MGA GABAY SA MGA PAGLALATAG

NG PAGTULONG
(BASIC COUNSELING SKILLS)
I. KASANAYAN SA PAKIKINIG
Ito ang pinaka payak na pundasyon sa lahat ng mga pag-
uusap o pakikipanayan, simple man o malalim na
pakikipanayam, o anumang uri ng pagtulong.
A. Marubdob na
pakikinig
Mga pamamaraan ng
marubdob na
pakikinig
1. ugnayang mata sa
mata habang nakikinig
2. Angpagitan ng
tumutulong sa
tinulungan ay 3
talampakan ang
layo sa isa’t-isa.
3. Paraan ng pagkakaupo sa harap
ng tinulungan
-Banayad na nakayuko sa isang
relax na posisyon
 4. Ang mga tinulungan
(helpee/counselee) may madalas na
nakikipagtalastasan sa pamamagitan ng
mga kilos o galaw ng anumang bahagi ng
katawan (kamay, mata, balikat, mukha).
5. Nakakarelate sa sinasabi ng tinutulungan
(Ipaalam sa kausap na nakukuha mo ang ibig
niyang sabihin)
**(Gets kita dyan)
 Ang epekto ng marubdob na pakikinig sa isang
tinutulungan (helpee/counselee) ay upang
mahikayat ito na magsalita o magpahayag ng
kanyang mga saloobin o nararamdaman ng may
kalayaan.
 GABAY SA EPEKTIBONG MARUBDOB NA
PAKIKINIG
1. Tingnan ng mata-sa-mata ang tinutulungan
habang nag-uusap.
2. Panatilihin ang natural at relax na payukong
posisyon na nagpapakita ng interes sa
pakikinig sa kausap
 …GABAY SA EPEKTIBONG MARUBDOB NA PAKIKINIG
3. Gumamit ng natural na kilos upang ipahayag
ang nais na mensahe sa kausap
4. Ipahayag sa kausap na nakakarelate ka sa
kanyang sinasabi, nang walang anumang
tanong, pagsansala habang nagsasalita siya at
walang pagbabago na paksa, habang nag
uusap.
B. Paraphrasing- pagpapaiksi ng mahabang
pangungusap na sinasabi ng tinutulungan, na hindi
nababawasan ang mensaheng ibig iparating.

Layunin ng Pinaiksing pangungusap (paraphrasing)

1. Subukin ang pang-unawa ng tumutulong sa
sinasabi ng tinutulungan
 2. ipaalam sa tinutulungan na sinisikap
maintindihan ng tumutulong ang payak na
mensahe nito at kung ito ay maging matagumpay,
masusundan na ng helper ang bawat sasabihin ng
tinutulungan (helpee).
 GABAY SA PARAPHRASING
1. Makinig sa sinasabi ng helpee
2. Sabihin muli ang sinabi ng helpee sa mas
maiksing pangungusap, na hindi nabawasan
ang mensahe nito.
Halimbawa na dapat i-paraphrase
1. Bwisit na bwisit ako sa kanya, pero pag nagsmile
na sya, wala na..ok na ako.

2. Kahit sobrang bait nya, di ko pa rin siya ma-feel,

ewan ko ba, di ko Makita ang senseridad sa
sinasabi nya e.
---gabay
3. Hintayin ang pagsang-ayon ng helpee sa
kawastuan ng paraphrasing, para sa lubos na
kaunawaan ng mensahe.
C. Paglilinaw (Clarifying)paglilinaw ng isang usapin
sa mas maliwanag an pokus. Ito ay higit pa sa
paraphrasing. Hinuhulaan ng helper ang payak na
mensahe ng helpee.
 Gabay sa Paglilinaw )Clarifying
1. Aminin ang pagkalito sa mga sinasabi ng helpee
2. Subukan muling sabihin ang mensahe ng helpee
para sa paglilinaw, ulit-ulitin ito o gumamit ng
mga halimbawa (ilustrasyon).
D. Pagtatama ng pag-iisip (Perception Checking)-
itanong sa helpee kung tama ang iniisip ayon sa
sinabi nito. Humingi ng feedback tungkol sa
kasaktuhan ng narinig. Ang pamamaraang ito ay
makakatulong sa katumpakan ng paguusap, sa ang
inisip ng dalawang panig.
 GABAY SA MATUWID NA PAG-IISIP
1. Sabihin sa maiksing pangungusap ang iniisip mo
na iyong narinig
2. Humingi ng pagsang-ayon sa katumpakan ng
iyong iniisip ayon sa nasabi ng helpee
3. Hayaang iwasto ng helpe ang iyong iniisip kung
hindi ito tama.
 TANDAAN:
Ang MASUSING PAKIKINIG ang susi sa kasanayang
ito
II. PANGUNGUNA- (Leading Skills)
ito ay maagang pag-iisip sa kapakanan ng
helpee (advanced mag-isip)
LAYUNIN NG PANGUNGUNA:
(Purpose of Leading)
***Hikayatin ang helpee na sumagot sa bawat
tanong sa kanya.
***Specific Objectives of Leading:
a. Bigyan ng Kalayaan ang helpee maipahayag ang
nararamdaan sa iba’t-ibang pamamaraan.

b. Mahikayat ang helpee na maging aktibo sa mga

dinadaanang pamamaraan at maging responsible
sa bawat direksyong dinadaanan sa interview.
Uri ng Pangunguna:
1. Indirect leading
2. Direct leading
A. 1. Indirect Leading
Purpose of Indirect leading:

1. To get helpees leading

2. To keep responsibility of them for keeping the
interview going.
 Guidelines for Indirect Leading
1. Determine the purpose of the lead clearly.
2. Keep the lead general and deliberately
vague.
 Guidelines for Indirect Leading…

3. Pause long enough for the helpee to pick

up the lead.
2. Direct Leading-is a method of
focusing the topic more specifically.
Guidelines of Direct Leading:
1.Determine the purpose of the lead.
2.Express the purpose in words that elicit the
specific elaboration
3. Allow the helpee freedom to follow your
lead.
B. Focusing – it is the clue in helping. It is a way
of aiding helps to get in touch with their
feelings.
- Picking out one word or a short phrase can
sometime do focusing from the helpee’s talk and
repeating it with a question mark or with
emphasis
 Guidelines for Focusing
1. Use your own feelings of confusion and
sense of helpee’s direction as a guide to
decide when to focus.
2. Be alert to feedback from the helpee
about priority to topics.

3. Assist the helpee to focus on feelings that

may be hidden in the discussion
c. Questioning – open-ended questions need
to be used to leave the helpee’s free to
explore and take the interview where they
wish, rather than into areas helper interest.
 Purpose of Questioning
1. To ask helpee to expand on points.
2. Starts conversations
3. Check perceptions
WHY questions are especially accusatory
and are difficult to answer candidly.
 Guidelines for Questioning
1. Ask open-ended questions that can not be
answered with “yes” or “no”.
2. Ask questions that elicit feelings about what
the helpee has just said rather than
information
3. Ask questions that lead to clarification for the
helpee rather than information for the helper.
PRACTICE TIME!
III. Reflecting
It means conveying
understanding.
The focus of reflecting is on
feeling rather than on content,
to bring the vaguely expressed
feelings into clearer awareness
and assist the helpee to own
his or her feelings
Types of Reflecting:

A.Reflecting Experience- goes

beyond verbalized feelings. It
is more of body language of
helpee.
 B.Reflecting content- is used to
clarify ideas that the helpee is
expressing with difficulty.
Helpee lacks of vocabulary, to
express ideas simply and clearly.
It is a skills to give the words of
expressing, themselves.
 GUIDELINES FOR REFLECTING:
1. Read the total- message
stated feelings, nonverbal body
feelings, and content
 2. Select the best mix
of content and feelings
to fulfill the goals for
understanding at this
stage of the helping
process
3. Reflect the experience just
perceived.

4. Wait for the helpee’s

confirmation or denying
response to your reflection as a
cue about what to do next.
IV.SUMMARIZING SKILLS

It includes attention to what the

helpee says (content), how it is
said (feeling), and the purpose,
timing, and effect of the
statements (process)
GUIDELINES FOR SUMMARING
1. Attend to the various
themes and emotional
overtones as clients speaks.
2. Put together the key ideas
and feelings into broad
statements of their basic
meanings.
3. Do not add new ideas to the
summary.

4. Decide if it would be more

helpful to state your summary
or ask them to summarize the
basic themes, agreements or
plans.
V. CONFRONTING
It is a “telling it like it is”
method that may threaten or
thrill, depending on the timing
and readiness of the helpee to
be controlled with feedback
honestly offered.
CONSTRUCTIVE CONFRONTATION
It involves a complex cluster of
helping skills. It consists of the
following factors:
1. Recognizing feelings in oneself
as a helper. It is very apparent
that one’s ability is based on the
ability to recognize feelings in
oneself.
2. Describing feelings in oneself
and sharing them with the
helpee. It is sharing personal
feelings about the helpee. It is
more intense form of self-
disclosure than clarification
response. It also serves as a
model for helpee to recognized
and express his feelings.
3. Feeding back reactions
in the form of opinions
about his or her behavior.
One of the most valuable
confrontation skills for
developing understanding is
an honest feedback to helpee
on how he affects you as
helper.
GUIDELINES FOR GIVING FEEDBACK
a. Give opinions in the form of
feedback (only when the helpee
is ready)
b. Describe the behavior before
giving your reaction to it.
c. Give feedback in the form of
opinions about the behavior
rather than judgment about the
person
d. Give feedback about things
helpee has the capacity to
change.

e. Feedback should be given in

small amounts so that helpee
can experience the full impact
of the helper’s reaction.
f. Feedback should be prompt
response to current and
specific behavior not
unfinished emotional
business from the past.

g. As the helpee for reaction

to your feedback.
 THINGS TO AVOID IN GIVING
CONSTRUCTIVE FEEDBACK:
a. A subtle demand for change

b. A patronizing implication that

“I am doing this for your own
good”.
c. Judgment about the goodness
or badness of the person
 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
SUCH AS ADMONITION
OR REPRIMAND IS NOT
USED IN A HELPING
FRAMEWORK.
D. Repeating – is another
method of self-confrontation,
prompted by the helper. It offers
to the helpee a means of
focusing on significant feelings
and avoiding the temptation to
move quickly on to a safe topics.
 Example of Repeating:
Helpee: I don’t have any friends; people
don’t love me I guess
Helper: Say that again, “people don’t love
me”
Helpee: People don’t love me, people don’t
love me, (Pause), may be I’m not lovable.
Helper: Say again, “I’m not lovable”
Helpee: I’m not lovable.
Helper: Again
Helpee: I’m not lovable
 .BE NOTED:
It brings painful feelings to the
point where they can be
discussed directly
 GUIDELINES FOR THE REPEATING
METHODS:
1. Note statements or gestures
with feelings implications.

2. Ask the helpee to repeat the

keyword, phrase, or short
sentence, one or more times until
feelings are evoked.
3. Encourage the helpee to keep
the repetition in the active verb
tense.

4. Allow sufficient time for the

emotional impact to be felt and
sorted out meaningfully by the
helpee before going on to
another topic.
E. Associating- is another
skill to facilitate the
loosening of feelings.
 .The main outcome
expected for the helpee is
freeing of feelings so they
are more available for
direct discussion
 GUIDELINES FOR ASSOCIATION
SKILLS:
1. Ask the helpee to say what
comes to their awareness.
2. Explain that the following
ideas do not need to be
logical or consistent
3. Use the result to aid helpee into
further exploration of feelings or
discussion of the result of their
associating.
4. As a variation, pick out a word
with possible emotional
significance from helpee statement
and ask them to say freely all the
thoughts and feelings evoked by
that words as fast as they come.
VI. INTERPRETING- is an active
helper process of explaining the
meaning of events to helpees so
that they are able to see their
problems in new ways.
 It is similar to reflecting, but
interpreting adds the.helper’s meaning to
•

the helpee’s basic message

• It means that you are leading helpee to

seek wider understanding of their feelings
and broader perceptions.
 Guidelines for interpreting

1. Look for the basic message(s) of

the helpee.
2. Paraphrase these to them.
3. Add your understanding of what
their message means in terms of your
theory or your general explanation
of motives, defenses, needs styles
4. Keep the language simple and the
level close to their message.
Avoid wild speculation and
statements in esoteric words.
5. Introduce your ideas with
statements that indicate you are
offering tentative ideas on what their
words or behavior means.
6. Solicit helpee reactions to your
interpretations.
VII. Informing
• Advice (suggestion) giving is a
common type of informing activity by
helper.

Helpers, expecting some kind of

experts’ pronouncements in the form of
sound advice on what to do, often
thrust the helper, into the role of expert.
• Advice is often appropriate in crisis
situation where several people must
cooperate to prepare helpee for major
readjustments on their life
circumstances, such as family
reorganizations, etc.
 • Advice is wholly
inappropriate for dealing with
major individual choice
questions, such as “Should I
get annulment” or What
career should I enter?”
 Guidelines for informing Skills:

1. Be informed or know the source of

information, in your area of advertised
expertise.

2. Do not use educational or psychological

test instruments without thorough training
in their uses and limitations.

3. Do not use advice unless it is in form of

tentative suggestions based on solid expertise.