Chapter 4

Matter and Substances

4.1 Changes In Matter
Kinetic Theory of Matter
The theory states that:
- Matter is made up of tiny and discrete
particles
- The particles are always moving in random
motion
- The moving energy is called the kinetic
energy of particles
- The kinetic energy of particles depends on
the temperature of matter
States of Matter
Changes in state of matter

Sublimation

Sublimation
4.2 Structure of atom
1. Every substances is made up of atoms.
2. There are three types of subatomic particles:
proton, electron and neutron.

(e, negatively charged)

(p, positively charged)
(n, neutral/ no charged)
4.3 Proton number and Nucleon number
 Proton number is the number of proton in an
atom.
 Nucleon number is the total number of protons
and neutrons in an atom.
The number of nucleon = neutrons number +
proton number

• Symbol of element.
For example, Aluminium (Al)
Proton number
13
(always smaller number) Name of element
Nucleon number 27
Al
 How to determine the charges of
particles
Particles Number of Number of
protons electrons
A 6 8
B 10 9
C 11 11

a) Positively charged particles: B ( more proton number)

b) Negatively charged particles: A (more electron number)
c) Particle that has no charge (neutral): C (proton = electron)
 Isotopes
 Isotopes of certain elements contains the same
number of protons but a different number of
neutrons in their atoms.
 For example, hydrogen
4.4 Periodic table

•Elements are arranged according to their proton number (increases)

•Divided into metals, non-metals and semimetals
•Elements in the same group have same chemical properties
Importance of periodic table
 Helps us to determine the properties of
elements.
 Can be used to forecast the properties
and uses of particular element.
 4.5 Properties of Substances
ATOMS
•Substances made up of
atoms only.
•The smallest particle.
•In solid (except mercury)
•Conduct electricity
•High boiling/melting point
ALUMINIUM
Aluminium
Atom
MOLECULES
Substance made up of
molecules only (two or
more atoms).
•In solid, liquid or gas
•Cannot conduct electricity
•Low boiling/melting point
Oxygen gas
Water
IONS
•Substance made up of
ions only.
•Contain charged particle
•In solid
•Cannot conduct electricity
except in molten or aqueous
states
•High boiling/melting point
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
 Physical properties of substance made up
of atoms, molecules and ions
Section A: Melting point. Substances Type of Melting
substance point
Lead ATOM High
Sulphur MOLECULE Low
Lead/sulphur/ Lead (II) ION High
Lead(II)bromide Bromide

•High melting point = strong forces of

attraction
•Low melting point = weak forces of
attraction
Section B: Electrical conductivity

SUBSTANCE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

SOLID MOLTEN
LEAD Can Can
SULPHUR Cannot Cannot
LEAD(II)BROMIDE Cannot Can

For ionic substance, lead(II)bromide:

•Does not conduct electricity in solid because
- ions cannot move freely
•Conducts electricity in molten because
- ions can move freely
4.6 Properties of Metals and Non-Metals
A) Surface condition

Metals: copper Dull

Shiny surface Non-metals: carbon

B) Malleability

•Non-metal: Brittle
• the lump of carbon shatters

•Metal :Malleable
• iron wire changes shape
C) Tensile strength

Nichrome (metal)
needed
more weights to break
Nichrome/
nylon
Nylon (non-metal)
needed
less weight to break

Metals have higher tensile strength than non-metals

 D) Electrical conductivity

* Metals: the bulb * Non-metals: the

lights up with bulb does not
copper rod lights up with glass
* METALS conduct rod
electricity * NON-METALS
do not conduct
electricity
E) Heat conductivity

Type of Example Time taken

materials for the
thumbtack
to drop
off/seconds
METALS Copper 96
rod
NON- Glass rod 130
METALS

•Metals: copper rod are good heat conductors

•Non-metals: glass rod are poor heat conductors
4.6 Properties of Metals and Non-Metals
Comparison between metals and non-metals
METALS Physical properties NON-METALS

Shiny Surface Dull

Ductile Ductility Non-ductile/ brittle

Malleable Malleability Non-malleable

High Melting and Boiling point Low

Good Electrical conductivity Non-conductive

except carbon
Good Heat conductivity Poor

High Tensile strenght Low

Uses of metals
Iron is used
in making
cars

Copper is used
to make wires

Aluminium is
Silver is often
used to make
used to make
power lines
jewellery
 Uses of non-metals
Sulphur is
used to
make
matchstick
tips

Diamonds are
mostly used to Sulphur is
make jewellery ingredient in
making paint
 4.7 Purification of Substances
1. Pure substances are substances that contain
only one type of substance.
- do not have any impurities
- for example,
* pure sugar only contains sugar molecules
* pure water only contains water molecules
2. Pure substances have fixed boiling and melting
point.
- for example,
* pure water boils at 100°C
Effect of impurities on the boiling point of
a pure liquid
 The presence of impurities in a pure
substance can
a) increase its boiling point
b) decrease its freezing point
• For example,
- when a salt is added to pure water,
water will be boil at a temperature higher
than 100°C
Title: Effect of impurities on the boiling
point of a pure liquid (PEKA)
 Aim: To study the effect of impurities on the boiling
point.
 Hypothesis: The presence of salt increases the
boiling point of a pure liquid
 Variables:
manipulated variable :
responding variable :
constant variable :
 Materials: distilled water, table salt
 Apparatus: 100cm³beaker, wire gauze, tripod
stand, Bunsen burner, thermomater
  Procedure: 1. Distilled water was filled into a
beaker until it is half full.
Salt 2. The water was heated until its
boils. The temperature was
recorded.
3. Two spatulas of table salt were
added into the distilled water
Distilled and the mixture was heated
water again.
4. The boiling point of the mixture
of water and table salt were
recorded.
  Results : The presence of Boiling point of
table salt distilled water (°C)

Absent 100
Present

• Analysis:

• Conclusion:
 Methods of purification
 Purification is a process of removing impurities from a
substance.
 The methods are:
a) Filtration: process of separating solid from liquid

Mixture of solid
and liquid

Filter paper

Residue (solid)

Filtrate (liquid)
b) Crystallisation : process of forming crystals from a
liquid or gas
- production of salt from sea water
- production of pure solid copper(II)sulphate from
its solution

Substance in crystal form

 c) Distillation: a process to obtain a pure liquid from a
solution of liquid mixture.
- production of distilled water
- petroleum fractions (fractional distillation)
Tap water flows to cool the vapour and
condense it into liquid

To make sure the

condenser
is fully filled with water

Porcelin chips:
To break up the
air bubbles
Fractional distillation
 4.8 Uses of various substances
 Humans need various types of substances in
daily life.
 With scientific knowledge and technology,
humans have used the properties of substances
to make their lives better.
 For example, pure metals which may not be
suitable for a particular purpose because they
are too heavy or rust easily.
- they can be processed into more suitable
substances.
- pure iron steel (strong and does not
rust)
SCIENCE PROCESS SKILL
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