Grade 8

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Axiomatic Structure of a Mathematical System in Geometry
BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Activity 1
Axiomatic System
Theorem
Axiom
The Five Postulates

The Three Undefined Terms
Postulate
Defined Terms Corollary

Axiom Postulate

Axiom Postulate
Axiomatic System

Axiom Postulate
Axiomatic System
Theorem

Axiom Postulate
Axiomatic System
Theorem
Corollary Lemma

Defined Terms
Axiom Postulate The Three Undefined Terms
Point
Axiomatic System
Line
Theorem Plane
Corollary Lemma
The Five Postulates

Defined Terms
Point
Axiomatic System
Line
Theorem Plane
Corollary Lemma
The Five Postulates

Defined Terms
Point
Axiomatic System
Line
Theorem Plane
Corollary Lemma
The Five Postulates

Correspondence and Congruence

SYMBOLS MEANING
AB The distance between points A and B
AB The segment whose endpoints are A and B
∠BAC The angle whose sides are AB and AC
m∠BAC The measure of ∠BAC

Definition:
Two angles with the same measure are congruent.
If m∠ABC = m∠ DEF then ∠ABC ≅ ∠ DEF

Definition:
Two segments with the same length are congruent.
If AB = CD then AB ≅ CD


D
∠AEC = ∠ DEF
A
E
C F

SYMBOLS MEANING
ABC DEF The correspondence which matches A with D, B with E, and C with F
∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF The correspondence ABC DEF is a congruence
∆ABC ~ ∆DEF The correspondence ABC DEF is a similarity


Activity 2

Activity 2

Activity 2

Activity 2

∆𝐴𝑆𝐷 ≅ ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝑆 ≅ 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝑆 = 𝐵𝐶 = 13𝑐𝑚

Proving Congruent Triangles


! !
!
!

! !
! ! ! !

B D F
A C E
B D F
!
!
A C E

Given
Definition of congruent angles
For every triangle, the sum of the

measures of the angles is 180.
Transitive property
Substitution
Subtraction property
Definition of congruent angles
Given
ASA postulate
A C

B C
𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐴𝐶 Given
∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐴 Reflexive property
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐶𝐵 SAS Postulate
∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐶 CPCTC

A A
B C B C
The correspondence 𝐴𝐵𝐶~𝐴𝐶𝐵 is a congruence by SAS postulate



B D C
Let 𝐴𝐷 be the segment Every angle has exactly one bisector

that bisects ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶
∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 Definition of angle bisector
𝐴𝐷 ≅ 𝐴𝐷 Reflexive property
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐶𝐵 SAS Postulate

B D C
Let D be the midpoint Every segment has exactly one midpoint

of 𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐷 ≅ 𝐶𝐷 Definition of midpoint
𝐴𝐷 ≅ 𝐴𝐷 Reflexive property
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐶𝐵 SSS Postulate

Activity 3.1

Activity 3.1

Activity 3.1

Activity 3.1

Activity 3.1

Draw FP parallel to AD
∠𝑃𝐹𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐸𝐷𝐵
∠𝐹𝑃𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶
∆𝑃𝐹𝐸 ≅ ∆𝐵𝐷𝐸
𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐴𝐶
𝐹𝐸 ≅ 𝐸𝐷
∠𝐹𝐶𝑃 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶
∠𝐹𝐶𝑃 ≅ ∠𝐹𝑃𝐶 𝐹𝐸 = 𝐸𝐷
𝐹𝐶 ≅ 𝐹𝑃
P 𝐹𝐶 ≅ 𝐵𝐷
𝐹𝑃 ≅ 𝐵𝐷
∠𝐹𝐸𝑃 ≅ ∠𝐷𝐸𝐵

Draw FP parallel to AD Through a given external point, there is exactly one parallel to a given line
∠𝑃𝐹𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐸𝐷𝐵 Alternate interior angles are congruent
∠𝐹𝑃𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 Corresponding angles are congruent
∠𝐹𝐶𝑃 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 Isosceles Triangle Theorem
∠𝐹𝐶𝑃 ≅ ∠𝐹𝑃𝐶 Transitive property
𝐹𝐶 ≅ 𝐹𝑃 Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
𝐹𝐶 ≅ 𝐵𝐷 Given
𝐹𝑃 ≅ 𝐵𝐷 Transitive property
∠𝐹𝐸𝑃 ≅ ∠𝐷𝐸𝐵 Vertical angles are congruent
∆𝑃𝐹𝐸 ≅ ∆𝐵𝐷𝐸 SAA theorem
𝐹𝐸 ≅ 𝐸𝐷 CPCTC
𝐹𝐸 = 𝐸𝐷 Definition of congruent triangles

Activity 3.2

Activity 3.2

Activity 3.2

Activity 3.2

1. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐹 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐶𝐹 (𝑆𝑆𝑆) ∠𝐵𝐴𝐹 ≅ ∠𝐶𝐴𝐹

∠𝐴𝐹𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐹𝐶
∠𝐴𝐵𝐹 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐹


2. ∆𝐺𝐹𝐵 ≅ ∆𝐺𝐹𝐶 (𝑆𝐴𝑆) ∠𝐺𝐵𝐹 ≅ ∠𝐺𝐶𝐹
𝐺𝐵 ≅ 𝐺𝐶


3. ∆𝐴𝐺𝐵 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐺𝐶 (𝑆𝑆𝑆) ∠𝐴𝐵𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷


4. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐸 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐶𝐷 (𝐴𝑆𝐴) 𝐴𝐷 ≅ 𝐴𝐸
𝐵𝐸 ≅ 𝐶𝐷


5. ∆𝐴𝐷𝐺 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐸𝐺 (𝑆𝐴𝑆) 𝐷𝐺 ≅ 𝐸𝐺


6. ∆𝐵𝐷𝐺 ≅ ∆𝐶𝐸𝐺 (𝑆𝐴𝑆) 𝐵𝐷 ≅ 𝐶𝐸


6. ∆𝐵𝐷𝐺 ≅ ∆𝐶𝐸𝐺 (𝑆𝐴𝑆) 𝐵𝐷 ≅ 𝐶𝐸
7. ∆𝐵𝐷𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐶𝐸𝐵 (𝑆𝑆𝑆)

Activity 3.3

Activity 3.3

Activity 3.3

𝑃𝐸 = 𝐸𝐹
𝑃𝐵 = 𝐶𝐹 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝐵𝐸
∆𝐷𝐵𝑃 ≅ ∆𝐷𝐶𝐹 𝑃𝐸 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝐵𝐸
𝐸𝐹 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝐵𝐸
• 𝐷𝑃 = 𝐷𝐹
• 𝐸𝐷 = 𝐸𝐷 Perimeter ∆𝐴𝐸𝐹 = 𝐴𝐸 + 𝐴𝐹 + 𝐸𝐹
• ∠𝑃𝐷𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 𝐴𝐸 + 𝐴𝐹 + 𝐶𝐹 + 𝐵𝐸
∆𝐷𝐸𝑃 ≅ ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 = 𝐴𝐸 + 𝐵𝐸 + 𝐴𝐹 + 𝐶𝐹
= 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶
𝐱 𝟔𝟎 𝐲 Perimeter ∆𝐴𝐸𝐹 = 2
𝐲
P
Right Triangle Congruence

LL Theorem
LA Theorem
HA Theorem
HL Theorem

LL Theorem
(SAS postulate)

LA Theorem
(ASA postulate)

LA Theorem
(SAA theorem)

HA Theorem
(SAA theorem)

HA Theorem
(SAA theorem)

HL Theorem
! !

Activity 4.1

Activity 4.1

Activity 4.1

Activity 4.1

Activity 4.1

Activity 4.1

Extend CE to a point P such that PB ⊥ 𝐶𝐵

∠𝐶𝐵𝑃 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 𝑚∠𝑃𝐶𝐵 = 90 − 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐹
𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐶𝐵 𝑚∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 = 90 − 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐹
𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐹 + 𝑚∠𝑃𝐶𝐵 = 90 𝑚∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝑃𝐶𝐵
CE ⊥ 𝐴𝐷 ∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 ≅ ∠𝑃𝐶𝐵
𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐹 + 𝑚∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 = 90 ∆𝐶𝑃𝐵 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶
P ∠𝐶𝐷𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐶𝐷𝐹 ≅ ∠𝐵𝑃𝐶 ∆𝐷𝐵𝐸 ≅ ∆𝑃𝐵𝐸
𝐶𝐷 ≅ 𝐵𝑃 ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐵𝑃𝐶
D is the midpoint of 𝐵𝐶 ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐶𝐷𝐹
𝐶𝐷 ≅ 𝐷𝐵
𝐷𝐵 ≅ 𝑃𝐵
𝐸𝐵 ≅ 𝐸𝐵
∠𝐷𝐵𝐸 ≅ ∠𝑃𝐵𝐸

Activity 4.2

Activity 4.2

Activity 4.2

Activity 4.2

Activity 4.2

Activity 4.2

Activity 4.2

Triangle Inequalities

𝑎−𝑏 =𝑐
𝑐>0
𝑎−𝑏 >0
𝑎>𝑏

𝐃
𝑚∠𝐷𝐶𝐸 = 𝑚∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐵𝐷𝐶
𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑎 > 𝑏
𝐁 𝐂 𝐄
𝑚∠𝐷𝐶𝐸 > 𝑚∠𝐷𝐵𝐶

𝐃
𝑚∠𝐷𝐶𝐸 = 90
𝑚∠𝐷𝐶𝐸 = 𝑚∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐵𝐷𝐶
𝑚∠𝐷𝐶𝐸 > 𝑚∠𝐷𝐵𝐶
90 > 𝑚∠𝐷𝐵𝐶
𝐁 𝐂 𝐄
𝑚∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 < 90
∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 is an acute angle

𝐀
Restatement: In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, if 𝐴𝐵 > 𝐴𝐶, then ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 > ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.
Extend AC to a point D such that AD = AB

∠ABD ≅ ∠ADB 𝑚∠ABD = 𝑚∠ADB
𝑚∠ABD = 𝑚∠ABC + m∠𝐶𝐵𝐷 𝐁 𝐂
𝑚∠ABD > 𝑚∠ABC

𝑚∠ADB > 𝑚∠ABC 𝐃
𝑚∠ACB > 𝑚∠ADB





Activity 5 (Contest Round)
Super Easy 1
Answer: ∠𝑹, ∠𝑷, ∠𝑸

Super Easy 2
Answer: 𝑫𝑬

Super Easy 3
Answer: b

Super Easy 4
Answer: d

Super Easy 5
Answer: 𝑮𝑹

Very Easy 1
Answer: 𝟑 < 𝒙 < 𝟏𝟕

Very Easy 2
Answer: 𝒅

Very Easy 3
Answer: 𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟖

Very Easy 4
Answer: 𝟑 < 𝒙 < 𝟏𝟓

Very Easy 5
Answer: 𝑱𝒆𝒑𝒔𝒐𝒏

Easy 1
Answer: 𝑷𝑹

Easy 2
Answer: ∠𝑯

Easy 3
Answer: 𝟑𝟕

Easy 4
Answer: 𝟓 < 𝑨𝑪 < 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓

Easy 5
Answer: 𝟑𝟓

Activity 6

Activity 6

Activity 6

Activity 6
𝐃 𝐁 𝐂

Activity 6
𝐵𝐷 + 𝐷𝐶 > 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶
𝐃
𝐁 𝐂

Grade 8

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Axiomatic Structure of a Mathematical System in Geometry

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

The Five Postulates

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Axiom Postulate The Three Undefined Terms

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Axiom Postulate The Three Undefined Terms

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Axiom Postulate The Three Undefined Terms

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Correspondence and Congruence

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

AB The distance between points A and B

AB The segment whose endpoints are A and B

∠BAC The angle whose sides are AB and AC

m∠BAC The measure of ∠BAC

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

If m∠ABC = m∠ DEF then ∠ABC ≅ ∠ DEF

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF The correspondence ABC DEF is a congruence

∆ABC ~ ∆DEF The correspondence ABC DEF is a similarity

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Proving Congruent Triangles

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

For every triangle, the sum of the

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐶𝐵 SAS Postulate

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

The correspondence 𝐴𝐵𝐶~𝐴𝐶𝐵 is a congruence by SAS postulate

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Let 𝐴𝐷 be the segment Every angle has exactly one bisector

∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 Definition of angle bisector

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Let D be the midpoint Every segment has exactly one midpoint

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT