B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM

THNH PH H CH MINH
KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM
B MN CNG NGH CH BIN THC PHM

TI:

TM HIU V QUY TRNH CH BIN

NEM CHUA
GVHD: INH HU NG
SVTH: NHM 3
1 Phng Mnh Quyt
2 Phm Th Qunh
3 Phm Th Hoa

2005110431
2005110424
2022110351

TP.H CH MINH - THNG 10 NM 2014

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

BNG CNG VIC V NH GI THNH VIN NHM

H v tn

Cng vic

nh gi

Phng Mnh Quyt

Chng 3,4; Tng hp Word

Tt

Phm Th Qunh

Chng 3,4; Tng hp Word

Tt

Phm Th Hoa

Chng 1,2; Lm Powerpoint

Tt

Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

MC LC

BNG CNG VIC V NH GI THNH VIN NHM

MC LC ii
DANH MC HNH

iv

DANH MC BNG

LI M U

vi

Chng 1. TNG QUAN 1

1.1. Gii thiu nem chua.........................................................................................1
1.2. Mt s loi nem ph bin.................................................................................1
1.3. Cc vng sn xut nem ngon ni ting.............................................................3
1.4. C s qu trnh ln men trong sn xut nem chua............................................3
1.4.1.

Vi sinh vt ln men lactic.......................................................................4

1.4.2.

C cht s dng trong ln men lactic.....................................................5

1.4.3.

Phn loi ln men lactic..........................................................................5

1.4.4.

C ch ln men lactic.............................................................................7

1.4.5.

Cc yu t nh hng n ln men lactic...............................................8

Chng 2. NGUYN LIU SN XUT NEM CHUA

11

2.1. Tht nc heo.......................................................................................................11

2.2. Da heo............................................................................................................... 14
2.3. ng...............................................................................................................15
2.4. Mui.................................................................................................................. 16
2.5. Bt ngt............................................................................................................17
2.6. Ti..................................................................................................................... 18
2.7. Tiu................................................................................................................... 18
2.8. t...................................................................................................................... 19
2.9. L vng (chm rut hoc i).............................................................................20
2.10. L chui..........................................................................................................20
2.11. Ph gia............................................................................................................21
Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

2.12. Ging (chng khi ng)................................................................................22

Chng 3. QUY TRNH SN XUT NEM CHUA 24
3.1. Quy trnh...........................................................................................................24
3.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh....................................................................................24
3.2.1.

Chn nguyn liu..................................................................................24

3.2.2.

Loi b gn, m....................................................................................25

3.2.3.

Ct ming, xay......................................................................................25

3.2.4.

p gia v.............................................................................................29

3.2.5.

Qut nhuyn.........................................................................................29

3.2.6.

Lm sch da heo...................................................................................31

3.2.7.

Chn da heo..........................................................................................31

3.2.8.

Tch m................................................................................................32

3.2.9.

Xt si..................................................................................................32

3.2.10.

Lm ro si b.......................................................................................34

3.2.11.

Phi trn...............................................................................................34

3.2.12.

To hnh...............................................................................................36

3.2.13.

Bao gi.................................................................................................36

3.2.14.

Ln men................................................................................................38

Chng 4. SN PHM NEM CHUA 48

4.1. M t sn phm.................................................................................................48
4.2. Quy cch sn phm...........................................................................................48
4.3. Thnh phn dinh dng....................................................................................49
4.4. Ch tiu cht lng ca nem chua thnh phm :.............................................49
4.5. Mt s h hng thng gp ca nem.............................................................50
4.6. Nhng vn cn tn ti ca nem.................................................................51
4.7. Hng khc phc...........................................................................................51
KT LUN 52
TI LIU THAM KHO

Nhm 3

53

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

DANH MC HNH
Hnh 1.1 Hnh nh nem chua.........................................................................................1
Hnh 1.2 Hnh nh nem nng.......................................................................................2
Hnh 1.3 Hnh nh nem thnh.........................................................................................2
Hnh 1.4 Hnh nh nem Phng.......................................................................................3
Hnh 1.5 Qu trnh ln men ng hnh...........................................................................6
Hnh 2.1 Hnh nh tht nc...........................................................................................13
Hnh 2.2 Hnh nh b heo.............................................................................................15
Hnh 2.3 Hnh nh l vng, chum rut, i....................................................................20
Hnh 2.4 Hnh nh l chui..........................................................................................21
Hnh 3.1 Hnh nh cng nhn loi b gn, m.............................................................25
Hnh 3.2 Thit b ct starcutter.....................................................................................26
Hnh 3.3 My xay trc vis............................................................................................27
Hnh 3.4 Dao ct v a l...........................................................................................28
Hnh 3.5 Thit b Qut nhuyn.....................................................................................30
Hnh 3.6 my ct da heo..............................................................................................33
Hnh 3.7 Li dao ct si............................................................................................33
Hnh 3.8 My trn v cnh khuy................................................................................35
Hnh 3.9 Khi tht sau khi c phi trn...................................................................35
Hnh 3.10 Khun ct nem............................................................................................36
Hnh 3.11 Nem sau cng on nh hnh.....................................................................36
Hnh 3.12 Sn phm nem chua sau khi bao gi...........................................................38
Hnh 3.13 S chuyn ho........................................................................................40
Hnh 4.1 Cc dng bao gi sn phm nem...................................................................49

Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

DANH MC BNG
Bng 2.1 Thnh phn ha hc trung bnh ca tht ln nc...........................................11
Bng 2.2 Tiu chun cht lng tht ti.....................................................................13
Bng 2.3 Tiu chun ca ng...................................................................................16
Bng 2.4 Tiu chun ca bt ngt trong ch bin (TCVN 1459:2008)........................17
Bng 2.5 Tiu chun k thut ca tiu trong ch bin..................................................19
Bng 3.1 S c thng gp v cch khc phc ca my xay trc vis..........................28
Bng 3.2 Cu to my ct si b heo............................................................................32
Bng 3.3 S c thng gp v cch khc phc ca my ct si b heo........................33
Bng 4.1 Thnh phn dinh dng ca nem chua.........................................................49
Bng 4.2 Ch tiu ho l ca nem chua.......................................................................49
Bng 4.3 Ch tiu vi sinh ca sn phm nem chua, gii hn cho php trong 1g nem..50
Bng 4.4 Ch tiu cm quan ca sn phm..................................................................50

Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

LI M U
Cng vi s pht trin chung ca nn kinh t, ngy nay cc sn phm thc phm
ch bin sn ngy cng phong ph v a dng, p ng y nhu cu ca ngi tiu
dng cng nh thun tin trong s dng hng ngy.
Bn cnh nhng mn n hin i mi m th khng th thiu nhng mn n
truyn thng lu i, to nn nn m thc tuyt vi ca Vit Nam, nhng mn n
i su vo tin thc ngi dn v mt trong nhng mn c trng phi k n l
nem chua. Nem chua l sn phm ln men t nhin t tht, kt hp vi cc gia v c
trng, to cho ngi n ci cm gic ca v chua, cay, mn, ngt quyn vo nhau, thm
vo l hng thm ca tht, ca l vng, l i, l chui, to nn nhng ming cn
dai gin nh nu ko ngi n.
Nem chua t lu l mn n ph bin trong cc dp l tt, m ci, hay l mn
qu ngha cho ngi thn i xa, tuy nhin vi cch ch bin theo phng php
truyn thng ca ngi xa nn ch bin nem chua cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu
kin ca t nhin nh iu kin git m, h vi sinh vt c trong tht, iu kin mi
trng nh nhit . Do i hi tay ngh ca ngi ch bin rt cao v kinh
nghim nhiu.
L sinh vin nghnh thc phm chng em s c gng to ra nhiu thc phm o
bo cht lng v v sinh an ton thc phm ng gp cho s pht trin t nc,
c bit l nhng mn n truyn thng nh nem chua. hiu r hn v quy trnh sn
xut nem chua cng nh nhng yu t tc ng trc tip n cht lng nem thnh
phm nhm hn ch thp nht cc h hng th phn ni dung di y chng em trnh
by s phn no s c lm r.
D c gng ht sc nhng trong qu trnh lm vn cn nhiu sai st v ni
dung v hnh thc, mong thy c v gp thm chng em lm tt nhng bi sau.
Chng em xin cm n thy!
Nhm tiu lun
Nhm 3

Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Chng 1. TNG QUAN

1.1. Gii thiu nem chua
Nem chua l mt sn phm ln men lactic tht sng. Bn cht ca qu trnh ln
men l qu trnh chuyn ho ng (cho thm vo khi ch bin) thnh axit lactic nh
hot ng ca vi khun lactic.
Qu trnh chn ca nem khng qua qu trnh gia nhit nn phn ln cc cht dinh
dng c trong tht c bit l cc acid amin v cc vitamin khng b mt i. Nem
chua c hng v c trng ca sn phm ln men, gip cho ngi n c cm gic d
chu khi n cng nh tt cho qu trnh tiu ha.
Nem chua l hn hp tht nc, b heo, cc gia v nh ng, mui, ph gia c
ln men nhanh. Cht lng ca sn phm chu tc ng ng thi ca nhiu yu t:
nguyn liu, mi trng, h vi sinh vt, thi gian, bao gi nn rt kh kim sot.
1.2. Mt s loi nem ph bin
Nem chua: l loi nem c sn xut bng tht heo xay, p cc gia v ( mui,
ng, tiu, ti, t) b ri qut nhuyn, sau gi l vng (i, chm rut, ngt
rng), bn ngoi gi nhiu lp l chui tht ln men. Loi nem ny thng c
gi hnh tr hoc hnh vung vi kch thc nh va n, sau khi len men c th bc ra
n lun.

Hnh 1.1 Hnh nh nem chua

Nem nng: cng c sn xut vi nguyn liu chnh l tht heo v da heo
nhng tht v da c thi ming khng xay nh nh nem chua, ngoi nhng gia v
Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

tiu, ti, t, ringnem nng cn c thm thnh phn l thnh (t bp rang hoc
go rang xay nh), nem c gi l chui thnh hnh vung hoc trn khong 100gam,
trc khi n nem phi c vi vo tro hoc nng trn than hng cho chn.

Hnh 1.2 Hnh nh nem nng

Nem thnh: B quyt to nn thnh cng cho mn nem thnh chnh l khu
rang thnh. Thnh rang phi m bo yu cu chn k, dy thm, vng v khng c
chy. Sau khi c trn u vi thnh, tht c cho vo ng bng, ng tre
cha ng (tuy nhin, hin nay tin cho thng mi ha sn phm ngi sn xut
thng dng l nha). Lt l i xung di dng c cha ng thnh mt hai lp, ln
tht cht tht vo trong v ph vi lp l i ln lp tht trn b mt dng c cha ng,
nn cht bng mt vi np tre gi cho.

Hnh 1.3 Hnh nh nem thnh

Nem Phng: loi nem ny c thnh phn ch yu l b, lm nem Phng ch

cn tht nc, b ln, go t, go np, l sung. Nguyn liu tuy n gin nhng qu trnh
tuyn la, ch bin cu k th mi c mn nem Phng ngon c. Tht lm nem phi
Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

ti, c th l tht mng sn hoc tht thn c c nc v m. Tht mua v c thi

theo th, ct thnh tng ming nh, nhng qua nc si cho chn ti, lc tht nc ring,
tht m ring ri xt nh nh con tr, trn vi gia v mui mm, bt ngt cho va
m , khi n nem c cun vi l sung.

Hnh 1.4 Hnh nh nem Phng

1.3. Cc vng sn xut nem ngon ni ting
Min Bc:
Thanh Ha: nem Gc a, nem chua b Thng cng Tn An, nem b Nm Trng
Thi, nem VIP, nem Cng Dng, nem V Linh
H Ni: Nem tai B Hng Nem vung ph o Duy T, Nem nng u Triu, nem
Phng (an Phng), nem V (T Lim)
Bc Ninh: nem bi, nem T Ph
Min Trung: nem chua An Cu (Hu), Ninh Ha (Khnh Ha)
Min Nam: nem Th c ( Si Gn) , Lai Vung (ng Thp), Tn Hng (Tin Giang)

Mi vng min khc nhau c cc hng v khc nhau c trng ca tng min.
1.4. C s qu trnh ln men trong sn xut nem chua
C s ca qu trnh ln men trong sn xut nem chua l qu trnh ln men
lactic. ng c thm vo trong qu trnh qut nem chnh l ngun c cht cho vi
khun hot ng, sinh acid lactic lm chua v lm chn sinh hc phn tht bn trong.
Ln men lactic l qu trnh chuyn ha k kh ng vi s tch ly acid lactic trong
mi trng. Acid lactic sinh ra lm thay i pH ca mi trng, c ch cc vi sinh vt
gy thi hot ng, gip bo qun sn phm c lu hn. Nm bt c c ch ny
v ng dng vo thc phm, con ngi khng ch tm ra cch bo qun sn phm lu
Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

h hng hn m cn to ra cc loi sn phm c hng v mi, c li cho sc khe.

Nem chua l mt ng dng tiu biu v rt c a chung.
1.4.1. Vi sinh vt ln men lactic
Vi khun acid lactic thuc nhm vi khun gram dng, khng sinh bo t,
khng c kh nng di ng, c dng hnh cu hay hnh que, l nhm vi khun sinh ra
acid lactic trong qu trnh trao i cht t ngun c cht l ng. Cc vi khun lactic
c xp chung vo h Lactobacteriaccae. Cc vi khun ny khng ng nht v hnh
dng nhng v mt sinh l li tng i ng nht.
Mt c im khc ca cc vi khun lactic l nhu cu v cht sinh trng ca
chng kh phc tp. Khng mt i din no thuc nhm ny c kh nng pht trin
trong mi trng mui khong thun khit cha NH 4+. a s chng cn hng lot cc
vitamin (lactoflavine, tiamine, acid pantotenic, acid nicotinic, acid folic, biotin) v cc
acid amin.
Theo nhng nghin cu gn y, ngi ta phn nhm vi khun lactic ra khong
20 ging, tuy nhin ch mt s trong c ng dng nhiu trong thc phm nh:
Aerococcus, Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc,
Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Tetragenoccus, Vagococcus v Weissella.
Nhm vi khun lactic c phn thnh nhiu nhm nh khc nhau ph thuc rt ln
vo hnh dng t bo, cch thc ln men ng glucose, nhit pht trin, sn phm
cui c to thnh t qu trnh ln men, kh nng chu ng nng mui, acid,
kim.
Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh ln men lactic c th ch l acid lactic hoc
cng c th c thm mt s sn phm khc.
Vi khun lactic c kh nng thay i vic trao i cht c th thch nghi vi
s thay i ca mi trng, chnh iu ny gii thch c s lng rt ln vi
khun lactic hin din trong mi trng. V cng chnh v vy, mt s vi khun lactic
ng hnh c kh nng chuyn sang con ng ln men lactic d hnh.

Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Vi khun lactic l nhm vi khun c ng dng rt nhiu trong thc phm v

cng c nhiu tc ng tch cc n sc khe ca con ngi. Tuy nhin, cng khng
loi tr trng hp mt s thuc nhm vi khun ny cng gy ra mt s cn bnh.
1.4.2. C cht s dng trong ln men lactic
C cht c s dng trong ln men lactic c th l ng n hoc ng i.
Vi khun lactic c th ln men c ng hexose v ng pentose. Trong , nhm
ng hexose c s dng vi hu ht cc loi thuc nhm vi khun lactic, ngoi tr
mt s loi Oenicocci, Weissellas v mt s thuc nhm Lactobacilli. ng pentose
cng c s dng bi nhiu loi vi khun lactic. ng ny s c enzyme
permease vn chuyn vo bn trong c th vi khun, sau n c phosphoryl ha
v c chuyn i thnh riboluse-5-phosphate hoc xylulose-5-phosphate bi enzym
epimerase hoc isomerase. T y, c th rt ra kt lun rng ch c nhng vi khun
lactic d hnh mi c kh nng s dng ng pentose. V sn phm cui cng ca qu
trnh chuyn ha ny khng c s xut hin ca CO 2 m ch c s hnh thnh acid
lactic v acid acetic, v mt s dng ng phn ca hai acid trn.
i vi ng i, chng i vo t bo vi khun lactic di hai dng
disaccharide t do hoc disaccharide phosphate. Sau , disaccharide t do tch thnh
hai ng n bi enzyme hydrolase, cn disaccharide phosphate di tc dng ca
enzyme phosphohydrolase, c tch thnh hai phn, mt phn l ng
monosaccharide t do, mt phn l monosaccharide phosphate. Mt s loi
disaccharide thng c vi khun lactic s dng nh lactose, maltose, sucrose,
trong , lactose c bit n v c nghin cu rt nhiu thng qua cc sn phm
sa ln men.
1.4.3. Phn loi ln men lactic
Cn c vo sn phm cui cng c to thnh, ln men lactic c phn thnh
2 nhm: ln men lactic ng hnh v ln men lactic d hnh.
1.4.3.1.

Ln men lactic ng hnh

Qu trnh ln men ng hnh da trn S EMP(Embden Meyerhorf Parnas ).

Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Hnh 1.5 Qu trnh ln men ng hnh

Gii thch qu trnh: Hot ha phn t ng: ban u nh ATP cc enzym
tham gia, glucoza bin i ln lt thnh dng este mono v k thnh dng este
diphosphat rt linh ng v d bin i. Vic chuyn ha dng gluco-piranoza thnh
fructofuranoza cng lm tng thm tnh linh ng ca nguyn liu h hp.
Giai on 1:
Phn ct ng 6C thnh ng 2C3. Cu trc i xng ca frutoza-1, 6iphotphat d b gy gia C3 v C4 thnh DOAP v Al-3-PG. DOAP d dng bin i
thnh Al-3-PG tip tc bin i v trnh vic mt lt glucoza tham gia trong
phn ng.
Giai on 2:
Oxy ha Al-3-PG thnh Al-2-PG chng ny sinh ra nng lng gii phng trong
phn ng oxy ha. H c tch ra v chuyn n NAD v sau chuyn cho enzym khc
v cui cng cho oxy kh tri trong trng hp h hp hiu kh hoc c s dng
kh cc nguyn liu hu c khc nh acid piruvic, axetaldehyt trong hnh thc ln
men.
Giai on 3:
Chuyn ha Al-2-PG thnh acid piruvic. Chng cui din ra phn ng tch nng
lng th hai v bin mt oxy acid thnh mt xeto acid c kh nng phn ng cao v
Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

c v tr quan trng trong qu trnh trao i cht sau di tc dng ca enzim

lactahydrogenase v H+ th 2 phn t pyruvic s chuyn ha thnh 2 phn t acid
lactic.
Phng trnh cn bng tng qut ca ng phn c th tm tt nh sau:
C6 H12O6 + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2H3PO4 2C3H4O3 + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H+
C6 H12O6

enzyme

2CH3CH(OH)COOH + 225 Kcal

Qu trnh ny t hiu xut to thnh acid lactic cao v ng thi sinh ra nhiu
nng lng cung cp cho hot ng sng ca vi khun m khng cn c oxy. y cng
c xem nh l mt qu trnh ln men ym kh. C th ng dng n trong sn xut
acid lactic trong cng nghip.
1.4.3.2.

Ln men lactic d hnh

L qu trnh ln men m khng cha cc enzyme theo s EMP c ngha l

glucose-6-photphat, 6-phtphatglucose, ribulo-5-photphat di tc dng ca enzim
petrozaphotphatxetolaza theo con ng petrophaophat hnh thnh ln acid photpho
glyxerinic v acetyphotphat ln men d hnh cc sn c phm cui cng kh a dng
acid lactic, etanol, acid acetic, CO2.
Phng trnh tng qut :
C6H12O6 CH3CHOHCOOH + CH3COOH + C2H5OH + COOH(CH2)2COOH + CO2
Kh nng tng hp nhiu hp cht cn cho s sng ca nhng vi khun ny rt
yu. Do , chng l nhng vi khun k kh ty nghi, vi hiu kh, l loi c kh nng
ln men hiu kh cng nh k kh.
Lng sn phm ph to thnh hon ton ph thuc vo ging vi sinh vt, vo
mi trng dinh dng v iu kin ngoi cnh, ni chung th acid lactic thng
chim 40% lng ng c phn hy, acid sucxinic 20%, ru etylic chim
10%, acid axetic 10% v cc loi kh gn 20%.
1.4.4. C ch ln men lactic

Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Mun qu trnh ln men xy ra, trc tin cn to c cho chng mi trng

k kh, trong iu kin ny chng mi c kh nng chuyn ha ng thnh acid lactic.
Trong sn xut cc sn phm ln men, ngi ta cn phi b sung ng, l
ngun c cht chnh cho vi khun s sng ln men, bn cnh , cc thnh phn
dinh dng khc s c vi khun lactic ly t trong chnh mi trng ln men.
Qu trnh ln men lactic din ra theo ba giai on:
Giai on 1: Vi khun lactic pht trin hi chm. Vi khun lactic l loi a acid,
chng s pht trin rt tt trong mi trng hi acid. Giai on ny, do mi
trng s dng ban u cha t pH thch hp cho vi khun lactic pht trin m
mt s cc sinh vt khc s pht trin tt, cng vi vi khun lactic sinh ra mt
lng nh acid lm cho pH dn gim xung.
Giai on 2: Khi lng acid tnh ly trong mi trng t n mt lng nht
nh m vi lng acid ny to ra pH thch hp vi khun lactic pht trin
mnh nht, s pht trin nhanh chng ny ca vi khun lactic cng lm lng
acid lactic to thnh ngy cnh nhanh, pH s gim rt nhanh. y l giai on
chnh quyt nh n tnh cht sn phm to thnh. Cui giai on ny, lng
acid lactic sinh ra cc i, v tc ng ngc tr li vi khun lactic.
Giai on 3: y l giai on vi khun lactic b c ch bi chnh sn phm ca
n do hm lng acid lactic tch t qu nhiu. Bn cnh s c mt s loi vi
sinh vt khc pht trin c trong mi trng ny, sinh ra cc cht lm tng
pH, to iu kin cho cc vi khun gy thi pht trin. Trong giai on ny, sn
phm bt u c hin tng b h hng.
Nh vy, mun ko di thi gian s dng ca sn phm ln men lactic, cn ko di
thi gian xy ra giai on 2, c th bng cch bo qun lnh. Tuy nhin bin php ny
cng ch gip bo qun sn phm thm mt thi gian ngn.
1.4.5. Cc yu t nh hng n ln men lactic
Cc qu trnh ln men d khc nhau v c ch iu kin nhng u b nh hng
bi cc nhn t:
Nng ng

Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Nng ng ln men x dch t 5 20%. nu nng ng t hn 5% th

ko dng cht cho qu trnh ln men, ngc li nng ng cao hn 20% th n
c ch qu trnh ln men. Nu nguyn liu l mt r hay r ng cn phi lm trong.
V trong nhng nguyn liu , c bit l r ng cha nhng hp cht cha nit c
hi cho sn xut acid lactic. Nhng hp cht nh acid amin khi tng tc vi ng
s to ra melanoidin, khi tng tc vi acid lactic to ra cht gn ging nh acid
humic. Tt c nhng sn phm ny s lm cho thnh phm c mu nu sm kh loi
b.
Nhit
Mi loi vi sinh vt u c mt yu cu nhit thch hp cho s pht trin ca
mnh.
Vi sinh vt a lnh : tmin = 0C; tmax =20 30C; top = 5 10C
Vi sinh vt a m: tmin = 3C; tmax = 45 50 C; top = 20 35C
Vi sinh vt a nng: tmin = 30C; tmax = 80C; top = 50 60C
V d: Vi khun lactic nhit t 30 32C, nhit khng thch hp enzyme
gim i khi xy ra hin tng ln men ph.
- iu chnh nhit thch hp s:
+ Rt ngn thi gian ln men.
+ Hn ch s nhim cc vi sinh vt l khc.
+ Sn phm thu c t kt qu nh mong mun.
pH ca mi trng
pH ca mi trng nh hng n hot ng pht trin ca vi sinh vt, s c mt
ca ion H+ s tc ng ln t bo vi sinh vt theo nhiu cch:
+ nh hng trc tip ln b mt t bo lm thay i s tch in trn b mt ca
mng t dn n hot ng ca cc loi enzim b gim.
V d : pH < 4 vi khun lactic ngng hot ng.
+ Nng ion H+ nh hng n phn ly ca cc cht dinh dng trong mi
trng.
Nhm 3

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

+ Vi vi khun lactic th cc loi cu khun chu pH km hn so vi cc trc

khun.
i vi cc vi khun ln men lactic ng hnh, pH mi trng khng nh hng
n cc sn phm c trng ca qu trnh ln men cn i vi cc vi khun ln men
lactic d hnh, ngc li.
+ Khi pH mi trng cao th sn phm to thnh ch yu l acid lactic.
+ Khi pH mi trng thp th sn phm to thnh ngoi acid cn c thm acid
acetic, v nhiu sn phm khc.
Chnh qu trnh ln men lactic tin hnh thun li trong mi trng acid, tuy
nhin vi khun lactic s khng chu c nng acid trong dch ln men ln. Do
lng acid tha khng c trung ha th qu trnh ln men s dng li trc khi ton
b ng chuyn thnh acid lactic. V vy, bin php k thut tng ng trong sn xut
l phi trung ha acid tha n 6.3- 6.5. Thng ngi ta dng vi ti hoc caxi
cacbonat trung ha v cho vo trc hoc cho vo t t trong sut qu trnh ln
men. Song cch trung ha th hai tt hn v gi c phn ng acid ca mi trng
ln men lm cho cc sinh vt ngoi khng pht trin c.
Oxy
N quyt nh chiu hng ln men din ra theo kiu ym kh hay k kh.
Theo nghin cu cho rng vi khun lactic pht trin tt nht trong mi trng c
nng oxy thp.

Nhm 3

10

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Chng 2. NGUYN LIU SN XUT NEM CHUA

2.1. Tht nc heo
y l nguyn liu chnh to nn sn phm.
Thnh phn ha hc ca tht thay i ty theo v tr ming tht trn c th sc vt,
trng lng c th con vt v ging sc vt.
Bng 2.1 Thnh phn ha hc trung bnh ca tht ln nc
Thnh phn ha hc

T l

Nc, %

62

Gluxit, %

Protit, %

20.8

Lipit, %

3.2

Vitamin A, mg%

Vitamin B1,mg%

0.99

Vitamin B2, mg%

0.0015

Lng calo

109.1

Tht l ngun dinh dng v cng qu gi thun li cho s pht trin ca nhiu
loi vi sinh vt. Nn trong qu trnh ch bin cn phi ch , hn ch n mc thp
nht nhng bin i bt li cho tht do vi sinh vt gy ra.
Nc l mi trng cho nhiu phn ng ha sinh xy ra trong tht, chim mt
lng kh ln do vy n ng vai tr rt quan trng trong tht sau khi git m cng
nh trong qu trnh bo qun.
Protein l thnh phn nhiu th hai trong tht, thnh phn protein ca c tht
c chia thnh:
Protein ngoi bo (protein lin kt): colagen, elastin, keratin v connectin.
Protein ni bo: myoglobin, albumin, globumin, actinin, troponin.
Nhm 3

11

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Lipit cng l mt thnh phn khng km phn quan trng trong tht, thng gp
di dng t do gia cc cm c nh trong cc lp ni tip nhau hoc trong cc si
c.
Ngoi cc thnh phn trn, trong tht cn cha cc loi vitamin phong ph vi
mt lng ng k.
Nguyn liu tht trong sn xut nem chua:
Chnh v tnh cht quan trng nh vy nn tht heo dng sn xut nem chua
cn phi c la chn k, t yu cu khc khe:
Tht mi m : Mt trong nhng yu t quan trng quyt nh cht lng ca
nem chua l nguyn liu tht ban u. Trong sn xut nem chua th ta s dng
tht heo nc phi mi nhn t l git m (tht nng), khng s dng loi tht
i hoc c mu sm.
Tht nc i sau hoc tht mng: Yu cu v tht nc sn xut nem chua rt
khc khe. Khng phi bt c phn nc no ca c th heo u c th dng lm
nem. Phn c s dng phi l tht nc i sau hoc l nc mng, v tht nc
nhng b phn ny va mm, t gn, m nh hng n nhng bin i ha
sinh ca nem trong qu trnh chn to nn cht lng nem. Nu tht ln m s
nh hng n kh nng to gel sau ny. ng thi cng gim c thi gian
x l nguyn liu nh lc, qut ngn hn.
Khng ra qua nc: Mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh x l tht ban u l
tuyt i khng c ra qua nc. Khi tht c ra nc s to iu kin cho
vi sinh vt xm nhp t ngun nc hoc nu ngun v khun th sau khi ra ta
cng lm tng hm lng nc trong tht. Mc ch l hn ch ti a
m.

Nhm 3

12

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Hnh 2.1 Hnh nh tht nc

Cc dng h hng ca tht: trong qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn s gy h
hng cho tht do bo qun tht trong nhng iu kin khng thch hp, to iu kin
cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Cc dng h hng ca tht thng gp l:
Tht nht: thng gp tht p lnh. y l gia on u ca s h hng, lp nhy
ny gm nhiu vi khun khc nhau nh: Micrococcus albus, M.cadidus, Ecoli,
Bacillus subtilis
Tht b chua: do vi khun lactic, nm men hoc cc enzyme c sn trong tht, y l
qu trnh trc qu trnh thi ra v y l nhng vi khun quan trng tham gia vo
qu trnh ln men nem chua.
Tht thi ra: do vi sinh vt hiu kh cng nh k kh pht trin sinh ra cc enzyme
phn gii protein to ra sn phm: hydro sunfua, indol, statolgy mi kh chu cho
tht.
Vai tr ca tht trong sn xut nem
Cung cp protein v cc gi tr dinh dng khc
L cht to hnh, ngha l to ra b khung, hnh dng, trng thi cng vi
c, dai v n hi cho sn phm
C kh nng c nh c cc cht mi khc nhau qua tng tc Van der
Walls hoc qua lin kt tnh in v lin kt ng ho tr, gp phn
khng nh trong vic to mu sc v mi thm
Bng 2.2 Tiu chun cht lng tht ti
Ch tiu

Tiu chun

Ha l pH

Nhm 3

5,5- 6,2

13

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Hm lng NH3

35mg/100gr

Phn ng nh tnh dihydro

sulphua (H2S)

m tnh

Tng s vi khun hiu kh

Vi sinh

Cm
quan

1.000.000 /gr

E.Coli

100 /gr

B. Cereus

100 /gr

Staphilococus aureus

100 /gr

Salmonella
_ K sinh trng : go b, go
ln, giun xon

khng c
Khng cho php

Trng thi:

Mu sc

Mi

B mt kh, sch, khng dnh lng v

tp cht l. Mt ct mn. C n hi,
n ngon tay vo tht khng li du
n trn b mt tht khi b tay ra. Ty
bm cht vo thnh ng ty (nu c)
Mu c trng ca sn phm
Mi c trng ca sn phm, khng c
mi l

2.2. Da heo
Da heo c gi tr dinh dng thp hn tht nc. Da heo c cu to t protein
khung mng. l 2 protein: Colagen v elastin
Colagen l protein c cu trc dng si, khng tan trong nc, dung dch mui
long, dung dch kim long, khng n hi c do bo v cho c th chng li s
ko cng
n v c s ca colagen l tropocolagen, c hnh tr ( di khong 300nm,
ng knh 1.5nm) do ba chui lpolypeptide cun li thnh hnh xon c kp
Elastin l protein c mu vng, cng l mt protein c cu trc dng si. Phn t
gm elastin v elastin ni nhau bng cu ng ha tr.
T nguyn liu da heo sau git m, em ra sch sau em luc chn, vt ra ri
ra li bng nc lnh, co lng, hong gi, tch m, ct to hnh. Da heo c mu vng
t nhin, khng s dng thuc ty.

Nhm 3

14

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Hnh 2.2 Hnh nh b heo

Vai tr ca da heo
L cht n.
Cht kt dnh cc phn t trong m c
Gip nh hnh sn phm
Lm tng gi tr cm quan, tng gin, dai cua nem chua thnh phm.
Tiu chun la chn
S dng da heo ti c lt ngay sau khi git m.
Ly da ti, mng, dnh lin vi tht, cn sn, khng b nho v ri.
C mu trng khng dnh hay st lng, khng dnh bi bn.
2.3. ng
Cc c tnh ca nem nh v chua, cu trc chc l do qu trnh ln men
lactic bi s hot ng ca cc vi khun lactic c sn trong tht, nguyn liu m vi
khun s dng ln men l ng. ng chnh l c cht cho s ln men v vy n
chnh l cng c iu chnh qu trnh ln men.
ng ct vng v ng ct trng l hai loi ng thng s dng trong nem
chua, thng ng vng c dng nhiu hn v gi thnh r hn v gip to mu
cho sn phm. Bn cht ca hai loi ng trn l saccharose. Saccharose l ng
khng kh (thy phn s to ra ng glucose v fructose c tnh kh).
Lng ng s dng tng ko theo s sn sinh ra nhiu acid lactic, ty nhin
nu hm lng ng qu cao th s c ch c nhng vi vt c li cho qu trnh ln
men. Ty theo khu v c trng ca tng vng m lng ng cho vo thch hp: v
d min bc 10-15%, min Nam t 20-30%.
Mc ch:
- Lm c cht cho qu trnh ln men lactic.
Nhm 3

15

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

- To v ngt du v mi thm cho sn phm

- ng c tnh ho nc, gip lm gim lng nc t do, gip trng thi
lin kt gel ca tht thm cht.
- c ch s hot ng ca mt s loi vi sinh vt c hi

Tiu chun la chn

Bng 2.3 Tiu chun ca ng
Ch tiu
Trng thi

Hng A
Hng B
Tinh th mu trng, kch thc tng i ng u,
kh, khng b vn cc.

Cm
quan

Mi, v

Tinh th ng hoc dung dch ng c v ngt, khng

Mu sc

c mi v l.
Tinh th mu trng, pha Tinh th mu trng ng n
trong nc ct cho trng, pha trong nc ct cho
dung dch trong sut.

dung dch tng i trong.

Pol ( Z)
Hm

lng

ng kh, %
Tro dn in,

Ha

hc

mu, n v

ICUMSA
Tp cht khng

>99.7

>99.5

<0.1

<0.15

<0.07

<0.1

<160

<200

<60

<90

tan trong nc
(mg/kg)
2.4. Mui
Mui n l nguyn liu quan trng trong sn xut, mui khng nhng m bo
c mn ca sn phm m cn c tc dng hn ch tc dng ca vi sinh vt gy
chua, thi nn sn phm c th bo qun c lu. Ngoi ra cc ion trong mui cn
tham gia vo mng tinh th to cu trc gel ca nem, gip cho cu trc gel tr nn bn
chc.
Nhm 3

16

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Thnh phn ch yu l NaCl. Ngoi ra cn c cc mui v c ho tan nh

MgCl2, CaCl2, MgCO3, CaCO3, v mt s kim loi nh Al, Fe, Ca, Mg.
Mui c thnh phn ho hc kh khc nhau ty tng c s sn xut, cn trong
qu trnh bo qun do mui d ht nc nn thnh phn c thay i, cc c s sn xut
kim tra li c thnh phn NaCl t yu cu sn xut.
Lng mui s dng khong 20-30g/kg tht. Nu s dng hm lng qu cao
s lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm.
Mc ch:
-

Ch bin : to v , gp phn to cu trc gel

Bo qun : hn ch vi sinh vt gy chua v gy thi

2.5. Bt ngt
Bt ngt l mui natri ca acid glutamic. Tn ca bt ngt l Mono natri
glutamat
Bt ngt c dng lm tng v ca thc n, to v Umani. Ngoi ra, bt
ngt cn tham gia tng hp nhiu acid amine, tc dng n chu trnh phn gii glucid
v cht bo, tc dng tch cc n hot ng ca h thn kinh trung ng, kt hp vi
NH3 to glutanin (glutanin dng gii c A.Fenilaxetic trong c th, cha cc bnh
thn kinh, tim, teo c bp)
Liu lng s dng ti a l 10g/1000g nguyn liu
Mc ch:
Hon thin: to v cho sn phm.
Tiu chun la chn:
Bng 2.4 Tiu chun ca bt ngt trong ch bin (TCVN 1459:2008)
Tn ch tiu
Trng thi
Mu sc
Mi
pH ca dung dch
Hm lng natri glutamate
Nhm 3

Yu cu
Tinh th hoc bt kt tinh
Trng
Khng mi
6.7 7.2
99%
17

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

Hm lng NaCl
Ch

GVHD: inh Hu ng
< 0.2%
<0.001%

2.6. Ti
Ti c v cay, tnh n, ngoi cng dng lm gia v, cc thnh phn trong ti cn c
tc dng khng sinh mnh. Trong ti c 1 t iod, thnh phn ch yu ca ti l cht
khng sinh alixin C6H10OS2, mt hp cht sulfua c tc dng dit khun rt mnh i
vi vi khun Staphylococus, thng hn, ph thng hn, l, trng t, trc khun sinh
bnh bch hu, vi khun ti.
Mc ch:
Hon thin: to hng v nng v mi c trng cho sn phm.
Bo qun: dit mt s loi vi sinh vt khng c li, tng thi gian bo qun.
Tiu chun:
Ti khng b mc, khng mc mm, phi vt b phn mm ti thng mu xanh
c th nm su trong tp t
2.7. Tiu
S dng ht tiu. Tiu c v cay, thm c trng. Ngoi cng dng lm gia v,
n cng l mt v thuc gip kch thch tiu ho, tng dch v, dch ty, n ngon.
Trong tiu c tinh du v 2 alkaloid (cht nha 8-10%), ngoi ra cn c mt s
cht khc nh cellulose, mui khong. Tinh du chng 1.5 - 2.2 % (cha cc cht
pinen, limonen, phellandren) tinh du ny tp trung v, gia qu tiu t tinh du
hn. Ngoi tinh du v alkaloid ra, trong h tiu cn c 8% cht bo, 36% tinh bt v
4,5 tro. Tc dng ca piperin v piperidin l st trng v dit k sinh trng.
C17H1903N + H2O =

C12H10O4 + C5H11N

Acid piperic

Piperidin

Mc ch:
-

Hon thin : to hng v cay nng c trng cho sn phm.

Bo qun : hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt

Kch thch tiu ha

Nhm 3

18

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Tiu chun la chn

Bng 2.5 Tiu chun k thut ca tiu trong ch bin
Tn ch tiu

Yu cu

Trng thi

Kh, khng ln tp cht.

Mu sc

Mu xm
Cay nng t nhin, mi thm c

Mi v

trng

Nm mc, su mt

Khng c

Hm lng m

< 13%

Cht kh bay hi chit c (% khi

lng cht kh)
Tinh du bay hi (ml/100g khi lng
kh)

< 6%
> 1%

Hm lng piperin (% khi lng kh)

< 4%

Tro tng s (% khi lng kh)

< 6%

Tro khng tan trong acid (% khi lng

kh)

< 1.2%

2.8. t
t l mt loi gia v to v cay gip tng gi tr cm quan cho thc phm.
Trong 100g t c khong 91% nc, 1.3% protid, 5.7% glucid, 250mg vitamin C,
10mg caroten. Lng tinh du trong t chim t l kh cao 12% gm capsisina,
casaicine ( alkaloid ), casanthiac. Ngoi ra trong t cn c vitamin K, mt s cht
khong.
Alkaloid to nn mi thm v cng l cht to nn v cay vi nng ln.
Ngoi ra tinh du ca t cng c cht khng sinh thc vt l phitocide.
Mc ch:
- Hon thin: To nn hng v c trng cho sn phm nem chua. To v
cay, to mu, cung cp nhiu loi Vitamin
Tiu chun la chn :
Nhm 3

19

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

t tri: chn t chn u, khng rng cung, ct b cung ra sch, phi ro

nc
2.9. L vng (chm rut hoc i)

Hnh 2.3 Hnh nh l vng, chum rut, i

gi nem, ngi ta thng s dng l vng gi. L vng c dng l cht
mu xanh v bng, n cn c tn l Hi Hng B hoc Thch Hng B. Chng c
trng nhiu ni lm hng ro v ly l n.
L vng s dng gi nem khng qu non hoc qu gi. Nu l vng qu non
hoc qu gi u nh hng n qu trnh bo qun nem chua. L vng non chua
bn, cn l vng gi s d b phn hy. L vng sau khi c ra phi va kh,
khng qu t to iu kin cho cc vi sinh vt nhim pht trin nhng cng khng
kh qu.
Ngoi l vng ngi ta cn c th s dng l chm rut, l rau ngt, l i, l
bng, ngt rng....
2.10. L chui
L chui c bao bn ngoi l vng. L chui c phin rng, d gi. Khi chn
l ta c th th bng cch b gc m l khng b tt th va. L chui dng gi nem
thng dng l ca cy chui ht. L chui ht s gi c mu xanh mt thi gian
di hn so vi cc loi l chui khc gip tng gi tr cm quan ca nem.
Trc khi a vo gi l chui c h trn la hoc trng nc si to cu
trc dai, mm, khi gi khng b h.

Nhm 3

20

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Hnh 2.4 Hnh nh l chui

2.11. Ph gia
2.11.1. Mui nitrat
Mc ch
-

Hon thin: To mu t nhin cho tht (nitrite kt hp vi myoglobine

to thnh nitrosohemoglobine c mu hng ). Tng hng v v cu trc
cho sn phm.

Bo qun: C tc dng tiu dit v c ch cc vi sinh vt trong mi

trng acid, km hm s pht trin v sn sinh c t ca Clostridium
Botulinum. Km hm s oxy ho lipid.

u im ca vic s dng mui nitrate l to c mu t nhin v nhanh,

ngoi ra cn c kh nng tiu dit vi sinh vt mnh, nn thng c cho vo tng
thi gian bo qun ca sn phm
Nng v liu lng s dng:
- Nng nitrat s dng Vit Nam nh hn 0,022%.
- i vi ngi th hm lng khng qu 0 0,4% mg/kg th trng/ngy, cn
i vi thc phm phi m bo khng qu 125 ppm.
2.11.2. Vitamin C

Gip chng oxy ho tht trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun do

vitamin C phn ng vi O2, ngn O2 tip xc vi cc thnh phn ca tht.

Lm gim lng nitrit d (nu c), ngn cn s to thnh

nitrosamin, lm tng gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm. N l loi vitamin rt

Nhm 3

21

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

cn thit i vi c th con ngi mc d hm lng nh khong 500

mg/kg.

Chim ly O2 trong khng kh, ngn cn s pht trin ca vi

khun hiu kh.

Ngn cn s oxy ho ca myoglobin v nitrosomyoglobin, do

c tc dng n nh mu.

Vitamin C dng trong thc phm phi dng kt tinh, mu

trng. Mt gam tan trong 3.5 ml nc hay trong 30 ml ethanol, khng tan
trong du m.

Liu lng s dng: < 500 mg/ kg.

2.12. Ging (chng khi ng)

S dng cc chng vi khun lactic thun khit nhm mc ch:
- Rt ngn thi gian ln men
- Tng tc cho qu trnh lm chn
- Loi b nhng nguy him do cc vi sinh vt khc.
- Loi b cc vi sinh vt khng mong mun v cc vi sinh vt gy bnh.
- Tng cht lng sn phm.
- Lm sn phm n nh v bo qun tt hn.
- Gp phn em li hng v c trng
Cc chng LAB c la chn lm chng khi ng trong nem chua phi
p ng mt s cc tiu chun nh sau :
- Phi c kh nng cnh tranh hiu qu i vi cc LAB bn th.
- Phi sinh nhiu acid lactic.
- Phi c kh nng chng chu NaCl v c th pht trin nng mui cao
(c th l 6%).
- Phi c kh nng chng chu c NaNO2 v c th pht trin nng t
nht l 100mg/kg.
- Phi c kh nng pht trin trong khong nhit 15-40C, ti u 3037C.
- Phi l chng ln men ng hnh.
- Khng sinh H2O2 vi s lng ln.

Nhm 3

22

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Chng 3. QUY TRNH SN XUT NEM CHUA

3.1. Quy trnh

Ht tiu, mui, ti

Tht heo nng

Da heo

Loi b gn, m

Lm sch

Ct ming, xay

Chn

p gia v

Tch m

ng, bt ngt
Ct si mng

Qut nhuyn

Lm ro

Trn u

Ti, tiu, t

To hnh

Bao gi

Ln men

Sn phm

3.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

3.2.1. Chn nguyn liu
Trong qu trnh sn xut nem chua th khu quan trng nht quyt nh gi tr
ca nem chua l khu chn nguyn liu. Tht s dng lm nem chua i hi phi l
Nhm 3

23

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

tht heo ti, nng, mi git m bi v trong lc ny kh nng ho nc v gi nc

ca tht cao. Khong cch gia cc si actine v myosine cha b ko st vo nhau,
lng nc trong tht vn cn gi li nhiu, tht trong giai on ny cn mm, khng
b dai, d dng ch bin.
3.2.2. Loi b gn, m
Mc ch ca qu trnh l loi b hon ton gn, m ra khi khi tht trc khi
a vo qut, do cu trc ca sn phm l cu trc gel protein, nu tht dng lm nem
chua c dnh m th s lm mm cu trc gel.

Hnh 3.1 Hnh nh cng nhn loi b gn, m

Cng on lng sch m gn ch yu li lm theo phng php th cng. Ngi
cng nhn dng dao nh lng sch m gn v by nhy n khi thy sch. Cng on
ny ph thuc vo kinh nghim ca ngi cng nhn, kh c th t ng ha nhng
li tit kim c nguyn vt liu trit .
Cc bin i xy ra trong qu trnh loi b gn, m:
Vt l: thay i khi lng tht ban u.
Ho hc: thay i thnh phn ho hc ca tht.
Yu cu sau khi loi b m, gn: tht thu c khng cn gn, m.
3.2.3. Ct ming, xay
Ct ming:
Ct to ming gip to ming nh thun li v d dng hn trong qu trnh xay.
V c thc hin bng phng php th cng hoc s dng my mc.
Cc bin i xy ra trong qu trnh ct:

Nhm 3

24

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Vt l: ct t m lin kt, lm gim kch thc khi tht, lm tng nhit

khi tht do ma st gia vt liu v dao ct.
Ha l: lm tn thng cc cu trc t bo dn n kh nng gi nc gim.
Hin tng chy dch xy ra dn n tn tht mt s cc hp cht nh: vitamin,
khong, acid amin
Thit b: S dng thit b ct tht starcutter
Nguyn liu c a vo bn y, bn y s y tht n vng ct. Khi i ht
hnh trnh, n s t li v. Khi bn y li v n u hnh trnh th s t ng y tht
n vng ct, c nh vy cho n khi ct ht khi tht. Tht c ct bi 5 li dao
c gn trn 10 a ng trc. Khi trc quay, cc li dao chuyn ng, tc dng lc
ct ln khi tht, ct khi tht thnh nhiu ming nh.

Hnh 3.2 Thit b ct starcutter

Thng s cng ngh
- Nhit phng khi cht: 15 oC.
- Kch thc khi tht sau khi cht: 14 - 22 mm.
Xay:
Mc ch ca qu trnh l lm nh tht, to iu kin cho qu trnh qut sau ny
din ra nhanh hn v d dng hn.
Yu cu: Tht xay t s do, khng c mi v mu l, cng nh vt th l,
kch thc ng u.
Cng on xay c thc hin bng thit b xay trc vis.
Cu to:
Nhm 3

25

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

My xay ny gm : ng c, b truyn ai, phu nhp liu (feed hopper), vt ti

(feed screw), dao ct ( knife/knife holder), a l (plate).

Hnh 3.3 My xay trc vis

Nguyn l hot ng:
Tht c cho vo phu np liu, vis ti s a tht n dao ct. Pha trc dao
ct c t mt a l c kch thc l theo yu cu. Tht s b x bi dao ct vo a l
t ti kch thc mong mun.
Cng t ng c lm quay b truyn ai v lm cho vis ti chuyn ng c.
B truyn ai hot ng theo nguyn l ma st: cng sut t bnh ch ng ( y l
bnh ai ln) truyn cho bnh b ng (bnh ai nh) nh vo ma st sinh ra gia dy
ai (dy curoa) v hai bnh ai. y l b truyn ai thang, truyn ng gia hai trc
song song cng chiu. Bnh ai khot lm, c nan hoa gim khi lng.

Nhm 3

26

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Hnh 3.4 Dao ct v a l

S dng b truyn ai thang ny c u v nhc im nh sau :

u im:
Tng kh nng ti ca b truyn nh tng h s ma st gia ai v bnh ai, tt
hn b truyn ai dt.
C th truyn ng gia cc trc cch xa nhau (<15m)
Lm vic m, khng gy n nh vo do ca ai nn c th truyn ng vi
vn tc ln
Nh vo tnh cht n hi ca ai nn trnh c dao ng sinh ra do ti trng

thay i tc dng ln c cu.

Nh vo s trt trn ca ai nn phng s qu ti xy ra trn ng c
Kt cu v vn hnh n gin.
Nhc im:
Kch thc b truyn ai ln so vi cc b truyn khc: xch, bnh rng.
T s truyn thay i do hin tng trt trn gia ai v bnh ai (ngoi tr

ai rng)
Ti trng tc dng ln trc v ln (thng gp 2-3 ln so vi b trun bnh
rng) do phi c lc cng ai ban u (to p lc php tuyn ln ai to lc ma
st)
Tui th ca b truyn thp.
Bng 3.1 S c thng gp v cch khc phc ca my xay trc vis

Tht

S c
c th

Nguyn nhn
Cch khc phc
b Kch thc ming tht m bo kch thc ming tht va

nghn, khng xay qu ln.

phi, di khong 3-5 cm.

c.
My ngng hot Tht cn nhiu gn, m bo tht c loi b gn, m
ng.
Nhm 3

cc b phn b trc trc khi xay.

27

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

trc
Dy ai b t

Kim tra, bo tr my v thay th cc

b phn khi cn.

My lm vic nhiu v Kim tra, bo tr my v thay th cc
khng c bo tr b phn khi cn.
ng cch.

3.2.4. p gia v
Mc ch ca vic p gia v l to hng v v mu sc c trng cho sn
phm, to c cht cho qu trnh ln men. Ngoi ra vic p mui, ng cn c tc
dng to ra p sut thm thu , km hm s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
Tin hnh cho ng thi tt c cc loi gia v vo khi tht, sau tin hnh
phi trn.
3.2.5. Qut nhuyn
y l mt khu kh quan trng trong qu trnh sn xut nem chua.
Mc ch ca vic qut l thc hin gia cng c hc nhm ph v cu trc si
ca m c, tch ri cc si protein trong b c, to iu kin thun li cc phn t
nc, gia v khuch tn u vo cc khong trng , to nn s cn bng gia cc
mi lin kt protein-protein, protein-nc, gp phn to nn cu trc gel cho khi tht.
ng thi cng on qut cng gip cho gia v d dng ngm vo v phn b u
trong khi tht.
qut tht ngi ta c th tin hnh theo phng php:
Phng php th cng: cho tht sau khi x l cng cc cht ph gia v gia
v cn thit vo ci . S dng lao ng th cng dng chy g gi u khi tht
trong ci cho n khi tht t cu trc mong mun.
Phng php bn th cng: Tht c cho vo ci bng lao ng th cng,
h thng chy v ci c t ng ha nh mt motor gip cho ci xoay u quanh
trc i qua tm ca ci v mt motor khc gip cho chy gi u t trn xung. Tin
hnh gi cho n khi tht t cu trc nh mong mun. Khi tin hnh qut cn ch
tin hnh vi tc chm v u trnh hin tng tng nhit ca khi tht trong
qu trnh gi.
Thng s k thut:
Nhm 3

28

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Ci cha c khong 9kg tht.

Chy g nng khong 25 kg.
S ln chy gi ri trong mt pht l 70 ln.
Thi gian qut: 50-60 pht.

Phng php hin i: s dng thit b my xay nhuyn cutter

Hnh 3.5 Thit b Qut nhuyn

Cc bin i trong qu trnh qut nhuyn:

Vt l:
Khi lng gim do c mt lng nc b tht thot ra ngoi, m thay
i do hm lng nc b thay i.
Mt lng kh nh s ha vo khi tht.
Thay i kch thc v khi lng ring ca hn hp: C s khuch tn
ph gia, gia v vo tht v c s khuch tn nc t trong tht ra ngoi.
Ha hc:
Hm lng nc gim, hm lng cc cht to mu cho tht nh
hemoglobin, myoglobin gim.
Protein b bin tnh.
Nhm 3

29

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Ho l:
Trng thi ca khi tht b bin i, chuyn thnh dng paste.
Cc phn t trong hn hp c iu kin tip xc vi nhau nhiu hn, lm
tng lin kt, to ng nht cao cho sn phm.
Tng b mt tip xc gia tht vi nc, ph gia v ng.
Sinh hc: trong qu trnh qut tht tng s tip xc vi khng kh, do lng
vi sinh vt trong khi tht tng ln.
Ho sinh: khng ng k.
Cm quan: cu trc nh mn ng nht, do ca tht tng.
Yu cu sn phm: sau khi qut xong, khi tht s t trng thi ng nht,
mn, dai, do, khng dnh tay, khng c mi l, mu l, khng qu kh m m va.
3.2.6. Lm sch da heo
Mc ch ca cng on lm sch l loi b tp cht, lng c trn da heo. ng
thi to an ton v sinh thc phm do y l cng on lm sch da heo duy nht.
Cng on lm sch da heo c thc hin theo phng php th cng.
3.2.7. Chn da heo
Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l do da heo khng c kh nng chn sinh ha, m
tht ln men l mt loi sn phm khi n c th s dng trc tip m khng qua qu
trnh ch bin nhit nn khng lm chn da heo th s khng n c.
Ngoi ra vic chn da heo cn gip cho da heo tr nn gin hn, dai hn, da d
ct nh hn, khng mm nho, d lc b m, to gi tr cm quan tt hn cho sn
phm. Bn cnh vic lm chn da heo cn gip cho qu trnh lm sch lng cn
dnh trn da heo c tin hnh d dng hn.
Cho da heo vo ni nc nng khong 70 80oC trong 10-15 pht. Ta khng
nn luc da heo chn qu v x nc lnh nhanh ngay sau khi luc lm gim nhit
nhanh chng. Nu khng collagen b bin tnh qu mnh s ha tan to nht, kh c
th b sung vo nem v m cao, lm khi nem lng lo v vic ny s kh khn cho
qu trnh thi nh, cng nh lm mt gin cho sn phm sau ny v gim thi
gian bo qun.
Sau khi chn xong, tin hnh lm ngui nhanh trong nc lnh 1 2 gi. Mc
ch ca qu trnh ny l lm sn v lm ngui nhanh da heo.
Nhm 3

30

Tn b phn

S lng

ng c
Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua
B truyn ai
Bin i trong
Li dao ct,
Vt l: nhit
Ha hc: nhit lng
Li dao ct si
collagen. Collagen
B trc cun
chuyn
thnh
Mng trt
gip nh hnh sn
Mng nhp liu
quan.
Vi sinh: c ch Mng tho liu
3.2.8. Tch m

1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1

GVHD: inh Hu ng
qu trnh chn:
ca da heo dn tng cao.
cao lm bin tnh
trong da khi un nng
gelatin l cht ng keo
phm, tng gi tr cm
hot ng ca vi sinh vt.

Mc ch ca qu trnh l nhm loi b hon ton m ra khi da heo, trnh lm

nh hng n cu trc, thi gian bo qun ca sn phm sau ny. Qu trnh tch m
c tin hnh theo li th cng .
3.2.9. Xt si
Lm nh ming da heo d phi trn u trong khi tht, to ng u cho
sn phm. Ngoi ra ct nh cn gip cho qu trnh thy phn protein to c cht cho vi
sinh vt s dng v to hng v cho sn phm din ra d dng hn.
Xt si c thc hin bng my xt si. My s lng mng da heo sau st
si.
Cu to:
Bng 3.2 Cu to my ct si b heo

Nhm 3

31

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Hnh 3.6 my ct da heo

Thng s k thut:

rng dao lng v ct si: 150 - 200 mm

dy ct si: cao x rng: 1 mm x 1mm.

Hnh 3.7 Li dao ct si

Bng 3.3 S c thng gp v cch khc phc ca my ct si b heo

S c
Nguyn nhn
Da v vn, kch Dao ct qu cn, b mn.

Cch khc phc

Kim tra thng xuyn

thc khng u.

sc bn ca dao v thay th

u.

dy

Tc ct khng ph hp.

khng c im ca da heo: tnh khi cn.

n hi, nhit , chn.

iu chnh tc ct cho
ph hp.
La da heo phn i,
lng; da heo c ra qua
nc lnh sau khi chn

Nhm 3

32

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

Dy ai b t

GVHD: inh Hu ng

ng yu cu.
Dy ai c, my lm vic Kim tra thng xuyn v
nhiu.

thay th dy ai khi cn.

m bo cc cng on x
l da heo c tin hnh

dy da heo cha t t yu cu.

My b nghn yu cu.

Kim tra v sa cha dao

ch lng mng v Nhp liu qu nhanh.

ct, b trc quay.

ct si.

khn ca b trc quay Nhp liu vi tc va

khng .

phi, u tay, trnh da

cha t dy yu cu
xung ch ct si.

3.2.10. Lm ro si b
Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l lm gim m trong da, gim hot nc vi
sinh vt khng pht trin, ng thi lm tng tnh cht ca nem. Yu cu ca sn phm
sau khi phi l si b ro, nhng khng qu kh.
Tin hnh qu trnh phi kh: tin hnh tri mng si b trn mt bn, c th
dng qut thi nh, o b nhanh ro.
Cc bin i trong qu trnh phi kh:
Vt l: khi lng gim, m gim
Ha hc, ha sinh khng ng k.
Sinh hc: lng vi sinh vt c trong khi sn phm b thay i c v loi ln s
lng.
Cm quan: da tr nn kh ro, sn.
3.2.11. Phi trn
Mc ch ca qu trnh l nhm phi trn u tht sau khi xay qut vi da heo
ct si. Ha trn nguyn liu cho u mn thnh mt hn hp ng nht, nguyn
liu phn b u s thun li cho qu trnh ln men.
Cc bin i ca qu trnh phi trn
+ Vt l: Nhit khi tht tng.

Nhm 3

33

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

+ Ha hc: Cc phn t ca cc cu t trong hn hp c iu kin tip xc vi

nhau nhiu hn, lm tng lin kt ha hc, to ng nht cao cho sn phm
Thit b

Hnh 3.8 My trn v cnh khuy

Hn hp tht, da heo, ti, tiu ht, t v ging c cho vo t trn nh. Tht
v da c phi trn theo t l: 70:30. Thit b trn bng h thng cc cnh khuy thit
k c bit nh hnh (1), (2), (3), gip qu trnh trn u cc thnh phn, hn hp sau
trn tng i ng nht.
Thng s cng ngh: v = 110 rpm
Yu cu: to c hn hp ng nht, mn, khi dng tay n c n hi nht
nh, b mt tht khng qu kh cng khng qu t, mu sc p, khng c mu
l, mi thm, khng c v l.
Tht sau khi c phi trn xong s c ln bn mt thi gian khi to
hnh tht s b snh.

Nhm 3

34

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Hnh 3.9 Khi tht sau khi c phi trn

3.2.12.To hnh
Mc ch ca qu trnh l nhm to hnh dng cho vin nem. Trong qu trnh
ny c th b sung thm t, ti xt lt v tiu nguyn ht nhm mc ch to hng v
cho nem chua cng nh c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
Tin hnh theo li th cng nh sau: c lng v ly mt lng tht sau khi
c trn u vo thnh vin. Tip theo, t cc vin nem va to ta nn thnh hnh ch
nht bng cch va dng tay nn va p xung mt bn. K , dng tay n cht cc
cy nem hnh ch nht vo khun in hnh ch nht. Phn tha ra s c to hnh
li t u. Ta tip tc ly hai cy nem in thnh hnh ch nht hon chnh vo khun
ct, dng dao ct theo cc khe nh sn trn khun s to ra 10 vin nem c kch thc
u nhau v sau ta xp chng ln mm.
Dng c:
Khun in hnh ch nht: di x rng x cao : 10 x 2 x 1cm.
Kch thc vin nem: di x rng x cao: 2 x 2 x 1 cm.

Hnh 3.10 Khun ct nem

Nhm 3

Hnh 3.11 Nem sau cng on nh hnh

35

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

m bo v sinh i hi yu cu nghim ngt v sinh thit b cng nh dng

c v ngi lm.
3.2.13. Bao gi
Mc ch:
m bo iu kin ln men xy ra, khu bao gi l mt khu quan trng.
Khu ny to iu kin ym kh cho vi khun lactic hot ng v gi nhit cho qu
trnh ln men.
ng thi n cng gip hn ch vi sinh vt tp nhim, do nem l mi trng
giu dinh dng nn thun li cho nhiu loi vi sinh vt pht hin, vi sinh vt t mi
trng bn ngoi d nhim vo, cnh tranh vi vi khun lactic gy ra nhng bin i
khng mong mun, khi bao gi sn phm s hn ch c hin tng ny.
Ngoi ra n cng gip p ng yu cu cm quan, d dng cho bo qun v
phn phi n ngi tiu dng, nng cao gi tr s dng ca sn phm.
Cng vic ny lm ch yu theo phng php th cng. Tay cn phi ra sch,
kh nu khng s nh hng n cht lng nem chua thnh phm.
L gi y bao gm: lp l trong cng: l chm rut (l vng). Lp l ngoi
cng: l chui. Gia hai lp l, ngi ta c s dng thm 1 lp bao b PE, nhm gip
tng thm kn, to thun li cho qu trnh ln men.
Nh vy, cng on ny s gm cc bc sau:
Gi l chm rut:
Thng s dng l chm rut. L chm rut ngy cng c s dng nhiu
thay th l vng do cy chm rut d trng v cho l nhanh trong thi gian ngn sau
khi hi l, l ny cng nh ph hp vi kch thc nem chua. Chng lm tng qu
trnh ln men do ngun vi khun lactic c sn trn l. Mc ch ca vic gi l chm
rut ny l gip bo qun tht, ht m.
Cch chn l:
Khng chn l qu gi hay qu non, loi b l su.
L c kch thc va phi gi chic nem c gn, p, khng phi ct
ta nhiu.
L khng nn hi qu sm trc khi gi v khi hi nn hi c cung l
lu b ho.

Nhm 3

36

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

L cn c ra sch, ro, trnh u trng rui nhim vo l nem; vic

ny nh hng n cht lng nem chua thnh phm: gip nem khng b
nht, mc
Gi bng ming PE: tng kn cho nem chua, gip qu trnh ln men thun li
hn.
Gi l chui:
Sau khi gi bng PE, ngi ta bc bn ngoi bng nhng lp l chui lm
tng gi tr cm quan cho nem. V l chui c phin l rng d gi, gi nhit cho qu
trnh ln men, to cho nem c kiu dng v v c trng ring ca sn phm.
Ngi ta thng dng l chui ht gi nem. V l chui ny cp hin l rng
v gi c mu xanh lu, hn na khi l ho i l khng b ho kh m chuyn thnh
mu vng s lm cho sn phm bt mt hn.
Thao tc gi nem:
Sau khi b lt ti v mt ht tiu, ta s ly mt ming PE v t l chm rut
ln, xp l chm rut sao cho dn u ra che ht vt nem.
t vt nem ln, gp hai mp ca ming PE li sao cho hai mp gn trng
nhau. Sau , gp mt mp li trc v mp cn lai ln mp trc. Ta dng hai
ngn tay tr v t hai tay vut hai mp ca mt u vt nem v dng hai ngn tay
gia v tr ca tay thun vut ng thi gp li v pha u cn li ca vt nem. Tin
hnh tng t vi u cn li.Ly 1 vt nem va gi xong v ly 1 ming l chui
rng. Dng l chui cun nem li, buc dy nilong v b thnh mt chc nem.

Hnh 3.12 Sn phm nem chua sau khi bao gi

3.2.14. Ln men
Nhm 3

37

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

y l cng on chnh to nn hng v c trng ca sn phm nem chua.

Nem chua l sn phm ca qu trnh ln men tht, l kt qu ca qu trnh ln men
lactic bi s hot ng ca vi khun lactic c sn trong khng kh, trn b mt ca cc
dng c ch bin, ca vt liu lm bao b v nguyn liu c s dng ln men
lactic l ng. Nu khng c ng, qu trnh len men lactic s khng xy ra v khi
tht c gi nhuyn khng tr thnh nem chua m c th b thi do s c mt ca cc
vi khun gy thi ra c trong tht.
Qu trnh ln men t nhin ti nhit phng, thi gian t 2 3 ngy. Trong
qu trnh, vi khun lactic s dng ng lm c cht thc hin qu trnh ln men.
Mc ch ca qu trnh ln men l ch bin, lm chn sn phm, ngi tiu
dng c th s dng c. y l qu trnh quan trng nht trong qu trnh sn xut
nem chua.
Cc bin i trong qu trnh ln men:
Ha sinh
Qu trnh ln men lactic:
Ln men lactic l mt qu trnh sinh ho ph bin trong thin nhin, l qu
trnh chuyn ho vt cht glucide thnh acid lactic nh hot ng sng trc tip ca h
vi sinh vt lactic.

Glucose l glucid n gin quan trng nht. S phn gii glucide do vi sinh vt
ch yu l s phn gii glucose. Nhng glucide phc tp nh xenlullose, tinh bt,
cc ng nh monosaccaride, disaccaride ( y l ng saccharose) trc tin
thng c chuyn ho thnh glucose sau mi chuyn ho xa hn.
Nng lng to ra c dng cho cc qu trnh sinh ho cn thit trong iu kin
ym kh. C 2 kiu ln men lactic: ln men lactic ng hnh v ln men lactic d hnh.
S chuyn ho:

Nhm 3

38

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Hnh 3.13 S chuyn ho

Ln men lactic ng hnh:
S chuyn ho ng thnh acid lactic i theo chu trnh Embden Meyerhoff,
ln men ru n giai on to thnh acid pyruvic. Acid ny c kh 2 nguyn t H
nh hot ng ca enzyme lacticodehydrogenase tr thnh acid lactic (chim ti
90%). Kiu ln men ny rt c ngha v mt cng nghip.

Ty thuc vo tnh c hiu quang hc ca enzyme lacaticodehydrogenase v

s c mt ca lactataxemase m loi acid lactic dng no c to ra (D hay L).
Ln men lactic d hnh:
Qu trnh din ra phc tp hn, sn phm to thnh ngoi acid lactic cn c mt
lng ln cc sn phm ph khc nh aldehyde, keton, ru ethylic, CO 2, mt s cht
thm nh diacetyl ester.

S lng sn phm ph ny ph thuc vo ging vi sinh vt, mi trng dinh

dng cng nh iu kin ngoi cnh. Ni chung acid lactic chim khong 40% lng
ng phn hu, acid succinic gn 20%, ru ethylic 10% v cc kh khong 20%.
Nhm 3

39

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

i khi lng kh to ra t hn, thay vo l acid formic.

Trong qu trnh ln men lactic d hnh, glucose c chuyn ha theo chu trnh
Embden Meyerhoff, cn hydro tch ra khi dehydro ha triosephosphate c chuyn
n pyruvat. V trong nguyn sinh cht ca vi khun ln men lactic d hnh khng c
enzyme carboxylase cho nn acid pyruvic khng phn hy na m tip tc kh thnh
acid lactic theo s chuyn ha di y:
Acid lactic c to thnh t acid pyruvic do s tip nhn trc tip hydrogen t
dehydrase theo phng trnh:

Acid succinic to thnh t acid pyruvic do tc dng vi CO 2 v tip theo l s

tip nhn hydrogen t dehydrase theo phng trnh sau:

Ethanol v acid acetic to thnh nh men aldehydrase t acetaldehyde theo

phng trnh:

Vic sinh ra cc kh lin quan n iu kin ym kh, t l cc hp cht ph sinh

ra ph thuc vo mi trng dinh dng v loi vi khun lactic.
Qu trnh ln men lactic cn c s ln men ng thi gia ln men ng hnh
v d hnh, v qu trnh ln men lactic d hnh to ra cc sn phm l cc cu t hng
to mi thm cho sn phm.
Acid lactic to thnh tch t trong sn phm c tc dng km hm s pht trin
ca cc vi sinh vt c hi, nht l vi sinh vt gy thi ra. Do lm tng thi gian
bo qun sn phm. Mt khc, cc vi khun lactic trong qu trnh ln men cn c kh
nng tng hp vitamin B1, lm tng thm gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm.
Qu trnh ln men lactic trong nem chua c chia lm 3 giai on:
Giai on 1: Bt u c s hot ng ca vi khun lactic v mt vi vi sinh vt
khc c sn trong nguyn liu u, kh nng sinh tng hp acid lactic km.
Nhm 3

40

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Giai on 2: Vi khun lactic pht trin mnh m v acid lactic c to ra

nhiu lm gim pH ca khi nguyn liu xung thp, t c kh nng c ch s hot
ng ca cc loi vi sinh vt khc. y l giai on quan trng trong qu trnh sn
xut nem chua, v n nh hng trc tip ti cht lng cng nh gi tr dinh dng
ca sn phm.
Giai on 3: Do acid lactic tch t nhiu, lm pH gim mnh, t dn n s
c ch ngay c i vi vi khun lactic.
Trong cng nghip, nem sau qu trnh ln men khong 3 ngy s c a vo
kho bo qun mt lnh 3 4C nhm dng li giai on 2, khng cho chuyn sang
giai on 3 trong qu trnh bo qun v tiu th.
S sn sinh nhng cht c ch
T lu ngi ta nhn ra rng vi khun lactic c kh nng sinh ra, trong qu trnh
pht trin, nhng cht c tnh khng khun nh: cc acid hu c, hydro peroxide...
Nh kh nng , vi khun lactic lm tng cht lng an ton v sinh cho sn phm
tht ln men.
S tch t acid trong qu trnh ln men c th ngn chn, thm ch tiu dit mt
s vi sinh vt gy ng c v gy h hng. Di dng ha tan, acid lactic v acid
acetic khuch tn th ng qua mng t bo nhng vi khun ny, lm ri lon nhng
chc nng sinh hc ca chng. V mt cm quan, mt lng va phi acid acetic trong
sn phm khng lm thay i ng k cht lng ca sn phm. Tuy nhin, kh nng
khng khun ca acid acetic, cng pH, mnh hn acid lactic. S nhy cm vi
nhng acid ny ca vi khun thay i ty loi v ty thuc vo nhng yu t khc
nh: hot nc, s c mt cc cht ha tan khc.
Nhiu nghin cu tm hiu v kh nng khng khun ca bacteriocin, mt cht
sinh ra bi vi khun lactic.
S acid ha
Trong ln men lactic, vi khun lactic c nhim v sinh ra acid lactic t ngun
carbohydrate, t dn ti s gim pH ca sn phm. S acid ha thc y s to
gel ca cc protein m c trong tht, s phn ct cc mch protein cng nh s gn kt
cc mch ngn ny li. Ngoi ra, s tch t acid lactic cn ngn cn s pht trin ca vi
Nhm 3

41

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

khun gy bnh tp nhim vo tht. Cui cng, tht t n chn nh pH gim dn

n im ng in ca cc protein. Ngoi ra, iu kin pH thp cng thc y cc
qu trnh to mu cho sn phm.
Trong nhng sn phm ln men tht, lng acid lactic a vo thng l 106
CFU/g tht nhng sn phm ln men tht ca chu u v 108 CFU/g tht i vi vi
khun des Lactococcus lactis.

S thy phn Protein

Mt s vi khun lactic nh Lb. casei, Lb. plantarum, Lb. curvatus v Lb. sakei
c kh nng thy phn thy phn protein kh tt v ng vai tr chnh trong vic phn
hy protein thnh cc peptide v acid amine, lm tng gi tr dinh dng ca nem chua
(do c th d hp thu). Enzyme protease, peptidase ca chng phn ct cc
oligopeptide v dipeptide. Cc amino acid sau s c phn hy to thnh cc acid
bay hi v cc hp cht sulfur. Acid lactic v cc cc acid hu c khc c to ra
trong qu trnh d ha carbohydrate cng cc peptide v amino acid c sinh ra trong
qu trnh thy phn protein s to nn v c trng cho sn phm tht ln men. V th
nhng vi khun ny ng vai tr to hng v cu trc cho sn phm tht ln men.
y l qu trnh bin i c ngha rt quan trng i vi cht lng ca sn
phm, va c tc dng tng gi tr dinh dng va gp phn nng cao tnh cm quan
cho sn phm.
S thy phn cht bo
S thy phn cht bo c th to ra nhng acid bo mch ngn, tng mi v cho
sn phm tht ln men. Vi khun lactic khng c enzyme thy phn cht bo. Qu trnh
ny c thc hin bi mt s vi khun khc trong h vi sinh vt trong tht nh
Micrococcus hay Staphylococcus (St. xylosus ou St. carnosus).
Vt l:
dai, do tng, khi lng nem cng thay i mt phn sau qu trnh ln men.

Ha l
S to gel protein
Kh nng to gel l mt tnh cht chc nng quan trng trong vic to cu trc,
hnh thi cho nhiu sn phm tht ni chung v cho nem chua ni ring.
Nhm 3

42

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Gel protein c to ra khi cc protein b bin tnh tp hp li to thnh mt

mng li khng gian c trt t. Khi protein b bin tnh th cc cu trc bc cao b ph
hu, lin kt gia cc phn t b t, mch peptide b gin ra, cc nhm hp nc n
bn trong by gi xut hin ra ngoi. Cc mch polypeptid b dui ra tr nn gn
nhau, tip xc vi nhau v lin kt li vi nhau m mi v tr tip xc l mt nt, phn
cn li hnh thnh mng li khng gian ba chiu v nh hnh, rn, trong c cha
y pha phn tn (H2O).
Cc nt mng li c th c to ra do tng tc gia cc nhm k nc. Khi
cc nhm ny gn nhau, tng tc vi nhau hnh thnh ra lin kt hydrophop (k nc
hay a bo), cc phn t nc bao quanh chng b y ra v c khuynh hng t li.
Tng tc a bo thng c n nh v tng cng khi tng nhit , lm cho cc
mch polypeptide gn li vi nhau hn, khin cho khi gel tr nn cng hn. Cc nt
li c th to ra do cc lin kt hyro gia cc nhm peptite vi nhau, gia nhm OH
ca serin, threonin hoc tironin vi cc nhm COOH ca axit glutamic hoc axit
aspartic. Lin kt hyro l lin kt yu, to ra mt linh hot no gia cc phn t
vi nhau, do lm cho gel c c mt do nht nh. Trong qu trnh ln men
tht, pH gim t 5,6-6,2 xung n 4,5-5,0 n gn im ng in pI ca m c tht,
to iu kin cho qu trnh ng t v bin tnh thc y qu trnh to gel protein.
Kt qu to cu trc rn chc cho sn phm. Nh kh nng ny m cc si tht (b) ca
nem chua c kh nng lin kt to khi gel lm tng gi tr dinh dng v gi tr cm
quan ca nem chua.
Sinh hc
Hm lng vi sinh vt tng (vi khun ln men lactic c li cho h tiu ha),
thnh phn dinh dng (cc cht thay i) lm cho gi tr nng lng ca nem thay
i.
Cm quan
S bin i mu sc
Mu sc c trng ca sn phm tht c c trng bi cc sc t c trong tht
m ch yu l myoglobin, cht chim hn 80% sc t ca c tht. Trong sc t t nhin
myoglobin c dng kh (MbFe2+), nguyn t st (chu trch nhim v mu sc) c th
gn cht vi oxitnit (NO) v hnh thnh phc nitrozo - myoglobin n nh hn gy ra
mu sc ca tht.
Nhm 3

43

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Sc t ny c ba dng:
-

Oxymyoglobin ( ti).
Myoglobin dng kh ( ta).
Metmyoglobin hay myoglobin dng oxi ho ( sm n nu).

Mu sc ca nem chua c gy nn bi ba yu t:
- T l cc sc t: ph thuc vo chng ging con vt cho tht.
- Cu trc c tht (dng ca si c).
- Cu to ca phn t sc t dng oxi ho hay dng kh.

Myoglobin dng kh O2

Oxymyoglobin

MbFe2+
(Mu ta)

MbFe2+
(Mu ti)

Metmyoglobin (Mu nu)

MbFe2+
Trong qu trnh ln men pH gim lm cho dng cu to ha hc ca sc t thay
i. Myoglobin chuyn sang dng metmyoglobin nn lm cho tht c mu thm.
Ngoi ra mu sc ca nem cn b thay i bi mt s chng vi sinh vt c kh nng
sinh ra cc peroxide.
Mt s vi khun khng ln men lactic c mt trong h vi khun tht ln men nh
St. xylosus, St. carnosus, St. simulans c kh nng chuyn ha nitrate thnh nitrite
cng nh tham gia to ra hp cht nitroso- (nitosomyoglobin hay nitrosoheme) to
mu hng cho sn phm.
Ngoi ra mu ca nem chua cn c to thnh khi thm vo thnh phn ca
nem chua cc cht ph gia nh ti, tiu,
S bin i hng thm
Hng thm ca sn phm tht ln men c tao ra bi cc loi gia v v cc acid
sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men. Vi nng acid cng cao th hng thm cng mnh.
Nhm 3

44

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Chng Lactobacillus ngoi vai tr chnh l sinh acid lactic, cn c kh nng sinh ra
cc cht tham gia vo qu trnh to hng thm cho sn phm.
S tng hp cc cht c kh nng tham gia vo qu trnh acid ho trong nem
chua l kt qu ca phn ng enzim v oxi ho. Mc d c nhiu acid c mt trong
nem chua th qu trnh trao i cht chuyn thnh ng lactic vn l ngun gc ca
s acid ho tht. Nh vy nng acid cng cao th hng thm cng mnh. Ngoi
acid lactic ngi ta cng cho rng c mi lin quan yu gia s c mt ca acid acetic
(a. acetic l sn phm ca qu trnh ln men lactic d hnh) trong sn phm vi hng
acid ca sn phm.
Nhng cht sinh hng cng n t qu trnh thu phn Phospholipid v
triglyceride cng nh s thu phn protein thnh cc a. amin v cc peptide. Vic to
ra acid amin c th bng con ng decarboxyl hay con ng kh amin sinh ra cc
hp cht thm.
Trong ln men t nhin, cc vi sinh vt c mt ch yu l loi Micrococcus v
Lactobacillus. Vai tr chnh ca Lactobacillus l sinh ra cc acid quan trng trong vic
hnh thnh cc cht tham gia vo qu trnh to hng. Cc loi ln men d hnh a li
cho sn phm hng thm nh vic sinh ra cc acid d bay hi, ru v CO 2.
Mt s hp cht to hng thm cho sn phm phi k n l cc hp cht
alcohol, aldehyde, ester cng cc acid bay hi. Qu trnh oxi ha lipid cng gp phn
tng cng hng vi cho sn phm nem chua. Bn cnh , cc gia vi c b sung
vo trong qu trnh sn xut cng gp phn to hng cho sn phm.
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men:
Thnh phn nguyn liu:
Qu trnh ln men lactic l qu trnh chuyn ha hexose thnh acid lactic. Do
hm lng acid lactic c to thnh trong qu trnh ln men c lin quan cht ch n
hm lng ng c trong nguyn liu ban u.
H vi sinh vt:
Qu trnh ln men lactic l qu trnh sinh ha c thc hin bi vi khun lactic
do vic chn chng vi sinh vt thch hp s c nh hng n cht lng ca sn
phm. Nhng trong qu trnh sn xut nem chua theo phng php dn gian th qu
trnh ln men lactic c thc hin bi h vi sinh vt t nhim. Do vy ta khng th
khng ch hay la chn c chng vi khun thch hp m hon ton ph thuc vo
iu kin t nhim
Nhm 3

45

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

pH:
Tt c cc chng vi sinh vt u c mt khong pH thch hp cho hot ng ca
chng. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh ln men lactic trong sn xut nem chua ta khng th
khng ch c pH ca nguyn liu khong thch hp c m n thay i mt cch
t nhin theo qu trnh chn ca nem chua. Do s thay i t nhin ny m qu trnh
ln men lactic xy ra t t v khi pH t c gi tr thch hp th lc qu trnh ln
men s xy ra mnh nht.
Nhit :
Cng nh nhng loi vi sinh vt khc. Khi nhit cng cao th qu trnh ln
men din ra cng mnh. Nhng cht lng ca qu trnh ln men khng t l thun vi
tc ca qu trnh ln men. Do ta phi chn mt nhit thch hp qu trnh
ln men din ra thun li nht v cho cht lng tt nht. Mt s nghin cu cho thy
rng qu trnh ln men tht khi lm nem din ra nhit thng ( 27 30 oC) cho gi
tr dinh dng v cm quan ca sn phm tt nht.
ym kh ca mi trng:
Do qu trnh ln men lactic trong sn xut nem chua l qu trnh ln men d hnh
trong iu kin ym kh nn qu trnh ln men xy ra tt phi to iu kin ym kh
cho vi sinh vt ln men
Nh vy trong qu trnh ln men tht c rt nhiu yu t nh hng n qu trnh
ln men m ta khng th khng ch c m n ph thuc hon ton vo iu kin t
nhin. Chng ta ch c th iu chnh c mt s yu t nh: nhit , ym kh
ca mi trng v lng ng ban u trong nguyn liu.

Nhm 3

46

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Chng 4. SN PHM NEM CHUA

4.1. M t sn phm
Hnh dng u p, sc cnh.
Sn phm nem chua khi n thy c mi thm ca sn phm ln men lactic, c
dai ca tht ( tht khng b nho), c gin ca b, c v chua ca axt lactic, c v cay
ca tiu t, v ngt ca ng, bt ngt.
B mt nem kh ro, khng nhy nht, mu nem phi nh mu tht, khng c
nm mc pht trin.
So vi thnh phn nguyn liu : hm lng protein trong sn phm gim. Cht
bo tng nh, khng ng k. Hm lng cht bo trong nem ch yu l t tht, mt t
b sung tng v, tng bng. Do khng tham gia vo qu trnh ln men, cng
khng to lin kt gel nn lng m khng cao. Lng tro tng do b sung cc cht
ph gia nh mui (NaCl), vi phi (CaCO3 ), natri poliphotphat.
Vitamin B1, B2, C tng do vi khun sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men lactic, nht l
vitamin B1, B2 cn vitamin C b mt nhiu trong qu trnh qut v b oxy ha, nhng t
cng b sung mt phn vitamin C.
4.2. Quy cch sn phm
Nem chua c ng thnh hp, gi 10 ci, b nem thnh mt chc ri hay thnh
cy di.

Nhm 3

47

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Hnh 4.1 Cc dng bao gi sn phm nem

4.3. Thnh phn dinh dng
Bng 4.1 Thnh phn dinh dng ca nem chua
Mui khong Vitamin
(mg)
(mg)

Nng
lng
(kcal)

Thnh phn chnh (g)

N
c

Protei
n

Lipi
t

Gluci
d

Tro Ca

Fe

B1 B2 PP

137

68

21,7

3,7

4,3

2,3

78

4.4.

24

Ch tiu cht lng ca nem chua thnh phm :

Ch tiu ho l
Nem chua thnh phm c m 52 55%
Bng 4.2 Ch tiu ho l ca nem chua
Cc ch tiu

Nem chua

N-tng %

3,85

N-formol %

0,15

Acid lactic %

1,48

Ch tiu vi sinh: theo TCVN 7050:2002

Nhm 3

48

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Bng 4.3 Ch tiu vi sinh ca sn phm nem chua, gii hn cho php
trong 1g nem
Tn ch tiu

Mc ti a

Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, CFU trn gam sn

3.105
phm
Coliform, CFU trn gam sn phm

50

E.coli, MPN trn gam sn phm

30

Salmonella, trong 25 g sn phm

Khng cho php

Staphylococcus aureus, MPN trn gam sn phm

10

Listeria monocytogons, CFU trn gam sn phm

Khng cho php

Clostridium perfringens, CFU trn gam sn phm

10

Clostridium botulinum, CFU trn gam sn phm

Ch tiu cm quan
Bng 4.4 Ch tiu cm quan ca sn phm
Tn ch tiu

nh gi

Mu

Mu hng ca nem tht

Nem chua c mi thm c trng ca tht chn, gia v.

Mi

i khi c thong mi ru, mt ong..

Chua nh, ngt, v cay, nng ca tiu, ti

Cu trc

Ming nem chc, hi cng, n vo thy gin, dai, khng

b

- Gi p mt, lp l chui chuyn sang mu vng xanh nhng khng b kh.

- L: lp l trong (l vng, l i) ch hi sm li, lp l chui ngoi ng sang
mu vng xanh nhng khng b kh.
- B mt nem c trn mn, kt dnh, khng t b mt, cm ro tay, khng
m, khng nht, khng nhim mc trng, xanh.
4.5.

Mt s h hng thng gp ca nem

Nem b chy nc
Nem b mc, nem c mi l v mu sc l.
Nhm 3

49

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

4.6.
-

GVHD: inh Hu ng

Nhng vn cn tn ti ca nem
Nem chua c ch bin t tht sng nn c kh nng mang cc loi trng giun,
sn k sinh trong tht ln.

Dng bt lm nem mau chua v thuc ty trng b ln c thnh phn chnh l

hydrosulfite v kalisulfite gy tc hi ln n sc khe con ngi nh vn rut,
hi nim mc ng tiu ha

Thm mui dim nem c mu p.

Cht lng nem khng ng u do sn xut theo li th cng.

D b nhim VSV t nguyn liu, ph gia, dng c sn xut, cch bao gi

4.7.

Hng khc phc

Tin ti sn xut i tr vi quy m cng nghip.

Thng xuyn t chc tp hun v v sinh an ton thc phm cho cc c s sn
xut.
Kim tra thng xuyn cc c s sn xut m bo cht lng sn xut,
trnh trng hp s dng nhng ha cht, ph gia khng c php s dng
trong thc phm.

KT LUN
T trc khi khoa hc c mn ha sinh, ngi Vit xa c k thut ln men lm
Nhm 3

50

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

da bo qun rau c qu, ln men ru v c o c cch ch bin thc phm bng

cch kn khng qua la lm nem bng tht, l ngh thut lm nem chua. Th
gii c lm xc xch pa-t, c gi ch gi la nhng tt c u phi qua la, nng
luc hp v trng mi n c. c bit ch c mn nem chua ca ngi Vit. Tht
heo nng, qua bn tay ca ngi Vit, sau vi ngy bc ra n thnh mn khoi khu,
c chuyn ha c hng v ring, tht sng thnh tht chn hon ton v trng.
Nem chua l c sn Vit, l ti hoa kho lo ca ngi ni tr Vit Nam. Tt n,
ngy gi chp, ci xin, nh nh lm nem. Nem chua lun c mt khp cc th trng
trong nc.
Nem chua l sn phm thc phm ln men truyn thng ph bin ca dn tc Vit
Nam. L loi thc phm c sn xut th cng, mang sc thi kinh nghim lu
truyn t i ny sang i khc. Mi dn tc, mi vng, mi gia nh c thi quen
thng thc, s dng mi v ring.
Sn phm truyn thng lun trng tn cng dn tc v theo thi gian c nghin
cu k hn v khoa hc c bn v k thut sn xut. ng thi do tnh ph cp nhanh
v giao lu vn ho ngy cng rng ri nn chc chn rng nem chua l sn phm
truyn thng ngy cng pht trin. Chng ta, cng nhau gi gn v pht trin mnh sn
phm truyn thng ny lm phong ph thm nt vn ha, tinh thn ca ngi dn
Vit Nam.

Nhm 3

51

Tm hiu v quy trnh ch bin nem chua

GVHD: inh Hu ng

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Bi ging Cng ngh ch bin tht trng, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm
thnh ph H Ch Minh.
[2] Bi ging thc hnh Cng ngh ch bin tht trng, Trng i hc Cng nghip
Thc phm thnh ph H Ch Minh.
[3] Nguyn Th Hin (ch bin), Cng ngh sn xut m chnh v cc sn phm ln
men c truyn, Trng HBK H Ni, 2006.
[4] L Ngc T (ch bin), La Vn Ch, ng Th Thu, Nguyn Th Thnh, Bi c
Hi, L Don Din, Ho sinh cng nghip, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut, 2002.
[5] Tiu chun TCVN 7050 : 2002 Tht ch bin khng qua x l nhit
[6] Tiu chun TCVN 7046 : 2002 Tht ti
[7] Cc trang wed tham kho
http://tapchiamthuc.com/Huong-vi-nem-chua-3-mien-_3_3291.html
http://www.ebook.edu.vn/?page=1.18&view=15685
http://luanvan.co/luan-van/de-tai-cong-nghe-che-bien-nem-chua-2184/
http://123doc.vn/document/1310379-tim-hieu-quy-trinh-san-xuat-nem-chua.htm?
page=4
http://support2.vatc.edu.vn/luan-van/do-an-cong-nghe-thuc-pham-thu-nghiem-lamnem-chua-37756/
http://d.violet.vn/uploads/resources/561/2938117/preview.swf
[8] Trang wed clip sn xut nem chua
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyaWfFbv6ho

Nhm 3

52