äläpäs nyt eto rikkaaseen. Santtepekiksi sanoi itseään.
Siivo ukko se on, ei pure eikä hauku, selitteli nyt Lusti leveästi ja
komensi: Käy, Santtepekki, peremmäksi, äläkä ujostele! Tässä
talossa on hyvä isäntä, vaikka onkin näkö pilalla.

Santtepekki nousi ovensuusta, jonne oli väsyneenä istahtanut,


asteli hiljaa peremmäksi ja seisahtui isännän eteen, laskien kätensä
hänen silmilleen. Ja silloin tuntui kaikista pirtissä-olijoista, että
huoneeseen oli ilmestynyt ihmeellinen voima, joka salpasi heidän
kielensä ja kirkasti heidän katseensa näkemään outoja asioita.
Minne oli kadonnut tuo äsken ovensuussa ollut kerjäläisvanhus?
Oliko se hän, joka seisoi tuossa isännän edessä kirkkaana, suurena
ja pyhänä, otsallansa taivaan loiste? Kuin unessa he kuulivat äänen
kohoavan rukouksena Jumalan puoleen, anoen sitä valoa, joka ei
milloinkaan sokeaksi tule, ja samalla oli lumous ohi. Santtepekki
istahti nöyrästi rahille, mutta isäntä sanoi äkkiä riemastuneena:

— Minähän näen! Näen hyvin! Sinä, ukko, paransit silmäni!

Kaikki olivat sanattomia hämmästyksestä. Sotamies Lusti otti lakin


pois ja silmäili Santtepekkiä syvällä kunnioituksella. Sitten hän pani
lakin jälleen päähänsä ja arveli itsekseen: "Kyllä tästä nyt
matkaeväitä heltiää!"
Ja isäntä rupesi tietysti tarjoilemaan Santtepekille runsasta
palkintoa
hänen hyvästä työstään, rahaa, ruokaa, mitä vain ukko halusi. Mutta
Santtepekki ilmoitti, ettei hän voi ottaa mitään. Silloin ei sotamies
Lusti enää voinut olla asiaan sekaantumatta, vaan sanoi
Santtepekille:

— Mutta nythän sinulta on viimeinenkin järki-vähäinen aivan


mennyttä!
Miksi et ottaisi palkkaa, kun isäntä sitä hyvän työsi vuoksi tarjoaa?
— Ei Jumalakaan hyviä töitään palkan vuoksi tee. Armosta ja
rakkaudesta hän kaiken antaa, vastasi Santtepekki hiljaa ja nöyrästi.

— Mutta kyllä meidän elämisemme sitten kapeaksi käypi, vastasi


nyt
Lusti kiivastuneena, jos tässä ilmaiseksi aiot koko maailman
parantaa.
Ottaisit edes ruokaa, sillä meillähän ei ole ollenkaan eväitä.

Ja isäntä lisäsi:

— Vasta teurastettiin tuossa lammas. Ottakaa edes sen lihat


mukaanne, niin on jotakin, mitä tiellä pureksia.

Huomatessaan, että isäntä teki tarjouksensa todellakin hyvästä


sydämestä ja kiitollisena, taipui Santtepekki tähän, ja Lusti sulloi
lampaanlihat laukkuunsa. Levähdettyään ja syötyään he taas
läksivät kulkemaan.

— Ei, hyvä veli, tämä tällainen käy päinsä, puheli nyt Lusti
opettavaisesti Santtepekille. Kun olet kerran tuollainen taitoniekka,
että kädellä pyyhkäisemällä teet sokean näkeväksi, niin siitä
taidostahan vasta killinkejä heltiää. Parempaa elämisen keinoa ei voi
olla. Mitäpä siis muuta kuin sinä toimitat sairaiden parantamisen, ja
minä otan osalleni maksun kantamisen. Voit olla varma siitä, että
yhtä tunnollisesti ja perinpohjin kuin sinä tehtäväsi suoritat, minäkin
pidän huolen omastani. Näin me molemmat levitämme onnea ja
siunausta, emme ainoastaan koko maakuntaan, vaan vieläpä omaan
vatsaamme, joka muuten olisi aina tyhjä paitsi suu auki vastatuuleen
kuljettaessa.
Santtepekki ei sanonut mitään, vaan huokasi hiljaa itsekseen..
Mitä oli hänen tehtävä tälle omituiselle ihmislapselle, joka ei
näyttänyt horjahtavan erikoisluonteensa tasapainosta silloinkaan,
kun jumalallinen ihmetyö tapahtui hänen silmäinsä edessä?
Päinvastoin hän oli heti valmis käyttämään sitä tavalla, joka ei ollut
Jumalan tarkoitus, saadakseen itselleen rahaa ja lihallisia nautintoja.
Olisiko mitään keinoa, jolla saisi hänen sielunsa järkytetyksi ja
silmänsä avatuksi? Santtepekki tunsi, kuinka Jumalan aivoitukset
sotamies Lustin suhteen olivat hänelle tuntemattomat, ja huoaten
hän kaipasi Jeesuksen kaikkiviisasta läsnäoloa ja johtoa. Hän päätti
kääntyä rukouksella mestarinsa puoleen ja halusi siksi poistua
syrjemmäksi. Hän pyysi Lustia hetkisen odottamaan ja tämä
selittikin:

— Mikäpä siinä. Laihaa olikin tuon talon ruoka, niin että mielinpä
vähän maistaa näitä lampaanlihoja. Mene sinä vain, minne haluat;
minä teen tulen ja paistan rasvaiset paistit, etteivät lihat pääse
pilautumaan.

Ja hän kaivoi lihat laukustaan ja rupesi tekemään tulta. Pietari


sanoi mennessään Lustille:

— Paista sydänkin ja säästä se minulle.

— Saattaneehan tuon paistaa, lupasi Lusti ja jatkoi mielissään


puuhiansa, sillä aikaa kuin Santtepekki raskaalla ja ahdistetulla
mielellä pyysi Jumalalta apua tämän ihmissydämen arvoituksen
ratkaisuun.

Kun Santtepekki oli poistunut, paistoi Lusti heti lampaan sydämen


tuumien itsekseen, että se mahtoi olla erikoinen makupala, koska
ukko varasi sen itselleen. Ja hyvältähän se maistuikin. Kun
Santtepekki palasi ja kysyi sitä, vastasi Lusti hilpeästi:

— Mitä turhia puhelet! Eihän lampaalla sydäntä olekaan.

Ja vaikka Santtepekki kuinka olisi häntä tutkinut, ei hän saanut


asiasta selvää, sillä Lusti valehteli haikailematta ja naureskeli. Yhä
huolestuneemmaksi tuli Santtepekin sydän ja vaiteliaina he vaelsivat
edelleen.

VIII

Kuljettuaan aikansa, Santtepekki jurona ja puhumattomana, Lusti


alati iloisesti lörpötellen, he vihdoin saapuivat kaupunkiin. Silloin
sanoi Lusti:

— Voi hyväinen aika, kuinka tyhmästi teit, kun et ottanut siltä


isännältä rahaa! Olisipa nyt hauska mennä tuonne krouviin ja saada
sieltä huikeat ryypyt ja hyvät syömiset tämän rasittavan matkan
vaivojen palkinnoksi. Mutta mennäänhän nyt joka tapauksessa
sinne, koska olen siellä vanhastaan tuttu, sillä eipä tiedä, mitä siellä
rahattomankin suuhun sattuu luiskahtamaan.

Hän kääntyi reippaasti krouvia kohti ja Santtepekki seurasi


mukana ikäänkuin tahdottomana. Hämillään ja suruisena hän näki,
kuinka Lusti ujostelematta hymyili vastaan tuleville tytöille, tervehti
heitä, jopa pysähtyi puhelemaankin ja leikkiä laskemaan, ja kuinka
tytöt yleensä mielellään sallivat sen tapahtua, naureskellen ja
keikautellen itseään. Lusti nipisti heitä leuan alta, jolloin he
näpsäyttivät häntä kädelle ja juoksivat pois, mutta ilmeisesti suurin
suuttumatta. Ja Lusti tuntui olevan heidän kanssaan kuin vanha
tuttava, iskien silmää jokaiselle. Ällistyen vanha Santtepekki seurasi
tätä menoa, mutta ei voinut saada itseään erikoisemman ankaran
siveellisen suuttumuksen valtaan, sillä Lusti teki kaiken niin
viattomalla ja hyväntuulisella tavalla, että synnin ja kadotuksen
tuomiota oli siihen vaikea sovittaa. "Onko tämä mahdollista?" ajatteli
Santtepekki ymmällä; "lähden hakemaan oikein hyvää ihmistä,
löydän tämän sotamiehen ja panen hänen sydämensä koetukselle,
jonka hän kestää; ja vaikka hän nyt näyttää olevan oikea porsas,
juoppo, valehtelija, rakastelija, ehkä varaskin, en silti voi ruveta
pitämään häntä huonona ihmisenä; päinvastoin minun täytyy sanoa,
että pidän hänestä yhä enemmän, huolimatta kaikista kepposista ja
vinkeistä. Saa nähdä, mitä hän nyt tuolla synnin luolassa keksii?" Ja
Santtepekki tunsi uteliaisuutta sitä ajatellessaan.

Krouvissa vallitsi iloinen mekastus ja äijät haastelivat hartaasti


lasiensa ääressä. Kun Lusti astui sisään, syntyi aika mellakka. Sieltä
täältä kuului iloisia tervehdyksiä, joihin Lusti vastasi vanhana
tuttavana, kulkien pöydästä toiseen ja nakellen naamaansa
ojennettuja tervetuliaiskupposia. Pian hän istahti sakeimpaan
pöytään ja oli kohta kuin kotonaan, haastellen ja valehdellen laveasti
ja korkealla äänellä viime urotöistään, seurakunnan säestäessä
häntä mehevillä naurunpuuskilla ja huomautuksilla.

Hiljaa ja vaatimattomasti oli sen sijaan Santtepekki hiipinyt


huoneen hämärimpään nurkkaan, vaipuen siellä katselemaan
edessänsä olevaa ihmisten menoa ja sitä ajattelemaan. Siinä oli
hänen nähtävänään ihminen suruttomuutensa vallassa, hillittömässä
ja ajattelemattomassa himojensa palveluksessa, juuri sellaisena kuin
hän suurimmalta osaltaan vaelluksensa suorittaa. Santtepekin
mieleen kuvastui koko maan pinta, täynnä tätä samaa kansaa ja
menoa, teutaroimassa paheissa ja synnissä, kuurona sille
johdatukselle, joka ylhäältä koettaa sitä parempaan ohjata. Hänelle
kirkastui uutena totuutena, ettei ihminen itse voi itseään pelastaa,
vaan perustuu hänen autuutensa yksistään Jumalan
kärsivällisyyden, armon ja anteeksiannon rajattomuuteen, siihen
uhriin, jota Jeesuksen sovintokuolema merkitsee. Ja tässä valossa
tuntui Santtepekistä toisekseen, että nuo hartaasti paloviinaa
kallistelevat ja haastelevat ihmiset, etukynnessä sotamies Lusti,
olivat rotkon reunalla leikkiviä lapsia, joita suojeli vain korkea ja
tutkimaton varjelus.

Santtepekki oli päässyt mietteissään tähän saakka, kun hän kuuli


oven narahtavan. Kääntyessään katsomaan hän näki oviaukossa
miehen, joka synkästi ja tutkivasti tarkasteli huoneessa olijoita.
Muutkin hänet huomasivat ja kuinka ollakaan, vaikeni vähitellen melu
ja puheensorina; kaikki liikahtelivat levottomina tuoleillaan, vilkaisivat
toisiinsa rauhattomasti ja altakulmain, ja alkoivat taas kuin
vangittuina tuijottaa ovelle. Siellä seisovan, oudon miehen silmät
näyttivät hehkuvan kuin hiilet ja hänen kasvoilleen kuvastui ilkeä
hymy, joka levisi niille vähitellen kuin myrkyllinen sumu. Santtepekki
seurasi tarkoin kaikkea ja koetti arvata, mitä tästä nyt oli tuleva, sillä
hän oli ainoa, joka tunsi tulijan. Mutta hän ei puhunut mitään.

Vihdoin kävi asema kiusalliseksi. Sotamies Lusti, joka jo oli


joltisestikin päissään, oli hänkin kiehtoutunut vieraan silmiin
tuijottamaan, tunsi sielunsa hämäryydestä huolimatta jotakin ilkeätä
ja vierasta vaikutusta, hyppäsi tuoliltaan rikkoen lumouksen voiman
ja ärjäisi tulijalle:

— Käy sisään, mies, äläkä siellä turhia tuijottele!

Silloin mies astui hitaasti ja arvokkaasti sisään, tervehti kumartaen


joka puolelle ja sanoi sulavasti ja kohteliaasti:
— Täytynee tulla, koska kristitty ihminen sitä nimenomaan vaatii.

— Ei täällä pelätä, vaikka olisit itse paholainen! ärjäisi siihen


vastaukseksi Lusti, jota vieraan ynseä käytös harmitti. Mutta vieras
ei enää ollut häntä kuulevinaan, vaan kysyi isännältä yösijaa, joka
luvattiinkin. Lustipa ei kuitenkaan heittänyt häntä rauhaan, vaan
siirtyi vähitellen kierrellen ja kaarrellen vieraan läheisyyteen, kunnes
röyhkeästi istahti hänen pöydännurkalleen ja rupesi tuijottelemaan
häntä hävyttömästi silmiin. Ja kun vieras yritti viedä viinilasia
huulilleen, tyrkkäsi Lusti sen kuin vahingossa hänen kädestään, niin
että se kirposi lattialle ja meni sirpaleiksi. Samassa hyppäsi vieras
pystyyn, silmät leimahtivat pahanenteisesti ja hän tempasi
miekkansa huotrasta. Tuimasti kysyi hän:

— Riitaako haastat?

— Riitaa! vastasi Lusti kiukkuisesti, sillä humalapäissään hän oli


nokkautuva ja pahankurinen. Ollenkaan pelkäämättä hänkin veti
miekkansa ja ärjäisi peloissaan katseleville juomaveikoilleen:

— Tilaa tupaan, että saan listiä tältä kukkoilevalta herralta korvat!


Lusti ei siedä öykkäreitä eikä ole vielä milloinkaan ketään pelännyt!
Pian nähdään, mieskö vai piru on nuttusi sisällä.

Ja samassa oli tuima ottelu käynnissä.

Santtepekki istui tyrmistyneenä nurkassaan, jossa häntä oli tuskin


huomattu. Häntä kauhistutti se tapa, jolla Lusti oli esiintynyt, mutta
samalla hän tunsi kunnioittavansa Lustia. Miksi oli tämä tuntenut
tuollaista vastenmielisyyttä vierasta kohtaan? Nähtävästi siksi, että
hänen koko olemuksensa nousi kapinaan hänen läsnäoloansa
vastaan. Lusti ilmeisesti tunsi, että tuo musta mies oli heidän
kaikkien yhteinen vihollinen, jolta ei ollut mitään hyvää odotettavissa,
ja suoran sydämensä käskystä pyrki heti hänen kimppuunsa
saadakseen hänet karkoitetuksi. Santtepekki aavisti, että vieraalla
tulisi olemaan Lustista parempi vastus kuin oli odottanutkaan, sillä
Lustilla oli lapsen mielen kirkas panssari rintansa suojana.
Santtepekkiä jännitti kovasti ja hän seurasi ottelun kulkua sydän
pamppaillen.

Miekat salamoivat välähtelevinä ja nopeina piirtoina, ja ihaillen


seurasivat katsojat taistelua. Näki selvään, että molemmat olivat
tähän leikkiin tottuneita, ja että jos vieras olikin aivan mestari, ei Lusti
paljoa jälkeen jäänyt. Kuin kärppä hän liikahteli notkeasti ja
salamannopeasti, ja käsi teki vain taitavia ranneliikkeitä miekan
kärjen alati pyrkiessä vastustajan rintaan. "Joko antaudut?" kysyi
pilkallisesti vieras. "En", vastasi Lusti, "sillä luoja minun miekkaani
ennenkin on ohjannut".

Sanoessaan tämän hän teki tuiman hyökkäyksen ja silloin nähtiin


kumma: kuullessaan Lustin sanat vieras horjahti ja vei vasemman
kätensä silmilleen, jolloin Lusti etevällä otteella iski säilän hänen
kädestään, niin että se rämähtäen kirposi kauas permannolle. Lusti
polki sen jalkansa alle ja sanoi pistäessään omaansa tuppeen
hyväntuulisesti:

— Tunnusta pois, mies, tavanneesi parempasi! Paljon on Lusti


miekkaa eläessään heilutellut, mutta eipä ole vielä pahempaa
naarmua huolinut nahkaansa ottaa. Tule tänne, että taputtelen sinua
päälaelle ja lohduttelen, jos olisi niinkuin mielesi myrtynyt!

Vieras ei sanonut mitään, vaan otti miekkansa ja hävisi ovesta


kuin varjo. Mutta kapakassa puhkesi valloille remuava riemu. Lustia
kannettiin ympäri huonetta ja viiniä tuotiin vahvasti pöytään. Lusti
riemastui itsekin menestyksestään ja rupesi laveasti kertoilemaan
kaikista mahdottomampia valheita menneistä sankaritöistään, jotka
nyt kuitenkin tapasivat herkkäuskoisen kuulijakunnan, sillä olihan
äsken nähty, mikä mies hän oli. Hän puheli ja naukkaili, kunnes
kesken puhettaan äkkiä huomasi Santtepekin, joka nurkastaan
uteliaana hänen puuhiansa seurasi. Lusti sanoi:

- No, vanha toveri! Mitä siellä nurkassa yksin istuskelet ja olet niin
surullisen näköinen? Tule ja ota sinäkin, vanha mies, lämmin ryyppy,
niin rupeavat veresi hiukan vilkkaammin kiertelemään!

Ja hän meni Santtepekin luo, tarttui häntä käsivarteen ja veti hänet


ystävällisesti, toisen vastusteluista huolimatta, pöydän ääreen,
komentaen:

— Tehkää tilaa, miehet, vanhukselle. Kauan saatte maailmassa


vaeltaa, ennenkuin teidän silmistänne sellainen hyvyys loistaa kuin
tällä ukolla. Kunniapaikalle hopeahapsi, tietäkää se! Enkös tehnytkin
oikein antaessani pienen opetuksen tuolle mustalle paholaiselle, joka
niin hienona tänne joukkoomme yritti?

— Kyllä teit, poikani, saattoi nyt Santtepekki täydestä


sydämestään sanoa, sillä hänhän oli ainoa, joka tiesi, kenet Lusti
todellakin oli tehnyt aseettomaksi. Ja hänen täytyi istua pöydän
päähän, johon hänelle kunnioittaen tehtiin tilaa, niin arveluttavalta
kuin se hänestä tuntuikin. Mutta kun Lusti sitten pani täysinäisen
viinilasin hänen eteensä, kieltäytyi hän ehdottomasti siitä
maistamasta. Lusti harmistui:

— No olet sinäkin ihmeellinen äijä! Kun tässä hyvät naapurit


sinulle ystävyyttä osoittavat ja viiniä tarjoavat, niin kieltäydyt.
Luuletko sen itsellesi pahaa tekevän? Ota pois ja lämmitä vanhaa
ruumistasi, kuten muutkin ihmiset, äläkä ole mikään nurrupoika!

Ja hän tarjosi uudelleen lasia Santtepekille.

"Kuin muutkin ihmiset". Ne sanat kaikuivat Santtepekin sielussa


omituisena, surumielisenä värinänä. Kaukaa kuului hänen mieleensä
lempeä ääni, joka kerran oli sanonut tuntevansa ihmisen, sen ääni,
joka oli tullut "muiden ihmisten kaltaiseksi". Santtepekki tajusi nyt,
mitä se merkitsi: sitä, että ymmärtääkseen ihmisen oikein täytyi tulla
hänen kaltaisekseen. Huoaten hän tarttui lasiin ja kallisti sen pohjaan
saakka. Lusti sanoi hyväksyen:

— Kas niin! Sehän oli oikein tukeva ryyppy! Jatka vain, niin kyllä
sinusta vielä mies tulee vanhanakin. Ja hän kaasi Santtepekin lasin
uudelleen täyteen. Kuta useammin lasin Santtepekki kallisti, sitä
ihmeellisemmäksi hän tunsi olonsa. Hänestä tuntui kuin olisi hän
aste asteelta laskeutunut yhä lähemmäksi inhimillisyyden vuolasta ja
haaleata virtaa, kunnes vihdoin painui siihen kokonaan ja lähti
uimaan rinnakkain miljoonien sielujen kanssa, rakkaassa
veljeydessä. Ja hänen sielussaan heräsi se suloisen kipeä, katkeran
tuskallinen, mutta samalla kaukaisesti hyvää tekevä ja sielua
avartava polte, jonka Jumala on ihmiselle kalliina aarteena
lahjoittanut ja jonka nimi on elävä, maahan asti nöyrtyvä, uskolla ja
avunhuudolla ylös pyrkivä synnintunto, sielujen ankara kevätmyrsky,
joka raivoaa katkoen puita ja oksia, sortaen maahan kaikki lahot
rakennukset, hälventäen valheen ja teeskentelyn sumut, mukanansa
lupaus ihanasta kevään ajasta, jolloin kyynelöivä maailma välkkyy
armon auringon loisteessa ja autuuden soitto täyttää sielun.
Santtepekki katsahti ympärilleen pimeään krouvin tupaan, jossa
savuavat kynttilät siellä täällä tuikuttivat, uneliaaseen, pöytänsä

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