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조르주 캉귈렘의 의철학에서 ‘정상성 (normalité) ' 개념
조르주 캉귈렘의 의철학에서 ‘정상성 (normalité) ' 개념
32)
, , , , ,
20 (philosophie des sciences de la
116
1. :
20 (philosophie des sciences de la
vie et de la sant) (Georges Canguilhem, 19041995)1) (normal) (pathologique)
, ,
.
(tre vivant) (tre humain)
(normalit) ,
, ,
.
(Michel Foucault, 1926-1984)
, .
?
. 17 (Ren Descartes, 1596-1650)
cogito ergo sum, 18
(Immanuel
Kant,
1724-1804)
(transzendentale
Erkenntnistheorie)
(Anschauungsformen)
(Kategorien), 20 (Henri Bergson, 1859-1941)
(lan vital)
(espces humaines) (homo faber)
1)
. (2012), 155.
(normalit)
117
(intelligence) .
, ,
.
20
, , , ,
. ,
, ,
.
20
. (Claude Lvi-Strauss, 1908-2009)
, (Jean Piaget, 1896-1980)
.
,
(anormaux) (fous),
(homosexuels) (minorits)
.
,
.
20 (espce) (grand
discours) (individu) (micro-analyse)
, (modernit)
(post-modernit)
.
118
. (pistmologie du
concept) 2)
.
(normalit)
(moyenne) ,
(norme) .
(anomalie) ()
,
(pathologique) ,
(, ) .
3) ,
.
(maladie)
, (sant)
.
,
.
,
.
.
2) Saint-Sernin(1985).
3) Canguilhem(1952), p.160.
(normalit)
119
.
.
,
. () ()
.
,
.
(activit axiologique)
.
.
.4)
.
4)
. (2010);
(2011); (2007); (1998).
. Bing et al.
(1998); Braunstein et al.(2007); Collective(1985); Collective(1986);
Collective(1993); Collective(1996); Collective(1997); Collective(2000);
Dagognet(1997); Debru(2004); Gayon(1998); Le Blanc(1998); Le Blanc
et al.(2000); Le Blanc(2002); Macherey(1964); Pnisson(2008); Renard(1996);
Zajicek(1994).
.
120
, (relativit),
(adaptabilit), (normativit), (subjectivit)
, (milieu) ,
(adaptation) , (monsruosit) ,
.
.
2. (normalit)
4
1)
(relativit) :
(milieu)
(substantialisme) .
(Platon, 427-347 av. J.-C.) (Aristote, 384-322
av. J.-C.) 17
18 (Auguste Comte, 1798-1857) 20
(substance) .
,
(phnomne)
,
.
, (essence) .
(normalit)
121
.
,
.
,
.
(vie)
(matrialit) ,
(science de la matire)
5) .
,
, 18
(vitalisme) .6)
(relationnalisme) .
.
, (relativit)
, (biosphre)
.
7) .
5) Canguilhem(1952), pp.95-96.
6) (2010).
7) Canguilhem(1952), p.161.
122
.
, ,
8) .
,
.
.
(Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck,
1744-1829) (Charles Darwin, 1809-1882) ,
,
9) .
,
.
,
.
.
8) Canguilhem(1952), p.161.
9) Canguilhem(1952), pp.135-138.
(normalit)
123
(qualit de la relation),
.
,
.10)
.
, .
,
.
.
,
.
.
, (Xavier
Bichat, 1771-1802) (Claude Bernard, 1813-1878)
(milieu intrieur)
.
, (organe), (tissu), (cellule)
10) Canguilhem(1977), p.132.
124
.11)
(omniprsence de la vie)
.
,
, ,
,
.12) (holiste)
(mdecine exprimentale)
.13)
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
2)
(adaptabilit) :
(adaptation)
11) Bichat(1800); Canguilhem(1968), pp.156-162.
12) Bernard(1865); Bernard(1878); Canguilhem(1968), pp.127-155.
13) (2012).
(normalit)
125
(adaptation)
. (finalit)
.
(consigne
fige) ,
(capacit transitive),
14) .
(consquence) ,
(facult) .
. (Lvolution cratrice, 1907)15)
.16)
,
.
,
.
14) Canguilhem(1977), p.132.
15) Bergson(1907).
16) Canguilhem(1943).
126
(lan vital) .
.
.
.
(1) :
,
.
,
.
(2) :
,
.
17) .
,
.
18) ,
19) .
,
17) Canguilhem(1952), p.164.
18) Canguilhem(1966), p.130.
19) Canguilhem(1966), p.132.
(normalit)
127
.
.
.
,
20),
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.21)
,
.
.
.
128
,
.
,
,
.22)
,
,
.
,
() 23)
.
.
(Les Deux sources de la morale et de la
religion)(1932) 24)
.
.
25) .
22)
23)
24)
25)
Canguilhem(1952), p.167.
Canguilhem(1952), p.167.
Bergson(1932).
Canguilhem(1952), p.162.
(normalit)
129
.
26)
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
3)
(normativit) :
(monsruosit)
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
26) Canguilhem(1952), p.163.
130
(normativit) 27) .
(norme) ? (Andr Lalande, 1867-1963)
28) 20
.
(verit) , (bien)
, (beaut)
. (normatif)
, (idal)
.
. (science
normative)
,
. (moteur)
, .
.
,
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
(normalit)
131
,
.
? (normal)
(milieu) (juste mesure)
, 29)
.
, (bon) (juste) ,
.
.
(ide)
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
29) Lalande(1927), pp.688-690.
132
,
.
(1) (fait, ) (2) (devoir, )
. (1)
(population)
(2)
(prototype) (forme)
.30)
,
, ,
.
.
,
(homme en sant)
.
(homme non malade)
,
(homme modle) .31)
,
,
(normalit)
133
.32) (silence)
, (discrtion)
33)
.
(monsruosit).
,
. .
,
.
,
. .
.
.
(monstres normaliss).34)
,
.
.
32)
,
.
,
.
33) Canguilhem(2002), p.62.
34) Canguilhem(1952), p.160.
134
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
, .
,
.35)
,
.36)
(monsruosit) (monstruex) ,
.
,
.
.
(normalit)
135
.
,
.37)
.
(folie)
, (gnie)
38) .
,
,
. , ,
,
(anormaux)
39) ,
.
.40)
.
,
37)
38)
39)
40)
Canguilhem(1952), p.182.
Canguilhem(1952), p.168.
Canguilhem(1952), p.167.
Foucault(1954); Foucault(1961).
136
41)
.
,
.
42) .
(exception) ,
(cas) .
,
43) .
44) .
45) .
.
(anomalie morphologique)
(diffrence anatomique) ,
(anomalie physiologique) ,
46) .
,
. []
.
[] . []
.47)
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
46)
Canguilhem(1952),
Canguilhem(1952),
Canguilhem(1952),
Canguilhem(1952),
Canguilhem(1952),
Canguilhem(1952),
p.171.
p.174.
pp.183-184.
p.118.
p.172.
p.163.
(normalit)
137
48).
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
(prototypique)
(archtypique) .49)
4)
(subjectivit) :
,
.
,
.
.
47) Canguilhem(1966), p.122.
48) Canguilhem(1952), pp.180-181.
49) Canguilhem(1952), p.162.
138
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
(scientifisation), (objectivation) .
(), , ,
,
.
.
(pathos, )
(logos, ) , () ()
.50)
,
, .
.
,
.
.
,
50) Canguilhem(1966), p.139.
(normalit)
139
.
. , ,
.
(), , ,
.
.
.
, , ,
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
140
, .51)
,
.
.52)
,
,
.53)
.54)
(clinique)
(thrapeutique).
,
.
.
,
,
.
51)
52)
53)
54)
Canguilhem(1966), p.157.
Canguilhem(1968), pp.226-273.
Canguilhem(1998a).
Canguilhem(1966), p.77.
(normalit)
141
3. : (axiologie)
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
. []
(discours norm) 55)
.
(fait jug) .
.
,
56) .
,
, 57)
58)
.
55)
56)
57)
58)
Canguilhem(1977),
Canguilhem(1952),
Canguilhem(1977),
Canguilhem(1952),
p.21.
p.165.
p.136.
p.155.
142
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
59) .
,
,
60) .
,
.
.
, .
(valeur) valere
(se bien porter) ,
.61)
,
.
()
59) Canguilhem(1977), p.137.
60) Canguilhem(1952), p.159.
61) Canguilhem(1952), p.159.
(normalit)
143
(axiologie, )
,
.
(anthropologie)
.62)
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
63) .
,
,
.
,
144
.
.
,
.
,
.64)
64)
, ,
.
(normalit)
145
(2010),
, 9, 95-112.
(2011),
, 12, 49-72.
(2007),
, 34, 61-82.
(1998),
: ,
16, 285-299.
(2010),
(1734-1806) ,
19, 157-188.
(2012),
(1904-1995) ,
96, 153-179.
e
146
(normalit)
147
148
(normalit)
149
<Abstract>
Han, Hee-jin
Georges Canguilhem(1904-1995) is one of the major figures of the
philosophy of life science and medicine in the twentieth-century France.
He is well-known for having reestablished the concept of normal and
pathological in order to subvert the accepted relation and status of
these two concepts: that is the normal precedes the pathological, and
consequently the normal is foundation of the pathological. Above all, he
expressed a doubt on the concept of normality in living beings and
human beings, which philosophy and science assumed for centuries as
evident. He then newly defined the meaning of normality in reference
to other central concepts of philosophy, life science, and medicine. In
fact, the concept of normality in living beings and human beings was
not limited to the theme of his doctoral dissertation in medicine. Many
philosophers and scientists including his disciple, Michel Foucault
(1926-1984), were concerned about it and this interest continues right
up to the present.
Nevertheless, the studies mainly focusing on the concept of normality
are rarely found both in Korea and overseas. This paper thus aims to
analyze this most ingenious concept of Canguilhem, on which his
system of thought relies heavily. To this end, the paper examines
relativity, adaptability, normativity, and subjectivity as the basic features
of normality in living beings and human beings. These features are
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