TESTING OF SINGLE

PHASE
TRASFORMERS
OC & SC TEST AND SUMPNER’S TEST
NEED FOR SUMPNER’S TEST:

• The full load test on a small transformer is very convenient, but on the large transformer, it is very difficult.
The maximum temperature rise in a large transformer is determined by the full load test. This test is
called, back-to-back test, regenerative test or Sumpner’s test.
• The suitable load which absorbs the full load power of a large transformer will not easily be available.
Hence a large amount of energy will be wasted. The back-to-back test determines the maximum
temperature rise in a transformer, and hence the load is chosen according to the capability of the
transformer.
• While OC and SC tests on a transformer yield its equivalent circuit parameters, these cannot be used for
the ‘heat run’ test wherein the purpose is to determine the steady temperature rise if the transformer was
fully loaded continuously; this is so because under each of these tests the power loss to which the
transformer is subjected is either the core-loss or copper-loss but not both.
• The way out of this impasse without conducting an actual loading test is the Sumpner’s Test of
Transformer which can only be conducted simultaneously on two identical transformers.
Back to Back Test:
• In conducting the Sumpner Test of Transformer the primaries of the two transformers are connected in
parallel across the rated voltage supply (V1), while the two secondaries are connected in phase opposition
as shown in Fig.
• For the secondaries to be in phase opposition, the voltage across T 2T4 must be zero otherwise it will be
double the rated secondary voltage in which case the polarity of one of the secondaries must be reversed.
Current at low voltage (V2) is injected into the secondary circuit at T2T4 .
Circuit Diagram for Sumpner’s test
• As per the superposition theorem, if V2 source is assumed shorted, the two transformers appear in
open-circuit to source V1 as their secondaries are in phase opposition and therefore no current can
flow in them. Hence this circumstance is like open circuit test .
• The current drawn from source V1 is thus 2I0 (twice the no-load current of each transformer) and
power is
W1 = 2Pi ( twice the core-loss of each transformer).
• When V1 is regarded as shorted, the transformers are series-connected across V 2 .
• Therefore, the impedance seen at V2 is 2Z and when V2 is adjusted to circulate full-load current (I fl
-rated), the power fed in is

W2 = 2Pc (twice the full-load copper-loss of each transformer).

• Thus in the Sumpner Test of Transformer, while the transformers are not supplying any load, full
iron-loss occurs in their cores and full copper-loss occurs in their windings.
• Net power input to the transformers being (2Pi + 2Pc). The heat run test could, therefore, be
conducted on the two transformers, while only losses are supplied.
• Efficiency(ɳ)
  at full load :
Output kVA = Po
Total loss under full load = +
% ɳ at full load = x 100

Efficiency(ɳ) at half load : (Fraction of load = )

Output kVA = Po /2
Iron loss at half load = Pi = ( Since Iron loss is constant loss)
Copper loss at half load = () = (Pc) =) =
% ɳ at half load = x 100

Similarly efficiency at ant other load can be determined.

Advantages of Sumpner’s test :
• The Sumpner's test(back to back test) is the very practical, convenient, efficient and minimum
power consumption without actual loading(heat run(Temp. rise) test for Hrs.) method to find
regulation and efficiency of large power transformer, used in practice.
• The power required to conduct this test is small.
• Transformers are tested at full load conditions.

Disadvantages :
• Only limitation is that two identical transformers are required. In practice exact identical
transformers cannot be obtained and as two transformers are required, the test is not
economical.
Example – 2
• 
Example –3
A 20 – kVA, 2200 / 220 V , 50 Hz distribution transformer is tested for efficiency and regulation as
follows:
• O.C. test : 220 V, 4.2 A, 148 W on L.V. side
• S.C. test : 86 V, 10.5 A, 360 W on L.V. side
Determine (a) core loss (b) Equivalent resistance referred to primary ( c) Equivalent resistance
referred to secondary (d) Equivalent reactance referred to primary ( e) Equivalent reactance
referred to secondary (f) regulation of transformer at 0.8 p.f. lagging current (g) efficiency at full
load and half the full load at 0.8 p.f. lagging current.
Solution :
(a) No load primary input is practically equal to the core loss. Hence core loss as found from no
load test is 148 W.
(b) Form S.C. test, Ro1 = 60 / 10.52 = 3.26 Ω
(c) R02 = K2 Ro1 = ( 220 / 2200 )2 x 3.26 = 0.0326 Ω
(d) Z01 = Vsc / Isc =8.19 Ω
X01 = = 7.51 Ω
X02 = K2Xo1 = 0.0751 = Ω
Assignment Questions
1. The OC and SC test on a 4 kVA, 200 /400 V, 50 Hz, single phase
transformer gave the following results.
O.C. test : (on L.V. side) : 200 V, 1 A, 100 W
S.C. test : (L.V. side shorted) : 15 V, 10 A, 85 W
Determine the parameters of Equivalent circuit and draw the equivalent
circuit referred to L.V. side.

2. Obtain the Equivalent circuit of a 400 kVA , 200/400 V, 50 Hz, single

phase transformer from the following data.
O.C. Test : 200 V, 0.7 A, 70 W on L.V. side
S.C. Test : 15 V , 10 A, 85 W on H.V. side
Also determine (i) Efficiency at ¾ of full load and 0.75 p.f., (ii) regulation at
0.8 p.f lag, (iii) Efficiency at UPF and full load.