Science 8

MELCs:
Predict phenotypic
expressions of traits
following simple patterns
of inheritance. -S8LT-IVf-
18

In this lesson, YOU are expected to;

• Explain Heredity: Inheritance and
Variation plus the different genetic
vocabulary words as your guide in
studying genetics.
A B C
A B C
 Gregor Mendel
 Father of Genetics

 1st important studies of

heredity.

 Identified specific traits in

the garden pea and studied
them from one generation to
 Mendel’s Conclusion
1. Law of Segregation – Two
alleles for each trait separate
when gametes form; Parents
pass only one allele for each
trait to each offspring
2. Law of Independent
Assortment – Genes for
different traits are inherited
independently of each other
Dominant Vs. Recessive
Dominant - Masks the other trait; the trait that shows
if present

Represented by a capital letter

R
Recessive – An organism with a recessive allele for a
particular trait will only exhibit that trait when
the dominant allele is not present; Will only show
if both alleles are present

Represented by a lower case letter

r
 Dominant & Recessive
PRACTICE:
H – straight hair, h - curly hair

HH - Represent offspring with straight hair

Hh - Represent offspring with straight hair
hh - Represents offspring with curly hair
Genotype – The genetic makeup of an organism;
The gene (or allele) combination an organism
has. Example: Tt, ss, GG, Ww

Phenotype – The physical characteristics of an

organism; The way an organism looks.Example:
Curly hair, straight hair,
blue eyes, tall, green
 Homozygous Vs. Heterozygous
Homozygous – Term used to refer to
an organism that has two identical
alleles for a particular trait (TT or
tt)

Heterozygous - Term used to refer to

an organism that has two different
alleles for the same trait (Tt)
 An Introduction to
PUNNETT SQUARE
 Examples of
Phenotype & Genotype
Phenotype Genotype

Homozygous Tall Tall TT

Heterozygous Tall Tt

Homozygous
Short tt
Short
 PUNNET SQUARE
Punnett Square – Diagram showing the gene
combinations that might result from a genetic
cross Used to calculate the probability of
inheriting a particular trait.

Probability – The chance that a given event

will occur.
PUNNET SQUARE
PARENT

PARENT OFFSPRING
How to Complete a
PUNNET SQUARE
How to Complete a
PUNNET SQUARE
Y-Yellow
y-white

Genotype:
1:2:1
(YY:Yy:yy)

Phenotype:
3 Yellow
1 White
Drawing of a PUNNET SQUARE
For this example, we will use Mendel’s second
experiment:

F1 offspring X F1 offspring = ?

1. Determine what symbols to use:

Dominant = Tall = B
Recessive = Short = b
 How to make a
PUNNET SQUARE
2. Write out the genetic cross using symbols

F1 offspring x F1 offspring =?
Bb x Bb =?
 How to make a
PUNNET SQUARE

3. Draw a Punnet Square.

 How to make a
PUNNET SQUARE
4. Add the genotypes from the genetic cross above. Use 1 letter per
square
B b One goes across
the top

b
One goes down the side
 How to make a
PUNNET SQUARE
5. Put the symbol on top into the squares below it.
B b

B B b

b B b
 How to make a
PUNNET SQUARE
6. Put the symbol on the left side into the squares next to it.
B b

B BB Bb

b Bb bb
 How to make a
PUNNET SQUARE
7.List the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
B b

B BB Bb GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE
BB Tall
b Bb bb Bb Tall
bb Short
 How to make a
PUNNET SQUARE
8. Calculate the probability of the phenotypes and genotypes.
B b

B BB Bb
PROBABILITY
Each square
b Bb bb represents a ¼ or 25%
probability
 How to make a
PUNNET SQUARE
8. Calculate the probability of the phenotypes and genotypes
B b

B BB Bb GENOTYPE PROBABILITY
BB 1/4
b Bb bb Bb 2/4=1/2
bb 1/4
 How to make a
PUNNET SQUARE
8. Calculate the probability of the phenotypes and genotypes.
B b

B BB Bb
PHENOTYPE PROBABILITY
Tall (BB, Bb) 3/4
b Bb bb
Short (bb) 1/4
TRY IT
NOW!
Give the genotype and phenotype for the following
cross:

MM x mm
(M = straight, m= wrinkled)
1. Set Up Punnett Square (put one parent on the top and the
other along the side)
MM x mm
(M = straight, m= wrinkled)

M M

m
2. Complete the Punnet Square.
MM x mm
(M = straight, m= wrinkled)

M M

m Mm Mm

m Mm Mm
 3. Write the Phenotype and Genotype
MM x mm
(M = straight, m= wrinkled)
M M
GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE
m Mm Mm Mm = 4 100 % Straight

m Mm Mm Remember: Each box is 25%

Give the genotype and phenotype for the following
cross:

Rr x rr
(R = Brown , r = blue)
1. Set Up Punnett Square (put one parent on the top and the
other along the side)

Rr x rr
(R = Brown , r = blue)
R r

r
2. Complete the Punnet Square.
Rr x rr
(R = Brown , r = blue)
R r

r Rr rr

r Rr rr
 3. Write the Phenotype and Genotype
Rr x rr
(R = Brown , r = blue)
R r
GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE
r Rr rr Rr = 2 (50 %) 50 % brown
Rr = 2 (50 %) 50 % blue
r Rr rr
Remember: Each box is 25%
1.In rabbits, black fur is dominant to white
fur. If you cross a BB male with a Bb female,
what are the possible
genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?
What is the percent chance for each type?
2.In cabbage butterflies, White wings are
dominant to yellow wings., If a Ww butterfly is
crossed with a ww
butterfly what are the possible genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring and the percent
chance for each?
Science 8
Directions: Understand each of the following
statements. Write TRUE if the
statement is correct and FALSE if it is
incorrect. Write your answers in your
notebook/on a separate sheet of paper.
Both husband and wife are heterozygous for having dimples, even their
children have dimples too. This particular observable characteristic is called _______.

A. genotype
B. genus
C. phenotype
D. species
1.Both husband and wife are heterozygous for having dimples, even their
children have dimples too. This particular observable characteristic is called _______.

A. genotype
B. genus
C. phenotype
D. species
2.It is the combination of alleles, situated on corresponding
chromosomes that determines a specific trait of an individual.

A. genotype
B. genus
C. phenotype
D. species
2.It is the combination of alleles, situated on corresponding
chromosomes that determines a specific trait of an individual.

A. genotype
B. genus
C. phenotype
D. species
When two parents of heterozygous genes of curly hair are crossed,
what percent of their offspring (F1) would have curly hair?

A. 25 %
B. 50 %
C. 75 %
D. 100 %
When two parents of heterozygous genes of curly hair are crossed,
what percent of their offspring (F1) would have curly hair?

A. 25 %
B. 50 %
C. 75 %
D. 100 %
It applies the rules of probability to predict the possible outcomes
of a monohybrid cross and their expected frequencies

A. Punnet Square
B. Punet Square
C. Pannet Square
D. Punnett Square
It applies the rules of probability to predict the possible outcomes
of a monohybrid cross and their expected frequencies

A. Punnet Square
B. Punet Square
C. Pannet Square
D. Punnett Square