Forms of superstructure.

Structural frames
Steel.
Concrete.
Timber.
 Structural steel
 Structural steel is a steel construction material, a
profile, framed with a specific shape or cross section
and certain standards of chemical properties.
 Following structural sections are used to construct
steel structures.
– H-shaped cross sections.
– I-shaped cross sections.
– L-shaped cross sections.
– Channel sections.
 H - shaped cross sections
 These sections have parallel
flange surfaces and equal
web and flange thickness.

 These sections are used as

columns.
 I - shaped cross sections
 Have parallel flange surfaces and different
flange and web thickness.
 These sections are used as beams.
 L - shaped sections or angles
 L-shaped cross sections are equal legs and
unequal legs.
 Used to connect columns and beams.
 Channels
 Used as purling of a steel roof structures.
 Jointing methods
 Joining methods play a prominent role in
construction of steel structures.
 Structural steel connections are typically classified as
either:
– Simple or
– Moment connections.
 Simple connections are generally bolted.
 Moment connections are generally welded.
 Welded moment connections are only used when the
highest strength are necessary.
Bolted connections
Welded connections
 Industrial buildings
 Any building structure used by the industry
to store raw materials or for manufacturing
products is known as industrial building.
 Industrial buildings may be categorized as:
– Normal type.
– Special type.
 These are generally made out of structural
steel sections.
 Normal type of industrial building
 These are shed type of buildings with simple roof
structures on open frames.
 These buildings are used for workshops and wear
houses etc.
 These buildings require large and clear areas
unobstructed by columns.
 The large floor area provides sufficient flexibility and
facility for later change in the production layout
without major building alterations.
 Industrial buildings are constructed with adequate
head room for the use of an overhead travelling crane.
Industrial buildings
 Steel roof trusses
 In engineering or architecture truss is a structure
comprising one or more triangular units
constructed with straight members whose ends
are connected at joints referred as NODES.
 Trusses are composed of triangles because of the
structural stability of the shape and design.
 A triangle is the simplest geometric figure that
will not change shape when the lengths of the
sides are fixed.
Steel roof trusses
 Steel roof trusses
 The simplest form of a truss is one single
triangle. This type of a truss is seen in a
framed timber roof consisting of rafters.
 The depth of the truss or the height is what
makes the efficient structural frame.
 Steel roof trusses are in various shapes and the
shape is depending on the span of the
building.
Steel roof trusses
Steel roof trusses
 Steel portal frames
 Portal frame construction is a method of building and
designing of a long span buildings, primary using steel.
 The connections between the columns and the rafters
are designed to be moment resistant. (Joints are welded
joints)
 Because of these very strong rigid joints (welded) some
of the bending moments in the rafters is transferred to
the columns.
 This means that the size of the rafters can be reduced or
the span can be increased for the same size of rafters.
Steel portal frames
Steel portal frames