1

,e; jpa murpayikg; G ,e; jpa murpayikg; G ,e; jpa murpayikg; G ,e; jpa murpayikg; G


murpayikg; G vd; why; vd; d> murpayikg; G vd; why; vd; d> murpayikg; G vd; why; vd; d> murpayikg; G vd; why; vd; d>

xU ehl; L kf; fis Ml; rp GhpAk; mbg; gilahd murpay; Kiwiaf;
$WtNj me; ehl; bd; murpayikg; G MFk; . murpd; jiyaha mq; fq; fshfpa
rl; lkpaw; Wk; rig> eph; thfk; > eP jpj; Jiw Mfpatw; iwj; Njhw; Wtpj; J>
mtw; wpd; mjpfhuq; fis tiuaWj; J> nghWg; Gfisg; gFj; J> gu]; guk;
mtw; Wf; F ,ilNaAk; > mtw; Wld; kf; fSf; Fk; cs; s cwTfis
newpg; gLj; JtNj murpayikg; G MFk; .

murpay; eph; za rig Fwpg; Gfs; murpay; eph; za rig Fwpg; Gfs; murpay; eph; za rig Fwpg; Gfs; murpay; eph; za rig Fwpg; Gfs;

1. 1922y; kfhj; kh fhe; jp ,e; jpah; fSf; nfd murpay; rl; lk; cUthf; f
Ntz; Lnkd fUjpdhh; .

2. Nk 16 1946 - fhgpndl; J}Jf; FO murpay; eph; za rigia Fwpj; J
mwpf; if ntspapl; lJ.

3. 9 brk; gh; 1946 - lhf; lh; . rr; rpjhde; j; rpd; `h ,e; jpa murpay; eph; za
rigapd; jw; fhypf jiytuhf epakpf; fg; gl; lhh; .
4. 11 brk; gh; 1946 - lhf; lh; uhN[e; jpu gpurhj; ,e; jpa murpay; eph; za
rigapd; epue; ju jiytuhf epakpf; fg; gl; lhh; .
5. ,e; jpa murpay; eph; za rig 13 FOf; fis mikj; jJ.

6. Njhuhakhd tiuT tp.vd; . uht; mth; fshy; jahhpf; fggl; lJ.

7. Murpayikg; G Kd; Djhuzq; fs; vd; w jiyg; gpy; %d; W thpirfspy;
jug; gl; l me; jg; gpd; dzp tptuq; fspy; Rkhh; mWgJ ehLfspd; murpay;
2
rl; lq; fspd; rpwg; Gf; $Wfs; njhFj; Jj; jug; gl; bUe; jd. lhf; lh; . gp.Mh; .
mk; ngj; fh; jiyikapy; murpay; rl; l tiut[f; F xd; W 1947 Mf]; l;
29Mk; njjp epakpf; fg; gl; lJ.

8. tiuTf; FO 7 cWg; gpdh; fis nfhz; lJ.
jiyth; : gp.Mh; . mk; Ngj; fh;
kw; w cWg; gpdh; fs; : Nfhghy]; thkp Ia; aq; fhh; > Myb fpU~; z]; thkp
Iah; > Nf.vk; . Kd; rp> iraJ KfkJ rJyh> vd; . khjtuht; > b.b.
fpU~; zkhr; rhhp.

9. 1949 etk; gh; 26Mk; Njjp murpay; eph; za rig thapyhf ,e; jpa
,iwahz; ik kf; fshl; rpf; Fbaurpd; murpayikg; ig ,e; jpa kf; fs;
,aw; wp Vw; W nfhz; L jkf; Fj; jhNk mspj; Jf; nfhz; ldh; .
murpayikg; ig cUthf; Fk; ,khyag; gzpia %d; W
Mz; LfSf; Fs; shfNt murpay; eph; zarig ntw; wpfukhf
epiwNtw; wptpl; lJ.

10. 1950 [dthp 26k; Njjp Kjy; nfhz; L ,e; jpa murpayikg; G
eilKiwf; F te; jJ.

,e; jpa murpayikg; gpd; %yq; fs; ,e; jpa murpayikg; gpd; %yq; fs; ,e; jpa murpayikg; gpd; %yq; fs; ,e; jpa murpayikg; gpd; %yq; fs;

%yq; fs; %yq; fs; %yq; fs; %yq; fs; filgpbf; fg; gl; l tpjpfs; filgpbf; fg; gl; l tpjpfs; filgpbf; fg; gl; l tpjpfs; filgpbf; fg; gl; l tpjpfs;
1935k; Mz; L ,e; jpa murhq; f
rl; lk;
murpayikg; gpy; fpl; lj; jl; l 75%
,jpypUe; J ngwg; gl; lJ. Ml; rp
mikg; gpd; mbg; gil> khepy
cwTfis newpg; gLj; JtJ>
mtru epiy gpufldk; .
Ihp~; murpay; mikg; G NewpKiw Nfl; ghLfs; . FbauR
jiyth; Njh; th; > uh[; a rigapd;
3
epakd cWg; gpdh; fs; FbauR
jiytuhy; Njh; e; njLf; fg; gLtJ.
fdlh murpay; mikg; G $l; luR mikg; G> xd; wpa khepy
muRfSf; F ,ilNaahd cwT>
mjpfhug; gfph; T
M]; jpNuypa murpay; mikg; G xd; wpa-khepyg; nghJg; gl; bay; >
xd; wpa-khepy cwT> thzpfk; >
ehlhSkd; w chpikfs;
n[h; kd; murpay; mikg; G mtru epiy gpufldj; jpd; NghJ
mbg; gil chpikfis eP f; FtJ
A.v]; .v. murpay; mikg; G $l; lhl; rp> eP jpj; Jiwapd;
jdpTAhpik> eP jpj; Jiwapd;
kWghprP yid> mbg; gil
chpikfs; > cah; eP jpkd; w> cr; r
eP jpkd; w eP jpgjpfis eP f; FtJ
Fwpj; J
gphpl; b~; murpay; mikg; G xw; iwf; FbTAhpik> rl; lj; jpd;
Ml; rp> rl; lk; ,aw; Wk; Kiw.

Kfg; Giu Kfg; Giu Kfg; Giu Kfg; Giu

nghUs; : Kfg; Giu vdg; gLtJ> ,aw; wg; gl; l rl; lj; ij mwpKfk; nra; J
itf; Fk; gFjpahFk; . NkYk; mr; rl; lj; jpd; nfhs; iffis Ghpe; J
nfhs; sTk; > rl; lkd; wj; jpd; fUj; ij mwpe; J nfhs; sTk; rl; lj; jpd; Kfg; Giu
nghpJk; cjTfpwJ.

hP ngUghhp tof; fpy; Kfg; GiuahdJ murpayikg; gpd; xU gFjp
MfhJ vd $wg; gl; lJ. (1960)

4
Nfrthde; jghujp tof; fpy; cr; r eP jpkd; wk; ngUghhp tof; fpd;
fUj; jpid kWj; J Kfg; GiuahdJ murpayikg; gpd; xU gFjpNa MFk;
vd; W $wg; gl; lJ. (1973)

1976k; Mz; by; 42tJ murpay; jpUj; jk; nra; ag; gl; lJ. ,j; jpUj; jk;
Kfg; Giuapy; %d; W nrhw; fis GFj; jp cs; sJ. mjhtJ rkjh; knewp>
rkar; rhh; gpd; ik> kw; Wk; xUikg; ghL.

,e; jpah kw; Wk; mjd; vy; iyfs; : gFjp 1 ~uj; J xd; wpypUe; J ehd; F
tiu
FbThpik - gFjp 2 ~uj; J Ie; J Kjy; gjpndhd; W tiu

FbThpik rl; lk; 1955y; ,aw; wg; gl; lJ. Nk FbThpik rl; lk; 1955y; ,aw; wg; gl; lJ. Nk FbThpik rl; lk; 1955y; ,aw; wg; gl; lJ. Nk FbThpik rl; lk; 1955y; ,aw; wg; gl; lJ. NkYk; 1986k; Mz; L ,r; rl; lk; Yk; 1986k; Mz; L ,r; rl; lk; Yk; 1986k; Mz; L ,r; rl; lk; Yk; 1986k; Mz; L ,r; rl; lk;
jpUj; jg; gl; lJ. jpUj; jg; gl; lJ. jpUj; jg; gl; lJ. jpUj; jg; gl; lJ.

mbg; gil chpikfs; (~uj; J 12ypUe; J 35 tiu gFjp mbg; gil chpikfs; (~uj; J 12ypUe; J 35 tiu gFjp mbg; gil chpikfs; (~uj; J 12ypUe; J 35 tiu gFjp mbg; gil chpikfs; (~uj; J 12ypUe; J 35 tiu gFjp- -- -3) 3) 3) 3)

mbg; gil chpikfspd; tifg; ghL:

1. rkj; Jt chpik (~uj; Jfs; 14-18)
2. Rje; jpu chpik (~uj; Jfs; 19-22)
3. Ruz; lYf; nfjpuhd chpik (~uj; Jfs; 23-24)
4. rka Rje; jpu chpik (~uj; Jfs; 25-28)
5. fyhr; rhu kw; Wk; fy; tpapy; chpikfs; (~uj; Jfs; 29-30)
6. murpayikg; G jP h; topfs; ngw chpik (~uj; Jfs; 32-35)

Nkw; gb mbg; gil chpikfspy; nrhj; Jhpik eP f; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. mjdhy;
~uj; J 19(i) (f) k; ~uj; J 31k; murpay; mikg; gpypUe; J vL; fg; gl; L
~uj; J 300A = apy; NrHf; ff; gl; Ls; sJ.
5
,e; jpa murpayikg; Gr; rl; lj; jpy; mbg; gil chpikfs; mikf; fg; gl; ljd;
Nehf; fNk rl; lj; jpd; Ml; rp eilngw Ntz; Lk; .
rpWghd; ikNahh; eyd; ghJfhf; fg; glNtz; Lk; vd; gJ mbg; gil
chpikfspd; kw; nwhU Nehf; fkhFk; . muR kw; Wk; muR rk; ge; jg; gl; l
Jiwfs; jiyapLk; NghJjhd; > mbg; gil chpikfspd; Njitg; ghL vOk; .
MjhtJ mbg; gil chpikfis muRf; F vjpuhfj; jhd; vOg; g KbAk; .
jdp kdpj nray; fSf; F vjpuhf mbg; gil chpikfisf; Nfhu KbahJ.
,e; jpa murpayikg; gpy; > eP jpKiw kWrP uha; T mjpfhuk; gw; wp 13> 32> 226
Nghd; w ~uj; Jfspy; Fwpg; gplg; gl; Ls; sJ.
~uj; J 14 rl; lj; jpd; Kd; rkj; Jtk; kw; Wk; rl; lq; fspd; %yk; rk
ghJfhg; G vd; w ,U nrhw; nwhlh; fSk; > eP jpapd; Ml; rpiaAk; rkeP jpiaAk;
Fwpf; fpd; wd. rl; lj; jpd; Kd; rkj; Jtk; vd; gjpy; xUikapy;
gad; gLj; jg; gl; Ls; s rl; lk; vd; gJ> ilrp vd; gth; Fwpg; gpl; l eP jpapd;
Ml; rp my; yJ rl; lf; Nfhl; ghL my; yJ eP jpf; Nfhl; ghL vd; gijNa
Fwpf; Fk; .
~uj; J 15 rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy; > gpwg; gpl NtWghLfspdhy; ghugl; rk;
fhl; lhik.
~uj; J 16 rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy; > tk; rhtop> gpwg; gpl> ,Ug; gpl
NtWghLfspdhy; kl; Lk; muRg; gjtpia my; yJ Ntiyiag; ngwj; jFjp
,y; iy vd; W ve; jf; FbkfDf; Fk; ghugl; rk; fhl; lf; $lhJ.
1992k; Mz; L etk; gh; 16k; Njjp kz; ly; fkp~d; ghpe; Jiuapd; gb
r%fhP jpahfTk; > nghUshjhu hP jpahfTk; gpd; jq; fpa gphptpdUf; F 27
tpOf; fhL ,lxJf; fP L nfhLf; fg; gl; lJ.
~uj; J 17 jP z; lhik xopg; G - jP z; lhikr; rl; lk; 1955> gpd; dh; ,jidNa
rptpy; chpikfs; ghJfhg; Gr; rl; lk; vd 1976y; khw; wg; gl; lJ.
~uj; J 18 gl; lq; fs; xopg; G vdpDk; uhZtj; jpYk; fy; tpj; JiwapYk;
rhjid GhpNthUf; Fg; gl; lq; fs; toq; Ftjw; F tpjptpyf; F
mspf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ.
~uj; J 19 Rje; jpu chpik
6

19 (1)
a. Ngr; R kw; Wk; fUj; J ntspg; ghl; L Rje; jpuk;
b. MAjq; fs; ,y; yhky; mikjpahff; $l; lk; $Ltjw; Fr; Rje; jpuk;
c. rq; fq; fs; mikg; gjw; Fr; Rje; jpuk;
d. ,e; jpa Ml; rpg; gFjpf; Fs; vy; yh ,lq; fSf; Fk; Ngha; tUtjw; fhd
Rje; jpuk;
e. ,e; jpahtpd; ve; jg; gFjpapy; Ntz; LkhdhYk; trpf; fTk;
FbapUg; gjw; Fk; Rje; jpuk;
g. ve; jj; njhopiyNah> tpahghuj; ijNah> thzpfj; ijNah
Nkw; nfhs; tjw; fhd Rje; jpuk;

1978Mk; Mz; L nfhz; L tug; gl; l 44tJ murpay; rl; l jpUj; jj; jpw; F
Kd; G nrhj; JhpikahdJ ~uj; J 31d; fP o; xU mbg; gil chpikahf
,Ue; jJ. ,jdhy; rpf; fy; fs; gy vOe; jjhy; > 44tJ murpay; rl; l
jpUj; jkhdJ nfhz; Ltug; gl; L> mbg; gil chpikahf ,Ue; j
nrhj; Jhpik> ~uj; J 300d; fP o; rhjhuz chpikahf; fg; gl; lJ. ~uj; J 31
eP f; fk; nra; ag; gl; lJ.
Fw; wq; fSf; Fj; jz; lidaspg; gJ Fwpj; j ghJfhg; G: ~uj; J 20 ,e; jg;
gphpT kpf Kf; fpakhdjhff; fUjg; gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; mtru epiyapd;
NghJk; $l gphpT 359d; gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e; j chpikia
epWj; jpitf; f KbahJ vd; W murpayikg; gpd; 42tJ jpUj; jr; rl; lk;
$WfpwJ.
~uj; J 21 capUf; Fk; jdpg; gl; l Rje; jpuj; jpw; Fk; ghJfhg; G: rl; lj; jpdhy;
eph; zapf; fg; gl; Ls; s Kiwg; gb my; yhky; ve; j xU eghpd; capiuAk;
jdpr; Rje; jpuj; ijAk; gwpf; f KbahJ vd; W murpayikg; gpd; 21MtJ
gphpT cj; juthjkspf; fpwJ. ,JTk; mtru epiyapd; NghJk; $l gphpT
359d; gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e; j chpikia epWj; jpitf; f KbahJ.
~uj; J 22 ifJ nra; ag; gLtjw; Fk; > fhtypy; itf; fg; gLtjw; Fk; vjpuhd
ghJfhg; G.
7
~uj; J 22 (1) jLg; Gf; fhty; rl; lk; . MNyhridf; FO NghJkhd fhuzk;
,Ug; gjhff; $wpdhy; xopa ve; jr; rl; lj; jpd; gbAk; jLg; G %d; W
khjq; fSf; F Nky; Nghf mDkjpf; ff; $lhJ. mj; Jld; > jLg; Gf;
fhtYf; F tifnra; Ak; ve; jr; rl; lkhdhYk; > mjpfgl; rk; vt; tsT
fhyj; jpw; Fj; jLg; Gf; fhtypy; itf; fyhk; vd; gijAk; fz; bg; ghff;
$wpahf Ntz; Lk; .
~uj; J 23 Ruz; lYf; F vjpuhd ghJfhg; G. rl; ltpNuhjkhf kdpjh; fis
tpahghuk; nra; tJ> ngfh; eph; g; ge; jg; gLj; jp Ntiy thq; FtJ Nghd; w
Ruz; ly; fspy; ,Ue; J ghJfhg; G mspf; fpwJ.
~uj; J 24 14 taJf; F cl; gl; l rpWth; fisj; njhopw; rhiyfspNyh>
Ruq; fq; fspNyh> gpw mghafukhd njhopy; fspNyh Ntiyf; F
mkh; j; Jtijj; jil nra; fpwJ.
~uj; J 25. Fbkf; fs; > vt; tpjf; fl; Lg; ghLk; ,d; wp ve; jr; rkaj; ijAk;
Vw; fTk; > gpd; gw; wTk; gug; gTk; midtUf; Fk; Rje; jpuk; cz; L.
~uj; J 26. vy; yh rkaj; jtUf; Fk; > rkag; gphptpdUf; Fk; > rka kw; Wk;
mwepiya mikg; Gfis Vw; gLj; jpg; guhkhpf; f> rkak; rk; ge; jg; gl; l
tp~aq; fisj; jhNk eph; tfpj; Jf; nfhs; s> nrhj; Jf; fis thq; fp
eph; tfpf; fj; Njitahd mbg; gil chpikia mspf; fpwJ.
~uj; J 27. ve; j xU Fwpg; gpl; l rkaj; jpd; tsh; r; rpf; fhfTk; >
guhkhpg; gpw; fhfTk; MFk; nryTfSf; fhf thp nrYj; JkhW ve; j xU
egiuAk; fl; lhag; gLj; j KbahJ.
~uj; J 28. Kw; wpYk; murhq; f epjpapy; nray; gLk; fy; tp epWtdq; fspy;
rka Nghjid $lhJ vd; W $WfpwJ.
~uj; J 29. ,e; jpahtpd; ve; jg; gFjpapNyDk; trpf; fpd; w Fbkf; fspd; ve; j
xU gphptpdUk; jkf; nfd; W gpuj; Nafkhd nkhopiaNah> vOj; J
tbtj; ijNah> gz; ghl; ilNah nfhz; lth; fshf ,Ue; jhy; mtw; iwg;
Ngzpf; fhf; Fk; chpik mth; fSf; F cz; L.
~uj; J 30. rpWghd; ikapdh; midtUk; - mth; fs; rkar;
rpWghd; ikapduhdhYk; nkhopr; rpWghd; ikapduhdhYk; - mth; fs;
8
tpUg; gj; jpw; F Vw; g> fy; tp epWtdq; fis cUthf; fp eph; tfpg; gjw; F
chpikAz; L.
~uj; J 32. 1. eP jpg; Nguhiz Ntz; Lk; kDit cah; eP jpkd; wj; jpy;
jhf; fy; nra; ahky; > xU egh; Neubahf cr; r eP jpkd; wj; jpYk; jhf; fy;
nra; ayhk; . 2. murpayikg; gpd; 3tJ gFjpapy;
cj; jputhjkspf; fg; gl; Ls; s mbg; gil chpikfs; kP wg; gLk; nghOJ> cr; r
eP jpkd; wk; eP jpg; Nguhiz ntspapl mjpfhuk; gilj; Js; sJ.

1. Ml; nfhzh; tpf; Fk; eP jpg; Nguhiz: rl; lj; jpw; Fg; Gwk; ghd Kiwapy;
rpiwg; gpbj; J itf; fg; gl; ltiu tpLtpf; fr; nra; a ,t; thiz
,lg; gLfpwJ.
2. nraYWj; Jk; eP jpNguhiz: nghJf; flikahd xU nraiy Xh;
mjpfhhp my; yJ $l; likg; G my; yJ fP o; eP jpkd; wk; nra; aj;
jtwpdhy; mf; flikiar; nra; a ,t; thiz ,lg; gLfpwJ.
3. jilAWj; Jk; eP jpg; Nguhiz: fP o; eP jpkd; wNkh> Ml; rp mjpfhhpNah jk;
mjpfhu tuk; ig kP wp my; yJ rl; l Kuzhf VNjDk; eltbf; if
vLj; jhy; > mij Nkw; nfhz; L elj; jhky; nra; a> ,t; thiz
,lg; gLfpwJ.
4. newpKiwAWj; Jk; eP jpg; Nguhiz: eP jpKiw rhh; e; j mYty; fisr;
nra; Ak; jP Hg; ghaq; fs; > mjpfhhpfs; > jk; mjpfhu tuk; ig kP wp
nray; gl; lhNyh mwKiwf; F khwhf eltbf; if vLj; jhNyh mtw; iw
kW Ma; T nra; J eP f; fk; nra; tjw; nfd mit rk; ge; jkhd
Mtzq; fisj; jkf; F mDg; GkhW eP jpkd; wk; MizapLtJjhd;
newpKiwAWj; Jk; eP jpg; Nguhiz MFk; .
5. jFjpKiw tpdTk; eP jpg; Nguhiz: nghJ mjpfhug; gjtpapy;
cs; stiu mth; vj; jFjpapy; mg; gjtp tfpf; fpwhh; vd; w tpdtp>
gpwg; gpf; fg; gLk; Mizjhd; jFjpKiw tpdTk; eP jpg; Nguhiz MFk; .




9
mbg; gilf; flikfs;

1976Mk; Mz; bd; murpayikg; G jpUj; jr; (42tJ jpUj; jk; ) rl; lkhdJ> 1976Mk; Mz; bd; murpayikg; G jpUj; jr; (42tJ jpUj; jk; ) rl; lkhdJ> 1976Mk; Mz; bd; murpayikg; G jpUj; jr; (42tJ jpUj; jk; ) rl; lkhdJ> 1976Mk; Mz; bd; murpayikg; G jpUj; jr; (42tJ jpUj; jk; ) rl; lkhdJ>
,e; jpaf; Fbkf; fSf; F gj; J mbg; gilf; flikfspd; njhFg; gpid ,e; jpaf; Fbkf; fSf; F gj; J mbg; gilf; flikfspd; njhFg; gpid ,e; jpaf; Fbkf; fSf; F gj; J mbg; gilf; flikfspd; njhFg; gpid ,e; jpaf; Fbkf; fSf; F gj; J mbg; gilf; flikfspd; njhFg; gpid
mwpKfg; gLj; jp cs; sJ. ,jw; fhf 51 mwpKfg; gLj; jp cs; sJ. ,jw; fhf 51 mwpKfg; gLj; jp cs; sJ. ,jw; fhf 51 mwpKfg; gLj; jp cs; sJ. ,jw; fhf 51- -- -A vDk; xU ~uj; ijf; nfhz; l gFjp A vDk; xU ~uj; ijf; nfhz; l gFjp A vDk; xU ~uj; ijf; nfhz; l gFjp A vDk; xU ~uj; ijf; nfhz; l gFjp
Gjpjhf murpay; mikg; gpy; ,izf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. ,r; ~uj; jpd; fP o; mg; gj; J Gjpjhf murpay; mikg; gpy; ,izf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. ,r; ~uj; jpd; fP o; mg; gj; J Gjpjhf murpay; mikg; gpy; ,izf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. ,r; ~uj; jpd; fP o; mg; gj; J Gjpjhf murpay; mikg; gpy; ,izf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. ,r; ~uj; jpd; fP o; mg; gj; J
mb mb mb mbg; gilf; flikfs; gpd; tUkhW $wg; gLfpwJ. g; gilf; flikfs; gpd; tUkhW $wg; gLfpwJ. g; gilf; flikfs; gpd; tUkhW $wg; gLfpwJ. g; gilf; flikfs; gpd; tUkhW $wg; gLfpwJ.

gj; J Gjpjhf murpay; mikg; gpy; ,izf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. ,e; j ~uj; jpd;
fP o; mg; gj; J mbg; gilf; flikfs; gpd; tUkhW $wg; gLfpwJ.

1. murpayikg; gpidg; gpd; gw; Wjy; > kw; Wk; mjd; Fwpf; Nfhs; fs; >
mikg; Gfs; > Njrpaf; nfhb kw; Wk; ,tw; wpw; F khpahij nrYj; ; Jjy; ;
2. ekJ ehl; L tpLjiyg; Nghuhl; lj; ij J}z; ba cah; e; j
Fwpf; Nfhs; fis gpd; gw; Wjy; kw; Wk; Nghw; wp tsh; j; jy;
3. ,e; jpahtpd; xw; Wik> ,iwik kw; Wk; xUikg; ghl; il epiyepWj; jy;
kw; Wk; ghJfhj; jy;
4. ehl; bidg; ghJfhj; jy; kw; Wk; miof; fg; gLk; nghOJ Njrpag;
gzpGhpjy;
5. rkak; > nkhop kw; Wk; tl; lhuk; my; yJ gphpT NtWghLfisf; fle; J
,e; jpa kf; fSf; Fs; nghJ rNfhjuj; Jt czh; T kw; Wk;
,zf; fj; jpid Nkk; gLj; Jjy;; ngz; fspd; Nkd; ikiaj; jho; j; Jfpd; w
gof; fq; fisj; Jwj; jy; .
6. ekJ gy; tifahd fyhr; rhuj; jpd; cah; e; j ghuk; ghpaj; jpw; F kjpg; G
mspj; jy; kw; Wk; NgZjy;
7. fhLfs; > Vhpfs; > MWfs; kw; Wk; td tho; f; if cs; spl; l ,aw; if
Rw; Wg; Gw #oiy ghJfhj; jy; kw; Wk; Nkk; gLj; Jjy; kw; Wk; thOk;
caphpdq; fSf; fhf ,uf; fk; nfhs; Sjy;
8. Ma; twpT tpisT epiy> kdpj eyk; kw; Wk; tprhuiz czh; T
kw; Wk; rP h; jpUj; jq; fis Nkk; gLj; Jjy;
9. nghJr; nrhj; Jf; F ghJfhg; G mspj; jy;;
10
10. vy; yhj; JiwfspYk; > jdpkdpjd; kw; Wk; $l; Lr; nray; ghLfspd;
Kjd; ik epiyia Nehf; fp KaYjy; kw; Wk; ,jdhy; > ehL
Kaw; rpapd; cah; gb epiy rhjidfis Nehf; fp epiyahf
caUfpwJ.

,e; jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; ,e; jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; ,e; jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; ,e; jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;

~uj; J 52. ,e; jpahtpw; F xU FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uf; fNtz; Lk;
vd; Wk; ,th; ,e; jpa murpd; jiytuhf tpsq; Ffpwhh; vd; Wk;
murhq; fj; jpd; nrayhl; rp mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiythplk;
toq; fg; gl; Ls; sJ vdTk; > ,th; mt; tjpfhuj; ij ,e; jpa murpay;
mikg; Gf; Fl; gl; L NeubahfNth> jdJ fP Os; s mjpfhhpfs;
%ykhfNth nraYWj; jyhk; vd; W $WfpwJ.

jFjpfs; jFjpfs; jFjpfs; jFjpfs;

1. xU ,e; jpa FbkfdhfTk;
2. 35 taJ epuk; gpatuhfTk;
3. ghuhSkd; wj; jpd; kf; fs; rigf; Fg; Nghl; baplj; jFjp ngw; wtuhfTk;
,Uf; f Ntz; Lk;
4. kj; jpa murhq; fj; jpNyh my; yJ VjhtnjhU khepy murhq; fj; jpNyh
my; yJ Nkw; fz; l murhq; fq; fspd; fP o; ,aq; Fk; VjhtnjhU tl; lhu
my; yJ gpw mjpfhu mikg; gpNyh Mjha mbg; gilapy; mike; j ve; j
xU gjtpiaAk; tfpg; gtuhf ,Uj; jy; $lhJ.

Cjpak; Cjpak; Cjpak; Cjpak;

khjr; rk; gsk; - &.1>50>000

NkYk; thlif juhky; murhq; f FbapUg; ig gad; gLj; jpf; nfhs; s
chpikAz; L.
11

Njh; e; njLf; fg; gLk; Kiw

kf; fshy; Neubahf Njh; e; njLf; fg; gLtjpy; iy. khwhf> mth; xU Njh; jy;
FOtpd; cWg; gpdh; fshy; Njh; e; njLf; fg; gLfpwhh; . ,j; Njh; jy; FO (m)
ghuhSkd; wj; jpd; ,U mitfspd; Njh; e; njLf; fg; gl; l cWg; gpdh; fisAk; (M)
khepy rl; lkd; wj; jpd; fP oitahd rl; lg; Nguitapd; Njh; e; J vLf; fg; gl; l
cWg; gpdh; fisAk; cs; slf; fpajhFk; . ,t; thW ~uj; J 54 $WfpwJ.
,j; Njh; jy; FOtpduhy; FbauRj; jiytiuj; Njh; e; njLf; Fk; NghJ tpfpjg;
gpujpepjpj; Jt Kiw gpd; gw; wg; gLk; . cWg; gpdh; fs; mspf; Fk; Xl; L>
xw; iwkhw; W Xl; L MFk; .

,e; jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; > jhk; gjtp Vw; w jpdj; jpy; ,Ue; J 5
Mz; Lfs; njhlh; e; J gjtp tfpf; fyhk; . xUth; vj; jid Kiw
Ntz; LkhdhYk; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpj; Njh; jYf; Fg; Nghl; baplyhk; .

FbauRj; jiyth; kP J gopr; rhw; WtJ njhlh; ghd eilKiwfis
~uj; J 61 $WfpwJ. FbauRj; jiyth; jhkhfNt jdJ gjtpia
,uh[pdhkh nra; ayhk; . my; yJ ghuhSkd; wj; jpd; VjhtJ xU mitapy;
nkhj; j cWg; gpdh; fspy; ehd; fpy; xU gq; F cWg; gpdh; fSf; Ff; Fiwahj
cWg; gpdh; fs; ifnahg; gkpl; l xU jP h; khdj; jpd; thapyhf> FbauRj; jiyth;
kP J Fw; wQ; rhl; lyhk; . Fw; wr; rhl; L jP h; khdj; jpd; efy; FbauRj; jiytUf; F
mJ njhlq; fg; gLk; 14 ehl; fSf; F Kd; ghfNt nfhLf; fg; gl Ntz; Lk; . gpwF
mj; jP h; khdk; rigapd; nkhj; j cWg; gpdh; fspy; %d; wpy; ,uz; L gq; Ff; Ff;
Fiwahj cWg; gpdh; fshy; Mjhpf; fg; gl; L epiwNtw; wg; gl Ntz; Lk; .

FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq; fis gw; wp ~uj; J 109 $WfpwJ FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq; fis gw; wp ~uj; J 109 $WfpwJ FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq; fis gw; wp ~uj; J 109 $WfpwJ FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq; fis gw; wp ~uj; J 109 $WfpwJ

1. nrayhl; rpj; Jiw mjpfhuq; fs; - cr; r kw; Wk; cah; eP jpkd; w
eP jpgjpfs; khepyq; fspd; MSeh; fs; > ml; lhh; dp n[duy; > jzpf; ifj;
12
jiyth; > nghJg; gzpf; FOtpd; jiyth; kw; Wk; cWg; gpdh; fs; .
jho; j; jg; gl; Nlhh; kw; Wk; goq; Fbapdh; fSf; Fz; lhd jdp mYtyh; fs; >
jho; j; jg; gl; l gFjpapd; tptuj; ij jahh; nra; Ak; FO gpw; gl; Nlhh;
epiyia MAk; FO kw; Wk; nkhop thhp rpWghd; ikapNdhUf; F jdp
mYtyh; ,th; fis epakpf; Fk; mjpfhuj; ij FbauR jiyth;
ngw; Ws; shh; .
2. ,uhZt mjpfhuq; fs;
3. J}jhz; ik mjpfhuq; fs;
4. rl; lkd; wj; Jiw mjpfhuq; fs; - ghuhSkd; wj; jpd; mitf;
$l; lq; fisg; nghWj; j tiuapy; mitfisf; $l; Lk; mjpfhuKk; >
xj; jpitf; Fk; mjpfhuKk; FbauRj; jiythplk; cs; sJ.
kf; fsitiaf; fiyf; Fk; mjpfhuKk; mspf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ.
Nkyitahd> khepyq; fsitiaf; (uh[; a rig) fiyf; Fk; mjpfhuk;
FbauRj; jiytUf; F nfhLf; fg; gltpy; iy vd; gJ Fwpg; gplj; jf; fJ.
NkYk; > FbauR jiyth; ghuhSkd; wj; jpd; rigfspy; ciu
epfo; j; jTk; > my; yJ ,U rigfspd; $l; Lf; $l; lj; jpy; ciu
epfo; j; jTk; chpikg; ngw; W cs; shh; . rigfSf; Fr; nra; jp mDg; Gk;
chpikiaAk; ,th; ngw; Ws; shh; . (~uj; J 86) Nkyitahd
khepyq; fsitf; f 12 cWg; gpdh; fisAk; > fP oitahd kf; fsitf; F 2
Mq; fpNyh ,e; jpa cWg; gpdh; fisAk; epakpf; Fk; mjpfhuj; ijAk;
ngw; wpUf; fpwhh; .

FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd; wj; jhy; epiwNtw; wg; gl; l kNrhjh Fwpj; J
jdJ ,irtpid mspf; fyhk; . (~uj; J 111) my; yJ epWj; jp itf; fyhk; >
my; yJ gz kNrhjh jtpu rhjhuz kNrhjhf; fspy; jhk; Fwpg; gpl; Ls; s
tpguk; Fwpj; J kPz; Lk; kW ghprP yid nra; tjw; fhf mk; kNrhjhit
mitf; Nf jpUg; gp mDg; gyhk; . mk; kNrhjh FbauRj; jiythpd;
Nahridg; gb jpUj; jg; gl; Nlh my; yJ jpUj; jg; glhkNyh kP z; Lk; mtUila
,irtpw; F mDg; gg; gl; lhy; > FbauRj; jiyth; jd; Dila ,irtpid
mspf; f> kWf; f KbahJ. Mdhy; epjp kNrhjhf; fisf; FbauRj; jiythpd;
xg; Gjy; ,y; yhky; nra; a KbahJ.
13

XU rhjhuz kNrhjh Fwpj; J> ghuhSkd; wj; jpd; ,U mitfSf; F
,ilNa Kuz; ghL vONkahapd; > mjidj; jP h; j; J itf; f> ,U mitfspd;
$l; L $l; lj; jpw; F Vw; ghL nra; a FbauRj; jiytUf; F mjpfhuk; cz; L
(~uj; J 108).

,; e; jpa muRj; jiyik tof; fwpQh; ,; e; jpa muRj; jiyik tof; fwpQh; ,; e; jpa muRj; jiyik tof; fwpQh; ,; e; jpa muRj; jiyik tof; fwpQh;

murhq; f; jjpw; F rl; l rk; ge; jkhd tp~aq; fspy; MNyhrid toq; fTk;
rl; l rk; ge; jkhf ,lg; gLg; gpw gzpfis nra; aTk; cr; reP jpkd; w eP jpgjp
Mf epakpf; fg; gLtjw; fhd jFjpfis cila xUtiu ,e; jpahtpd;
jiyik tof; fwpQuhf FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf; fg; gLfpwhh; . (~uj; J
76) FbauRj; jiyth; tpUk; Gk; tiu muRj; jiyik tof; fwpQh; gjtp
tfpg; ghh; . vdpDk; murhq; fj; jpd; MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa mth;
epakpf; fg; gLtjhy; Ml; rp khwpaTld; ml; lh; dp-n[duYk; gjtp tpyFtJ xU
kughf cUthfptpl; lJ.

,e; jpahtpy; cs; s eP jpkd; wq; fs; midj; jpYk; Kjypy; jd; Dila
fUj; ijf; Nfl; FkhW $Wk; chpik mtUf; F cz; L. ehlhSkd; wj; jpd;
,uz; L mitfspYNk $l; lj; njhlhpd; eltbf; iffspy; gq; F nfhz; L
NgRfpd; w chpikAk; mtUf; F cz; L vdpDk; jP h; khdq; fspd; kP J
thf; fspf; Fk; chpik fpilahJ.
ehlhSkd; wk; ehlhSkd; wk; ehlhSkd; wk; ehlhSkd; wk;

FbauRj; jiyth;; > khepyq; fsit kw; Wk; kf; fsit vd; w ,uz; L mitfs;
Mfpatw; iwf; nfhz; ljhf ,e; jpa ehlhSkd; wk; mike; Js; sJ.

FbauRj; jiyth; : FbauRj; jiyth; : FbauRj; jiyth; : FbauRj; jiyth; :

ehlhSkd; wj; jp; y; ,uz; L mitfspd; $l; lj; njhlh; eilngwhjNghJ>
FbauRj; jiyth; cldbahfr; nray; glNtz; ba mtrpakhd #o; epiy
14
,Ug; gjhf mth; jpUg; jpaile; jhy; > ehlhSkd; wj; jhy; ,aw; wg; gLk;
rl; lj; ijg; NghyNt nray; tP r; Rila mtrur; rl; lj; ij FbauRj; jiyth;
gpwg; gp; f; fyhk; .

khepyq; fsit khepyq; fsit khepyq; fsit khepyq; fsit:

xd; wpaj; jp; d; gy; NtW mq; fq; fshfpa khepyq; fs; kw; Wk; xd; wpa Neub
Ml; rpg; gFjpfspy; cs; s kf; fsp; d; kiwKf gpujpepjpj; Jt mikg; ghf
khepyq; fsit jpfo; fpwJ. kf; fs; njhif mjpfKs; s cj; jug; gpuNjr
khepyj; jpy; ,Ue; J kpf mjpfgl; rkhf 34 cWg; gpdh; fSk; > kzpg; G+h; >
kpN[huk; > rpf; fpk; > jphpGuh Nghd; w rpwpa khepyq; fspy; ,Ue; J jyh xU
cWg; gpdUk; khepyq; fsitf; Fj; Njh; e; njLf; fg; gLfpd; wdh; .
murpayikg; gpd; gb khepyq; fsitapy; 250; - f; Fk; kpfhj cWg; gpdh; fs;
,Ug; gh; . ,th; fspy; 12 Ngh; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg; gLth; . 238 Ngh;
khepyq; fspy; ,Ue; Jk; > Neub Ml; rpg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue; Jk;
Njh; e; njLf; fg; gLth; .

kf; fsit : kf; fsit : kf; fsit : kf; fsit :

kf; fshy; Neubahfj; Njh; e; njLg; fg; gl; l gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz; lJ.
18 taJ epuk; gpa ,e; jpaf; Fbkfd; xt; nthUtUk; > rl; lj; jpd; gb
jFjpapog; Gr; nra; ag; glhj gl; rj; jpy; > kf; fsitj; Njh; jypy; thf; fspf; Fk;
chpik ngw; wtuhthh; . khepyq; fspy; cs; s njhFjpfspy; ,Ue; J
Nehpilahfj; Njh; e; njLf; fg; gLk; cWg; gpdh; fs; 530 - f; F kpfhkYk; > Neub
Ml; rpg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue; J Nehpilahfj; Njh; e; njLf; fg; gLk; cWg; gpdh; fs; 20
- f; F kpfhkYk; nfhz; ljhf kf; fsit ,Uf; f Ntz; Lk; vd; W
murpayikg; Gf; $WfpwJ. NkYk; > Mq; fpNyh ,e; jpa rKjhaj; ijr; Nrh; e; j
,uz; L cWg; gpdh; fisf; FbauRj; jiyth; kf; fsitf; F epakdk;
nra; ayhk; . ,t; thwhf> kf; fsitapy; mjpfgl; rkhf 552 cWg; gpdh; fs;
,Uf; fyhk; .

15


ehlhSkd; w cWg; gpdh; fspd; jFjpfs ehlhSkd; w cWg; gpdh; fspd; jFjpfs ehlhSkd; w cWg; gpdh; fspd; jFjpfs ehlhSkd; w cWg; gpdh; fspd; jFjpfs; : ; :; : ; :

,e; jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf; f Ntz; Lk; . khepyq; fsitf; F cWg; gpduhf
Ntz; Lkhdhy; 30 taJ epiwe; jtuhfTk; kf; fsitf; F cWg; gpduhfj;
Njh; e; njLf; fg; gl 25 taJ epiwe; jtuhfTk; ,Uf; f Ntz; Lk; .

kf; fsitf; Fk; khepyq; fsitf; Fk; jitth; xUtUk; ,
Jizj; jiyth; xUtUk; ,Uf; f Ntz; Lk; vd murpayikg; Gf; $WfpwJ.
,e; jpahtpd; FbauRj; Jizj; jiytNu khepyq; fsitapd; jiytUk;
Mthh; . khepyq; fsitapd; Jizj; jiytuhf jkf; Fs; NsNa xUtiu
me; j mitapd; cWg; gpdh; fs; Njh; e; njLj; Jf; nfhs; th; . kf; fsitapd;
jiytiuAk; (rghehafh; ) Jizj; jiytiuAk; (Jiz rghehafh; )>
jkf; Fs; NsNa me; j mitapd; cWg; gpdh; fNs Njh; e; njLg; gh; .

kf; fsitj; jiytUk; > Jizj; jiytUk; > kf; fsitapd;
cWg; gpdh; fshf eP bf; f Kbahj epiyapy; gjtp tpyf Ntz; Lk; . ,Uthpy;
vtNuDk; gjtp tpyf vz; zpdhy; kw; wtUf; Fj; jkJ gjtptpyfy;
fbjj; ij mDg; g Ntz; Lk; . mth; fisg; gjtp eP f; fk; nra; a Ntz; Lk;
vd; why; > 14 ehl; fs; Kd; dwptpg; Gf; nfhLj; Jtpl; L kf; fsitapd;
ngUk; ghd; ik cWg; gpdh; fsp; d; MjuNthL xU jP h; khdj; ij epiwNtw; w
Ntz; Lk; . khepyq; fsitj; Jizj; jiytiug; gjtp eP f; fk; nra; tjw; fhd
,Nj Nghd; w Vw; ghL gphpT 90-y; nrhy; yg; gl; L cs; sJ. kf; fsitj; jiyth;
njhlh; e; J gjtpapy; ,Ug; ghh; .

XU $l; lj; njhlUf; Fk; ,d; ndhU $l; lj; njhlUf; Fk; ,ilNa
MWkhj fhy ,ilntsp ,Uf; ff; $lhJ. nghJthf xt; Nthuhz; Lk; %d; W
ehlhSkd; wj; jpd; $l; lq; fs; eilngWk; mit 1. gl; n[l; $l; lj; njhlh;
(gpg; uthp>Nk) 2. kiof; fhyf; $l; lj; njhlh; ([{iy>nrg; lk; gh; ) 3. Fsph; fhyf;
$l; lj; njhlh; (etk; gh; >brk; gh; ). Mdhy; khepyq; fsitapd; gl; n[l;
16
$l; lj; njhlh; kl; Lk; %d; W-ehd; F thufhy ,ilntspAld; ,uz; L
gFjpfshf eilngw; W> xuhz; by; ehd; F $l; lj; njhlh; fshf eilngWk; .

ve; j Xh; mitahdhYk; > mjid elj; jpr; nry; tjw; F mitapd;
nkhj; j cWg; gpdh; fspy; gj; jpy; xU gq; F cWg; gpdh; fs; fl; lhak; M[uhfp
,Uf; f Ntz; Lk; .

gz kNrhjhf; fs; kw; Wk; Vida epjp kNrhjhf; fs; jtpu NtW ve; j
kNrhjhthdhYk; mjid VNjDk; Xh; mitapy; Kjypy;
mwpKfg; gLj; jyhk; . mt; thW mwpKfg; gLj; jg; gLk; kNrhjh> FbauRj;
jiythpd; xg; GjYf; F mDg; gg; gLk; Kd; dh; > ehlhSkd; wj; jpd; ,uz; L
mitfspYk; > jpUj; jq; fs; VJkpd; wpNah> ,uz; L mitfSk; xg; Gf; nfhz; l
jpUj; jq; fSlNdh> Vw; Wf; nfhs; sg; gl Ntz; Lk; . gz kNrhjhitj; jtpu>
VNjDk; xU kNrhjh rk; ge; jkhf ,uz; L mitfSf; Fk; ,Wjpahff; fUj; J
NtWghLfs; ,Uf; Fkhdhy; mtw; iwj; jP h; g; gjw; fhff; FbauRj; jiyth;
,uz; L mitfspd; $l; Lf; $l; lj; ij miof; fyhk; .

gz kNrhjh: gz kNrhjh: gz kNrhjh: gz kNrhjh:- -- -

xU kNrhjh> gzkNrhjhth vd; w Iak; Njhd; wpdhy; > mjpy;
kf; fsitj; jiythpd; jP h; g; Ng ,WjpahdJ. gzkNrhjhitf; FbauR
jiythpd; xg; GjYf; fhf mDg; Gk; NghJ> mJ xU gzkNrhjh vd; W
kf; fsit jiyth; rhd; wspf; f Ntz; Lk; . gzkNrhjhitf;
FbauRj; jiythpd; ghpe; Jiuapd; Nghpy; > kf; fsitapy; kl; LNk
mwpKfg; gLj; j KbAk; . kf; fsitapy; Vw; Wf; nfhs; sg; gl; l gpd; dh;
khepyq; fsitf; F mDg; gg; gLk; gzkNrhjhtpd; kP J VNjDk;
jpUj; jq; fSf; fhd ghpe; Jiufs; ,Uf; Fkhdhy; mtw; iw 14 ehl; fSf; Fs;
khepyq; fsit my; yJ VNjDk; xU jpUj; jj; ijNah> jpUj; jq; fs;
midj; ijANkh epuhfhpj; Jtplyhk; . jpUj; jq; fis kf; fsit Vw; Wf;
nfhz; lgbNa ,uz; L mitfSk; me; j kNrhjhit Vw; Wf; nfhz; ljhff;
fUjg; gLk; . khepyq; fsitapy; ,Ue; J 14 ehl; fSf; Fs; me; j kNrhjh
17
jpUg; gp mDg; gg; glhtpl; lhYk; > kf; fsit Vw; Wf; nfhz; l tbtj; jpNyNa me; j
kNrhjh ,uz; L mitfspYk; Vw; Wf; nfhs; sg; gl; ljhf fUjg; gLk; .

Xh; cWg; gpdh; NgrpaJ Fwpj; Njh> thf; fspj; J Fwpj; Njh>
ehlhSkd; wj; ijj; jtpu NtW ve; j mjpfhu mikg; gpNyh my; yJ
eP jpkd; wj; jpNyh ve; jtpjkhd eltbf; ifAk; Nkw; nfhs; s KbahJ vd; W
murpay; rl; lk; tpjpj; Js; sJ.

ehlhSkd; wj; jpw; Fs; Xh; cWg; gpdh; Ngrpa Ngr; R eP jpkd; wj; ij
mtkjpg; gjhf ,Ue; jhYk; $l> ve; j xU eP jpkd; wKk; mth; kP J eltbf; if
vLf; f KbahJ.

eP jpgjpfisg; gjtp eP f; fk; nra; tjw; fhd jP h; khdj; jpd; kP J NgRk; NghJ
jtpu kw; w rkaq; fspy; > mth; fspd; elj; ijia tpkh; rpf; f $lhJ.

fl; rpj; jhty; jilr; rl; lk; : fl; rpj; jhty; jilr; rl; lk; : fl; rpj; jhty; jilr; rl; lk; : fl; rpj; jhty; jilr; rl; lk; :- -- -

ehlhSkd; w cWg; gpdh; gjtpapy; ,Ue; Jk; > khepyr; rl; lNguit
cWg; gpdh; gjtpapy; ,Ue; Jk; ,lj; ijf; fhypnra; tJ rk; ge; jkhf
Ik; gj; jpuz; lhtJ jpUj; jr; rl; lk; 1985> murpayikg; gpd; 101> 102> 190> 191
Mfpa gphpTfisj; jpUj; jpaJld; > Gjpa ml; ltiz xd; iwAk; (gj; jhtJ
ml; ltiz) Nrh; j; jJ. fl; rpj; jhty; fhuzkhf cWg; gpdh; fs; gjtpapog; gJ
rk; ge; jkhd rpy tifAiufs; ,e; jj; jpUj; jj; jpd; %yk; Nrh; f; fg; gl; ld.

eP jpj; Jiw eP jpj; Jiw eP jpj; Jiw eP jpj; Jiw

(~uj; J 124-147 kw; Wk; 214-237)

cr; r eP jpkd; wk; : cr; r eP jpkd; wk; : cr; r eP jpkd; wk; : cr; r eP jpkd; wk; :- -- -

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jiyik eP jpgjp xUtUk; > gpw eP jpgjpfs; vOtiuAk; nfhz; ljhf
cr; reP jpkd; wk; xd; W cUthf; fg; gl Ntz; Lk; vd; W murpay; rl; lj; jpd;
124tJ gpHpT $WfpwJ. vdpDk; Vida eP jpgjpfspd; vz; zpf; ifia rl; lk;
,aw; Wtjd; %yk; mfpfhpf; f ehlhSkd; wj; jpw; F mjpfhuk;
mspf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. 1986Mk; Mz; L ,aw; wg; gl; l rl; lj; jpd; gb> jiyik
eP jpgjpiaj; jtpu cr; reP jpkd; wj; jpd; kw; w eP jpgjpfspd; vz; zpf; if 25 Mf
eph; zapf; fg; gl; L cs; sJ. cr; reP jpkd; w eP jpgjpfs; kw; Wk; cah; eP jpkd; w
eP jpgjpfs; Nghd; Nwhiuf; fye; jhNyhrpj; J cr; reP jpkd; w eP jpgjpfisf;
FbauRj; jiyth; epakdk; nra; fpwhh; . jiyik eP jpgjp epakdk; jtpu kw; w
eP jpgjpfis epakpf; Fk; NghJ fl; lhakhfj; jiyik eP jpgjpiaf;
fye; jhNyhrpf; f Ntz; Lk; .

cr; reP jpkd; w eP jpgjp xt; nthUtUk; 65 taJtiu gjtpapy;
,Uf; fyhk; . FbauRj; jiythpd; Mizapd; NghpNyNa cr; reP jpkd; w
eP jp; gjp xUtiug; gjtpapypUe; J eP f; f KbAk; . FbauRj; jiyth; mj; jifa
Miziag; gpwg; gpf; f Ntz; Lkhdhy; rk; ge; jgl; l eP jpgjpf; Fj; jpwik
,y; iy vd; Nwh> mth; KiwNflhf ele; Jnfhz; lhh; vd; Nwh fhuzk; fhl; b>
ehlhSkd; wj; jpd; ,uz; L mitfspYk; %d; wpy; ,uz; L gq; F cWg; gpdh; fs;
M[uhfp thf; fspj; Jg; ngUk; ghd; ik MjuTld; > jdpj; jdpahf xU
jP h; khdj; ij epiwNtw; w> mjid ehlhSkd; wj; jpd; me; jf; $l; l
njhlhpNyNa FbauRj; jiythplk; rkh; g; gpf; f Ntz; Lk; .

cr; reP jpkd; wj; jpy; eP jpgjpahf gjtptfpj; j xUth; > ,e; jpahtpw; Fs; ve; j
xU eP jpkd; wj; jpYk; tof; FiuQuhfj; njhopy; Ghpaf; $lhJ vd; W murpay;
mikg; Gj; jil tpjpj; Js; sJ.

jw; NghJ cr; reP jpkd; wj; jiyik eP jpgjpf; F> khjnkhd; Wf; F (&gha;
1>00>000) Vida eP jpgjpfSf; F 90>000 &ghAk; > Cjpakhf toq; fg; gLfpwJ.
Cjpak; jtpu Vida gbfs; > ,ytrf; FbapUg; G> ehLKOtJk; gazk;
nra; agazr; nryTfs; > Xa; T+jpak; Nghd; w gpw rYiffSk; mth; fSf; F
cz; L.
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VNjDk; xU rkaj; jpy; cr; reP jpkd; w eltbf; iffis
Nkw; nfhs; tjw; Fg; Nghjpa eP jpgjpfs; ,y; iy vd; why; > eP jpkd; w
eltbf; iffisj; njhlh; e; J elj; Jtjw; fhf> cah; eP jpkd; w eP jpgjpfspilNa
cr; reP jpkd; w eP jpgjpahf epakdk; ngWk; jFjpAilath; fisj; Njitahd
fhyj; jpw; Fj; jw; fhypf eP jpgjpfshf epakpf; Fk; mjpfhuk; jiyik eP jpgjpf; F
cz; L. vdpDk; > rk; ge; jg; gl; l cah; eP jpkd; wj; jpd; jiyik eP jpgjpiaf;
fye; jhNyhrpj; j gpd; dUk; > FbauRj; jiythpd; Kd; mDkjpiag; ngw; w
gpd; dUNk ,j; jifa jw; fhypf epakdq; fisr; nra; ayhk; .

cr; reP jpk cr; reP jpk cr; reP jpk cr; reP jpkd; w mjpfhuKk; eP jptuk; Gk; : d; w mjpfhuKk; eP jptuk; Gk; : d; w mjpfhuKk; eP jptuk; Gk; : d; w mjpfhuKk; eP jptuk; Gk; :

cr; reP jpkd; wj; jpd; %y eP jptuk; G. ~uj; J 131
cr; reP jpkd; wj; jpd; Nky; KiwaP l; L eP jptuk; G. ~uj; J 132
cr; reP jpkd; wj; jpd; MNyhrid $Wk; eP jptuk; G. ~uj; J 143
cr; reP jpkd; wj; jpd; kWrP uha; T mjpfhuk; . ~uj; J 137
cr; reP jpkd; wk; xU gjpT nra; Jnfhs; Sk; eP jpkd; wk; . ~uj; J 129

cah; eP jpkd; wk; : cah; eP jpkd; wk; : cah; eP jpkd; wk; : cah; eP jpkd; wk; :

xt; nthU khepyj; jpw; Fk; Xh; cah; eP jpkd; wk; ,Uf; fNtz; Lnkd
murpayikg; G tpjpf; fpwJ. vdpDk; rl; lk; ,aw; Wtjd; %yk; > ,uz; L
my; yJ mjw; F Nkw; gl;; l khepyq; fSf; F nghJthdjhfTk; my; yJ ,uz; L
my; yJ mjw; F Nkw; gl; l khepyq; fSf; Fk; xU Neub Ml; rpg; gFjpf; Fk;
nghJthdjhfTk; > Xh; cah; eP jpkd; wj; ij ehlhSkd; wk; cUthf; fyhk; .

cr; reP jpkd; wj; ijg; NghyNt xt; Nthh; cah; eP jpkd; wKk; Xh; Mtz
eP jpkd; wkhfj; jpfo; tJld; > %ytprhuiz tuk; G> Nky; KiwaP l; L tprhuiz
tuk; G Mfpatw; Wld; > eP jpkd; w mtkjpg; Gf; fhfj; jz; lid mspf; Fk;
mjpfhuKk; cilajhfj; jpfo; fpwJ.
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cr; reP jpkd; wj; jiyik eP jpgjpiaAk; > rk; ge; jg; gl; l khepy
MSeiuAk; fye; jhNyhrpj; J> cah; eP jpkd; wj; jpd; eP jpgjpfisf; FbauRj;
jiyth; epakdk; nra; fpwhh; . cah; eP jpkd; wj; jpd; jiyik eP jpgjpiaj; jtpu
kw; w eP jpgjpfis epakpf; Fk; NghJ> cah; eP jpkd; w jiyik eP jpgjpiaAk; >
FbauRj; jiyth; fye; jhNyhrpj; J KbntLg; ghh; .

62 tajhFk; tiu cah; eP jpkd; w eP jpgjpahfg; gjtpapy; ,Uf; fyhk; .
cr; reP jpkd; w eP jpgjpiag; gjtp; eP f; fk; nra; tjw; fhd eilKiwiag;
gpd; gw; Wtjd; %yNk cah; eP jpkd; w eP jpgjpiaAk; gjtpeP f; fk; nra; aKbAk; .

khjr; rk; gsk; khjr; rk; gsk; khjr; rk; gsk; khjr; rk; gsk; : njhd; D}W Mwhapuk; &gha;

cr; reP jpkd; wj; jiyik eP jpgjpiaf; fye; jhNyhrpj; J> Xh; cah; eP jp
kd; wj; jpypUe; J ,d; Ndhh; cah; eP jpkd; wj; jpw; F eP jpgjpfisf; FbauRj;
jiyth; ,lkhw; wk; nra; ayhk; vdpDk; cah; eP jpkd; w eP jpgjp xUtiu
mtUila xg; Gjy; ,d; wp ,lkhw; wk; nra; af; $lhJ vd; W cr; reP jpkd; wk;
jP h; g; gspj; jpUf; fpwJ.

FbauRj; jiythpd; xg; Gjiyg; ngw; W> Xa; Tngw; w eP jpgjp xUtiu
cah; eP jpkd; wj; jpy; nghWg; G eP jpgjpahf cah; eP jpkd; wj; jiyik eP jpgjp
epakpf; fyhk; .

Xt; nthh; cah; eP jpkd; wj; jpw; Fk; jd; Dila mYtyh; fs; kP J
KOikahd fl; Lg;ghL ,Uf; Fk; . eP jpgjpfs; kw; Wk; Vida mYtyh; fspy;
CjpaKk; kw; wgbfSk; > me; je; j khepyj; jpd; xUq; fpizg; G epjpaj; jpypUe; J
toq; fg; gLfpd; wd.
cah; eP jpkd; wj; jpd; eP jptuk; G kw; Wk; mjpfhuq; fs; cah; eP jpkd; wj; jpd; eP jptuk; G kw; Wk; mjpfhuq; fs; cah; eP jpkd; wj; jpd; eP jptuk; G kw; Wk; mjpfhuq; fs; cah; eP jpkd; wj; jpd; eP jptuk; G kw; Wk; mjpfhuq; fs;

gjpT nra; J nfhs; Sk; eP jpkd; wk; . ~uj; J 215
vy; yh eP jpkd; wq; fisAk; Nkw; ghh; itapLk; mjpfhuk; . ~uj; J 227
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tof; Ffisj; jhNd vLj; Jf; nfhs; Sk; mjpfhuk; . ~uj; J 228
rpy eP jpg; Nguhizfis ntspapLk; mjpfhuk; . ~uj; J 226
nghJ eP jptuk; G. ~uj; J 225
mjpfhhpfisAk; Copah; fisAk; epakpf; Fk; mjpfhuk;

Ml; rpnkhop Ml; rpnkhop Ml; rpnkhop Ml; rpnkhop

kj; jpa murpd; Ml; rpnkhop Njtehfhp vOj; JUtpYs; s ,e; jp Mf
,Uj; jy; Ntz; Lk; vd; Wk; > kj; jpa murpy; mYty; Kiw Nehf; fq; fSf; fhf
gad; gLj; jg; gl Ntz; ba vz; fspd; tbtk; > ,e; jpa vz; fspd; gd; dhl; L
tbtkhf ,Uj; jy; Ntz; Lk; vd; Wk; > ~uj; J 343 (1) $WfpwJ.

,e; jpa murpayikg; G njhlq; fpa 15 Mz; L fhy msTf; F mj; jifa
njhlf; fj; ij xl; b Kd; G Mq; fpy nkhop> kj; jpa murpd; ve; j mYty;
Kiw Nehf; fq; fSf; fhfg; gad; gLj; jg; gl; L te; jNjh me; j mYty; Kiw
Nehf; fq; fs; midj; jpw; Fk; ,J njhlh; e; J gad; gLj; jg; gLjy; Ntz; Lk; .

Mdhy; Nkw; nrhd; d fhy mstpd; NghJ> kj; jpa murpd; mYty; Kiw
Nehf; fq; fspy; vjw; fhfNtDk; Mq; fpy nkhopNahLk; $l Njtehfhp tbt
vz; fisAk; (,e; jp nkhop vz; fs; ) gad; gLj; Jtjw; F FbauRj; jiyth;
Miz thapyhf mjpfhukspf; fyhk; vd ~uj; J 343 (2) $WfpwJ.







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