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 Spine
25mm

Edited by David S. G. Thomas Thomas

The DicTionary
of Physical The DicTionary

of
GeoGraPhy

Physical GeoGraPhy
of Physical

The DicTionary
FOURTH EDITION

GeoGraPhy
This fully revised comprehensive fourth edition covers the whole field of physical
geography, including climate and atmosphere, geomorphology, biogeography, hydrology,
oceans, Quaternary, environmental change, soils, remote sensing and GIS. This new edition
reflects developments in the discipline during the last decade, with the expert advisory
group providing an international perspective on the discipline of physical geography.

Over 2000 entries that are self-contained or cross-referenced include 200 that are new FOURTH EDITION
to this edition, over 400 that are rewritten and updated, and new supporting references
and additional recommended reading in many others. Entries removed from the last
edition are available in the online resource. This volume is the essential reference point
Edited by David S. G. Thomas
for students of physical geography and related environmental disciplines, lecturers and
interested individuals alike.
International Advisory Panel
FOURTH David Dunkerley
EDITION
David Thomas is Professor of Geography at the University of Oxford, a Fellow of Hertford Giles Foody
College, and is Honorary Professor at the Universities of Cape Town and Witwatersrand in
Andrew Goudie
South Africa. He is a geomorphologist who works in contemporary as well as Quaternary
contexts, especially in drylands and deserts. He has authored almost 200 papers in Michael Meadows
refereed international journals and other volumes, and has authored or edited 10 books.
David Montgomery
Sharon Nicholson
A companion website is available at:
www.wiley.com/go/thomas/physicalgeography
Tom Spencer

www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell
Also available
as an e-book

Filename: THOMAS_Physical Geography 4e_9781118782347_183602 • Size - 170 X 244mm (PBK)

THE DICTIONARY OF

Physical
Geography
THE DICTIONARY OF

Physical
Geography
Fourth Edition

Edited by

David S.G. Thomas

International Advisory Panel
David Dunkerley (Australia)
Giles Foody (UK)
Andrew Goudie (UK)
Michael Meadows (South Africa)
David Montgomery (USA)
Sharon Nicholson (USA)
Tom Spencer (UK)
This edition first published 2016  2016 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
First published 1985 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd; Second edition published 1994 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd;
Third edition published 2000 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
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permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.
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Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
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the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names
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advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Thomas, David S. G.
Title: The dictionary of physical geography / edited by David S.G. Thomas.
Description: Fourth Edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons Inc., [2016] |
Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015031859| ISBN 9781118782347 (Cloth) | ISBN 9781118782330
(Paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Physical geography–Dictionaries.
Classification: LCC GB10 .D53 2016 | DDC 910/.0203–dc23 LC record available
at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015031859
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be
available in electronic books.
Cover image: Erg Chebbi dunes in Morocco, Sahara desert  Getty Images
Set in 9/10pt PlantinStd by Thomson Digital, Noida, India

1 2016
 Contents
List of Contributors vi
Preface to the Fourth Edition x
Preface to the First Edition xi
Preface to the Second Edition xii
Preface to the Third Edition xiii
Acknowledgments xiv
About the Companion Website xvi
Introduction xvii
THE DICTIONARY OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1
Index 581

v
 Contributors
NOTE: This list of contributors, and their affiliations, was updated during production of
the fourth edition. Some contributions were made for the first and subsequent editions,
and contributor affiliations may have since changed. These have been updated where
possible, but in some cases the affiliation at the time of contribution may remain.

AB Alison Banwell BAK Barbara A Kennedy

University of Cambridge Formerly of University of
Oxford. Deceased.
AD Angus Duncan
University of Bedfordshire BGT Bruce G Thom
University of Sydney
AHP Allen H Perry
Formerly of Swansea University BJS Bernie J Smith
Formerly of Queen’s University
AH-S Ann Henderson-Sellers of Belfast. Deceased
Emeritus, MacQuarie University
BWA Bruce W Atkinson
ALH A Louise Heathwaite Emeritus, Queen Mary
University of Lancaster University of London

AMG Angela M Gurnell CAMK Cuchlain A M King

Queen Mary University of Formerly University of
London Nottingham

AP Adrian Parker CDC Chris D Clark

Oxford Brookes University University of Sheffield

ARH Alan R Hill CTA Clive T Agnew

Formerly of York University, University of Manchester
Ontario
DB Denys Brunsden
ASG Andrew S Goudie Emeritus, King’s College
Emeritus, University of Oxford London

AW Andrew Watson DES David Sugden

DAI, Washington, DC Emeritus, University of
Edinburgh
AWE Andrew W Ellis
Virginia Tech DEW Des E Walling
Emeritus, University of Exeter

vi
 CONTRIBUTORS

DW David Watts HVL Harry van Loon

Formerly of University of Hull. Formerly of National Center for
Deceased. Atmospheric Research, Boulder,
CO
DGT David G Tout
Formerly of University of IAC Ian A Campbell
Manchester Formerly of University of
Alberta. Deceased.
DH David Higgitt
University of Singapore IB Ian Burton
Emeritus, Meteorological
DJN David J Nash Service of Canada
University of Brighton
IE Ian Evans
DJS Douglas Sherman University of Durham
Texas A&M University
IGS Ian G Simmons
DLD David L Dunkerley University of Durham
Monash University
DSB Doreen S Boyd
DRM David R Montgomery University of Nottingham
University of Washington
JAD John A Dearing
DSGT David S G Thomas University of Southampton
University of Oxford
JAM John A Matthews
DTP David T Pugh Formerly of Swansea University
IOS Deacon Laboratory,
Godalming JAS John Shaffer
Arizona State University
ECB Eric C Barrett
Formerly of University of Bristol JEA John E Allen
Formerly Queen Mary
GCN Gerald C Nanson University of London
University of Wollongong
JEL Julie E Laity
GFSW Giles F S Wiggs California State University
University of Oxford
JET John E Thornes
GMF Giles M Foody Emeritus, University of
University of Nottingham Birmingham

HAV Heather Viles JGL John G Lockwood

University of Oxford Formerly of University of Leeds

HMF Hugh M French

Emeritus, University of Ottawa

vii
CONTRIBUTORS

JL John Lewin MDB Mark D Bateman

Emeritus, Aberystwyth University of Sheffield
University
MEM Michael E Meadows
JLB Jim Best University of Cape Town
University of Leeds
MFT Michael F Thomas
JM Judith Maizels Emeritus, University of Stirling
Formerly University of
Aberdeen MHU Michael H Unsworth
Emeritus, Oregon State
JO Julian Orford University
Queen’s University of Belfast
MJK Mike J Kirkby
JSAG John S A Green University of Leeds
Formerly University of East
Anglia MJS Michael J Selby
Emeritus, University of Waikato
KB Katherine Brown
University of Tasmania MLH Mark L Hidebrandt
Arizona State University
KEB Keith Barber
University of Southampton NSA Neil S Arnold
University of Cambridge
KEI Keith Idso
Arizona State University NJM Nick J Middleton
University of Oxford
KJG Kenneth J Gregory
University of Southampton NJS Nancy J Selover
Arizona State University
KJW Keith J Weston
University of Edinburgh PAB Peter A Bull
University of Oxford
KS Keith Smith
Emeritus, University of Stirling PAF Peter A Furley
Emeritus, University of
KSR Keith S Richards Edinburgh
Emeritus, University of
Cambridge PAS Philip A Stott
Formerly School of Oriental and
LN Lynn Newman African Studies
Glendale Community College,
Arizona PHA Patrick H Armstrong
University of Western Australia
MAS Mike A Summerfield
University of Edinburgh PJC Paul J Curran
City University, London

viii
 CONTRIBUTORS

PS Peter Smithson SEN Sharon E Nicholson

Emeritus, University of Sheffield Florida State University

PSH Paul A Shaw SLO Sarah L O’Hara

Formerly of University of the University of Nottingham
West Indies
SMP Susan M Parker
PWW Paul W Williams London
University of Auckland
SMW Stephen M Wise
RCB Robert C Balling Jr University of Sheffield
Arizona State University
SNL Stuart N Lane
RGB Roger G Barry University of Lausanne
University of Colorado, Boulder
SS Stephen Stokes
RHS Rodney H Squires Formerly of University of
University of Minnesota, Oxford. Deceased
Minneapolis
TRO Timothy R Oke
RH-Y Roy Haines-Young University of British Columbia,
University of Nottingham Vancouver

RID Ronald I Dorn TS Tom Spencer

Arizona State University University of Cambridge

RLJ Robert L Jones VM Vashu Mistra

Formerly Coventry University Florida State University

RR Ross Reynolds WBW W Brian Whalley

University of Reading University of Sheffield

RSC Randell S Cerveny WDS William D Sellers

Arizona State University Formerly of University of
Arizona. Deceased.
RSW Richard S Washington
University of Oxford WLG William L Graf
Emeritus. Arizona State
SAC Stanley A Changnon University
Formerly Illinois Department of
Energy, Champaign, IL.
Deceased

ix
Preface to the Fourth Edition
It is 15 years since the last edition of this dictionary was published. This edition represents a
substantial revision. The entry list has been fully evaluated by the new International
Advisory Panel. This has resulted in 152 entries being removed, 347 being updated or fully
rewritten and 191 new entries being added. Most others have had their references updated,
but with an eye kept on the fact that older references, especially formative ones, can provide
critical and essential insights into a topic or a definition.
The decisions to remove or add were based on the group’s views of what terms are now
less or little used (or too regional in usage to warrant inclusion) and what is new in physical
geography. As the volume is finite in length, terms cannot simply keep being added: some
have to be lost or reduced in length to make way for the new additions. The entries that
have been removed have been retained, however, in a section in the online version of the
dictionary.
There is an element of personal choice in what is included, but it is based on expert
opinion: someone will inevitably write and say that ‘such and such’ should have been left in,
or included, but as the saying goes, ‘the editor’s decision is final!’ The vast majority of
rewriting and writing of new entries has been carried out by the advisory group; but thank
you to the small number of additional new authors: as always, authors are identified by their
initials and the new names are added to the list of contributors.
As was the case with the third edition, this has been a challenging and time consuming
task. Thank you to the advisors, your help has been considerable and support most
welcome. Thank you to Andrew Goudie, who started this Dictionary off in 1985. And
thank you to Ian Francis, Kelvin Matthews and Delia Sandford at the publishers. Finally,
why do we need this dictionary in the age of the internet and online lists? Well it is
authoritative, and can’t be altered by random contributors!
DSGT

x
 Preface to the First Edition
The preparation of a dictionary of this complexity has involved many people, and all
deserve thanks for the efficiency with which they have prepared their material on time and
in the format required. We have been fortunate in having as a model our companion
volume, The Dictionary of Human Geography, which was so expertly edited by R.J. Johnston
and his team. I would like to express particular thanks to Janet Godden for having taken
over so much of the organizational burden, and to Andrew Watson for being willing to
prepare many of the short entries.
ASG

xi
Preface to the Second Edition
In this second edition we have taken the opportunity to update many of the entries and their
illustrations, and have added a substantial number of new entries. These new entries
include some that should doubtless have been in the first edition, but most are entries that
relate to new developments that have taken place in the discipline, especially with respect to
increasing concerns over major environmental issues. We have also made substantial
additions to the list of acronyms and abbreviations, and have updated many of the
references and guides to further reading.
ASG

xii
Preface to the Third Edition
This edition of this dictionary represents substantial evolution from the second edition.
Following consultation with the international advisory panel, whose composition reflects
many key areas of physical geography, including biogeography, climatology, environmental
change and key areas of geomorphology, 200 entries from the second edition have been
removed and replaced with 450 new entries. These were chosen from an original list of
possible new entries over twice this length, with the final selection representing changes
within the discipline, an increased international flavour, and the need to maintain the final
volume at a certain length. The total list of contributors is increased by 34, with new experts
drawn in to add their knowledge to the volume.
Managing a volume of this size is a complex task, the size of which I did not quite realize
when approached by John Davey, formerly of Blackwell Publishers, and Andrew Goudie.
Completion of the task has been made much simpler due to the help of the advisory panel,
the goodwill of contributors, and especially to the assistance of Jill Landeryou and Sarah
Falkus at the publishers, and, in the final stages, the considerable help given in the
preparation of the final manuscript by Lucy Heath. All are thanked enormously.
DSGT

xiii
 Acknowledgements
The editors and the publishers wish to thank the following for permission to use copyright
material or photographs in this fourth edition.
Alice Thomas for the photograph in arches, natural.
American Physical Society for the figure in core.
American Meteorological Society for the figure in El Nino.
Andrew Goudie for the figures in albedo, beach, eustasy, floristic realms, tropical
cyclones and volcano.
Cambridge University Press for the figures in general atmospheric circulation, sea/
land breeze.
Cory Matthews for the figure in antecedent drainage.
David Brigland for the figure in river terrace, from Brigland et al. (eds) The Quaternary of
the lower reaches of the Thames, a field guide. QRA 1995.
David Evans for the figure in crag and tails forms, from Benn and Evans, Glaciers and
glaciation, 2010.
David Thomas for the photographs in alp, current ripples, entrenched meander,
ephemeral stream, eutrophication, fairy circles, hoodoo, inselberg, insolation
weathering, kopje, lava, mallee, palaeosol, pan, pediment, sand trap, slip face,
strandline, talus, tephra, wadi, wetland.
Elsevier (and associated imprints) for the figures in Darcy’s law, North Atlantic deep
water, pollen analysis, supercontinent, Walker circulation.
European Geophysical Union for the figure in Greenland ice sheet.
Geological Society of London for the figure in abyssal plain.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the figure in Antarctic ice
sheet.
Joel Cracraft and Niles Eldredge for the figure in cladistics.
John Wiley and Sons (and associated imprints) for the figures in anabranching, Ant­
arctic bottom water, biofilm, carrying capacity, connectivity, drylands, El Nino,
plate tectonics, rift valley, stress, sand seas.
Mair Thomas for the photograph in geyser.
M.A. Wilson for the photograph in bioerosion.
Oxford University Press for the figures in advection, drainage network, landslide,
mass movement types, permafrost.

xiv
 Acknowledgements

Peter Furley and the late Walter Newey for the figures in biogeochemical cycles,
estuary, ocean.
Roy Haynes-Young for the figure in millennium ecosystem assessment.
Sharon Nicholson for the photograph in mesoscale cellular convection.
Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) for the figure in delta.
Springer for the figure in carbonate budget, of coral reefs.
Tom Spencer for the photographs in algal ridge, flume, makatea, ridge and runnel
topography.

xv
 AEOLIANITE

or cyclones, is critical for the occurrence of pre­
cipitation over land. Within extensive vegetated
areas like the tropical forests of South America,
advection of moisture is pivotal to the process of
precipitation recycling. DLD
Reading
Drost, F. and England, M.H. (2008) Twentieth century
trends in moisture advection over Australia. Meteorology
and Atmospheric Physics, 100, 243–256.
Sheil, D. and
Murdiyaso, D. (2009) How forests attract rain: an exami­
nation of anew hypothesis. BioScience, 59, 341–347.

Trenberth, K.E. (1999) Atmospheric moisture recycling:
role of advection and local evaporation. Journal of Climate,
12, 1368–1381.
advection fog See FOG.
advective processes Processes for which
the upslope drainage area influences rates of sedi­
ment transport through entrainment of material
that moves along with (i.e. is advected by) the flow.
Sediment transport Qs by advective processes is
often cast in landscape evolution models as
Qs ˆ K Am S n , where K is a (fluvial) rate parame­
ter, A is drainage area (which may be replaced by
discharge Q in some models), S is the slope, and m
and n vary with the process under consideration.
Advective processes tend to create relief through
the incision of valleys. DRM
aeolian (eolian in the USA) Of the wind;
hence aeolian processes and aeolian sediments
and landforms. Derived from Aeolus, Greek
god of the winds. DSGT
aeolianite Cemented dune sand, calcium car­
bonate being the most frequent cement. The
degree of cementation is very variable, the end
product being a hardened dune rock with total
occlusion of pore space. Aeolianite of Quaternary
age is generally found in coastal areas within 40° of
the equator, especially those that experience at
least one dry season. The balance between leach­
ing and lime production is the prime control of this
overall distribution. Most examples contain
between 30 and 60% calcium carbonate, although
not all of this may occur as cement. According to
Yaalon (1967) a minimum of 8% calcium carbon­
ate is required for cementation of dune sands
under semi-arid conditions. Sources of calcium
carbonate include biogenic skeletal fragments,
dust, spray and groundwater. ASG
Reading and Reference
McLaren, S.J. (2007) Aeolianite. In D.J. Nash and
S. McLaren (eds), Geochemical sediments and landscapes.
Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; pp. 149–172.

Yaalon, D. (1967) Factors affecting the lithification of
aeolianite and interpretation of its environmental signifi­
cance in the coastline plain of Israel. Journal of Sedimentary
Petrology, 37, 1189–1199.

aeolation It has been suggested that in the

late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
there was a tendency to identify AEOLIAN pro­
cesses as the dominant geomorphic mechanism
that shaped the world’s DESERTs, at the expense
of considering the role of water and runoff.
While for some desert environments, such as
the American Southwest, the power of aeolian
erosion may have been overemphasized, the
past importance attached to the aeolation par­
adigm may itself have been overstressed in
recent years. Today, aeolation and run-off ero­
sion are not viewed as competing paradigms in
the explanation of the formation of dryland
landscapes. The expansion of process-based
studies at the expense of simple description,
the increase in data sources and the availability
of high-resolution aerial imagery all allow the
relative importance of different processes in
space and time to be considered, rather than
a unitary explanation of dryland evolution to be
sought. DSGT

Reading
Goudie, A.S. (2012) Charles Rolin Keyes and extravagant Aeolianite in old coastal dunes, Agulhas Peninsula, South
aeolation. Aeolian Research, 4, 51–53. Africa. Photograph by David Thomas.

9
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Sikiönsä saattavaisin,
Kuorman kantavan omansa.
Mäni maille vierahaille,
Outopaikoille pakeni.» —
Asko armoton kysyypi
»Mik' ol' nimi neitosella?
Kuka suku surmajalla?»
»Se ol' Walpuri vakava,
Jongan kalloja kolistan,
Jongan luita luskuttelen.» —
Syän säikähti sikiön,
Henki häpsähti häväistyn.
Surma syrkkäsi samassa,
Paha paiskasi perästä.
Asko paran armottomast,
Kirkon kulmahaan kivisen.
Veri purskahti punanen,
Päästä poloisen pihalle.
Tilkka muurille tipahti,
Toinen seinälle sorahti,
Kolme kallohoon katosi.
Kirkon kulma kammottaapi.
Veri valkean valaisi.
Siin on merkki murhajalle,
Puna pilkku pettäjälle,
Jok' ei vuolu vuolimella
Eikä kalkilla katoa.

[Painettu »Oskyldigt Ingenting» -lehteen v. 1821.]

KANTELE JA HUILU.

Kantele.

Minun veisti Wainämöinen

Kuussa, vahvasta visasta:
Nousi notkosta mäellen
Kelpo nauloja katellen:
Kasvo tammi tanteresta
Otavaahan oksinensa;
Nosti noihen nyrhösensä
Raksi latvan lattiahaan;
Naulat latvasta naversi,
Kielet kehräsi kelalla,
Aina aito auringosta
Päivän hapsia hakien,
Päivän säeitä sitoen.

Huilu.

Minä ilmestyn iässä,

Alon aamu-tähtöisessä.
Sukka-mielen silmöisestä
Vähä vierähti pisara,
Mantel-varpuihen välihin.
Tuosta hyöty tuo hyväkäs,
Peitti päivän pimentonsa,
Josta iloihti Isäntä,
Herra auringon avaran.
Otti oksan oivallisen
Oksan huiluksi hujelsi,
Puuhun puhalsi puteron.

Kantele.

Vielä vasta valmistettu

Olin tuores tuonilleni,
Äänelleni äkkinäinen.
Josta syystä synnyttäjä,
Varsin veistamöisiltäni
Nosti orsillen otavan
Kuueks vuoeks kuivamaahan.
Opin tuolla ollessani
Tähti-tanssin taivahaisen,
Jota jätkytän jälestä,
Tähen tiellä taivutellen
Kultaisia kieliäni,
Tähen tahtia tapailen.

Huilu

Piti paimen pillinänsä,

Käyen karjan kaitsejana
Thessalian laitumilla
Almetillä alimmaissa,
Vähin voimin voitettua,
Soassa kilpasoittajoihin
Parahimman paimenia;
Vasten mieltä Miitahaisen,
Jongan kulta-korvahaani
Puhui pillillä pahasti;
Josta korvat korkenivat,
Ett'ei saattanut salata
Eikä peittoja pitellen,
Eikä väkivallan kautta.

Kantele.

Sitten soitti sormillansa,

Itse istuen perässä,
Liemoveen lainehetta
Purjehtiissä purrellansa.
Silkkisiä seiliänsä
Taivutellen, tuulillensa.
Kuten tahto tuuliansa
Taipumaahan taivahinen;
Siten sormia sovitti
Minun kulta kielilleni.
Josko tyyntä, tyynemästi,
Josko jäitä, jäykemmästi
Paino peukalon perällä.

Huilu.

Sitten ankara Apollo

Lainas laulu-neioillonsa,
Jotka, somast soitettua,
Säilyttivät sisällänsä.
Opin siellä ollessani.
Sanat syttyneen syämmen,
Joita pojat puhuttavat,
Piiat kilvoin kuultelovat
Rakkanen rauettua.
Muutin, maallisten majoista
Tykkänähään taivahaaseen,
Joss' on tuttu toimeheni,
Joss' ei puuttune puhujat.

[Painettu »Oskyldigt Ingenting» -lehteen v. 1821.]

A. RAKKAUUEN SYNTY.

Luoja lanpias isämme

Istu iänkaikkisuuen
Pimeässä piiroksessa,
Ontto olemattomuuen
Yö on ylen ympärillä.
Kaikkisuuen kaikkinainen
Valta vaan on valvomassa,
Luojan luonna luomatakin,
Täytiläinen täyellensä.
Jalo ilo, itsestänsä
Siitä sytty, syämmeensä.
Itepäällänsä, isänen
Aiatteli aivoillansa:
»Ollapa tuota, toisen silmä
Kahtomassa, kaikkeutta!
Tuollapa tätä täyteyttä
Toisen tunto tuntemaahan!
Minä taian taivahita,
Minä mahan maailmaita
Tuon luontani sanalla!»
Sano sanan; ja samassa
Valo valtikan valasi,
Paivä piilotti pimenon.
Taivas täytti täisinensä,
Kivi kirkas kiiltämällä,
Päivän eessä ensimäisen,
Keitti kullat kuohumaahan.
Vuoren korkian kohussa.
Päärly, päällä seitemällä
Loisti, silmistä sininen,
Tahikk' puoleksi punanen,
Tahikk' kaiken karvallinen

Jalan juurelta Jumalan.

Tähti koitti korkialta,
Tihverästi tirkistllen
Mesi-tyynelle merelle,
Joutsenta jo johtatellen,
Joka laulo lapsitoina.
Elämänsä ennustusta.

Seilatossa sintävällä,
Ilman ajan lainehella,
Kyyhky kylvetti kynänsä.
Orih hirnu hileällä,
Äleällä äänellänsä,
Katsahtellen kahen puolen:
»Mistä muka miehen löyän,
Kussa kuulen kaitsejani!»

Auriako alotteleepi
Polttavia polkujansa;
Päätti päivät maailmalle,
Viiet jo viattomalle,
Kulki kuuesten kululle;
Lausu Herra hengellensä,
Kuin ol' kaikkia kaunistettu,
Valmistettu valvomaahan,
Paitsi päällen päätteheksi,
Luonnon hiippa luomatoina
Luonnon ruunu ruumitoina,
Luonnon sielu silmitöinä:
»Tehkämme nyt Temppeliksi
Itelemme, Ihmisiä,
Haamullamme haastavia
Kulkevia kuvallamme!»

Nousi sannasta, samassa,

Multaisesta, muoollinen
Poroisesta, povellinen,
Ilmi, ihminen Isälle;
Seisomaahan seinähirsi,
Nurkkakivi kiiltämäähän,
Aivottuhun alttarihiin,
Tepittyhyyn temppelihiin,
Tuolle sielun sieramihiin
Herra hengellä puhalsi,
Tuolle kasvot kaikkivalta
Kaunisteli, kastamalla
Auringonsa alkeissa,
Päätteisä päiväisensä.
Nosti siunaten sylinsä,
Sano suulla suloisella:
»Käy nyt kaikki kahtomassa
Ympärillä yrttitarhan
Mitkä ovat mielelliset,
Niitä nimellä nimitä!»
Kävikin käskylle keveä;
Että uupu ensinkerran,
Tuosta työstä työttömästä;
Että nukku navallensa,
Mahallensa marjekkohoon.
Näki unta uupunutkin
Toempata, toisen laista,
Kuin on nähnynnä näkiä
Siitä-päivin sielullansa.
Näki Herran näössänsä,
Sanovan sanoilla näillä:
»Eivät ole onnelliset,
Hyötylliset hyvyyteni.
Yksinäiselle ylälle:
Minä avun Aatamille,
Otan, oikehen omasta
Luustansa, luoakseni.»
Otti kylen kynnellänsä,
Lihan liitteli siallen.
Teki naisen nauro-suisen.
Ihanaisen ihmiselle.
Anto syntynyn sylihiin,
Puolisoksi puna-posken,
Itse Luoja luoullensa,
Käellä kätkemättömällä.
Hiljoin, hiivasten povea,
Syän kumpaankin sykähti.
Niinkuin koitto korkeaisen,
Pitkähisen piilin kärki,
Nuolen kärki, nuolahteli
Simaisessa sielussanne,
Mesisessä mielessänne;
Siinä itkut ensimmäiset
Ilmestyvät ilon tähen.
Siinä liittäyty likistys,
Siinä synty suukkiminen,
Lapset raitin rakkauuen
Käsi käissä astumaahan
Nousivatten, nojatusten,
Isän istuimen eteheen,
Alttariksi altoiseksi.
Silloin raahti rakkauskin,
Kuin ol' tuskin tunnin vanha,
Alaisesta asungosta,
Tulla taivaitten tasalle.
Silloin julkesi jutulle,
Silloin aivoi ansiolle,
Matalasta maailmasta,
Vaikk' ol' nilko nimitöinä,
Sanotoina saapuilla,
Ristimätä ristityltä.
Isä Eevalta esinä
Vainko vaati Aatamilta,
Vainko kuulla kummaltakin:
Mingän sanan saisivatten
Sillen sielun siemenelle,
Josta yhtyvät yheksi.
Suulla yhellä yhessä
Lausuvatten laulamalla:
»Se on taivaitten tavara,
Se on hellin hyvyytesi,
Laupeutesi lavea!»
Niinp' ol' nimellä hyvällä,
Ylpeällä yksytenne
Isä, äiti, ensimältä!
Vaan kuin tuskalle tulitte,
Alaiselle, ajatuksi
Paratiisista pakohoon;
Nimen panitte pahemman,
Saitte sanan saastattavan,
Raaja-rikon Rakkauuen.

[Painettu »Mnemosynessä», Maji v. 1822.]

B. RAKKAUDEN SYNTY.

(Tryckt »Mnemosyne» 1822). Laul. v. 1819.)

Itse luoja luonnon kaiken

Istu iankaikkisuen
Piirityksessä pimeessä.
Ontto olemattomuen
Yö on ylen ympärillä.
Kaikkisuen kaikkinainen
Valta vaan on valvomassa
Täytiläinen täyellensä.
Luojan luonna luomatakkin
Ize päällänsä Isänen
Ajatteli aivollansa:
»Ollapa tuota toisen silmä
Kazomassa kaikkeutta!
Tallappa tätä täyteyttä
Toisen tunto tuntemahahan!
Minä mahdan maailmaita.
Minä taidan taivahita.
Luoda luontani sanalla.»
 Sano sanan; ja samassa
Maat ja ilmat ilmestyvät
Päivä piilotti pimennon.
Taivas täytti täysinensä,
Maa-piirit pieninensä
Isän istuimen etehen.
Kivi kirkas kiiltämällä,
Päivän eessä ensimäisen
Keitti kullat kuohumahan,
Vuoren korkean kohussa.
Päärly, päällä seizemallä.
Loisti silmissä sininen,
Tahik' puoleksi punanen,
Tahik' kaiken karvallinen
Jalan juurella Jumalan.
Tähti koetti korkealta,
Tirkistellen tihverästi,
Mesityynelle merelle;
Joutsenta jo johdatellen
Joka laulo lapsitoina
Elämänsä ennustusta.
Kyyhky kylvetti kynänsä
Seilatessa sintävällä
Ilman laajan lainehilla.
Hepo hirnu hileästi
Äleällä äänellänsä,
Pelmutellen penkerellä
Katsahtellen kahen puolen:
»Mistä muka miehen saanen.
Kussa kuulen kaitsejani?»