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•PROTO-LANGUAGE

•COMPARATIVE
METHOD
•LANGUAGE
RECONSTRUCTION
Proto-Language
 Ay isang wika na karinawang Hypothetical o
reconstructed at karaniwang walang anumang
documentadong anyo o uri.
 Pinaniniwalaan na ang mga dokumentadong wika ay
dito nagmula, sa pamamagitan ng ebolusyon
hanggang sa makabuo ang mga ito ng language
family.
 Ito ay tinatawag na Ancestral Language o Mother
Language sapagkat ito ang pinagmulan ng mga anak
nitong wika o mga daughter languages.

 Sister Languages ang tawag sa mga wika na


magkakaugnay o may pagkakatulad sa kadahilanang iisa
ang kanilang pinagmulang wika (proto-language). Ang
mga ito ay nabibilang sa isang Language Family.
 Ang mga wika sa Pilipinas ay pinananiwalaang
nagmula sa Proto-Austronesian Language Family.

 Subgroup ang Proto-Philippine Language ng Proto-


Austronesian Languages

 Ang Pilipinas ay may sariling Proto-Philippine


Language
Comparative Method
 Ay isang method o pamamaraan ng pagkukumpara ng
mga magkakaugnay na wika, cognates na nagmula sa
isang common ancestral language (proto-language).

 Ito ang pamamaraan na ginagamit upang


mareconstruct ang anyo ng sinaunang lingguahe.
 Ito ay hindi nangangahulugan ng pag kukumpara ng
arbitraryong pagpili ng wika. Ito ay magagamit lamang
sa dalawa o higit pang mga lengguahe na magkaugnay.

 Ang pag kukompara ng dalawang uri ng wika ay


tinatawag na contrastive study.
Concept at Technical Terms
 Sound Correspondence
• (Tinatawag ding correspondence set): isang grupo
ng cognate na tunog
• Ang mga tunog na makikita sa cognate set ay
tumutugma sa kadahilanang nagmula ang mga ito
sa parehong ancestral na tunog.

• A sound correspondence is assumed to recur in


various cognate sets.
 Reflex
• the descendant in a daughter of a sound of the
proto-language is said to be a reflex of that
original sound;

• the original sound of the proto-language is


said to be reflected by the sound which
descends from it in a daughter language

• Ang orihinal na tunog ng proto-language ay


sinasabing ma kikita sa mga daughter
languages nito.
 Innovation
 are changes to ancestral forms that were
introduced at some point in the past, they
may occur in one language or they may be
shared by a group of more closely related
languages,
Retention
• are those forms in this case the sounds that go
back to the common ancestor
LANGUAGE RECONSTRUCTION
 STEP 1
Assemble Cognates-In General mas mainam na gumamit ng
mga cognates na ‘basic/core vocabulary’ (parte ng katawan,
close kinship terms, numero, common geographical terms).

Kailangan tanggalin ang mga salita na masasabing hiram or


barrowed words lamang. Totoong cognate lamang ang
ginagamit para sa comparative method
 Step 2: Establish sound correspondences

The crucial observation to be made concerning this


data is not that the words for each concept are
similar in the languages, but rather that their
similarities and differences follow fixed patterns.
 Step 3: Reconstruct the proto-sound keeping the following
principles in mind:

• Directionality
• Majority win
• Factoring in features held in common
• Economy
• Fit in to overall phonological pattern of the proto-language
 Step 4: Determine the status of similar (partially overlapping)
corresponding sets

 Step 5: Check the plausibility of the reconstructed sound from


the perspective of the overall phonological inventory of the
proto-language

 Step 6: Check the plausibility of the reconstructed sound from


the perspective of linguistic universals and typological
expectations
Reconstruction
w a l ὐ Tag, Ilk, Kap, Iba, Itw, Ibg, Png, Bon, Nag, War, Kam, Agt,
Mar, Tbw, Buh
w ả l u Bla, Buk
(g) w ả l u Sub
w ỏ l u Bag
w a x ὐ ? Itb
w ả y u Bah
w E y ὐ Isi
w a g ỏ Akl
w a L ὐ Kal
w a Y ỏ Vir
w a w ὐ Seb
w a w Igt

*w a l∞ ὐ

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