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The Skeletal System (Whole) 2
The Skeletal System (Whole) 2
System
Structure, function, and
classification of bones
Skeletal System
Interconnected
system of bones
ligaments and
tendons
Composed of 206
bones
Functions of Skeletal System
1)Support – provides
solid axis for muscles
to act against,
creating motion.
2)Protection- bones
such as skull provide
barrier of protection
from external forces
3)Hematopoiesis-
production of red
blood cells
Types of Bones
Bones are divisible
into 5 class.
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Long Bones
Found in the limbs
Each bone is made of
a body (diaphysis)
and two extremities
(epiphyses)
Wall consists of
dense tissue
Central canal called
medullary canal is
filled with marrow
Short Bones
Found in skeleton
where strength,
compactness, and
limited movement are
desired
2 main examples
Tarsus
Carpus
Flat Bones
Used in spots where
protection or
muscular attachment
is desired
Examples:
vertebrae;sphenoid;
hyoid
Sesamoid (Round)
Bones
Usually small and
round.
Embedded within
tendons adjacent to
joints.
Example: patella
(knee cap)
Bone Formation and Fractures
Fetal Skeleton
Begins as mainly
cartilage
Calcifies in utero
At birth, fontanels
remain
Ossification
Nutrition
Exposure to sunlight
Hormonal Secretion
Physical Exercise
Nutrition
Mainly calcium
consumption
Increased blood
calcium triggers
release of calcitonin
Causes uptake of
calcium by
osteoblasts (bone
builders)
Nutrition (contd)
Decrease in calcium
triggers release of
Parathyroid hormone
Triggers osteoclasts
to break down bone,
releasing calcium
into blood
Exposure to Sunlight
Human growth
hormone
Somatotropin
Both hormones
stimulate activity in
the epiphyseal plate
Physical Activity
Increase in physical
exertion on bone
tissue actually
increases bone
density and strength
Bone maintenance
Osteoblasts-
constantly producing
new bone tissue
Osteoclasts – clean
out old bone tissue
Causes holes or
tunnels in bone which
osteoblasts then fill in
with calcium and
phosphate compounds
Fractures
Simple Fracture
Also called closed
fracture
Little chance of
infection
Compound Fracture
Bone breaks
completely
Major chance of
serious bone infection
Comminuted Fracture
Bone breaks into
many fragments
Common in elderly
Compression Fracture
Bone is crushed
Common in porous
bones
Especially common in
vertebrae of
osteoporosis patients
Depression fracture
Broken bones are
forced inward
Common in skull
fractures
Impacted Fracture
Broken bone ends are
forced into each other
Common in sports
injuries
Greenstick Fracture
Bone breaks
incompletely
Common in children
due to more collagen
in bones
Repairing Fractures
Closed reduction = bones
are eased back into
alignment and “reset”
3)Osteoblasts migrate to
area, forming bone “patc
h” over break.
Fibrocartilage is replaced
by bony callus.
The Axial Skeleton
Divisions of the Skeletal System
Skeletal system is
divided into two main
division
Axial – central skeleton
that protects and
supports vital organs
Appendicular –
skeleton of the
extremities
Axial Skeleton
Composed of skull and
vertabrae
Vertebrae – protect
spinal chord ;also serves
to keep skeleton upright
Facial bones – 14
bones that make up the
face; all but 2 are
paired
Cranium
Frontal Bone – makes up
forehead, eyebrows, and
superior section of eye orbital
Ribs, Costal
Cartilage, and
Sternum
Ribs
12 pairs of ribs, each
connects to a thoracic
vertebrae
Good location
because of proximity
to body surface
The Spinal Column
Intro
Supports body
Connects skull to
pelvis
Sends weight down to
pelvis, where it is
transmitted through
the legs
Surrounds and
protects spinal cord
26 total bones
Divisions of the Spinal Column
4 main divisions
1) Cervical curvature
2)Thoracic curvature
3)Lumbar curvature
4)Pelvic
Sacrum
Thorax
Cervical curvature
Begins where skull
meets spine
Composed of 7
vertebrae
Labeled C1-C7,
starting at skull
First two vertebrae
(C1 and C2)are
different
C1 and C2
Perform different jobs
than other vertebrae
C1 (atlas) has
depressions that
accept the occipital
codyles (“yes nod”)
C2 (axis) acts as pivot
point for skull (“no”
head shake)
Thoracic Curvature
12 bones
T1-T12
Costal demifacet –
point of attachment of
ribs
Lumbar Vertebrae
5 vertebrae
(L1-L5)
Sturdiest because
under the most stress
Sacrum
1 bone composed of
5 fused vertebrae
“wing-like” alae
connect laterally with
hip bones (forms
sacroiliac joints)
Makes up posterior
wall of pelvis
Coccyx
1 bone formed by
fusion of 3 vertebrae
Tailbone
Thought to be left
over from when our
ancestors had tails
Spinal Curvatures
Scoliosis- lateral
curvature
Lordosis- Apex
towards anterior (ie.
Lumbar curvature)
Kyphosis- Apex
towards posterior
(Osteoporosis
patients)
Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Girdle
Pelvis
Juncture point for axial
skeleton and lower
body
Holds internal organs
Distributes weight
down legs
3 fused bones
Obturator foramen-
large hole through
which nerves and
muscles pass
Bones of the Pelvis
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Become fused
into “pelvis” at
puberty
Ilium
Lateral portions of
the pelvis
Ischial Tuberosity –
point of muscle
attachment; “sit bones”
Pubis
Composed of only
two bones
Clavicle
Scapula
Clavicle
Collar bone
Double-curved
Main function is
attachment of shoulder
Weakly attached to
thorax, so moves easily
Major Processes of the Scapulae
1)Acromion – extends
from spine of
scapulae
Point of attachment of
clavicle
Shallow
Deltoid tuberosity-
place of attachment
for deltoid muscle
Attachment to the forearm
Trochlea articulates
against bones of
forearm
Olecranon fossa
shaped like spoon
Forearm bones
Ulna – pinkie-side of
forearm
Also called
articulations
Fibrous is usually
synarthroses,
Synovial – diarthroses
Fibrous Joints
Fibrous tissue
Example= sutures of
the skull
Tight fibrous tissue
allows for essentially no
movement
Cartilaginous Joints
Cartilage
Example=
intervertebral joints
Bones separated by
synovial cavity
Usually located in
extremities, where
movement is necessary
So… What does it mean to be
double-jointed?
Usually not actually
two joint cavities
Can be indicative of
serious genetic
defects
Joint Problems
Osteoarthritis –
general break-down
of joints, leading to
ossification, and
then pain.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
– autoimmune
disease where body
attacks its own
tissues; cause
unknown
Features of the Skull
Sutures of the cranium
Suture – location
where flat bones of
the cranium meet and
fuse
Squamous- fuses
temporal and parietal
Coronal – fuses frontal
to parietal
Saggital – fuses plates
of parietal bones
Lambdoid – fuses
occipital to parietal
Bone markings of the Temporal Bones
1) external auditory
meatus – canal which
leads to inner ear
2) styloid process – sharp,
needlelike projections
inferior to the
e.a.m.;location of muscle
attachment
3) zygomatic process-
forms cheek bones;forms
large hole which allows
jaw muscles to pass
through to mandible
Temporal bone markings (contd.)
4) mastoid process –
posterior and inferior to
e.a.m.;location of muscle
attachment for muscles of
the neck
5) jugular foramen- at
junction of occipital and
temporal bones; allows
jugular vein to pass
through from brain
6) carotid canal – anterior
to j.f. Allows carotid
artery to pass to brain
Occipital Condyles
Lie lateral to the
foramen magnum
Provides point of
attachment for skull to
spinal column
Cribriform Bones
Cribriform bones –
“holey” bone plates
which make up roof of
nasal cavity;allow for
olfactory sensors to
pass from nose to brain
Sinuses
Empty pocket inside
bones which are lines
with mucous
membranes
Paranasal sinus-
surrounds nasal
cavity
Lighten skull, and
thought to amplify
sounds when
speaking
Deformations
Cleft palate = when
palatine bones fail to
properly or completely
fuse.
Leads to inability to
nurse, due to failure
to form a vacuum.
Male vs. Female Skeleton
In general
Superior portion of
female orbital (brow
ridge) less pronounced
Female mandible is
pointed, while male is
squared
Facial Differences
Female face wider than
male
Eyebrows positioned
higher in females
Pelvis
Female Pelvis wider
and more shallow