Redox Reactions

PRESENTER: SHANNON SMITH

Objectives

Students will be able to:

 1.1 Theories of acidity – Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis.
 1.2 Definition of pH.
 1.3 pKa, pKb, Kw.
 1.4 Calculation of pH and pOH – weak and strong acids and bases.
 1.5 Changes in pH on titration: strong base/ strong acid; strong base/ weak acid;
weak base/ strong acid.
 1.6 Derivation of Henderson-Hasselbach equation from 1 st principles.
 1.7 Action of buffers.
 1.8 Role of Buffers in physiological systems.
 1.9 Calculation of pH change upon the addition of acid or base to buffer
 1.10 Definition and determination of Buffer capacity.
http://respirationresource.weebly.com/basic-reactions.html
https://chemdictionary.org/oxidation-reduction/
https://chemdictionary.org/oxidation-reduction/
https://chemdictionary.org/oxidation-reduction/
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6d/8c/4f/6d8c4fc917cbe3db4fc9871dc0cf57ad.png
Arrhenius Base

When dissolved in water increases the

concentration of OH- ions
Bronsted-Lowry
Acid

Donates H+ ions (also called

protons)
Bronsted-Lowry
Base

Accepts H+ ions
Bronsted-Lowry
Base

Also, the Bronsted-Lowry definition is

not restricted to aqueous solutions.

 e.g. HCl (g) + NH3 (g) NH4Cl (s)

 HCl - Bronsted-Lowry acid; NH3 -
Bronsted-Lowry base.
 Amphiprotic
Substances that can act as either an acid or a
base

e.g. HCl (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) → NH4 + (aq) + OH- (aq)

H2O is acting as a base in the first reaction but as an acid in the

second thus it is amphiprotic.
Lewis Definition

An acid is an electron pair acceptor, a

base is an electron pair donor
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/SCC%3A_CHEM_330_-_Adventures_in_Chemistry_(Alviar-Agnew)/07%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.07%3A_Buffers_and
_Conjugate_Acid-Base_Pairs
https://www.unf.edu/~michael.lufaso/chem2046/2046chapter16.pdf
 Basicity/ Proticity of Acids

The basicity of an acid is the number of

H+ ions it produces when 1 molecule of
the acid ionizes in water.
 Monoprotic acid: produces 1 mol of
H+ ions for e.g HCl, HNO3
 Diprotic acid: produces 2 mol of H+
ions for e.g. H2SO4
 Triprotic acid: produces 3 mol of H+
ions for e.g. H3PO4

https://www.slideshare.net/Qacey/form-4-chapter-7-acids-and-bases
Determining the basicity of an acid by
reaction of the acid with a known base
Basicity can be determined by reaction of the acid with a known base such as NaOH.
e.g. 0.03 mol of an acid, HnX were neutralized by 0.09 mol of NaOH. What is the formula of the
acid?

HnX : NaOH
0.03 : 0.09
1:3

The acid must be tribasic as it must produce 3 H+ ions to react with all of the OH- ions of NaOH,
therefore the value of n is 3 and the formula of the acid is: H3X.
 Strong Acid

https://socratic.org/questions/do-strong-acids-completely-dissociate-in-water#107166
 Strong Acid

Can be defined by the equilibrium position of the acid’s ionization reaction.

https://slideplayer.com/slide/14555272/
 Strong Acid

https://sites.google.com/site/mrcarsonscience/strong-weak-acids-bases?tmpl=%2Fsystem%2Fapp%2Ftemplates%2Fprint%2F&showPrintDialog=1
 Weak Acid

https://o.quizlet.com/-I7EYbfRmJtnsVpGVZkURQ.png
https://slideplayer.com/slide/14555272/
 Weak Acid

Can be defined by the equilibrium position of the acid’s ionization reaction.

https://slideplayer.com/slide/14555272/
 Weak Acid

https://sites.google.com/site/mrcarsonscience/strong-weak-acids-bases?tmpl=%2Fsystem%2Fapp%2Ftemplates%2Fprint%2F&showPrintDialog=1
 Strong Bases

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl
=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.slideplayer.com%2F16%2F4967761%2Fslides%2Fslide_2.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fslideplayer.com%2Fslide%2F4967761%2F&tbnid=mwtMA7MyaCMN
GM&vet=12ahUKEwir4deqqcXuAhUpi4QIHZZCAVUQMygTegUIARDNAQ..i&docid=TvkhoYyH5k8EkM&w=960&h=720&q=strong%20bases%20completely%20dissociate&ved=2ahUKEwir
 Strong Base

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_acidbase2.html
 Weak Base
 Weak bases do no completely dissociate
into ions in aqueous solution.
 Equilibrium position lies far to the left.
 A low concentration of OH- ions
produced.

http://basicbellacid.weebly.com/strong-vs-weak-alkalis.html
 COMPOUND METAL COMPOUND INSOLUBLE IN
SOLUBLE IN WATER WATER
hydroxide sodium, potassium, all others
ammonium, calcium
oxide sodium, potassium, all others
calcium
carbonate sodium, potassium, all others
ammonium
nitrate all soluble none

sulphate all others lead, barium

chloride all others silver, lead

Table showing solubilities of various bases and salts

 Preparation of insoluble salts

Silver chloride is insoluble.

In order to make it you can use a soluble silver salt
and a soluble chloride salt.
Since all nitrates are soluble you can use silver
nitrate.
Since sodium chloride is soluble, you can mix with
silver nitrate.
Sodium nitrate and insoluble silver chloride is
produced. The precipitate can then be filtered,
washed and dried.
 Preparation of soluble salts

If the base is soluble you can add just enough acid

to make a neutral solution.
Warm the solution to evaporate the water.
If the base is insoluble add the base in excess, filter
off unreacted base particles, then evaporate the
water in the filtrate to leave the salt behind.
You can also make a soluble salt using the metal and
dilute acid. Add excess metal to the acid then filter
off the excess metal. Then evaporate the water in
the filtrate to leave the salt behind
 Question

How would you prepare lead chloride?

How would you prepare sodium chloride?

How would you prepare copper(II) sulphate?

 Uses of salts

Baking powder.
Calcium carbonate (manufacture of cement).
Food preservation (sodium chloride, sodium nitrite,
sodium nitrate, sodium benzoate).
Calcium sulphate (Plaster of Parris).
Magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts).
Sodium nitrate is implicated in causing brain
damage in infants and is suspected to be a
carcinogen.
 pH of dissolved salts

A salt resulting from the reaction between a strong

base and strong acid will be neutral in solution.
A salt resulting from the reaction of a weak base
and strong acid with be acidic in solution.
A salt resulting from the reaction of a strong base
and weak acid will be basic in solution.
A salt composed from the reaction of a weak base
and a weak acid the pH of that solution will depend
on the relative strengths of the acid and bases of
the specific ions in the salt.
Acid Base Titration
References

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EuUM9V5_j88
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbic_acid
 http://lumberjocks.com/Dennisgrosen/blog/21230
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formic_acid
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid
 http://www.learnhive.net/learn/cbse-grade-7/science/acids,-bases-and-salts
 http://www.chemistryrules.me.uk/middle/salts.htm
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/acids/acidsbasesrev6.shtml
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/acids/acidsbasesrev5.shtml
 http://www.slideshare.net/maitreyeej3/acids-bases-and-salts-igcse-chemistry
 http://www.docbrown.info/page03/AcidsBasesSalts06c.htm
 http://slideplayer.com/slide/9357099/