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Textbook Jewish Participation in The Fire Service in The Second World War Last Voices Martin Sugarman Ebook All Chapter PDF
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SugarmanHB latest b1b_HB.qxd 11/01/2016 13:06 Page 1
JEWISH PARTICIPATION
Told here for the first time is the account
of the essential part played by Jewish
Last Voices
tured through archival material, books
and some personal ‘Last Voice’ interviews,
part of this extraordinary contribution.
Martin Sugarman was born and The book includes numerous photographs
educated in Hackney and is a gradu- donated by families and never before
ate of Bristol University. Now published.
retired, he was Examinations Officer This book is a fitting tribute to one section of the British population that volunteered in Ever civic-minded, Jews from all social
at Westminster Kingsway College, large numbers for the fire service … The Jewish firefighters … They suffered more than backgrounds volunteered, even before
and taught for twenty-four years as a their share of casualties as well … not only did they face the dangers from German war broke out, to be trained for dealing
Senior Teacher in secondary schools bombs, but they faced anti-Semitic prejudice … defending their homes and districts from with the expected mass bombing of cities
in Bristol and London. He is the a regime bent on the destruction of European Jewry … as ordinary citizens with a strong by the Germans. Those too old or unfit
for the military stayed on, but when war
Archivist at the Association of sense of community.
came, by 1940–41 many younger Jewish
Professor Richard Overy, University of Exeter
Jewish Ex-Servicemen and Women men and women were of course called to
(AJEX) Military Museum. He is the colours in the armed services.
It is a great pleasure to read these compelling stories of the Jewish men and women of
also the author of Fighting Back: This still left, however, a considerable
the Fire Brigade … Martin Sugarman’s research has been long and thorough, and the bulk of Jewish firefighters who played a
British Jewry’s Military Contribution
characters he mentions come alive in these pages. major role in the civil defence of Britain.
in the Second World War (Vallentine
Ron Dobson, London Fire Commissioner Some won bravery awards including the
Mitchell, 2010), with Henry Morris, only George Cross awarded to a member
We Will Remember Them: A Record The firefighters of the Second World War were … marginalised and with the passage of of the London Fire Brigade, won by
of the Jews Who Died in the Armed time forgotten. The Jewish contribution to their remarkable persistence in standing up to Jewish fireman Harry Errington. This is
Forces of the Crown from 1939 Hitler has also been lost in the mists of time. This book by Martin Sugarman therefore
the highest civilian award for bravery,
(Vallentine Mitchell, 2011), and reclaims them for the twenty-first century reader. It documents their bravery … They did
ranking alongside the military’s Victoria
Under the Heel of the Bushido: Last not stand aside.
Cross. Many gave their lives: this is
their story.
Voices of the Jewish POWs of the Professor Colin Shindler, SOAS, University of London
Japanese in the Second World War
(Vallentine Mitchell, 2014). Martin The book celebrates Jewish firefighters who came from all walks of life … and not only
is currently researching a new book had to face the same dangers that other firefighters faced but also had to contend with
on Jewish service in the Merchant fascism … It’s both remarkable and inspirational that Martin Sugarman outlines tale
Navy in the Second World War. after tale. As the world moves forward to face its new threats from terrorism, we must
SUGARMAN
never forget some of these lessons from the past … we really do need reminders like
MARTIN
Jacket images: Martin’s stories.
Front: Fireman Henry/Isidore Cohen Steve McGuirk, CFO Manchester Fire Service
talking to Churchill during the Blitz
in the film 1940; A Reminiscence,
MARTIN SUGARMAN
VA L L E N T I N E M I T C H E L L ISBN 978 1 910383 07 0
made by the BBC in 1965.
Back: Harry Errington on the AJEX Catalyst House 920 NE 58th Avenue
Parade in the 1990s with his GC. 720 Centennial Court Suite 300
Centennial Park Portland
Elstree WD6 3SY, UK OR 97213-3786, USA
Forewords by
Professor Richard Overy and Professor Colin Shindler
VALLENTINE
MITCHELL www.vmbooks.com VALLENTINE
MITCHELL ISBN 978 1 910383 07 0
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Jewish Participation
in the Fire Service
in the Second
World War
Last Voices
MARTIN SUGARMAN
VALLENTIN E MITCH EL L
LONDON • PORTLAND, OR
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www.vmbooks.com
Copyright © 2016 Martin Sugarman
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, reading or otherwise,
without the prior permission of Vallentine Mitchell & Co. Ltd.
‘For the cloud of the Lord was upon the tabernacle by day, and
there was fire therein by night, in the sight of all the house of
Israel, throughout all their journeys.’
Exodus XL 38
‘The Fire Service were the forgotten front line fighters … heroes
with grimey faces.’
Winston Churchill
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Contents
List of Plates ix
Dedications xvii
Forewords and Messages xviii
Prologue by Martin Sugarman xxvi
Acknowledgements xxviii
List of Abbreviations xxxi
THE TESTIMONIES
1. Bergit Braach 45
2. Sam Chauveau 47
3. Leonard Clements 55
4. Harry Errington/Ehrengott, GC 57
5. Sidney Gabriel 67
6. Hyman Gilbert 69
7. Joe Gilbert 71
8. Manny Gold 73
9. Samuel Guttenberg/Godfrey 77
10. Sidney Hart/Hartz 83
11. Martin Hichberger 85
12. Renee Hurst née Gordon 87
13. Margaret ‘Peggy’ Jacobs née Joseph, BEM 89
14. Eric Kaufmann 93
15. Sylvia Kay(e) 95
16. Jack Krisman 97
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viii Jewish Participation in the Fire Service in the Second World War
Plates
Plates xi
xii Jewish Participation in the Fire Service in the Second World War
Plates xiii
xiv Jewish Participation in the Fire Service in the Second World War
Plates xv
xvi Jewish Participation in the Fire Service in the Second World War
257. Hendon Fire station with Phyllis Miller, Enid Harris/Perez, Olga
Charnie and Dianne Leapman.
258. Firewoman Enid Harris said this Fireman at Hendon station was
Jewish but could not recall his name.
259. A reunion of Jewish Firewomen at Sinclair House in Redbridge,
on 13 January 2008.
260. Sylvia Dorff/Beer.
261. Ilford Recorder, 17 January 2008, about the reunion of Firewomen.
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Dedications
The author also sincerely thanks the following individual donors, who
gave generously in the name of their relatives who were Jewish
personnel in the Fire Service in the Second World War:
Richard Overy,
Professor of History, University of Exeter
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The firefighters of Irish heritage during the 9/11 attack on New York
were lauded for their courage and resilience. The tragedy drew public
attention to the Irish tradition of serving in the New York City Fire
Department – to save the lives of others at the risk of their own. It was
important to commemorate their action and sacrifice in September
2001.
These men and women were the descendants of immigrants who
had fled the potato famine of the 1840s – the Great Hunger – and
crossed the ocean in search of a better life. Many found it – as did their
Jewish brothers and sisters – in New York. The firefighters of 2001
acted as they did because they were defending their city and helping
their fellow citizens.
Over three quarters of a century ago, another community of
immigrants rallied to the defence of their city. The Jews of London’s
East End knew that Hitler’s bombs were not only directed at them and
their families but at their city and at their neighbours. They served in
disproportionate numbers in the broad civil defence movement – and
often as firefighters and firewatchers. From the Battle of Britain
through the Blitz to the dropping of V1s and V2s in 1944–45, the Jews
of Whitechapel and Aldgate confronted the Nazis who had vowed to
ignite London and break the will of the people.
British Jews understood only too well the threat of an imminent
German invasion, following the retreat from Dunkirk and the onset of
the Battle of Britain. The conflict between two major European powers
was being transformed into a war of survival for the Jews.
Heydrich’s appointee, Dr. Franz Six, was charged with the creation
of six einsatzgruppen to be located in London, Manchester,
Birmingham, Bristol, and Liverpool to deal with the Jews of England
and Wales and one unit either in Edinburgh or in Glasgow, responsible
for the Jews of Scotland. A Jewish Chronicle editorial summed up the
fear and the determination of British Jews during the summer of 1940.
At this critical hour for mankind, let every Jew and Jewess utter a
solemn vow that, come what may and whatever the trials in store, they
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will stand body and soul by Britain, giving all that they have, never
despairing, determined that so far as they can achieve it, the crowning
disaster of a desolate world under the heel of a cruel and remorseless
master shall not be.
The rush to fight Hitler on the Home Front by putting out fires and
rescuing the survivors from their destroyed homes was therefore central
and not peripheral. It was more than a sudden responsibility. Older
Jews – many of whom had immigrated from Russia and Poland – had
watched the zeppelins over London during the First World War and
bore witness to the destruction that they wreaked. The age of air travel
had spawned the war against civilians.
Older Jews who were unable to join the armed forces therefore
volunteered for the Fire Service where they could make a contribution
to defeating Nazism. Some worked down the (Petticoat) Lane on the
stalls, others had their businesses in the area.
According to the 1931 census, 330,000 Jews lived in Britain – of
whom about a third lived in London’s East End. The rise of
homegrown fascism under the leadership of Oswald Mosley persuaded
many Jews to join the Communist party because it was viewed as
activist and determined to stand up to the acolytes of Hitler. Their
Jewishness was often defined by a rejection of anglicisation and
assimilation. They did not warm to the luminaries of Anglo-Jewry such
as Sir Basil Henriques and Lord Bearstead who advised them to become
‘Englishmen of the Jewish persuasion’. Following the battle of Cable
Street in 1936, the East End of London became a bastion of the
Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). Indeed it is estimated that
approximately ten percent of Britons who fought in the international
brigades in Spain were Jewish, yet Jews were only just over one half of
one per cent of the population. The hypnotic embrace of Communism
was broken by the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact, but for those who
remained in the CPGB, many joined the Fire Service once Hitler had
turned against Stalin and invaded the USSR in 1941.
Yet the Fire Service was also a microcosm of British society – and it
also reflected anti-Semitism within Britain. The struggle against Hitler
was not perceived generally as a struggle against anti-Semitism but
primarily as one for the security of the country and the freedom of its
people. As Chamberlain, himself, remarked after Kristallnacht: ‘No
doubt the Jews aren’t a lovable people: I don’t care about them myself,
but that is not sufficient to explain the pogrom’. Some in the Fire
Service found a scapegoat in ‘foreign Jews’ due to the unemployment,
hunger and injustices of the 1930s. Others – particularly those who had
seen service in the armed forces – had never met a Jew before and their
views were coloured by historic stereotypes. Yet the struggle against
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xxii Jewish Participation in the Fire Service in the Second World War
Nazism and the common suffering – Hitler’s bombs did not distinguish
between Jew and non-Jew – bridged the gap.
The firefighters of the Second World War were regarded as neither
civilians nor members of the armed forces – and their story, unlike their
present-day Irish-American counterparts, has been marginalised and
with the passage of time forgotten. The Jewish contribution to their
remarkable persistence in standing up to Hitler has also been lost in
the mists of time. This book by Martin Sugarman therefore reclaims
them for the twenty-first century reader. It documents their bravery
and their stories during the Second World War. It reclaims those who
perished from the anonymity of the grave and restores them to their
rightful place in history.
It is clear that for the author of this work, this is a labour of love.
The dedication is all too apparent. This book is therefore above all an
act of remembrance.
These Jewish firefighters of yesterday understood the evil of the
times and they acted. They did not stand aside. They did not become
bystanders.
The mishnaic sage, Hanina ben Dosa, perceived such motivation
and such determination two thousand years ago:
When one’s deeds are even greater than one’s knowledge, the
knowledge is effective
But when one’s knowledge is greater than one’s deeds, the knowledge
is futile
Colin Shindler
Emeritus Professor, SOAS University of London
London, September 2015
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An important part of the ethos of the London Fire Brigade is that its
firefighters should reflect the communities they serve. So it is a great
pleasure to read these compelling stories of the Jewish men and women
of the Fire Brigade in London, chiefly during the Blitz, but also in towns
and cities across the country throughout the war.
These are the true histories of British people in the thick of it,
drawn from their local communities and going about their business in
the most trying conditions. Martin Sugarman’s research has been long
and thorough, and the characters he mentions come alive in these
pages, in engaging stories and telling photographs. Like many other
Britons, they were doing a dangerous and necessary job, often under
terrific bombardment. But perhaps they, more than most, had reason
to recognise the deadly threat of the fascist armies across the sea.
Ron Dobson
London Fire Commissioner
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Messages xxv
happens in just a few years, societies take a lot longer to evolve. So, we
really do need reminders like Martin’s stories here, to illustrate how
key values such as tolerance and fairness, and courage and bravery
transcend faiths and culture and that as a society - and a fire and rescue
community - we really are at our best when we put boundaries aside
and face our challenges together. But, as the book illustrates, we can’t
take that for granted
Well done Martin for such an extensive and stimulating account.
Prologue
The material used in this book has been gathered over many years, from
many sources, by the author and kept mostly in the Archives of the
Jewish Military Museum now based at the Jewish Museum in Camden.
Those who have helped I have named in the Acknowledgements or in
the text, though I wish to pay especial tribute to Stephanie Maltman
whose knowledge and guidance have been invaluable and whose
devotion to the story of the Jewish Fire Service personnel has been both
zealous and second to none.
Naturally and inevitably, when the ‘call’ went out for information,
not everyone in the Jewish community would have seen it, try though
I did to spread the word far and wide. And of course by the time I
started my work on this topic, so many of the Firemen and Women,
who were in most cases in their 30s when war began, had passed away.
But nevertheless the research is presented here, gaps and all, as a tribute
to the courage and tenacity of the Jews who served in the Fire Brigade
in Britain and even abroad, in the Second World War, and as yet
another example of the part played by the Anglo-Jewish community,
out of proportion to our numbers in the general population, in the Civil
Defence (CD) of Britain during those terrible, dark days. Indeed, my
own father when on leave from Army service in the UK during the Blitz,
before he went overseas, gave personal testimony to me of the many
incidents he and other soldiers were sent to, in order to assist Firemen
and CD workers to rescue the injured and retrieve the dead from
horrific bombings and fires in London; the carnage he saw was forever
imprinted on his memory.
Finally, to anticipate a question that many readers may ask, here is
why I wrote this book:
Prologue xxvii
Acknowledgements