The Normal

Chapter 2 Curve
 Objectives:
◉illustrate a normal random variable and
its characteristics;
◉construct a normal curve; and
◉identify regions under the normal curve
corresponding to different standard
normal values.
Brief History of Normal Distribution
◉ French mathematician Abraham de Moivre
• had scientific interest in gambling and
allegedly was studying the probability
distribution of coin flips
• trying to come up with a mathematical
expression such as finding a probability of
60 or more tails out of one hundred coin
flips.
• derived a bell-shaped distribution which
is commonly referred as the normal 1667-1754
curve.
Properties
of a
Normal
Distributio
n
 Properties of a Normal
Distribution
1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
3. The mean, the median and the mode
coincide at the center.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the
standard deviation of the distribution.
 Properties of a Normal
Distribution
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely
along the horizontal axis, always
approaching the axis but never touching it.
That is, the curve is asymptotic to the base
line.
6. The area under the curve is 1.
 The Standard Normal
Curve
A standard normal curve is a normal
probability distribution that has a mean
μ = 0 and standard deviation σ = 1.
 Four-Step Process in Finding the Areas
Under the Normal Curve Given a z-value
1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit form.
2. Using the z-Table, find the first two digits on the
left column.
3. Match the third digit with the appropriate column
on the right.
4. Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of
the row and the column. This is called the required
area.
 Examples:
1. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.
• Required area = 0.8413
2. Find the area that corresponds to z =
1.36.
• Required area = 0.9131
Exercises. Find the area that corresponds
to:
1. z = 2.36 0.9909
2. z = 1.01 0.8438
3. z = 3.09 0.9990
4. z = 2.58 0.9951
5. z = 1.74 0.9591
Exercises. Find the area that corresponds
to:
6. z = 3.00 0.9987
7. z = 2.18 0.9854
8. z = 0.96 0.8315
9. z = 0.17 0.5675
10. z = 1.07 0.8577
Any
questions?
UNDERSTANDING THE Z-
SCORES
Lesson 2
 THE Z-SCORE
The formula for calculating z is:
(z-score for population data)
(z-score for sample data)
 (z-score for population data)
(z-score for sample data)

where: X = given measurement

= population mean
= population standard deviation
= sample mean
= sample standard deviation
 Example 1. Reading Scores
Given the mean, μ = 50 and the
standard deviation, σ = 4 of a
population of Reading scores. Find
the z-value that corresponds to a
score of X = 58.
Given
μ = 50
σ=4
X = 58
Sol’n

=2 Above average
 Example 2. Scores in a Science
Test
Given X = 20, and s = 4. Compute
the corresponding z-score.
Sol’n

Below average
= -1.5
 Example 3.
Given What is the raw score when:
The formula for calculating raw score:
Given
μ = 30
σ=4
a. z = 1.5; b. z = - 1
a. Sol’n

= 36
b. Sol’n

= 26
Lesson Review
The formula for calculating z:

The formula for calculating raw score:

Any
questions?
LET’S TRY
1) X = 10, σ = 5, μ = 25, z =?
Sol’n:

= -3
LET’S TRY
2) , X = ?
Sol’n

= 31
 The phrases below average
and above average are familiar
expressions. People frequently
use these to describe academic
performance.

Suppose you are tasked to

explain this, what would you
Short Quiz
FIND WHAT IS
ASKED.
1. X = 40, σ = 2, μ = 30,
z=?
1min

Stop!
2. X = 30, σ = 4, μ = 40,
z=?
1min

Stop!
3.
,X=?
1min

Stop!
4. Given What is the raw
score when z = 2?
1min

Stop!
5. Given the mean, μ = 52 and
the standard deviation, σ = 8
of a population. Find the z-
value that corresponds to a
1min
score of X = 40.

Stop!
6. Locate the z-value that
corresponds to a score of
52 given that = 74 and =
121 1min

Stop!
1. X = 40, σ = 2, μ = 30, z = ?

z=5
2. X = 30, σ = 4, μ = 40, z = ?

z = - 2.5
3.
,X=?

X = 24
4. Given What is the raw score
when z = 2?

X = 58
5. Given the mean, μ = 52 and the standard
deviation, σ = 8 of a population. Find the z-
value that corresponds to a score of X = 40.

z = - 1.5
6. Locate the z-value that corresponds to a
score of 52 given that = 74 and = 121

z=-2
Assignment ½ crosswise:
Define the following:
1. Random Sampling
2. Parameter
3. Statistic
7. Given What is the raw
score when ?
1min

X = 47
Stop!
Short Quiz (1/4)
 I. Given μ = 30 and σ = 6.
Find the z-score that
corresponds to the following
X values:
1) X = 21
2) X = 42
II. Given What is the
raw score:

3. When ?
4. When ?
 Test I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate
word or phrase to make meaningful statements.
1. The tails of the curve and the baseline are _________.
2. The area under the normal curve is equal to__________.
3. Describe a standard normal curve.
4. The skewness of a normal curve is 0 because it is
____________.
5. The mean, median and mode of a normal curve are found
____________________.
Short Quiz
Given What is the raw score
when:
• X = 58
• X = 14
• X = 20
 Test I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate
word or phrase to make meaningful statements.
1. The tails of the curve and the baseline are _________.
2. The area under the normal curve is equal to__________.
3. Describe a standard normal curve.
4. The skewness of a normal curve is 0 because it is
____________.
5. The mean, median and mode of a normal curve are found
____________________.
Test II. Find the area that corresponds
to:
1. z = 2.58
2. z = 0.04
3. z = 2.79
4. z = 3.02
5. z = 1.57
 Test I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate
word or phrase to make meaningful statements.

1. Asymptotic
2. 1
3. σ = 1, μ = 0
4. bell-shaped
5. at the center
Test II. Find the area that corresponds
to:

1. z = 2.58 1. 0.9951
2. z = 0.04 2. 0.5160
3. z = 2.79 3. 0.9974
4. z = 3.02 4. 0.9987
5. z = 1.57 5. 0.9418