Anatomy and

Physiology 3
◎Skeletal system
(Function, bone structures, Joints)

◎Muscular System (Types of MM)

◎Nervous system
(Parts and function)

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Skeletal system
Skeletal system

◎ Provides a strong, internal

framework that supports the body
◎ Adult: 206 bones
◎ Baby:300 bones
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◎ The skeletal system contains:
• Cartilages: tough , flexible, connective tissue
• Ligaments: strong strips of fibrous
connective tissue that hold bones together

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Functions of skeletal system

◎ Support
◎ Framework
◎ Protection
◎ Movement
◎ Redbone marrow manufactures red and white
blood cells
◎ Yellow bone marrow: stores fat

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 Bone

◎ a living tissue, is a highly specialized, hard form of

connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton

◎ Have rich blood supply of blood and lymph vessels and

nerves

◎ Osteocytes – bone cells

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Parts of the bone (especially long bones)

◎ Diaphysis (growing between)

 is the bone’s shaft or body—the long,
cylindrical, main portion of the bone.

◎ Epiphysis (growing over)

 are the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

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◎ Metaphysis (meta- between)
○ are the regions between the diaphysis
and the epiphysis.

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◎ Articular cartilage
 is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering
the part of the epiphysis
 where the bone forms an articulation (joint)
with another bone.
 Articular cartilage reduces friction and
absorbs shock at freely movable joints.
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◎ Periosteum ( peri- around)
○ is a tough connective tissue sheath
that covers the outer surface of all
bones, except the articular surface

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◎ Medullary cavity (medulla- marrow, pith), or
marrow cavity,
○ is a hollow, cylindrical space within the
diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone
marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults.

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◎ Endosteum ( endo- within)
○ is a thin membrane that lines the
medullary cavity

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 Cells of the bone

◎ Osteoblasts (-blasts: buds or sprouts)

 are bone-building cells

◎ Osteocytes ( -cytes: cells)

 mature bone cells; main cells in bone tissue
 maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of
nutrients and wastes with the blood.

◎ Osteoclasts ( -clast: break)

 break cells down
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Bone tissue

◎Compact Bone Tissue

◎Spongy Bone Tissue

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Compact Bone Tissue

◎ Contains few spaces and is the strongest form of

bone tissue.

◎ provides protection and support and resists the

stresses produced by weight and movement.

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Spongy Bone Tissue

◎ also referred to as trabecular or cancellous

bone tissue
◎ always located in the interior of a bone,
protected by a covering of compact bone

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Bone fracture

◎ Close fracture: no open wound

◎ Open compound fracture: there is open wound

◎ Physiological fracture: fragility

◎ Stress fracture: hair-line fracture; for athletes

◎ Fragmented fracture: comminuted fracture

◎ Pathological fracture: for old age ex. Osteoporosis

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Bone repair

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Skull

◎ is the bony framework of the head

◎ contains 22 bones and some are in pairs

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Cranial bones

◎ The cranial bones form the cranial cavity, which encloses

and protects the brain.

◎ 8 Cranial bones:
• 1 frontal bone
• 2 parietal bone
• 2 temporal bone
• 1 occipital bone
• 1 ethmoid bone
• 1 sphenoid bone 35
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Facial bone
◎ 14 facial bones form the framework of the face:
• 2 maxilla
• 1 mandible
• 2 zygomatic bone (cheek bone)
• 2 lacrimal bone (medial socket)
• 2 nasal bone (bridge of the nose)
• 2 palatine bone (hard palate)
• 2 inferior nasal conchae
• 1 vomer
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Sinuses

◎ these are tiny openings / hallow spaces

◎ cavities of the face and the cranium which

contain air
◎ function: lighten the skull or improve our voice,
humidifying and heating inhaled air

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Skull development

◎ Fontanel
○ commonly called “soft spots”
○ Allow the head to be slightly compressed,
and permit brain growth during infancy

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◎ Anterior fontanel
○ the largest fontanel, is located at the midline
among the two parietal bones and the frontal
bone
○ roughly diamond-shaped.
○ It usually closes 18 to 24 months after birth.

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◎ Posterior fontanel
○ located at the midline among the two
parietal bones and the occipital bone.
○ Because it is much smaller than the anterior
fontanel, it generally closes about 2 months
after birth.

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◎ Anterolateral fontanels
○ located laterally among the frontal, parietal,
temporal, and sphenoid bones, are small and
irregular in shape.
○ Normally, they close about 3 months after
birth.

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◎ Posterolateral fontanels
○ are irregularly shaped.
○ They begin to close 1 to 2 months after
birth, but closure is generally not complete
until 12 months

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Backbone

◎ Vertebral column
○ also called the spine, backbone, or spinal column
and is composed of a series of bones called
vertebrae

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Intervertebral discs

◎ Lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column

◎ Functions:
○ shock absorber against vertical pressure
○ Allow various movements of the back bone

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Vertebral curves

◎ A normal backbone has four (4) curves that give it an S-

shape

◎ Functions:
• Allows the backbone to function as a spring rather
that a flexible rod-> thereby absorbing shock during
walking or running
• Enhance the strength and flexibility of the backbone
• Facilitate balance
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Thorax

◎ refers to the entire chest region

◎ a cone-shaped bony thorax that surrounds the thoracic

cavity

◎ Cage-like structure that protects the thoracic and upper

abdominal organs

◎ Plays part in breathing

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Ribs
◎ Are curved, flat bones with slightly twisted
shaft.
◎ Twelve pairs of ribs that form a ribcage that
protects the heart, lungs, major blood vessels,
stomach, and liver.

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Pectoral (shoulder) girdles

◎ attach the bones of the upper limbs

◎ Formed by :
○ Clavicle or collar bone
○ Scapula or shoulder blade

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Upper limb

◎ Consist of 30 bones
• the humerus in the arm;
• the ulna and radius in the forearm
• the 8 carpals in the carpus (wrist)
• the 5 metacarpals in the metacarpus (palm)
○ the 14 phalanges (bones of the digits) in the hand

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 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

◎ consists of the two hip bones, also called coxal

or pelvic bones or os coxa
◎ They unite posteriorly with the sacrum at the
sacroiliac joints

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Lower limb

◎ has 30 bones in four locations

○ the femur in the thigh
○ the patella (kneecap)
○ the tibia and fibula in the leg
○ the 7 tarsals in the tarsus (ankle)
○ the 5 metatarsals in the metatarsus
○ the 14 phalanges (bones of the digits) in the foot
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Pelvis

◎ pelvis is divided into superior and inferior portions by

a boundary called the pelvic brim (basin-shaped) that
forms the inlet into the pelvic cavity from the abdomen

◎ Pelvic girdle and sacrum form the pelvis

◎ Function: surrounds and protect the organ of the lower

abdomen organs including the reproductive organs and
urinary bladder
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Joints

◎ Or articulation

◎ a part of the skeleton where two or more bones meet

◎ Allows the skeleton to move

◎ 3 types of joint:
○ Fixed
○ Slightly movable
○ Movable
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Fixed joints

◎ Immovable joints
◎ Permit no movement

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Slightly moveable joints

◎ Allows a small amount of movement , and provide

strength with flexibility

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Movable joint

◎ Or synovial joint

◎ Allow bones to move freely

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