Dong Co Dot Trong 1

TRNG I HC NHA TRANG
NTU
i hc nha trang
1959
PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn
Nhn
L thuyt
(Ti liu lu hnh ni b)
Nha trang - 2010
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V NG C T TRONG
1.1. NH NGHA V PHN LOI NG C T TRONG

ng c l mt loi my c chc nng bin i mt dng nng lng no
thnh c nng. Tu thuc vo dng nng lng u vo l in nng, nhit nng, thu
nng,v.v. ngi ta phn loi ng c thnh ng c in, ng c nhit, ng c thu
lc,v.v.
ng c t trong l mt loi ng c nhit, tc l loi my c chc nng bin
i nhit nng thnh c nng. Cc loi ng c nhit ph bin hin nay khng c cung
cp nhit nng t bn ngoi mt cch trc tip m c cung cp nhin liu, sau nhin
liu c t chy to ra nhit nng. Cn c vo v tr t nhin liu, ngi ta chia cc
loi ng c nhit thnh hai nhm : ng c t trong v ng c t ngoi. ng c
t trong, nhin liu c t chy trc tip trong khng gian cng tc ca ng c v
cng ti din ra qu trnh chuyn ho nhit nng thnh c nng. ng c t ngoi,
nhin liu c t chy trong l t ring bit cp nhit cho mi cht cng tc
(MCCT), sau MCCT c dn vo khng gian cng tc ca ng c thc hin qu
trnh chuyn ho nhit nng thnh c nng.
Theo cch phn loi nh trn th cc loi ng c c tn thng gi nh : ng c
xng, ng c diesel, ng c piston quay, ng c piston t do, ng c phn lc,
turbine kh u c th c xp vo nhm ng c t trong ; cn ng c hi nc
kiu piston, turbine hi nc, ng c Stirling thuc nhm ng c t ngoi. Tuy
nhin, trong cc ti liu chuyn ngnh, thut ng "ng c t trong" (Internal
Combustion Engine) thng c dng ch ring loi ng c t trong c in c c
cu truyn lc kiu piston-thanh truyn-trc khuu, trong piston chuyn ng tnh tin
qua li trong xylanh ca ng c. Cc loi ng c t trong khc thng c gi bng
cc tn ring , v d : ng c piston quay (Rotary Engine), ng c piston t do (Free Piston Engine), ng c phn lc (Jet Engine), turbine kh (Gas Turbine). Trong gio
trnh ny, thut ng ng c t trong (vit tt : CT) cng c hiu theo quy c ni
trn.
CT c th c phn loi theo cc tiu ch khc nhau (Bng 1.1-1). Cn c vo
nguyn l hot ng, c th chia CT thnh cc loi : ng c pht ho bng tia la ,
ng c diesel , ng c 4 k v ng c 2 k.
PGS. TS.
Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)
Bng 1.1-1. Phn loi tng qut ng c t trong

Tiu ch phn loi
Phn loi
-
Loi nhin liu

Phng php pht ho
nhin liu
Cch thc thc hin chu trnh cng tc
Phng php np kh mi vo khng gian cng tc
c im kt cu
Theo tnh nng
Theo cng dng
ng c chy bng nhin liu lng d bay hi

nh : xng, alcohol, benzol, v.v.
ng c chy bng nhin liu lng kh bay hi,
nh : gas oil, mazout, v.v.
ng c chy bng kh t .
ng c pht ho bng tia la
ng c diesel
ng c semidiesel
ng c 4 k
ng c 2 k
ng c khng tng p
ng c tng p
ng c mt hng xylanh ; ng c hnh sao ;
hnh ch V, W, H, ...
ng c c xylanh thng ng, ngang, nghing
ng c thp tc, trung tc v cao tc
ng c cng sut nh, trung bnh v ln
ng c xe c gii ng b
ng c thu
ng c my bay
ng c tnh ti
ng c pht ho bng tia la (Spark Ignition Engine) l loi CT hot
ng theo nguyn l : nhin liu c pht ho bng tia la c sinh ra t ngun nhit
bn ngoi khng gian cng tc ca xylanh. Chng ta c th gp nhng kiu ng c pht
ho bng tia la vi nhng tn gi khc nhau, nh : ng c Otto , ng c carburetor,
ng c phun xng, ng c t chy cng bc, ng c hnh thnh hn hp chy t
bn ngoi , ng c xng, ng c gas, v.v. Nhin liu dng cho ng c pht ho bng
tia la thng l loi lng d bay hi, nh : xng, alcohol, benzol , kh ho lng ,v.v.
hoc kh t. Trong s nhin liu k trn, xng l loi c s dng ph bin nht t thi
k u lch s pht trin loi ng c ny n nay. V vy, thut ng "ng c xng"
thng c dng gi chung cc kiu ng c chy bng nhin liu lng c pht
ho bng tia la, cn ng c ga - ng c chy bng nhin liu kh c pht ho bng
tia la.
PGS. TS.
ng c diesel (Diesel Engine) l loi CT hot ng theo nguyn l :
nhin liu t pht ho khi c phun vo bung t cha khng kh b nn n p sut v

nhit cao. Nguyn l hot ng nh trn do ng Rudolf Diesel - k s ngi c xut vo nm 1882. nhiu nc, ng c diesel cn c gi l ng c pht ho
bng cch nn (Compression - Ignition Engine).
ng c 4 k - loi CT c chu trnh cng tc c hon thnh sau 4 hnh
trnh ca piston.
ng c 2 k - loi CT c chu trnh cng tc c hon thnh sau 2 hnh
trnh ca piston.
PGS. TS.
1.2. MT S THUT NG V KHI NIM THNG DNG

1) Tn gi mt s b phn c bn
1
6
4
3
2
14
7
8
10
11
13
12
H.1.2-1. S cu to ng c diesel 4 k
1- Lc khng kh, 2- ng np, 3- Xupap np, 4- Xupap x, 5- ng x,
6- Bnh gim thanh, 7- Np xylanh, 8- Xylanh, 9- Piston, 10- Xecmang,
11- Thanh truyn, 12- Trc khuu, 13- Cacte, 14- Vi phun nhin liu
2) im cht, im cht trn, im cht di
im cht l v tr ca c cu truyn lc, ti d tc dng ln nh piston mt
lc ln bao nhiu th cng khng lm cho trc khuu quay.
im cht trn (CT) l v tr ca c cu truyn lc, ti piston cch xa trc
khuu nht.
im cht di (CD) l v tr ca c cu truyn lc, ti piston gn trc
khuu nht.
3) Hnh trnh ca piston (S) - khong cch gia CT v CD.
4) Khng gian cng tc ca xylanh - khong khng gian bn trong xylanh c
gii hn bi : nh piston, np xylanh v thnh xylanh. Th tch ca khng gian cng tc
ca xylanh (V) thay i khi piston chuyn ng.
5) Bung t (VC) - phn khng gian cng tc ca xylanh khi piston CT.
PGS. TS.
6) Dung tch cng tc ca xylanh (VS) - th tch phn khng gian cng tc ca
xylanh c gii hn bi hai mt phng vung gc vi ng tm ca xylanh v i qua
CT , CD :
VS =
D2
4
(1.1-1)
trong : D - ng knh ca xylanh; S - hnh trnh ca piston.
CT
VC
VS
CD
H. 1.2-2. CT, CD v th tch khng gian cng tc ca xylanh

7) T s nn () - t s gia th tch ln nht ca khng gian cng tc ca xylanh
(Va) v th tch ca bung t (Vc).
Va VS + VC
=
VC
VC
(1.1-2)
8) Mi cht cng tc (MCCT) - cht c vai tr trung gian trong qu trnh bin
i nhit nng thnh c nng. nhng giai on khc nhau ca chu trnh cng tc,
MCCT c thnh phn, trng thi khc nhau v c gi bng nhng tn khc nhau nh
kh mi, sn phm chy, kh thi, kh st , hn hp chy, hn hp kh cng tc.
Kh mi - (cn gi l Kh np) - kh c np vo khng gian cng tc ca
xylanh qua ca np. ng c diesel, kh mi l khng kh ; ng c xng, kh mi l
hn hp khng kh-xng.
Sn phm chy - nhng cht c to thnh trong qu trnh t chy nhin liu
trong khng gian cng tc ca xylanh, v d : CO2 , H2O , CO , SO2 , NOx , v.v.
Kh thi - hn hp cc cht c thi ra khi khng gian cng tc ca xylanh
sau khi dn n sinh ra c nng. Kh thi ca ng c t trong gm c : sn phm
chy, nit (N2) v oxy (O2) cn d.
Kh st - phn sn phm chy cn st li trong khng gian cng tc ca xylanh
sau khi c cu x ng hon ton.
PGS. TS.
Hn hp chy (HHC) - hn hp ca nhin liu v khng kh.

Hn hp kh cng tc - hn hp nhin liu - khng kh - kh st.
9) Qu trnh cng tc - qu trnh thay i trng thi v thnh phn ca MCCT
trong xylanh din ra trong mt giai on no ca chu trnh cng tc.
10) Chu trnh cng tc (CTCT) - tng cng tt c cc qu trnh cng tc din ra
trong khong thi gian tng ng vi mt ln sinh cng mt xylanh.
11) th cng - th biu din s thay i ca p sut ca MCCT trong xylanh
theo th tch ca khng gian cng tc hoc theo gc quay ca trc khuu .
p
cf
po
b
a
Vc
Vs
CT
V
CD
c)
cf
r
00
1800
CT
a
3600
CD
CT
5400
7200
CD
CT
H. 1.2-3. th cng ca ng c 4 k
PGS. TS.
1.3. CC B PHN C BN CA CT
Tuy c hnh dng bn ngoi, kch thc v s lng cc chi tit rt khc nhau,
nhng tt c CT u c cc b phn v h thng c bn sau y :
1) B khung
2) H thng truyn lc
3) H thng np - x
4) H thng nhin liu
5) H thng bi trn
6) H thng lm mt
7) H thng khi ng
Ngoi ra, mt s ng c cn c thm h thng in, h thng tng p, h thng
cnh bo-bo v ,v.v.
1.3.1. B KHUNG CA NG C
B khung bao gm cc b phn c nh c chc nng che chn hoc l ni lp t
cc b phn khc ca ng c. Cc b phn c bn ca b khung ca CT bao gm :
np xylanh , khi xylanh , cacte v cc np y, m kn, bulng, v.v.
H. 1.3-1. B khung ca CT
1- Np xylanh, 2- Khi xylanh, 3- Cacte trn, 4- Cacte di
PGS. TS.
1.3.1.1. NP XYLANH
Np xylanh l chi tit y kn khng gian cng tc ca ng c t pha trn v l
ni lp t mt s b phn khc ca ng c nh : xupap, n gnh xupap, vi phun hoc
buji, ng gp kh np, ng gp kh thi, van khi ng, v.v.
Np xylanh thng c ch to t gang hoc hp kim nhm bng phng php
c. Np xylanh bng gang t b bin dng hn so vi np xylanh bng hp kim nhm,
nhng nng hn v dn nhit km hn.
ng c nhiu xylanh c th c 1 np xylanh chung cho tt c cc xylanh hoc
nhiu np xylanh ring cho 1 hoc mt s xylanh. Np xylanh ring c u im l d ch
to, tho lp, sa cha v t b bin dng hn . Nhc im ca np xylanh ring l kh
b tr cc bulng lin kt np xylanh vi khi xylanh, kh b tr ng np v ng x
hn so vi np xylanh chung.
a)
b)
H. 1.3-2. Np xylanh
a) Np xylanh chung,
b) Np xylanh ring
1.3.1.2. KHI XYLANH

Cc xylanh ca ng c nhiu xylanh thng c c lin thnh mt khi gi l
khi xylanh. Mt trn v mt di ca khi xylanh c mi phng lp vo np xylanh
v cacte. Vch trong ca cc xylanh c doa nhn, thng gi l mt gng ca xylanh.
Vt liu c khi xylanh thng l gang hoc hp kim nhm. Mt s loi ng
c cng sut ln c khi xylanh c hn t cc tm thp. Xylanh ca ng c c lm
mt bng khng kh c cc cnh tn nhit tng kh nng thot nhit. ng c c
lm mt bng nc c cc khoang trong khi xylanh cha nc lm mt.
PGS. TS.
1.3.1.3. LT XYLANH
a)
b)
H. 1.3-3. Lt xylanh
a) Lt xylanh ca ng c 2 k,
b) Xylanh ca ng c c lm mt bng khng kh
Lt xylanh l mt b phn c chc nng dn hng piston v cng vi mt di
ca np xylanh v nh piston to nn khng gian cng tc ca xylanh. Trong qu trnh
ng c hot ng, mt gng ca xylanh b mi mn bi piston v xecmang. Tit din
trn ca mt gng xylanh s b mn thnh tit din hnh bu dc v lm cho kn ca
khng gian cng tc b gim st sau mt thi gian lm vic,. Bin php khc phc l doa
li cho trn. Nu lt xylanh c c lin vi khi xylanh (H. 1.3-4a) th phi thay c
khi sau vi ln doa khi ng knh xylanh qu ln v thnh xylanh qu mng. V
vy, lt xylanh thng c ch to ring ri lp vo khi xylanh (H. 1.3-4b, c). C th
phn bit 2 loi lt xylanh : lt xylanh kh v lt xylanh t.
Lt xylanh kh (H. 1.3-4b) khng tip xc trc tip vi nc lm mt. Phng
n s dng lt xylanh kh c u im l khi xylanh cng vng hn, nhng yu cu
chnh xc cao hn khi gia cng b mt lp rp ca lt v khi xylanh.
Lt xylanh t (H. 1.3-4c) tip xc trc tip vi nc lm mt. Phn di ca
lt xylanh c cc vng cao su ngn khng cho nc lt xung cacte (H. 1.3-4d).
PGS. TS.
10
a)
b)b)
c)
d)
H. 1.3-4. Thn ng c v lt xylanh

a) Lt xylanh c lin vi khi xylanh, b) Lt xylanh kh,
c) Lt xylanh t, d) m cao su kn nc
1.3.1.4. CACTE
Cacte l b phn bao bc v l ni lp t cc b phn chuyn ng ch yu ca
ng c. Phn trn ca cacte (cacte trn) l ni lp t khi xylanh, trc khuu, trc cam,
v.v. Phn di ca cacte (cacte di hay cacte nht) c chc nng y kn khng gian
trong ng c t pha di v l ni cha du bi trn. a s ng c c nh v trung
bnh c lm mt bng nc, c khi xylanh v cacte trn c c lin thnh mt khi
gi l thn ng c (H. 1.3-4 ). mt s ng c c ln , cacte di va l ni cha du
bi trn va l ni t trc khuu v cc b phn lin quan.
PGS. TS.
11
1.3.2. H THNG TRUYN LC

H thng truyn lc c chc nng tip nhn p lc ca kh trong khng gian cng
tc ca xylanh ri truyn cho h tiu th v bin chuyn ng tnh tin ca piston thnh
chuyn ng quay ca trc khuu. Cc b phn chnh ca h thng truyn lc cng chnh
l cc b phn chuyn ng chnh ca ng c, bao gm : piston, thanh truyn, trc
khuu, bnh . Cc b phn c lin quan trc tip vi cc b phn chuyn ng chnh
k trn cng c th c xp vo h thng truyn lc, v d : xecmang, cht piston, bc
lt c chnh, bc lt c bin, v.v.
1
H. 1.3-5. C cu truyn lc
1- Piston , 2- Thanh truyn , 3- Trc khuu , 4- i trng
1.3.2.1. PISTON
Piston l b phn chuyn ng trong lng xylanh. N tip nhn p lc ca MCCT
ri truyn cho trc khuu qua trung gian l thanh truyn. Ngoi ra, piston cn c cng
dng trong vic np, nn kh mi v y kh thi ra khi khng gian cng tc ca xylanh.
Piston c c bng gang, hp kim nhm, v i khi bng thp. ng c cao tc
thng c piston bng hp kim nhm nhm gim lc qun tnh v tng cng s truyn
nhit t nh piston ra thnh xylanh do nhm nh v dn nhit tt hn gang.
Piston c cc phn c bn l : nh piston, cc rnh xecmang, "vy" piston,
cht piston v cc gn chu lc.
- nh piston c hnh dng kh a dng, tu thuc vo c im t chc qu
trnh chy v qu trnh np - x, v d : nh lm to chuyn ng ri ca kh trong
bung t ; nh li dn hng dng kh qut v kh thi ,v.v.
- Vy piston (piston skirt) c vai tr dn hng trong xylanh v chu lc ngang.
- Rnh xecmang l ni t cc xecmang. Cc rnh xecmang kh c b tr pha
trn cht piston. Rnh xecmang du c th b tr pha trn hoc pha di cht piston.
PGS. TS.
12
1
4
H. 1.3-6. Piston
1- nh piston , 2- Phn rnh xecmang ,
3- Phn vy piston , 4- cht piston
1.3.2.2. XECMANG
Xecmang (cn c gi l bc piston hoc vng gng) ca CT l cc vng n
hi bng vt liu chu nhit v chu mi mn c lp vo cc rnh trn piston. Trn mt
piston c 2 loi xecmang : xecmang kh v xecmang du.
Xecmang kh c chc nng lm kn bung t v dn nhit t nh piston ra
thnh xylanh. Trn mi piston c t 2 n 4 xecmang kh . Xecmang kh trn cng c
gi l xecmang la, mt ngoi ca xecmang ny thng c m crm tng bn.
PGS. TS.
13
Xecmang du c chc nng san u du bi trn trn mt gng ca xylanh v

gt du bi trn t mt gng xylanh v cacte. Trn mi piston c t 1 n 2 xecmang
du bi tr pha di xecmang kh.
10
20
30 p [bar]
H. 1.3-7. Tc dng lm kn bung t ca xecmang kh

a)
b)
c)
H. 1.3-8. Hin tng xecmang bm du ln bung t (a, b)

v tc dng gt du ca xecmang (c)
1.3.2.3. CHT PISTON
Cht piston l chi tit lin kt piston vi thanh truyn. Cht piston thng c
khoan rng gim khi lng. C 3 phng n lin kt cht piston vi piston v thanh
truyn nh sau :
- Cht piston c c nh vi thanh truyn v chuyn ng tng i vi
piston (H. 1.3-9a).
- Cht piston c c nh vi piston v chuyn ng tng i vi thanh
truyn (H. 1.3-9b).
- Cht piston chuyn ng tng i vi c thanh truyn v piston (H. 1.3-9c).
PGS. TS.
14
a)
b)
c)
H.1.3-9. Cht piston v cc phng php nh v cht piston

1.3.2.4. THANH TRUYN
Thanh truyn l b phn trung gian lin kt piston vi trc khuu v cho php bin
chuyn ng tnh tin qua li ca piston thnh chuyn ng quay ca trc khuu. a s
thanh truyn c ch to t thp bng phng php rn hoc dp.
Thanh truyn c cu thnh t 3 phn : u nh, thn v u to. Thanh truyn
ca ng c cng sut trung bnh thng c u nh, thn v na trn ca u to c
rn lin thnh 1 chi tit, na di ca u to (cn gi l np thanh truyn) c lin kt
vi na trn bng 2 4 bulng. Mt s ng c 1 xylanh loi nh c thanh truyn c
dp hoc c lin . Thanh truyn ca ng c ln thng c cc phn c ch to ring
bit ri lp vi nhau bng bulng. c th rt nhm piston-thanh truyn qua lng
xylanh trong qu trnh sa cha, i khi phi ch to u to thanh truyn theo "kiu
lch" gim chiu ngang ca thanh truyn (H. 1.3-11).
PGS. TS.
15
H. 1.3-10. Cc chi tit ca nhm thanh truyn

1- u nh , 2- Thn , 3- u to , 4- Np , 5- Bc c bin
6- Bulng thanh truyn , 7- Bc cht piston
H. 1.3-11. Thanh truyn vi u to kiu lch
1.3.2.5. TRC KHUU

Trc khuu l b phn c chc nng tip nhn ton b p lc ca kh trong xylanh
ri truyn cho cc h tiu th ca bn thn ng c (v d : trc cam, bm du, bm
nc,v.v.) v h tiu th bn ngoi (chn vt, my pht in, v.v.).
Phn ln trc khuu c ch to t thp bng phng php rn, sau tin hnh
gia cng c kh (khoan cc l du, phay cc m khuu, tin v mi bng cc c khuu).
Gi thnh ch to trc khuu chim mt t l ln trong gi thnh c ng c. gim gi
thnh, ngi ta ang p dng ngy cng rng ri phng php c trc khuu bng gang
hp kim.
Trc khuu ca ng c nhiu xylanh c cu thnh t cc khuu trc b tr lch
nhau. Mi khuu trc c cc b phn sau y :
- c chnh lp trong chnh ca ng c,
- c bin lp trong u to ca thanh truyn,
PGS. TS.
16
- m khuu lin kt c chnh vi c bin,

- cc i trng cn bng lc qun tnh (i trng c th c c lin vi trc
khuu hoc c ch to ring ri lp vo mt u ca m khuu).
a)
b)
c)
H. 1.3-12. Trc khuu

a) Trc khuu, b) Bnh , c) Khuu trc
1- C chnh , 2- M khuu , 3- L dn du , 4- C bin.
1.3.3. H THNG NP - X
H thng np -x (cn gi l H thng thay i kh hoc H thng trao i kh) c
chc nng lc sch khng kh ri np vo khng gian cng tc ca xylanh v x kh thi
ra khi ng c. Cc b phn c bn ca h thng np-x bao gm : lc khng kh, ng
np, ng x, bnh gim thanh v c cu phn phi kh.
1.3.3.1. C CU PHN PHI KH
C cu phn phi kh c chc nng iu khin qu trnh np kh mi vo khng
gian cng tc ca xylanh v x kh thi ra khi ng c.
Hu ht ng c 4 k hin nay c c cu phn phi kh kiu xupap . ng c 2 k
khng nht thit phi c xupap ; trong trng hp khng c xupap, chc nng iu khin
qu trnh np-x do piston, ca qut v ca x thc hin. ng c 2 k qut thng qua
xupap x, kh mi c np vo xylanh qua ca qut trn thnh xylanh, cn kh thi c
x ra ngoi qua xupap x ging nh ng c 4 k .
PGS. TS.
17
b)
a)
Ca x
3
Ca np
Ca qut
5
2
H. 1.3-13. C cu phn phi kh ca ng c 2 k qut vng (a)

v ca ng c 4 k (b)
1- Trc cam ; 2- Con i ; 3- a y ; 4- n gnh ; 5- Xupap.
a)
b)
c)
H. 1.3-14. Cc kiu b tr v dn ng xupap

1.3.3.2. XUPAP
Xupap l mt loi van c trng CT, c chc nng ng hoc m ng ng
np v x. Mi xylanh ca ng c 4 k thp tc v trung tc thng c 2 xupap : mt
xupap np c chc nng ng v m ng ng np, mt xupap x c chc nng ng v
m ng ng x. ng c cao tc c th c 3 hoc 4 xupap cho mi xylanh tng tit
din lu thng ca kh ra, vo xylanh v gim ph ti nhit cho xupap, qua gim kh
nng bin dng lm xupap khng ng kn. Xupap c th b tr theo kiu treo trong np
xylanh (H. 1.3-14a, b) hoc kiu t trong thn ng c (H.1.3-14c). Trc cam cng c
th c t trong thn ng c hoc trn np xylanh.
PGS. TS.
18
H. 1.3-15. Xupap c gn thm vt liu chu nhit

v lm mt bng sodium nng chy
Trong qu trnh ng c hot ng, xupap x chu tc dng thng xuyn ca kh
thi c nhit cao, nhit ca nm xupap x c th ti 600 - 700 0 C, cho nn n c
ch to t thp hp kim cht lng cao. i khi t v phn cn ca nm xupap x
c p thm vt liu chu nhit c bit (H. 1-18). Xupap np thng xuyn c lm
mt bng dng kh mi nn nhit ca n khong 400 - 500 0C. Thng thng, xupap
c lm mt bng cch truyn nhit ra vch ca np xylanh thng qua ng dn hng.
i vi ng c cng ho cao, xupap x c lm mt bng cch cho cht Sodium (Na)
vo khoang rng trong thn v nm xupap. Cht Na nng chy chuyn ng ln xung
khi ng c hot ng c tc dng ti nhit t nm ln thn truyn ra phn dn hng.
1.3.4. H THNG BI TRN
CT c rt nhiu chi tit chuyn ng tng i vi nhau. gim lc ma st
v hao mn, ngoi vic chn vt liu, hnh dng v kch thc thch hp, nht thit phi
bi trn cc b mt ma st ca chi tit. H thng bi trn ca ng c c chc nng lc
sch ri a cht bi trn n cc cc b mt cn bi trn. C th phn bit 3 phng
php bi trn c bn
- Bi trn bng hi du,
- Bi trn bng cch vung to du,
- Bi trn di p sut.
Phng php bi trn bng hi du c s dng cho ng c xng 2 k dng
cacte lm bm qut kh . Trong trng hp ny khng th nht vo cacte ri bm i
bi trn cc b phn c, m nht c ho trn vo xng vi t l 3 5 % c th
n c cc b mt cn bi trn. Cht piston ca cc loi ng c khc cng c th
c bi trn bng hi du.
PGS. TS.
19
Bi trn bng vung to l dng mt s chi tit chuyn ng ca ng c vung

du ln cc b mt cn bi trn. Phng php ny n gin, nhng c nhc im c bn
l du b lo ho nhanh, thi gian s dng du ngn. Ngoi ra, phng php ny c hiu
qu thp trong mt s trng hp, v d : xe ln hoc xung dc, tu b nghing, lc, v.v.
H. 1.3-16. Bi trn bng cch vung to

a s ng c hin nay c trang b h thng bi trn di p sut. h thng
ny, nht t y cacte hay bnh cha (H. 1.3-17) c bm nht nn ti p sut 1,5 - 8,0
bar ri y vo mch du chnh. T mch du chnh, nht theo cc l khoan trong cc chi
tit ca ng c hoc theo cc ng du n bi trn cc c chnh, c bin ca trc khuu,
trc cam, trc n gnh, v.v. Mt gng xylanh, piston, xecmang, v i khi c trc
cam v cc bnh rng c bi trn bng nht phun ra t cc khe h hoc cc l c bit
chnh v bin. Cht piston c th c bi trn bng nht i ln t bin
qua cc l hoc ng dc thn thanh truyn hoc c bi trn bng hi du.
Mt s chi tit ca ng c c th c bi trn bng cch khc, ngoi cc
phng php gii thiu trn. V d : trc n gnh c th c bi trn bng cc bc
thm du theo nh k ; mt gng xylanh ca mt s ng c kch thc ln c bi
trn bng nht di p sut ln (ti 50 bar) do cc bm kiu piston cung cp qua cc l
b tr ti cc v tr thch hp trn xylanh.
PGS. TS.
20
a)
b)
9
10
8
11
H. 1.3-17. H thng bi trn tun hon cacte t (a) v cacte kh (b)

1- Cacte du ; 2- Lc th ; 3, 11- Bm du bi trn ; 4- Lc tinh ;
5- Bnh lm mt du ; 6- Mch du chnh ; 7- p k du ;
8- Van iu p ; 9- Van an ton ; 11- Bnh cha du.
PGS. TS.
21
1.3.5. H THNG LM MT
H thng lm mt c chc nng gii nhit t cc chi tit nng (piston, xylanh, np
xylanh, xupap, v.v.) chng khng b qu ti nhit. Ngoi ra, lm mt ng c cn c
tc dng duy tr nhit du bi trn trong mt phm vi nht nh duy tr cc ch tiu
k thut ca cht bi trn.
Cht c vai tr trung gian trong qu trnh truyn nhit t cc chi tit nng ca
ng c ra ngoi c gi l mi cht lm mt. Mi cht lm mt c th l nc, khng
kh, du, hoc mt s loi dung dch c bit.
Khng kh c dng lm mi cht lm mt ch yu cho ng c cng sut nh.
a s CT hin nay, c bit l ng c thu, c lm mt bng nc v n c hiu
qu lm mt cao (khong 2,5 ln cao hn hiu qu lm mt ca du).
C th phn loi h thng lm mt ca CT theo cc tiu ch sau y :
Theo mi cht lm mt : lm mt bng nc, lm mt bng khng kh, lm mt
bng du v lm mt bng cc dung dch c bit.
Theo phng php lm mt : lm mt bng nc bay hi, lm mt bng i
lu t nhin, lm mt cng bc.
Theo c im cu to ca h thng lm mt : h thng lm mt trc tip (h
thng lm mt h) v h thng lm mt gin tip (h thng lm mt kn).
H thng lm mt trc tip bng nc thng c p dng cho ng c thu
hoc ng c t c nh ti khu vc gn sng, h. h thng lm mt trc tip (H. 1.318), nc t ngoi mn tu c bm vo lm mt trc tip ng c ri c x ra ngoi
tu.
H thng lm mt gin tip bng nc c p dng rng ri nht cho CT s
dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. ng c thu, nc ngt sau khi lm mt ng
c s c dn n bnh lm mt nc-nc. Sau khi c lm mt bng nc bin,
nc ngt c bm tr li tip tc lm mt ng c (H.1.3-19). ng c t - nc
ngt lm mt trc tip ng c, cn khng kh lm mt nc ngt trong bnh lm mt
nc - khng kh (H. 1.3-20).
H thng lm mt trc tip c u im l cu to n gin, gi thnh thp, hot
ng tin cy. Tuy nhin, so vi h thng lm mt kn, h thng h c nhng nhc im
sau y :
Cc khoang lm mt ca ng c b ng cn v b n mn nhanh do nc
bin cha nhiu loi mui ho tan. hn ch n mn, ngi ta gn cc cc km trong
khoang lm mt ; cn hn ch ng cn, phi duy tr nhit nc ra khi ng c
khng cao hn 55 0C .
Sut tiu hao nhin liu ca ng c c lm mt trc tip bng nc bin
cao hn do phn nhit truyn t kh trong xylanh ra nc lm mt nhiu hn.
PGS. TS.
22
a)
3
2
b)
3
2
6
1
H. 1.3-18. H thng lm mt trc tip

1- Lc, 2- Bm lm mt ng c, 3- Bnh lm mt du bi trn,
4- ng nc lm mt ra khi ng c, 5- Kt nc cn bng,
6- Bm nc t ngoi mn tu.
PGS. TS.
23
5
4
7
3
2
6
1
H. 1.3-19. H thng lm mt gin tip ca ng c thu

1- Lc, 2- Bm lm mt ng c, 3- Bnh lm mt du bi trn, 4- ng nc
lm mt ra khi ng c, 5- Kt nc cn bng, 6- Bm nc t ngoi
mn tu, 7- Bnh lm mt nc-nc
4
3
2
5
6
1
H. 1.3-20. H thng lm mt gin tip bng nc ca ng c t
PGS. TS.
24
1.3.6. H THNG NHIN LIU CA NG C DIESEL

1.3.6.1. CHC NNG V CC B PHN C BN
H thng nhin liu ca ng c diesel c chc nng lc sch ri phun nhin liu
vo bung t theo nhng yu cu ph hp vi c im cu to v tnh nng ca ng
c.
D c cu to v nguyn l hot ng kh a dng, nhng tuyt i a s h thng
nhin liu thng dng ca ng c diesel u c cu thnh t cc b phn c bn sau
y (H. 1.3-21) :
Thng nhin liu bao gm thng nhin liu hng ngy v thng nhin liu d
tr. Thng nhin liu hng ngy cn c dung tch m bo cha s nhin liu cho
ng c hot ng lin tc trong mt khong thi gian nh trc.
Bm thp p l bm c chc nng ht nhin liu t thng cha hng ngy ri
y n bm cao p. H thng nhin liu c th khng c bm thp p nu thng cha
nhin liu hng ngy c t v tr cao hn ng c nhin liu t chy n bm cao
p (H. 1.3-21b).
Lc nhin liu - Trong h thng nhin liu ca ng c diesel c cc b phn
c ch to v lp rp vi chnh xc rt cao, nh : u phun, cp piston-xylanh ca
bm cao p, van trit hi. Cc b phn ny rt d b h hi nu trong nhin liu c tp
cht c hc. Bi vy nhin liu phi c lc sch trc khi n bm cao p.
ng dn nhin liu gm c ng cao p v ng thp p. ng cao p dn nhin
liu c p sut cao t bm cao p n vi phun. ng thp p dn nhin liu t thng cha
n bm cao p v dn nhin liu hi v thng cha.
Bm cao p (BCA) c cc chc nng sau y :
- Nn nhin liu n p sut rt cao ( khong 100 - 1500 bar) ri y n vi phun
(chc nng nn).
- iu chnh lng nhin liu cung cp vo bung t ph hp vi ch lm
vic ca ng c (chc nng nh lng).
- nh thi im bt u v kt thc qu trnh phun nhin liu (chc nng nh
thi).
Vi phun nhin liu - i a s vi phun nhin liu ng c diesel ch c
chc nng phun nhin liu cao p vo bung t vi cu trc tia nhin liu ph hp vi
phng php t chc qu trnh chy . mt s h thng nhin liu c bit, vi phun cn
c thm chc nng nh lng v nh thi.
PGS. TS.
25
6
3
5
10
4
10
3
9
6
5
4
H. 1.3-21. S cu to h thng nhin liu ca ng c diesel
1- Thng nhin liu ; 2- Bm thp p ; 3- Lc nhin liu ; 4- Bm cao p ;
5- ng cao p ; 6- Vi phun ; 7- B iu tc ; 8- B iu chnh gc phun sm ;
9- ng thp p ; 10- ng du hi.
PGS. TS.
26
K h e h g i a c c c h i t i t
c a c p s i u c h n h x c
6 - 10
3 ,5 - 6 ,5
1 ,5 - 2 , 5
Kch thc tp cht [m]
40 - 60
20 - 30
8 - 10
4 -5
Kh nng lc
Phn t lc bng n
Phn t lc bng giy
B lc kp hin i
H. 1.3-22. Khe h gia cc cp siu chnh xc v kh nng lc

Ton b h thng nhin liu ca ng c diesel c th chia thnh hai phn c
qui c gi l : phn cp nhin liu v h thng phun nhin liu .
Phn cp nhin liu - cn gi l Phn thp p , bao gm thng cha nhin
liu, bm thp p, lc nhin liu v ng thp p. Chc nng ca phn cp liu l lc sch
nhin liu ri cung cp cho h thng phun di p sut xc nh .
H thng phun nhin liu ( HTPNL ) - cn gi l Phn cao p , bao gm bm
cao p, vi phun , ng cao p v cc b phn iu chnh-hiu chnh. HTPNL thc hin
hu nh tt c cc yu cu t ra i vi qu trnh phun nhin liu v c nh hng quyt
nh n cht lng qu trnh to hn hp chy ng c diesel.
PGS. TS.
27
1.3.6.2. PHN LOI H THNG PHUN NHIN LIU

Bng 1.3-1. Phn loi tng qut h thng phun nhin liu ca ng c diesel
Tiu ch phn loi
Phng php phun nhin liu
Phng php to v duy tr
p sut phun
Phn loi
1) H thng phun nhin liu bng khng kh nn
2) H thng phun nhin liu bng thu lc
1) H thng phun trc tip
2) H thng phun gin tip
Phng php iu chnh qu

trnh phun
1) H thng c iu chnh kiu c kh

2) H thng c iu chnh kiu in t
Cch thc t hp cc thnh t

ca h thng phun
1)
2)
3)
4)
Loi vi phun
H thng phun c in
H thng phun vi BCA-VP lin hp
H thng phun vi BCA phn phi
H thng phun c bit.
1) H thng phun vi vi phun h

2) H thng phun vi vi phun kn
1) H thng phun nhin liu bng khng kh nn

thi k u pht trin ng c diesel, ngi ta dng khng kh nn di p
sut 50-60 bar phun nhin liu vo xylanh ng c. Phng php ny khng yu cu
phi c cc chi tit siu chnh xc m vn m bo cht lng ho trn nhin liu vi
khng kh kh tt. Tuy nhin, ng c phi lai my nn kh nhiu cp, va cng knh va
tiu th mt phn ng k cng sut ca ng c ( cng sut do my nn kh tiu th
bng khong 6 8 % cng sut ca ng c, trong khi h thng phun nhin liu bng
thu lc tiu th khong 1,5 3,5 % ) ; ngoi ra, vic iu chnh lng nhin liu chu
trnh cng phc tp v kh chnh xc, nn kiu h thng phun nhin liu bng kh nn
ng c diesel c thay th hon ton bi h thng phun nhin liu bng thu lc.
2) H thng phun nhin liu bng thu lc
h thng phun nhin liu bng thu lc, nhin liu c phun vo bung t do
s chnh lch p sut rt ln gia p sut ca nhin liu trong vi phun v p sut ca kh
trong xylanh. Di tc dng ca lc kch ng ban u trong tia nhin liu v lc cn kh
ng ca kh trong bung t , cc tia nhin liu s b x thnh nhng ht c ng knh
rt nh ho hi nhanh v ho trn vi khng kh.
3) H thng phun trc tip
HTPNL trc tip l mt loi HTPNL bng thu lc, nhin liu sau khi ra
khi BCA c dn trc tip n vi phun bng ng dn cao p c dung tch nh. u
im ca HTPNL kiu ny l : kt cu tng i n gin, c kh nng nhanh chng thay
i cc thng s cng tc ph hp vi ch lm vic ca ng c. Nhc im c bn
ca HTPNL trc tip l : p sut phun gim khi gim ca tc quay ca ng c , iu
PGS. TS.
28
hn ch kh nng lm vic n nh ca ng c tc quay thp. Mc d cha p

ng hon ton cc yu cu t ra, nhng HTPNL trc tip vn c s dng ph bin
nht hin nay cho tt c cc kiu ng c diesel.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2
4
3
1 + 2+3
1
H. 1.3-23. Phn loi h thng phun nhin liu theo
cch thc t hp cc thnh t c bn
1- Bm cao p , 2- ng cao p , 3- vi phun , 4- b phn phi
a) HTPNL c in vi BCA n
b) HTPNL c in vi BCA cm
c) HTPNL vi bm cao p phn phi
d) HTPNL vi BCA-VP lin hp
PGS. TS.
29
4) H thng phun nhin liu gin tip

h thng phun gin tip (cn gi l h thng tch phun), nhin liu t BCA
khng c a trc tip n vi phun m c bm n ng cao p chung. Thng
thng, ng cao p chung c dung tch ln hn nhiu ln so vi th tch nhin liu c
phun vo bung t trong mt chu trnh, nn p sut phun hu nh khng thay i trong
sut qu trnh phun . iu m bo cht lng phun tt trong mt phm vi rng ca
tc quay v ti . m bo yu cu nh lng v nh thi, h thng tch phun c
kt cu kh phc tp. V vy n thng ch c s dng cho nhng ng c diesel c
yu cu cao v cht lng phun nhin liu nhng ch ti nh.
5) H thng phun nhin liu vi Bm cao p - Vi phun lin hp
H. 1.3-24 BCA-VP lin hp ca hng GM

HTPNL vi Bm cao p-Vi phun lin hp (BCA-VP) l mt hnh thi bin tng
ca HTPNL c in . loi HTPNL kiu ny, bm cao p v vi phun c t hp
thnh mt cm chi tit gi l BCA-VP lin hp, thc hin chc nng ca c 3 b phn :
bm cao p, vi phun v ng cao p. Trong BCA-VP, nhin liu sau khi c nn n p
sut rt cao v c nh lng s c a trc tip vo vi phun m khng cn c ng
dn nhin liu cao p.
PGS. TS.
30
Voi phun nhien lieu
on g cao ap
1.3.6.3. H THNG PHUN NHIN LIU C IN

H thng phun nhin liu c in l l tn gi qui c ca loi HTPNL trc tip
c nhng c im c bn sau y : Ton b HTPNL c t hp t cc " tiu h thng
phun " hon ton ging nhau . Mi tiu h thng phun c cu thnh t mt phn t
bm, 1 ng cao p v 1 vi phun nhin liu (H. 1.3-25). ng c c bao nhiu xylanh th
c by nhiu tiu h thng phun. Cc tiu h thng phun hot ng c lp vi nhau .
7
B
Phan t bm
N
6
5
4
H. 1.3-25. Cu to tiu h thng phun ca HTPNL vi BCA Bosch c in

1- Cam nhin liu, 2- Con i , 3- L so kh hi, 4- Piston, 5- Vnh rng v
thanh rng iu khin, 6- Xylanh, 7- Van trit hi , N- Khoang np,
B- Khoang bm, C- Khoang cao p, F- Khoang phun
PGS. TS.
31
1 ) Bm cao p
Bm cao p (BCA) l cm chi tit quan trng nht ca HTPNL c in ni ring
v ca HTPNL c kh ni chung v ngi ta thng phn loi HTPNL cn c vo c
im ca BCA. BCA c th c phn loi theo nhng tiu ch khc nhau. Nu cn c
vo phng php nh lng, tc l phng php iu chnh lng nhin liu chu trnh
(gct) , c th phn bit 3 loi BCA c in : BCA iu chnh bng cch thay i hnh
trnh c ch ca piston, BCA iu chnh bng cch thay i hnh trnh ton b ca piston
v BCA iu chnh bng van tit lu.
a) BCA nh lng bng cch thay i hnh trnh c ch ca piston
BCA nh lng bng cch thay i hnh trnh c ch ca piston do hng Bosch
thit k v ch to ln u tin, n hot ng theo nguyn l thay i hnh trnh c ch
ca piston thay i lng nhin liu thc t c bm n vi phun . Trong nhiu ti
liu chuyn mn, BCA loi ny thng c cc tn gi khc nhau, nh : BCA Bosch c
in ( phn bit vi cc loi BCA khc ca Bosch), BCA iu chnh bng rnh cho
trn piston, BCA Bosch kiu piston-ngn ko, v.v.
Cp piston-xylanh ca BCA kiu Bosch c in
Cp piston-xylanh ca BCA gm 2 chi tit : xylanh v piston (H. 1.3-26). Trn
thnh xylanh c l np, l x v l nh v. L np nhin liu t khoang np (khng
gian cha nhin liu thp p trong BCA) i vo khoang bm (khng gian cng tc ca
xylanh c gii hn bi nh piston, van trit hi v thnh xylanh ca BCA). L x
nhin liu thot t khoang bm ra khoang np . L nh v c nh xylanh vi v
BCA. Mt l trn xylanh c th ch thc hin mt chc nng (np, x, nh v) hoc thc
hin ng thi 2 hay c 3 chc nng. Trn phn u ca piston c rnh dc, rnh cho v
rnh ngang. Rnh dc cho nhin liu t khoang bm thot v khoang np sau khi rnh
cho thng vi l x. Mp vt c tc dng lm thay i hnh trnh c ch ca piston , qua
iu chnh lng nhin liu chu trnh khi piston c xoay trong lng xylanh. to
ra c p sut rt cao ca nhin liu trc khi phun vo bung t, khe h hng knh
gia piston v xylanh phi rt nh (khong 0,015 0,025 mm) . Cp piston-xylanh l b
phn quan trng nht ca BCA v l mt trong cc cp lp ghp siu chnh xc trong h
thng phun nhin liu ca ng c diesel.
Trn th trng hin nay c kh nhiu kiu cp piston-xylanh ca BCA iu chnh
bng cch thay i hnh trnh c ch ca piston. Thc cht chng u l nhng bin
tng ca cp piston - xylanh kiu Bosch do cc hng khc nhau ch to (H. 1.3-26b, c,
d) .
Mi cp piston-xylanh ca BCA c th c t trong mt v ring to thnh
BCA n (H. 1-30a) hoc nhiu cp piston-xylanh c t trong mt v chung to
thnh BCA cm (H. 1.3-27b).
PGS. TS.
32
a)
L x +
nh v
L np
Rnh dc
Mp vt
Rnh cho
Xylanh
Rnh ngang
Piston
b)
c)
d)
H. 1.3-26. Cp piston-xylanh ca BCA c in

a) kiu Bosch , b) F& M , c) CAV , d) SIMMS
PGS. TS.
33
Nguyn l hot ng
BCA Bosch c in hot ng theo kiu chu k. Mi chu trnh cng tc ca n
c hon thnh sau 1 vng quay ca trc cam nhin liu, tng ng vi 2 hnh trnh ca
piston BCA , c gi l hnh trnh np v hnh trnh bm. Hnh trnh np ca piston
BCA (piston BCA i t im cn trn n im cn di) c thc hin nh tc dng
ca l xo kh hi ; cn hnh trnh bm (piston BCA i t im cn di n im cn
trn) do cam nhin liu y. ng c 4 k, mt vng quay ca trc cam nhin liu
tng ng vi 2 vng quay ca trc khuu v 4 hnh trnh ca piston ng c ; cn
ng c 2 k - tng ng vi 1 vng quay ca trc khuu v 2 hnh trnh ca piston
ng c.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
g)
H. 1.3-27. Chu trnh cng tc ca BCA Bosch c in

a) Piston im cn trn , b) Np nhin liu vo khoang bm ,
c) Piston im cn di , d) Bt u bm hnh hc , e) Kt thc bm hnh hc ,
g) Kt thc chu trnh cng tc (piston ca BCA tr li im cn trn)
giai on u ca hnh trnh np, nhin liu trong khoang bm va dn n va
thot ra khoang np qua rnh dc. Khi piston m l np, nhin liu t khoang np trn
vo khoang bm (H. 1.3-27b). Sau khi c l xo kh hi ko v im cn di, piston
ca ca BCA s khng chuyn ng trong mt khong thi gian tu thuc vo cu to
ca cam nhin liu v tc ca ng c. Hnh trnh bm c thc hin nh tc dng
y ca cam nhin liu (H. 1.3-27c, d, e). giai on u ca hnh trnh bm, khoang
np v khoang bm vn c thng vi nhau. Qu trnh nn nhin liu trong khoang bm
c bt u t thi im piston ng hon ton l np v l x trn xylanh ca BCA.
Nhin liu bt u c bm vo khoang cao p (khng gian cha nhin liu trong rcco
cao p, ng cao p v vi phun nhin liu) khi lc tc dng ln kim van trit hi t pha
di (FB) c to ra bi p sut trong khoang bm t ti tr s bng lc tc dng t
pha trn (FC) c to ra bi lc cng ban u ca l so van trit hi v p sut d trong
ng cao p. Qu trnh phun nhin liu vo bung t bt u khi lc tc dng ln mt cn
nng ca kim phun (Ff) c to ra bi p sut ca nhin liu trong khoang phun (khng
PGS. TS.
34
gian cha nhin liu trong u phun ca vi phun) thng c lc cng ban u ca l xo
vi phun (F0). Qa trnh phun nhin liu vo bung t ko di cho n khi rnh cho
trn piston c thng vi khoang np (H. 1.3-27g), khi nhin liu di p sut cao t
khoang bm v khoang cao p s thot ra khoang np qua rnh dc. Qu trnh phun nhin
liu kt thc ti thi im p sut trong khoang cao p gim xung n tr s, ti Ff =
F0 . Sau thi im kt thc phun, piston tip tc i ln kt thc hnh trnh bm ti
im cn trn kt thc chu trnh cng tc ca h thng phun nhin liu .
Tt c cc kiu BCA iu chnh bng rnh cho trn piston u hot ng theo
mt nguyn l chung l :
- y piston nn nhin liu bng cam.
- Kh hi piston bng l xo.
- Hnh trnh ton b ca piston khng i ( h0 = const )
- iu chnh lng nhin liu chu trnh ( gct ) bng cch xoay piston thay i
hnh trnh c ch ( he = var ).
a)
b)
c)
H. 1.3-28. Nguyn l iu chnh gct

a) V tr stop (khng cp nhin liu), b) Cp liu trung bnh, c) Cp liu cc i
PGS. TS.
35
b) BCA iu chnh bng cch thay i hnh trnh ton b ca piston

4
3
5
6
2
1
7
8
10
H. 1.3-29. BCA iu chnh bng cch thay i hnh trnh ton b ca piston
1- Piston, 2- Xylanh, 3- u ni ng cao p, 4- ng cao p, 5- Van trit hi,
6- Van np, 7- L xo kh hi, 8- Con i, 9- Cam nhin liu, 10- Thn bm
c) BCA iu chnh bng van tit lu
4
2
5
1
6
12
7
8
9
10
11
H. 1.3-30. Bm cao p iu chnh bng van tit lu

1- Piston, 2- Xylanh, 3- u ni ng cao p, 4- ng cao p, 5- Van tit lu,
6- L np, 7- Chm iu chnh gc phun sm, 8- L so kh hi, 9- Thn BCA,
10- Con i, 11- Cam nhin liu, 12- Cn bm tay.
PGS. TS.
36
2) Vi phun nhin liu

Bng 1.2-2. Phn loi tng qut vi phun nhin liu
Tiu ch phn loi
Phn loi
c im cch ly khoang phun vi 1. Vi phun h
bung t
2. Vi phun kn
1. Vi phun kiu cht
c im cu to u phun
2. Vi phun kiu l
3. Vi phun kiu van
Phng php to lc p ban u ln 1. p kim phun bng l xo
kim phun
2. p kim phun bng thu lc
Theo phng php iu khin
1. Vi phun iu khin c kh
2. Vi phun iu khin in t
Vi phun h l loi khng c b phn ngn cch khng gian cha nhin liu trong
vi phun vi khng gian trong bung t ca ng c. u phun c th ch c nhng l
phun bnh thng (H. 1.3-31a) hoc c cu to c bit to ra cu trc tia nhin liu
thch hp, v d : c cc rnh cho chm tia nhin liu c hnh qut phng (H. 1.331b).
a)
b)
H. 1.3-31. Vi phun h
Vi phun h c cu to rt n gin v hot ng tin cy. Nhc im c bn nht
ca vi phun h l khng c kh nng loi tr hin tng phun rt vo nhng thi im
cui ca qu trnh phun. Vo nhng thi im , khi p sut phun gim ng k, cc
ht nhin liu c phun ra c kch thc ln v vn tc nh, kh chy hon ton v rt
d b cc ho.
Vi phun h tng c s dng cho mt s kiu ng c diesel cao tc vi p
sut phun rt ln. Hin nay n c thay th gn nh hon ton bng cc kiu vi
phun kn.
PGS. TS.
37
5
9
4
3
10
2
1
H. 1.3-32. Vi phun kn
1.3.6.4. CC THNG S CNG TC C TRNG
CA HTPNL C IN
Cc thng s cng tc ca HTPNL nh hng trc tip n cht lng qu trnh
phun nhin liu bao gm : p sut bm (pb), p sut phun (pf), p sut m vi phun (pfo),
hnh trnh kim phun (hk), cu trc tia nhin liu, quy lut phun, lng nhin liu chu trnh
(gct), nh lng khng ng u (g), gc phun sm (), nh thi khng ng
u ().
1) p sut bm (pb) - p sut ca nhin liu c o ti khoang bm ca BCA (
khoang bm l khng gian trong cylindre ca BCA c gii hn bi piston, mt di
ca van trit hi v thnh xylanh).
2) p sut phun (pf) - p sut ca nhin liu ti khoang phun ( khng gian cha
nhin liu trong u phun ca vi phun).
3) p sut m vi phun (pfo) - p sut phun ti thi im kim phun bt u c
nng ln khi b .
4) Hnh trnh ca kim phun (hk) - chuyn v ca kim phun trong qu trnh phun
nhin liu. Quy c ly hk = 0 ng vi v tr ng ca kim phun , tc l khi kim phun cn
tip xc vi b .
PGS. TS.
38
p sut bm (pb) v p sut phun (pf) thay i theo gc quay ca trc khuu ng
c (H. 1.3-33). c im bin thin v tr s ca pb , pf ph thuc vo hng lot yu t,
nh : c im cu to v tnh trng k thut ca h thng phun, ch lm vic ca
ng c, cc hin tng thu ng din ra trong khoang np, khoang bm v khoang cao
p, v.v. p sut m vi phun (pfo) l mt thng s iu chnh quan trng, n nh hng
trc tip n cu trc tia nhin liu v cht lng qu trnh to HHC. Bi v khi ta thay
i p sut m vi phun cng c ngha l ta thay i ng thi p sut ng vi phun
v p sut phun trung bnh trong qu trnh phun nhin liu. p sut m vi phun cao hay
thp ph thuc vo c im k thut ca ng c, trong cu to bung t v tc
quay l hai yu t c vai tr quyt nh. Thng thng, pfo = 100 220 bar ; tr s nh
dng cho ng c c bung t ngn cch vi vi phun kiu cht, tr s ln - bung t
thng nht vi vi phun kiu l. i vi mt kiu ng c c th, p sut m vi phun
c iu chnh theo tr s do nh ch to quy nh.
Thi im bt u hnh trnh bm ca piston BCA c k hiu bng im A
trn th. Thi im bt u bm hnh hc (thi im piston ng hon ton l x)
c k hiu bng im 1. Nhin liu bt u c bm vo khoang cao p khi p sut
trong khoang bm cn bng vi p sut d trong ng cao p v thng sc cng ca l xo
van trit hi (im 2). Khi p sut ca nhin liu trong khoang phun t ti tr s pfo
(im 3), kim phun c nng ln khi v tr tip xc vi b . chnh l thi im
thc t bt u phun nhin liu.
Giai on tnh t thi im 2 n im 3 c gi l giai on chm phun (23).
Tng thng 23 = 2 - 15 0gqtk .
Gc quay trc khuu tnh t thi im thc t bt u bm (im 2) v thc t bt
u phun (im 3) n thi im piston ca ng c ti CT c gi tng ng l gc
bm sm (bs) v gc phun sm (). Vic xc nh thi im thc t bt u phun nhin
liu i hi nhng trang thit b kh phc tp, bi vy thay v phi kim chnh gc phun
sm , chng ta thng kim chnh gc bm sm . R rng l, vi cng mt tr s gc
bm sm , giai on chm phun cng ln th gc phun sm cng nh.
Thi im kt thc phun hnh hc (thi im rnh cho trn piston bt u thng
vi khoang np) c k hiu bng im 5 trn th. Trong mt thi gian rt ngn sau
thi im 5, nhin liu t khoang bm thot ra khoang np vi vn tc rt ln lm cho p
sut trong khoang bm v khoang cao p gim xung t ngt. Kim phun bt u hnh
trnh ng ti thi im p sut trong khoang phun t ti tr s nh hn pfo mt t (im
6). Thi im kt thc qu trnh phun thc t (thi im kim phun tip xc tr li vi b
) v thi im kt thc chu trnh cng tc ca h thng phun (thi im piston BCA tr
li im cn trn) c k hiu tng ng bng im 7 v im B.
PGS. TS.
39
pb
a)
6
pd
2
B
A 1
pf
b)
4
5
6
B
pd
A 1 2
hk
c)
d)
dgct /d
gct.x
gct
e)
CT
H. 1.3-33. th biu din qu trnh phun nhin liu
PGS. TS.
40
Giai on ko di t thi im bt u phun thc t (im 3) n thi im kt

thc phun hnh hc (im 5) c gi l giai on phun chnh (II). Giai oan phun
chnh di hay ngn ph thuc vo ti ca ng c v c th hin bng hnh trnh c ch
ca piston BCA. Giai on t im 5 n im 7 c gi l giai on phun rt (III).
Giai on phun rt din ra trong iu kin p sut phun gim nhiu nn cu trc cc
tia nhin liu khng m bo yu cu i vi qu trnh to HHC. Rt nhiu BCA hin
nay c trang b van trit hi-gim ti rt ngn giai on phun rt. Thi gian phun
thc t (f) c tnh t thi im bt u phun thc t (im 3) n thi im kt thc
phun thc t (im 7).
5) Cu trc tia nhin liu
Cu trc tia nhin liu l thut ng c s dng biu t khi nim bao hm
c im ca cc tia nhin liu c hnh thnh trong bung t trong qu trnh phun.
Cu trc tia nhin liu bao gm cu trc v m v cu trc vi m.
Cu trc v m c c trng bng s lng, v tr tng i v kch thc
ca cc tia. Vi phun nhin liu thng c t 1 n 8 l phun v to ra s tia nhin liu
tng ng. Kch thc mi tia nhin liu c c trng bng chiu di (Lf) v gc nn
(f). Cc tia nhin liu c th c phn b i xng hoc khng i xng qua ng
tm ca vi phun (H. 1.3-34).
Cu trc vi m c c trng bng phun nh v phun u
f/2
f 2
Lf
H. 1.3-34. Cu trc tia nhin liu

Lf - chiu di tia , f - gc nn tia ;
f , - cc gc xc nh v tr cc tia trong trng hp u phun nhiu l
Cu trc tia nhin liu c nh hng trc tip n ng nht ca HHC v quy
lut hnh thnh HHC. Chiu di tia nhin liu qu ln s lm cho mt phn nhin liu
ng trn vch bung t, iu khng nhng lm nhin liu chy rt nhiu m cn gia
tng cng hao mn chi tit do mng du bi trn trn mt gng xylanh b tn hi.
PGS. TS.
41
Cc tia nhin liu qu ngn v phn b khng hp l, kch thc cc ht nhin liu khng
nh u nh hng xu n ng nht ca HHC.
Cn lu rng, trong mt s trng hp, ngi thit k ch phn b cc tia
nhin liu khng i xng hoc nhin liu c phun sao cho hnh thnh cc mng
nhin liu lng trn vch bung t nhm to ra quy lut hnh thnh HHC c li nht .
6) Quy lut phun nhin liu
Quy lut phun nhin liu l khi nim bao hm thi gian phun v c im phn
b tc phun. C th biu din quy lut phun di dng vi phn hoc di dng tch
phn.
a)
dgct/d
b)
gct.x
cf
cfe
gct.x
0
gct
cf
cx
cfe
H. 1.3-35. Quy lut phun nhin liu

- gc quay trc khuu , cf - thi im bt u phun , cfe - thi im kt thc phun ,
dgct/d - tc phun nhin liu , gct.x - lng nhin liu c phun
vo bung t tnh t thi im bt u phun n thi im cx .
Quy lut phun di dng vi phn l hm s th hin c im thay i tc
phun tc thi theo gc quay trc khuu trong qu trnh phun (H. 1.3-35a).
Quy lut phun di dng tch phn l hm s th hin c im thay i theo
gc quay trc khuu i ca lng nhin liu c phun vo bung t tnh t thi im
bt u phun (H. 1.3-35b).
Quy lut phun nhin liu c nh hng quyt nh n quy lut hnh thnh HHC,
c bit l i vi phng php to HHC kiu th tch, qua nh hng n hng lot
ch tiu cht lng ca ng c diesel. Vic la chn quy lut phun nhin liu nh th
no l tu thuc vo tnh nng ca ng c v cch thc t chc qu trnh chy .
PGS. TS.
42
1.4. NGUYN L HOT NG CA NG C T TRONG

1.4.1. NGUYN L HOT NG CA NG C DIESEL 4 K
a)
b)
c)
d)
H. 1.4-1. Chu trnh cng tc ca ng c diesel 4 k

a) Np , b) Nn , c) N , d) X
PGS. TS.
43
a)
p
z
b)
CT
cf
v
y g
Ch cn
h
Sin
r1
d1
b
a
r
Vs
CT
Nn
cf
Np
a1
CD
b1
CD
c)
cf
r
00
1800
CT
CD
a
3600
CT
5400
7200
CD
CT
H. 1.4-2. Cc th biu din chu trnh cng tc ca ng c 4 k

a) th cng , b) th gc, c) th cng khai trin
cf - thi im bt u phun nhin liu ( ng c diesel) hoc thi im buji
nh la ( ng c xng), z- thi im p sut chy t gi tr cc i,
b1 - thi im xupap x bt u m, r1 - thi im xupap x ng hon ton,
d1 - thi im xupap np bt u m, a1 - thi im xupap np ng hon ton.
PGS. TS.
44
ng c 4 k l loi CT m mi chu trnh cng tc ca n c hon thnh

sau 4 hnh trnh ca piston.
1) Hnh trnh np
Trong hnh trnh np, piston c trc khuu ko t CT n CD. Xupap np
m, xupap x ng. Khng kh c ht vo xylanh qua xupap np.
2) Hnh trnh nn
Trong hnh trnh nn, piston c trc khuu y t CD n CT. C 2 loi
xupap (np v x) u ng. Do b piston nn, p sut v nhit ca kh trong xylanh
tng dn. Khi piston ti gn CT (im cf), nhin liu bt u c phun vo bung t
v t bc chy lm cho p sut v nhit trong xylanh tng ln t ngt.
3) Hnh trnh sinh cng
Trong hnh trnh sinh cng, piston c kh trong xylanh c p sut cao y t
CT n CD v lm trc khuu quay. C 2 loi xupap vn ng. Qu trnh chy nhin
liu vn tip tc din ra giai on u ca hnh trnh sinh cng.
4) Hnh trnh x
Trong hnh trnh x, piston b trc khuu y t CD n CT. Xupap np ng,
xupap x m. Kh thi trong xylanh b piston y ra ngoi qua xupap x.
Bng 1.4-1. Tm tt chu trnh cng tc ca diesel 4 k
Hnh trnh
Chuyn v ca piston
Xupap np
Xupap x
Kh mi i vo xylanh
Vi phun nhin liu
Mi cht cng tc
Gc quay trc khuu
PGS. TS.
NP
NN
CT
CD
M
ng
Khng kh
ng
CD
CT
ng
ng
M ti cf
KK + Kh
st
KK + Kh
st
180
3600
0 180 0
SINH
CNG
CT
CD
ng
ng
ng ti
ckf
Hn hp
Kh thi
360
5400
540
7200
X
CD
CT
ng
M
ng
45
1.4.2. NGUYN L HOT NG CA DIESEL 2 K
a)
b)
Khng
kh
Kh
thi
c)
d)
e)
H. 1.4-3. Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c diesel 2 k

a- Dn n sinh cng; b- X; c- Qut; d- Lt kh; e- Nn
PGS. TS.
46
a)
CT
c)
Nn
v
y g
Ch cn
h
Sin
c
cf
b1x
d1x
b
VS
CT
b1n
V
CD
d1n
Qut
d1x
b1x
CD
b)
cf
c
b1x
b d1n
00
CD
d1x
b
180 0
360 0
CT
CD
H. 1.4-4. Cc th biu din chu trnh cng tc ca ng c 2 k

a) th cng ch th , b) th cng khai trin, c) th gc
PGS. TS.
47
ng c 2 k l loi ng c t trong m mi chu trnh cng tc ca n c

hon thnh sau 2 hnh trnh ca piston.
1) Hnh trnh sinh cng
Trong hnh trnh sinh cng, piston c kh c p sut v nhit cao (do nhin
liu chy t chu trnh trc) y t CT n CD v lm trc khuu quay. giai on
u ca hnh trnh sinh cng, cc qu trnh din ra trong xylanh cng tng t nh
ng c 4 k. Bt u t thi im piston ti mp trn ca ca x (im b1x), khng gian
cng tc ca xylanh c thng vi ng x v kh thi t thot ra ngoi qua ca x do c
p sut cao hn p sut kh tri. Bt u t thi im piston ti mp trn ca ca qut
(im d1X), khng gian cng tc ca xylanh c thng vi khoang cha khng kh qut
c p sut cao hn p sut kh tri ; kh qut c thi vo xylanh qua ca qut y
phn kh thi cn li ra ngoi, ng thi np y khng gian cng tc ca xylanh. Qu
trnh, trong kh thi c x ra khi xylanh v kh qut i vo xylanh din ra ng
thi c gi l qu trnh qut.
Trong hnh trnh sinh cng ng c 2 k din ra cc qu trnh sau y : Chy,
Dn n -Sinh cng , X , Qut .
2) Hnh trnh nn
Trong hnh trnh nn, piston c trc khuu y t CD n CT. giai on
u ca hnh trnh nn, qu trnh qut vn tip tc cho n thi im piston ng hon
ton ca qut (d1n). Bt u t thi im piston ng hon ton ca x (b1n), khng gian
cng tc ca xylanh c ng kn v khng kh trong xylanh b nn lm cho p sut v
nhit ca n tng dn. Khi piston ti gn CT (im cf), nhin liu bt u c phun
vo bung t v t bc chy lm cho p sut v nhit trong xylanh tng ln t ngt.
Trong hnh trnh nn ng c 2 k din ra cc qu trnh sau y : Qut , Lt kh
(giai on d1n b1), Nn , Chy.
So snh ng c 4 k v 2 k :
1) V nguyn l hot ng, ng c 4 k v 2 k khc nhau c bn qu trnh
np v x. Qu trnh np-x ng c 4 k ko di hn 360 0 gc quay trc khuu (hn 2
hnh trnh ca piston) v c iu khin bng c cu phn phi kh kiu xupap. Qu
trnh np-x ng c 2 k ch din ra khi piston gn CD, trong khong thi gian <
180 0 gc quay trc khuu.
2) Nu c cng dung tch cng tc (i. VS) v cng tc quay (n) th ng c 2
k c cng sut ln hn khong 1,7 ln cng sut ca ng c 4 k.
3) Thng thng, ng c xng 2 k c sut tiu th nhin liu cao hn so vi
ng c xng 4 k ; ng c diesel 2 k v diesel 4 k c sut tiu th nhin liu gn nh
nhau.
4) ng c 2 k c cu to n gin hn so vi ng c 4 k.
5) ng c 4 k c tui bn cao hn so vi ng c 2 k, nu cc iu kin khc
nh nhau.
PGS. TS.
48
Bng 1.4-2. Cc thng s c trng ca chu trnh cng tc

TT
Cc thng s
ng c diesel
ng c xng
12 - 20 (30)
6 - 12
T s nn ()
p sut cui hnh trnh nn (pc) , [bar]
30 - 50
7- 20
Nhit cui hnh trnh nn (Tc) , [0C]
700 - 900
400 - 600
p sut chy cc i (pz) , [bar]
50 - 100 (150)
40 - 60
Nhit chy cc i (Tmax ) , [0C]
1600 - 2000
2100 - 2600
p sut cui qu trnh dn n (pb) , [0C]
2,0 - 4,0
3,5 - 5,5
Nhit cui qu trnh dn n (Tb) , [0C]
800 - 1200
1300 - 1500
Sut tiu hao nhin liu ( ge ), [g/kW.h]
220 - 245
300 - 380
PGS. TS.
49
Chng 2
CHU TRNH CNG TC V TNH NNG K THUT

CA NG C T TRONG
2.1. CHU TRNH CNG TC CA NG C T TRONG
CT, s bin i ho nng ca nhin liu thnh c nng c tin hnh thng
qua hng lot qu trnh l - ho din ra theo mt trnh t nht nh v lp li c tnh chu
k. Mi chu k hot ng ca CT c gi l mt chu trnh cng tc.
Chu trnh cng tc (CTCT) ca CT l tng cng tt c nhng s thay i v
nhit , p sut, th tch, thnh phn ho hc,v.v. ca MCCT tnh t thi im n c
np vo cho n khi c x ra khi khng gian cng tc ca xylanh. Mi CTCT tng
ng vi mt ln sinh cng trong mt xylanh.
2.1.1. CC CH TIU CHT LNG CA CHU TRNH CNG TC
nh gi cht lng ca CTCT v phng din nhit ng, ngi ta thng
dng hai i lng : hiu sut nhit v p sut trung bnh.
1) Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh
Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh () c xc nh bng t s gia phn nhit c
bin i thnh c nng (sau y gi tt l cng chu trnh - Wct) v tng s nhit lng
cp cho MCCT trong mt chu trnh (gi tt l nhit lng chu trnh - Q1).
= Wct / Q1
(2.1-1)
Hiu sut nhit l i lng nh gi chu trnh v phng din hiu qu kinh t.
Vi cng mt lng nhit cp cho MCCT, chu trnh no c hiu sut nhit cao hn th s
c nng c sinh ra nhiu hn.
2) p sut trung bnh ca chu trnh
p sut trung bnh ca chu trnh (ptb) c xc nh bng t s gia cng chu
trnh (Wct) v dung tch cng tc ca xylanh (VS).
ptb = Wct / Vs
(2.1-2)
p sut trung bnh l i lng nh gi chu trnh v phng din hiu qu k

thut. Vi cng mt dung tch cng tc, chu trnh no c p sut trung bnh cao hn th
cng c sinh ra trong mt chu trnh ln hn.
Tu thuc vo cch xc nh cng chu trnh (Wct) , chng ta s c cc khi nim
hiu sut nhit v p sut trung bnh khc nhau, nh : hiu sut l thuyt, hiu sut ch
th, p sut l thuyt trung bnh, p sut ch th trung bnh, p sut c ch trung bnh (xem
mc 2.2).
PGS. TS.
50
2.1.2. CHU TRNH L THUYT CA NG C T TRONG

2.1.2.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
Chu trnh cng tc CT thc t bao gm hng lot qu trnh nhit ng, kh
ng, ho hc v c hc rt phc tp. Din bin ca cc qu trnh ny chu nh hng
ca rt nhiu yu t, nh :
- Kt cu ca ng c (hnh dng v kch thc ca bung t, t s nn, kch
thc ca xylanh, v.v.).
- Cc thng s iu chnh ca ng c (gc phun sm nhin liu, gc nh la
sm, thnh phn hn hp chy, v.v.).
- Ch lm vic ca ng c (tc , ti, nhit , v.v.).
c th thit lp c c tnh v mc nh hng ca cc thng s v ca
cc qu trnh nhit ng n cc ch tiu cht lng ca chu trnh, qua c th ra
c phng hng v bin php nng cao cng sut v hiu sut ca ng c thc t,
ngi ta tm cch thay th cc qu trnh nhit ng thc t phc tp bng cc qu trnh
n gin hn. Chu trnh l thuyt ca CT l chu trnh nhit ng c xy dng trn
c s nhng gi nh n gin ho cc qu trnh thc t vi mc ch ni trn. Mc
n gin ho c la chn tu thuc vo mc ch nghin cu. V d : c th gi nh
MCCT l kh l tng vi nhit dung ring l hng s hoc l khng kh vi nhit dung
ring ph thuc vo thnh phn ca sn phm chy; qu trnh chy thc t c th c
thay bng qu trnh cp nhit t mt ngun nng bn ngoi ng c hoc thay bng qu
trnh chy c thc hin trong nhng iu kin l tng ho, v.v.
Vi nh hng nghin cu khai thc k thut CT, chng ta gi nh nh sau :
1) MCCT l khng kh vi nhit dung ring l hng s. Lng MCCT khng thay
i trong thi gian thc hin mt chu trnh nhit ng.
2) Qu trnh nn v dn n l nhng qu trnh on nhit, tc l trong qu trnh
nn v dn n khng c s trao i nhit gia MCCT trong khng gian cng tc ca
xylanh vi mi trng xung quanh.
3) Qu trnh chy c t chc thc hin trong iu kin khng hn ch v thi
gian v hn hp chy l ng nht.
4) Qu trnh x din ra trong iu kin ng tch.
5) B qua mi dng tn tht do ma st, lt kh, bc x, v.v.
Cn c vo c im qu trnh cp nhit cho MCCT, c th phn bit 3 kiu chu
trnh l thuyt ca CT :
- Chu trnh cp nhit ng tch
- Chu trnh cp nhit ng p
- Chu trnh cp nhit hn hp.
PGS. TS.
51
a)
b)
c)
z
c
b
a
Vs
Vc
CT
b
a
Vs
V
CD
CT
b
a
Vs
V
CD
CT
CD
H. 2.1-1. Chu trnh l thuyt ca CT

a) Chu trnh cp nhit ng tch
b) Chu trnh cp nhit ng p
c) Chu trnh cp nhit hn hp
K hiu :
a - thi im u qu trnh nn.
c - thi im cui qu trnh nn.
y - thi im p sut chy t n tr s cc i.
z - thi im kt thc qu trnh chy.
b - thi im kt thc qu trnh dn n.
pa , pc , py , pz , pb - p sut trong khng gian cng tc ca xylanh
ti cc im c trng ca chu trnh , [N/m2].
Va , Vc , Vy , Vz , V b - th tch ca khng gian cng tc ca xylanh
ti cc im c trng ca chu trnh, [m3].
Q1 - lng nhit chu trnh (tng s nhit nng cp cho MCCT
trong mt chu trnh) , [J].
Q1V - phn nhit nng cp cho MCCT trong iu kin ng tch , [J].
Q1P - phn nhit nng cp cho MCCT trong iu kin ng p [J].
Q2 - phn nhit nng do MCCT truyn cho ngun lnh , [J].
Va
Vc
T s nn
pz
pc
T s tng p sut
Vz
Vc
T s dn n ban u.
PGS. TS.
52
2.1.2.2. CHU TRNH CP NHIT HN HP

Chu trnh cp nhit hn hp (cn c gi l chu trnh Sabathe' ) c cu thnh t
cc qu trnh nhit ng sau y :
- Nn on nhit (ac)
- Cp nhit ng tch (cy)
- Cp nhit ng p (yz)
- Dn n on nhit (zb)
- Nh nhit ng tch (ba)
1) Hiu sut v p sut trung bnh ca chu trnh cp nhit hn hp
Vi nhng gi nh t ra trn, c th xc nh lng nhit chu trnh (Q1) ,
lng nhit truyn cho ngun lnh (Q2) v cng ca chu trnh l thuyt (Wt) nh sau :
Q1 = Q1V + Q1P = M. cv. (Ty - Tc) + M. cp. (Tz - Ty)
(2.1-3)
Q2 = M. cV. (Tb - Ta )
(2.1-4)
Wt = Q1 - Q2 = M. cv. [(Ty - Tc) - (Tb - Ta)] + M. cp. (Tz - Ty)

(2.1-5)
trong cc cng thc trn : M - lng MCCT c trong khng gian cng tc ca xylanh
trong mt chu trnh, [kmol]; cv , cp - nhit dung ring ng p v ng tch ca MCCT,
[J/kmol.K]; Ta , Tc , Ty , Tz , Tb - nhit ca MCCT ti cc im c trng ca chu
trnh, [K].
Trn c s phng trnh ca cc qu trnh nhit ng c bn (qu trnh ng tch,
ng p, on nhit), c th biu din nhit ca MCCT ti cc im c trng thng
qua nhit ti im u qu trnh nn nh sau :
V
Tc = Ta a
Vc
Ty = Tc
Tz = T y
py
k 1
= Ta k 1
(2.1-6)
= Tc = Ta k 1
(2.1-7)
Vz
= T y = Ta k 1
Vy
(2.1-8)
pc
V
Tb = Tz z
Vb
k 1
= Tz
k 1
= Ta k
(2.1-9)
T cc phng trnh trng thi ti im a v im c :

pa . Va = M. R . Ta
; pc . Vc = M . R . Tc
ta c :
PGS. TS.
53
VS = Va Vc =
M R Ta Tc pa
k 1 Ta
1 = M cv
( 1)
pa
T
p
p
a
c
a
(2.1-10)
trong cc cng thc trn :

k - ch s on nhit, ph thuc vo tnh cht ca MCCT,
R - hng s ph bin ca cht kh, [J/kmol.K]
R = cp - cv = cv. (k - 1)
k = cP / cV
Thay Tc , Ty , Tz v Tb t cc cng thc (2.1-6) , (2.1-7) , (2.1-8), (2.1-9) vo cc

cng thc (2.1-3) , (2.1-4) , (2.1-5) v sau khi rt gn ta c :
Q1 = M. cv . Ta . k - 1 . [ -1 + k. ( - 1) ]
(2.1-11)
Q2 = M. cv . Ta . (. k - 1)
(2.1-12)
Wt = M. cv . Ta . {[ - 1 + k . . ( - 1)] . k - 1 - ( . k - 1)} (2.1-13)

Thay Q1 , Q2 , Wt v VS t cc cng thc (2.1-11) , (2.1-12) , (2.1-13), (2.1-10)
vo cc cng thc (2.1-1), (2.1-2) v sau khi rt gn ta c :
Hiu sut l thuyt ca chu trnh cp nhit hn hp (t.C) :
k 1
= 1 k 1
1 + k ( 1)
1
tC
(2.1-14)
p sut l thuyt trung bnh ca chu trnh cp nhit hn hp (pt.C) :
p t .C =
pa
[ 1 + k ( 1 )] k 1 k 1
1 k 1
)}
(2.1-15a)
hoc
p t .C
p
k
=
a [ 1 + k ( 1)] t .C
1 k 1
(2.1-15b)
Khi nhng i lng M, cv , Ta , , k v Q1 c gi tr khng i, t cng thc (2.111) ta c :
Q1
= [ 1 + k ( 1)] = A = const
M cv Ta k 1
(2.1-16)
Trong trng hp ny, cc cng thc (2.14a) v (2.15b) c th vit nh sau :
tC
k 1
=1
A k 1
(2.1-17)
p t .C
p
k
=
a A t .C
1 k 1
(2.1-18)
PGS. TS.
54
2) Nhng yu t nh hng n tC v ptC

T cng thc (2.1-14), (2.1-15), (2.1-16), (2.1-17) v (2.1-18) chng ta thy rng :
hiu sut l thuyt ca chu trnh cp nhit hn hp ph thuc vo nhng yu t sau :
- T s nn ().
- Lng nhit v phng php cp nhit cho MCCT (A, , ).
- Tnh cht ca MCCT (k).
p sut c ch trung bnh ca chu trnh cp nhit hn hp ph thuc vo nhng
yu t sau
- T s nn ().
- Lng nhit v phng php cp nhit cho MCCT (A , , ).
- Tnh cht ca MCCT (k).
- p sut ca MCCT u qu trnh nn (pa).
- Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh (t. C).
T cng thc (2.1-16), c th xem A nh l mt i lng c trng cho nhit
lng cp cho MCCT. , c trng cho phng php cp nhit, trong c trng
cho lng nhit cp trong iu kin ng tch, - cp trong iu kin ng p. Mi quan
h gia v vi cc tr s khc nhau ca A c th hin trn H. 2.1-2. Cc hnh 2.1-3
, 2.1-4, H. 2.1-5 v H. 2.1-6 biu din nh hng ca t s nn (), lng nhit chu trnh
(A hoc Q1) v phng php cp nhit ( , ) n hiu sut nhit (t. C) v p sut trung
bnh (pt. C) ca chu trnh cp nhit hn hp.
tC
= 1,0
0,66
=1,8
= 2,6
0,62
=2,4
= 1,6
0,58
= 1,0
0,54
12
13
14
A = const
15
H. 2.1-3. nh hng ca , v A n tC
PGS. TS.
55
tC
= 1,0
0 ,64
1,4
= 2,0
1,8
2,7
0 ,60
4,0
2,4
0 ,56
= 1,4
k = 1,4
T o = 29 3 K
0 ,52
1 ,0
2 ,0
3 ,0
4 ,0
H. 2.1-4. nh hng ca , v v A n tC
p tC
[bar]
A = 4,06
18
14
1,4
2,6
1,8
A = 2,71
10
=1
,0
A = 3,38
A = 2,03
= 1,4
k = 1,4
po = 1 bar
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
H. 2.1-5. nh hng ca , v A n ptC
PGS. TS.
56
p tC
[bar]
=16
=14
=12
12
11
= 1,0
1,4
10
1,8
A = const
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
H. 2.1-6. nh hng ca , v n ptC

- Khi nhit lng chu trnh khng i (A = const), tC s tng khi tng (tng
phn nhit cp iu kin ng tch ng thi gim phn nhit cp iu kin ng p);
tC = tC.max khi = max v = 1 ; tC = tC.min khi = 1 v = max . Tng cng
lm cho pt. C tng theo t l thun vi t. C . Tuy nhin, khi tng s lm cho p sut cc
i (pz) tng, gy nn ph ti c hc ln ng c thc t. Vi = const, nu tng
(bng cch tng A) cng lm cho tC tng cht t (H. 2.1-3).
- T s nn () c nh hng tch cc n t. C v pt. C (H. 2.1-4 v H. 2.1-6). C
t. C v pt. C u tng khi tng, nhng pt. C tng chm hn so vi t. C . Khi tng t 12
ln 16 th t C tng khong 6 % vi = 1 ; khong 10 % vi = 1. Mc tng t. C
gim dn theo chiu tng ca . Trong thc t, t s nn ca ng c diesel c quyt
nh ch yu bi yu cu m bo s t bc chy ca nhin liu ; cn ca ng c xngyu cu khng b kch n .
- Nu tng lng nhit chu trnh (tng A) bng cch gi = const v tng th
p sut trung bnh s tng nhanh, cn hiu sut nhit s gim (H. 2.1-5).
2.1.2.3. CHU TRNH CP NHIT NG TCH
Chu trnh cp nhit ng tch (cn c gi l chu trnh Otto) c cu thnh t
cc qu trnh nhit ng sau y (H. 2-1a) :
-
Nn on nhit (ac).
Cp nhit ng tch (cz).
Dn n on nhit (zb).
Nh nhit ng tch (ba).
Bng phng php trnh by trn i vi chu trnh cp nhit hn hp hoc bng
cch thay = 1 vo cc cng thc (2.14), (2.15) v (2.17) ta c c cc cng thc biu
din mi quan h gia hiu sut l thuyt (t.V) v p sut l thuyt trung bnh (pt. V) ca
chu trnh cp nhit ng tch nh sau :
PGS. TS.
57
tV = 1
(2.1-19)
k 1
pa
( 1) k 1 1
1 k 1
p
k
=
a ( 1) t .V
1 k 1
p t .V =
p t .V
(2.1-20a)
(2.1-20b)
Cc cng thc trn cho thy rng : hiu sut ca chu trnh cp nhit ng tch
(t.V) ch ph thuc vo t s nn () v tnh cht ca MCCT (k) ; cn p sut trung bnh
(pt. V) ph thuc vo :
-
T s nn ().
Tnh cht ca MCCT (k).
Lng nhit chu trnh ().
p sut u qu trnh nn (pa).
Hiu sut ca chu trnh (t. V).
2.1.2.4. SO SNH CC CHU TRNH L THUYT CA CT

Chu trnh cp nhit ng tch l chu trnh l thuyt ca ng c xng , cn chu trnh
cp nhit ng p l chu trnh l thuyt ca ng c diesel dng khng kh nn phun
nhin liu vo bung t. Sau khi pht minh v lm ch cng ngh ch to thit b phun
nhin liu bng thu lc, loi ng c diesel vi cch phun nhin liu bng khng kh
nn b loi dn. ng c diesel hin nay u hot ng trn c s chu trnh cp nhit
hn hp.
Di y chng ta s so snh chu trnh cp nhit ng tch v cp nhit hn hp v
phng din hiu qu kinh t, tc l so snh hiu sut l thuyt ca chng.
Vi t s nn () v lng nhit chu trnh (Q1) nh nhau th lng nhit thi ra (Q2)
chu trnh cp nhit ng tch nh hn so vi chu trnh cp nhit hn hp mt lng

tng ng vi phn gch cho (bc - bv - m - n - bC) trn H. 2.1-9a. iu c ngha l
phn nhit lng c bin i thnh c nng chu trnh cp nhit ng tch ln hn hay
hiu sut nhit ca n cao hn.
Trong thc t, ng c xng ch c th hot ng vi t s nn thp (X = 6 12),
trong khi ng c diesel phi hot ng vi t s nn cao hn nhiu (D = 14 20). V
vy, mc d hot ng trn c s chu trnh nhit ng c hiu qu kinh t thp hn,
nhng ng c diesel li c hiu sut nhit cao hn ca ng c xng.
PGS. TS.
58
a)
b)
zv
zc
zc
zv
y
y
bv
bv
bc
bc
cc
cv
a
h
m n
m n
H. 2.1-9. So snh chu trnh cp nhit ng tch v

chu trnh cp nhit hn hp trn th T - S
a) Cng t s nn () v lng nhit chu trnh (Q1)
b) Cng p sut cc i (pz) v lng nhit chu trnh (Q1)
Trn quan im thc t, phi so snh cc chu trnh trong iu kin p sut cc i
(pz) v lng nhit chu trnh (Q1) l nh nhau. H. 2-9b th hin cch so snh nh vy.
Chng ta thy rng chu trnh cp nhit ng tch (a - cv - zv - bv - a) c t s nn nh hn
v lng nhit nh ra (tng ng din tch bv - a - h - n - bv) ln hn so vi chu trnh
cp nhit hn hp (a - cc - y - zc - bc - a). Nh vy, nu c p sut cc i v lng nhit
chu trnh nh nhau th chu trnh cp nhit hn hp c hiu sut nhit cao hn ca chu
trnh cp nhit ng tch.
PGS. TS.
59
2.2. TNH NNG K THUT CA NG C T TRONG

Tnh nng k thut ca ng c l thut ng c dng biu t mc v
hiu qu thc hin chc nng ca ng c. C th nh lng tnh nng k thut ca
CT bng 3 nhm thng s sau y : tc , ti v hiu sut.
2.2.1. TC CA NG C
1) Tc quay (n) - l s vng quay ca trc khuu trong mt n v thi gian.
n v thng dng ca tc quay l vng/pht , vit tt l [vg/ph ] hoc [rpm].
Tc quay ca CT thng thay i trong qu trnh ng c hot ng, tu
thuc vo iu kin lm vic hoc yu cu ca ngi vn hnh ng c. Cn phn bit
mt s khi nim lin quan n tc quay sau y :
Tc quay danh ngha (nn) - tc quay do nh ch to nh ra v l c s
xc nh cng sut danh ngha, tnh ton cc kch thc c bn ca ng c, la
chn ch lm vic hp l, v.v.
Tc quay cc i (nmax) - tc quay ln nht m nh ch to cho php
s dng trong mt khong thi gian xc nh m ng c khng b qu ti.
Tc quay cc tiu (nmin) - tc quay nh nht, ti ng c vn c th
hot ng n nh.
Tc quay ng vi cng sut cc i (nN)
Tc quay ng vi momen quay cc i (nM)
Tc quay ng vi sut tiu th nhin liu nh nht (ng)
Tc quay khi ng (nk) - tc quay nh nht, ti c th khi ng
c ng c.
Tc quay s dng (ns) - tc quay c ngi thit k t hp ng c my cng tc khuyn co s dng va pht huy ht tnh nng ca ng c va m
bo tin cy v tui bn cn thit.
Ne
Me
ge
Ne
Me
ge
nmin
nM
ng
nn
nmax
nN
nmaxT
H. 2.2-1. Cc im c trng trn c tnh tc ca CT
PGS. TS.
60
Bng 2.2-1. Tc quay thng gp ca ng c t

Tc quay [rpm]
ng c xng
ng c diesel
nn
3000 - 6000
2000 - 4000
nmin
300 - 600
350 - 700
nmax
(1,05 1,10) nn
(1,05 1,07) nn
nM
(0,4 0,6) nn
( 0,5 0,7 ) nn
n2
(1,7 2,0) nn
( 1,4 1,6 ) nn
2) Vn tc trung bnh ca piston ( Cm )

S n
(2.2-1)
30
trong : Cm - vn tc trung bnh ca piston, [m/s]; S - hnh trnh ca piston, [m];
n - tc quay ca ng c, [rpm].
Cm =
Tc ca CT l thng s tnh nng nh gi s chu trnh cng tc c thc

hin trong mt n v thi gian v c trng cho "tnh cao tc" ca ng c, trong bao
hm hng lot tnh cht vn hnh, nh : cng lm vic, cng hao mn cc b
mt ma st, ph ti c v ph ti nhit, v.v. Cn c vo tc , CT c phn loi
thnh : ng c thp tc, trung tc v cao tc. C tc quay (n) v vn tc trung bnh
ca piston (Cm) u c th c dng lm tiu ch nh gi tnh cao tc. Tuy nhin,
Cm c coi l ch s nh gi tnh cao tc ca ng c mt cch chnh xc hn, v n c
lin quan mt cch trc tip hn n cc tnh cht vn hnh ni trn. Cn lu rng, vic
nh ra gii hn tc xp mt ng c c th vo loi thp, trung hoc cao tc ch
mang tnh cht tng i, v d : mt ng c thu c tc quay l 2000 rpm thuc loi
cao tc, nhng mt ng c t cng vi tc quay th thuc loi trung hoc thp
tc.
i vi ng c thu, c th tham kho cch phn loi nh sau :
- ng c thp tc :
nn 240 rpm
- ng c trung tc :
240 < nn 1200 rpm
- ng c cao tc :
nn > 1200 rpm
Tc danh ngha ca CT cao hay thp l tu thuc trc ht vo mc ch s
dng. Nhng yu t khc c nh hng n vic la chn tc danh ngha l : hiu
sut, tui bn, tin cy, cng ngh ch to, v.v. Hu ht ng c chnh ca tu thu
trng ti ln l loi thp tc. Ngc li, xung gn my, tu thuyn nh c trang b ch
yu bng ng c cao tc. ng c trung tc thng c s dng lm ngun ng lc
cho tu ko, ph, tu c xa b, my pht in, my nn lnh, v.v. Phn ln ng c t
thuc loi cao tc v xu hng chung trong cng nghip t l tng tc ca ng c.
PGS. TS.
61
Trong khi tc quay danh ngha (nn) ca CT do nh ch to nh ra th tc

quay cc tiu (nmin) li khng ch tu thuc vo mong mun ch quan ca ngi thit k,
ch to hoc khai thc k thut ng c. tc quay qu thp, cht lng qu trnh
hnh thnh hn hp chy s rt km , p sut v nhit ca MCCT trong xylanh s
khng cao do lng kh lt qua khe h gia piston - xylanh - xecmang v lng nhit
truyn qua vch xylanh ln. Kt qu l nhin liu s khng bc chy c hoc chy
khng n nh. Tm li, tc quay cc tiu ca CT c quyt nh bi iu kin
m bo cho qu trnh chy din ra mt cch n nh tc quay thp. iu ph
thuc vo cht lng thit k, ch to, lp rp ng c v tnh trng k thut ca n.
Ngoi ra, i vi ng c tng p bng t hp turbine kh thi - my nn kh, tr s tc
quay cc tiu cn b gii hn bi "hin tng bm" xut hin khi tc quay ca ng
c gim xung qu thp so vi tc quay thit k. ng c xe c gii ng b c nmin
nh s c tui bn cao hn v tiu hao t nhin liu hn v thi gian hot ng ch
tc quay cc tiu ca loi ng c ny chim t l ng k trong tng thi gian vn
hnh ng c. ng c thu c nmin nh s m bo tnh an ton v tin cy cao hn khi
vn hnh tu thu trong iu kin khng thun li, nh : trong khu vc cng, trn cc
on sng cht hp, v.v.
2.2.2. TI CA NG C
Ti l i lng c trng cho s c nng m ng c pht ra trong mt chu trnh
cng tc hoc trong mt n v thi gian. Cc i lng c dng nh gi ti ca
CT bao gm : p sut trung bnh, cng sut, momen quay.
1) p sut trung bnh ca chu trnh

p sut trung bnh ca chu trnh (ptb) l i lng c xc nh bng t s gia
cng sinh ra trong mt chu trnh (gi tt l cng chu trnh) v dung tch cng tc ca
xylanh .
ptb =
Wct
VS
(2.2-2a)
Tu thuc vo vic cng chu trnh c xc nh nh th no, c th phn bit :

Wt
p sut l thuyt trung bnh : pt =
(2.2-2b)
Vs
p sut ch th trung bnh : pi =
Wi
Vs
(2.2-2c)
pe =
We
Vs
(2.2-2d)
p sut c ch trung bnh :
trong : Wct - cng ca chu trnh, [J]; Wt - cng l thuyt ca chu trnh, [J]; Wi cng ch th ca chu trnh, [J]; We - cng c ch ca chu trnh, [J] .
PGS. TS.
62
Cng ch th (Wi) - l cng do MCCT sinh ra trong mt chu trnh thc t,

trong bao gm c phn tn tht c hc. C th xc nh cng ch th nh sau :
Wi = Q1 - Qi = Q1 - (Qm + Qx + Qkh + Qcl )
(2.2-3)
trong : Q1 - lng nhit chu trnh (lng nhit sinh ra khi t chy hon ton
lng nhin liu a vo bung t trong mt CTCT); Qi - tng nhit nng b tn tht
trong mt chu trnh nhit ng thc t; Qm - tn tht do lm mt (phn nhit nng truyn
t MCCT qua vch xylanh cho mi cht lm mt); Qx - tn tht theo kh thi (phn
nhit theo kh thi ra khi khng gian cng tc do s khc bit v nhit , nhit dung
ring v lu lng ca kh thi so vi kh mi); Qcl - phn nhit tn tht khng tnh
chnh xc c vo cc dng tn tht k trn, v d : tn tht do lt kh qua khe h gia
piston v xylanh, lt kh do xupap khng kn, tn tht do bc x nhit t cc chi tit nng
ca ng c, v.v.
Cng tn tht c hc (Wm) - l cng tiu hao cho cc "hot ng mang tnh
cht c hc" khi thc hin mt CTCT. Cc dng tn tht nng lng sau y thng
c tnh vo cng tn tht c hc :
- Tn tht do ma st gia cc chi tit ca ng c chuyn ng tng i vi
nhau .
- Phn nng lng tiu hao cho vic dn ng cc thit b v c cu ca bn
thn ng c, nh : bm nhin liu, bm du bi trn, bm nc lm mt, c cu phn
phi kh, ...
- " Tn tht bm" (phn c nng tiu hao cho qu trnh thay i kh).
Cng c ch (We) - l cng thu c u ra ca trc khuu. l phn c
nng thc t c th s dng c dn ng h tiu th cng sut.
We = Q1 - Qe = Wi - Wm
(2.2-4)
trong Qe l tng ca tt cc cc dng tn tht nng lng khi thc hin mt chu trnh
cng tc thc t.
Bng 2-2. Tn tht c hc ng c t
Loi tn tht c hc
Tn tht do ma st
- Ma st gia piston-xylanh-xecmang
- Ma st trong cc chnh v bin
Tn tht bm
Tn tht cho dn ng thit b v c cu ca
ng c
- Dn ng c cu phn phi kh
- Dn ng cc loi bm
Tng cng
PGS. TS.
Tr s tng i [%]
ng c xng
ng c diesel
44
22
20
50
24
14
8
6
100
6
6
100
63
2) Cng sut ca ng c
Cng sut l tc thc hin cng. Tr s cng sut ca ng c cho ta bit ng
c "mnh" hay "yu". Cng sut ca CT thng c o bng n v kilowatt
(kW) hoc m lc ( HP , hp - Horse power ; cv - Chevaux ; PS - Pferdestarke).
1 kW = 1 kJ/s
1 HP = 75 kG.m/s
1 PS = 1 metric HP = 0,735 kW
1 hp = 1,014 PS.
Cn phn bit cc khi nim cng sut sau y ca CT :
Cng sut ch th (Ni) - l tc thc hin cng ch th ca ng c. Ni cch
khc, cng sut ch th l cng sut ca ng c, trong bao gm c phn tn tht c
hc.
Cng sut c ch (Ne) - Cng sut ca ng c c o u ra ca trc
khuu.
T nh ngha ca cng sut, p sut trung bnh ca chu trnh v tc quay ta c
cc cng thc xc nh cng sut ch th v cng sut c ch di y :
pi VS n i
z
p V n i
Ne = e S
z
Ni =
(2.2-5)
(2.2-6)
trong : i - s xylanh ca ng c; z - h s k ; z = 1 i vi ng c 2 k ; z = 2
i vi ng c 4 k.
Cng sut danh ngha (Nen) - Cng sut c ch ln nht m ng c c th
pht ra mt cch lin tc m khng b qu ti trong nhng iu kin quy c.
Cc iu kin c bn c quy c khi xc nh cng sut danh ngha ca CT
bao gm :
- iu kin kh quyn tiu chun .
- Tc quay danh ngha,
- Loi nhin liu v cht bi trn xc nh,
- Trang thit b ph tr cho ng c khi o cng sut , v.v.
Bng 2-3 gii thiu quy nh ca mt s nc v iu kin kh quyn tiu chun
khi xc nh cng sut ca CT.
Vn trang b cho ng c khi o cng sut cng c quy nh khng hon
ton ging nhau. V d : Tiu chun ca c (DIN), ca Ba lan (PN) v nhiu nc chu
u khc quy nh : khi o cng sut, ng c phi c trang b y cc b phn ph
, nh lc khng kh , bnh tiu m, qut gi, ... ging nh khi n lm vic trong thc t.
Trong khi , tiu chun ca Lin x () v ca M (SAE) cho php o cng sut
PGS. TS.
64
ca ng c vi cc b phn ph k trn l trang thit b tiu chun ca phng th

nghim. Chnh v iu kin th nghim khng hon ton ging nhau nn cng sut danh
ngha ca cng mt ng c cng khc nhau. V d : cng sut ng c c o theo
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) ln hn khong 10 25 % so vi cng sut o
theo DIN; nu o theo tiu chun CUNA (Commisione tecnica di Unificazione nell
Automobile) ca Italy th ln hn 5 10 %.
Bng 2.2-3. iu kin kh quyn tiu chun
iu kin kh quyn tiu chun

Tiu chun - Nc
p0
t0
[mm Hg]
[0C]
[%]
TCVN 1684-75 (Vit Nam)
760
20
70
PN-78/S-02005 (Ba lan)
750
25
DIN 70 020 (c)
760
20
ECE (Economic Commision for Europe)
750
25
Cng sut quy i (Neq) - Cng sut ca ng c c hiu chnh theo cc

iu kin tiu chun.
Chng ta bit rng, cng sut v mt s ch tiu khc ca ng c, nh :
momen quay, sut tiu hao nhin liu, lng tiu hao nhin liu gi,v.v. chu nh hng
ng k ca iu kin mi trng xung quanh, c bit l p sut v nhit . c th
so snh c kt qu th nghim c tin hnh trong nhng iu kin mi trng khc
nhau, cn phi quy i kt qu o thc t theo cc iu kin tiu chun.
TCVN 1685-75 quy nh cch quy i cng sut ca ng c diesel khng tng p
nh sau :
N eq = N e
746 273 + t
B Pn 293
(2.2-7)
trong : Neq - cng sut quy i, [kW]; Ne - cng sut o c khi th nghim, [kW];
B - p sut kh quyn trong khi th nghim, [mm Hg]; Pn - phn p sut ca hi nc
trong khng kh m trong iu kin nhit v m tng i ca khng kh ti phng
th nghim, [mm Hg]; t - nhit ca khng kh trong phng th nghim c o
khong cch 1,5 m t ming ht khng kh ca ng c, [ 0C].
Tiu chun PN-78/S-02005 ca Ba lan khuyn ngh cch quy i cc kt qu th
nghim nh sau :
N eq = K 0 N e
PGS. TS.
(2.2-8a)
-
65
M eq = K 0 M e
(2.2-8b)
g eq = K 0 g e
(2.2-8c)
Geq = K 0 Ge
(2.2-8d)
100
i vi ng c diesel khng tng p : K 0 =

B
0, 65
298
0,5
(2.2-8e)
0,5
100 T
i vi ng c xng : K 0 =
(2.2-8g)
B 298
trong cc cng thc trn : Neq , Meq , geq , Geq - cng sut, momen quay, sut tiu hao
nhin liu v lng tiu hao nhin liu gi quy i ; Ne , Me , ge , Ge - cng sut, momen
quay, sut tiu hao nhin liu v lng tiu hao nhin liu gi o c trong th nghim ;
K0 - h s quy i; B - p sut kh quyn trong khi th nghim, [kPa]; T - nhit
khng kh trong phng th nghim o c ti khu vc gn lc khng kh ca ng c, [
0
K].
Cng sut cc i (Ne.max) - Cng sut c ch ln nht m ng c c th pht
ra trong mt thi gian nht nh m khng b qu ti.
TCVN 1684-75 quy nh cng sut cc i ca ng c phi t 110 % Nen trong
khong thi gian 1 gi. Tng s thi gian lm vic ch cng sut cc i khng qu
10 % tng thi gian lm vic ca ng c. Khong thi gian lp li ch cng sut cc
i khng c nh hn 6 gi.
Cng sut s dng (Nes) - Cng sut c ch do ngi thit k t hp ng c h tiu th cng sut khuyn co s dng va pht huy ht tnh nng ca ng c va
m bo tui bn, tin cy cn thit.
2.2.3. HIU SUT

Trong tng s nhit nng a vo ng c, ch c mt phn c "ch bin" thnh
c nng c ch, phn cn li b tn tht nhng cng on khc nhau trong qu trnh ch
bin. Hiu sut l i lng nh gi hiu qu bin i nhit nng thnh c nng ca
ng c. nh gi mc tn tht trong tng cng on ca c qu trnh bin i
nng lng, ngi ta a ra cc khi nim hiu sut sau y : hiu sut l thuyt, hiu
sut ch th, hiu sut c hc, hiu sut c ch.
1) Hiu sut l thuyt (t) - l hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh l thuyt.
2) Hiu sut ch th (i) - l hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh nhit ng thc t.
i =
Wi
Qi
Q + Q X + Qkh + Qcl
=1
= 1 m
Q1
Q1
Q1
(2.2-9a)
C hiu sut l thuyt (t) v hiu sut ch th (i) u l hiu sut nhit, tc l i
lng nh gi mc hon thin ca ng c v phng din nhit ng. Chng khc
PGS. TS.
66
nhau ch, trong hiu sut ch th ngi ta tnh n tt c cc dng tn tht nhit nng
c th tn ti khi thc hin mt chu trnh nhit ng ng c thc; cn hiu sut l
thuyt ch bao gm dng tn tht nhit nng theo quy nh ca nh lut nhit ng II nhit nng phi truyn cho ngun lnh c th thc hin mt chu trnh nhit ng lc.
Bin i cng thc (2.2-9a) ta c :
i =
Wi Wi Wt
=
= t t i
Q1 Q1 Wt
(2.2-9b)
i lng t-i = Wi / Wt c gi l h s din tch th cng, n c trng cho

mc khc nhau gia din tch th cng ch th v th cng l thuyt.
3) Hiu sut c hc (m) - l i lng nh gi mc tn tht c hc trong
ng c, tc l nh gi mc hon thin ca ng c v phng din c hc. N c
xc nh bng cng thc :
m =
We
W
=1 m
Wi
Wi
(2.2-10)
Hiu sut c hc chu nh hng ca rt nhiu yu t cu to v vn hnh khc

nhau, v d :
- Vt liu ch to,
- Cht lng thit k, ch to v lp rp,
- Cht bi trn v ch bi trn,
- T s nn, tc , ti, v.v.
m
pe
H. 2.2-2. c im thay i ca m theo n , pe v
4) Hiu sut c ch (e) - l i lng nh gi tt c cc dng tn tht nng

lng trong qu trnh bin i nhit nng thnh c nng c ch ng c.
e =
We
= i m = t t i m
Q1
(2.2-11)
5) Sut tiu th nhin liu (ge) - Hiu qu bin i nhit nng thnh c nng ca
CT cng ng ngha vi khi nim " tnh tit kim nhin liu" ca n. Trong thc t
khai thc , ngi ta t dng hiu sut m thng dng i lng th hin lng nhin liu
PGS. TS.
67
do ng c tiu th nh gi tnh tit kim nhin liu. Lng nhin liu do ng c

tiu th trong mt n v thi gian c gi l lng tiu th nhin gi (Ge). Lng
nhin liu do ng c tiu th sinh ra mt n v cng sut c ch trong mt n v
thi gian c gi l lng tiu th nhin liu ring c ch (gi tt l sut tiu th nhin
liu - ge).
ge =
Ge
Ne
(2.2-12)
trong : ge - sut tiu hao nhin liu c ch; Ge - lng tiu th nhin liu gi; Ne cng sut c ch ca ng c
n v thng dng ca Ge l [kg/h] hoc [lt /h] ; n v thng dng ca ge l
[g/kW. h ] hoc [g/HP. h ].
2.2.4. CNG LM VIC CA NG C

Cng lm vic ca CT c th nh gi bng nhiu thng s khc nhau.
Di y gii thiu 2 ch tiu tng hp nh gi cng lm vic ca ng c.
Ne
n pe
= CV
VS i
z
Ne
C p
= CP m e
Cng sut piston - N P =
Ap i
z
Cng sut lt - N V =
(2.2-13)
(2.2-14)
trong : CV, CP - cc h s ph thuc vo th nguyn ca cc i lng c trong cng

thc; AP - din tch ca nh piston.
n v thng dng ca NV l [kW/dm3] hoc [HP/dm3] ; ca NP l [kW/dm2]

hoc [HP/dm2].
NP < 15 kW/dm2 - ng c cng ho thp
15 NP < 45 kW/dm2 - ng c cng ho trung bnh
NP 45 kW/dm2 - ng c cng ho cao
PGS. TS.
68
Chng 3
NHIN LIU V MI CHT CNG TC

3.1. PHN LOI NHIN LIU DNG CHO CT
Nhin liu l cht chy c v sinh ra nhiu nhit khi chy.
Bng 3.1-1. Phn loi tng qut nhin liu
Tiu ch phn loi
Trng thi tn ti
iu kin p sut v nhit kh quyn
Nguyn liu sn xut nhin liu
Mc ch s dng
Cng ngh sn xut
Theo nhit tr
Loi nhin liu

Kh t : kh m, kh l ga, kh thp, kh l cao, kh ho
lng, v.v.
Nhin liu lng : xng, du ho, gas oil, benzol, cn,
du solar, du mazout, v.v.
Nhin liu rn : than , than bn, ci, v.v.
Nhin liu gc du m : xng, du diesel, du ho, v.v.
Nhin liu thay th : xng tng hp, cn, hydro, v.v.
Nhin liu dng cho ng c pht ho bng tia la :
xng, cn, kh t, v.v.
Nhin liu diesel : gas oil, mazout, kh t, v.v.
Nhin liu my bay : xng my bay, nhin liu phn lc.
Xng chng ct trc tip
Xng cracking
Xng reforming
Nhin liu tng hp
Nhin liu c nhit tr cao : xng, du diesel, v.v.
Nhin liu c nhit tr thp : kh l ga, kh l cao, v.v.
1) Kh m - cn gi l kh t nhin (natural gas) - l hn hp cc loi kh c

khai thc t cc m kh t hoc m du trong lng t. Kh m c th c phn loi
thnh : kh ng hnh, kh khng ng hnh v kh ho tan.
Kh ng hnh l kh t do c trong cc m du.
Kh khng ng hnh l kh c khai thc t cc m kh t trong lng t

v khng tip xc vi du th trong m du.
Kh ho tan l kh ho tan trong du th c khai thc t cc m du.

Thnh phn ca kh m c th rt khc nhau tu thuc vo v tr a l m kh m
c khai thc (Bng 3-2), tuy nhin chng u cha ch yu l methane (CH4), ethane
(C2H6) v mt lng nh cc cht khc nh dioxide carbon (CO2), nit (N2), helium
(He), v.v.
PGS. TS.
69
Ngoi cng dng lm nhin liu cho CT ni ring v nhin liu ni chung, kh
m cn c s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut phn ho hc, vt liu tng hp, xng,
v.v.
2) Kh lc-ho du l cc loi kh thu c trong qu trnh ch bin du m, v
d : chng ct trc tip, nhit phn, cracking, v.v.
3) Kh l ga (producer gas) l kh t thu c bng cch kh ho cc loi nhin

liu rn nh : than , than nu, than ci, g,v.v. nhit cao bng mt loi thit b c
tn l l sinh kh. H. 3.1-1 gii thiu s l sinh kh v mt s thng s cng tc trong
qu trnh kh ho than .
Kh
l ga
150 - 500 0C
500 - 900 0C
900 - 1100 0C
1300 0C
H.3.1-1. S l sinh kh
1- Tng sy, 2- Tng chng ct,
3- Tng to kh, 4- Tng chy, 5Phn cha tro.
4
5
KK + H2O
Nguyn l hot ng ca l sinh kh nh sau : khng kh c thi vo l t pha

di. Ngay pha trn ghi l, than c t chy theo phn ng to nhit :
C + O2 = CO2 + 406000 kJ/kmol
(3.1-1)
Khu vc din ra qu trnh chy ni trn c gi l tng chy. Khu vc pha trn
tng chy l tng kh. Ti tng kh din ra 2 loi phn ng thu nhit di y :
CO2 + C 2CO - 176000 kJ/kmol
(3.1-2)
H2O + C CO + H2 - 132000 kJ/kmol
(3.1-3)
Phn ng (3.1-2) v (3.1-3) l cc phn ng 2 chiu. T s CO/CO2 c hnh
thnh phn ng (3.1-2) v H2/H2O phn ng (3.1-3) ph thuc trc ht vo nhit
ti khu vc din ra phn ng. nhit 700 0C, CO/ CO2 1 v H2/ H2O 2,3 ; nhit
1000 0C, CO/ CO2 165 v H2/ H2O 103 .Trong trng hp sn xut kh l ga t
than , ngi ta thng thi mt lng nht nh hi nc vo trong l cng vi khng
kh nhm mc ch gim nhit tng chy bo v cc b phn ca l tip xc trc
tip vi than v tro c nhit cao. Nu khng c hi nc, nhit ti khu vc ngay
PGS. TS.
70
trn ghi l c th t ti 1700 0C. Ngoi ra, hi nc cng c tc dng lm tng cht
lng ca kh l ga nh tng hm lng H2 c hnh thnh t H2O.
Tu theo chiu cao ca l, nhit ti tng kh dao ng trong khong 900-1100
0
C. Pha trn tng kh l tng chng ct c nhit c duy tr trong khong 500 900
0
C. Ti y, hu ht nhng thnh phn d bay hi ca nhin liu rn thot ra v c ht
ra ngoi cng vi cc thnh phn khc ca kh l ga.
Kh l ga c sn xut bng phng php c in c cc thnh phn chnh vi
hm lng trung bnh nh sau : 27 % CO, 7 % H2 , 2 % CH4 , 4 % CO2 , 58 % N2 . Ngoi
ra, trong kh l ga cn c mt lng nh hi nc v mt s loi hydrocarbon [6].
Kh l ga c s dng lm nhin liu cho ng ng c ga, turbine kh, cc
ngnh luyn kim, thu tinh, gm, v.v. N c u im l c s octane kh cao (RON
100), nhng c nhit tr thp ( H 5650 kJ/m3 ) v cha nhiu N2 .
4) Kh thp (illuminating gas) l kh t c sn xut quy m cng nghip t

cc loi nhin liu rn hoc lng nh : than , than nu, du, v.v. Cc loi kh thp thng
dng l kh t (water gas), kh du (carbureted water gas) v kh than (coal gas).
Kh t thu c bng cch thi hi nc qua mt lp than hoc cc (coke)
nng. Thnh phn ch yu ca kh t l CO v H2.
Kh du v Kh than thu c bng cch nhit phn du hoc than. Thnh phn
ch yu ca chng l H2, CH4 , C2H4 v CO.
5) Kh ho lng
Cc loi kh t cha ho lng c gi thnh sn xut thp, nhng vic vn chuyn
v phn phi kh phc tp. Kh t thng c cung cp n ni tiu th bng h thng
ng ng. Kh ho lng c u im hn hn kh cha ho lng ch c nhit tr th tch
ln (nhit lng sinh ra khi t chy hon ton mt n v th tch nhin liu), nn thch
hp hn khi dng lm nhin liu cho ng c t v nhng ni cha c h thng ng
dn kh t.
Kh t nhin qua x l, ch bin v ho lng c gi l kh t nhin ho lng
(Liquefied Natural Gases - LNG); cn kh t thu c trong qu trnh ch bin du m
ri ho lng th c gi l kh du m ho lng (Liquefied Petroleum Gases - LPG).
Thnh phn c bn ca kh ho lng l propane (C3H8) v butane (C4H10), ngoi ra kh
ho lng cn cha mt lng nh cc hydrocarbon khc nh : ethane (C2H6), pentane
(C5H10), ethylene (C2H4), propylene (C3H6), buthylene (C4H8) v cc ng phn (isomer)
ca chng.
Trc kia, kh ho lng c s dng ch yu lm nhin liu cho CT, cng
nghip thu tinh, gm, gia dng, v.v. Khi s dng chy ng c t, kh ho lng
thng c cha trong bnh di p sut khong 16 bar. Hin nay, ngoi cc ng dng
trn, kh ho lng cn c phn tch thnh cc cu t ring bit lm nguyn liu cho
cng nghip sn xut cao su nhn to, vt liu tng hp, phm mu, dc liu, v.v.
PGS. TS.
71
Bng 3.1-2. Thnh phn ho hc ca mt s loi kh t [5]
Loi kh t
Thnh phn [ % vol ]
Kh m :
- California
- Oklahoma
- Pensylvania
Kh l ga :
- Anthracite coal
- Bituminous coal
- Coke
Kh thp :
- Kh t
- Kh du
- Kh than
Kh sn phm ph :
- Kh l luyn coke
- Kh l luyn thp
H2
CO
CH4
C2H4
C2H6
O2
CO2
N2
68.9
83.1
68.4
19.3
10.5
30.4
11.3
0.7
0.1
0.5
5.7
1.1
20.0
10.0
10.0
25.0
23.0
29.0
3.0
-
0.5
-
0.5
0.5
0.5
5.0
5.0
4.5
49.5
58.0
56.0
50.0
40.0
46.0
43.3
19.9
6.0
0.5
25.0
40.0
8.5
5.0
0.5
0.5
3.0
3.0
0.5
3.2
4.0
2.0
50.0
5.2
6.0
26.8
36.0
1.6
4.0
-
0.5
0.2
1.5
8.2
2.0
58.0
Bng 3.1-3. Mt s tnh cht ca kh t [6]

Loi kh t
Kh m
Kh l ga
Kh thp
Kh coke
Monoxide carbon (CO)
Hydrogen (H2)
Methane (CH4)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
[kg/m3]
0,695
1,015
0,614
0,468
1,147
0,082
0,655
1,80
2,37
ON
90
90
100
70
110
-
H
[kJ/m3]
34.700
5.650
17.000
13.000
12.100
10.200
36.000
83.000
110.000
L0
[m /m3]
9,5
1,2
3,9
4,5
2,4
2,38
9,5
23,8
31
3
Hh (= 1)
[kJ/m3]
3.400
2.600
3.250
3.350
3.500
3.000
3.400
3.300
3.400
6) Xng l hn hp ca nhiu loi hydrocarbon khc nhau c nhit si trong

khong 25 250 0C. Nguyn liu ch yu sn xut xng hin nay l du m. Ngoi ra,
xng cng c th c tng hp t mt s loi nguyn liu khc nh than , than nu,
phin nhin liu, kh m,v.v. Cn c vo mc ch s dng, xng c phn loi
thnh : xng t, xng my bay v xng cng nghip.
PGS. TS.
72
Xng cng nghip l tn gi chung cho cc loi xng khng thuc nhm xng
dng lm nhin liu cho CT. Xng cng nghip thng l phn on ca xng chng
ct trc tip vi thnh phn phn on hp, v d : 70 - 120 0C, 165 - 200 0C, v.v. , c
s dng trong cng nghip cao su, sn, p du v cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Xng t
l tn gi chung cho cc loi xng dng chy ng c xng thng gp hin nay, nh :
ng c xng t, xe my, xung cao tc, v.v. Xng my bay dng chy ng c my
bay loi piston v turbine kh.
7) Du ho l sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct du m, cha cc loi

hydrocarbon c s nguyn t carbon trong phn t t 9 n 14, si trong khong nhit
150 300 0C.
Cn c vo mc ch s dng, c th phn bit : du ho ng c, du ho k
thut v du ho dn dng. Du ho ng c c s dng chy ng c pht ho
bng tia la c t s nn thp ( 5 ), ng c diesel thp tc, turbine kh v ng c
phn lc. Du ho k thut c dng lm dung mi, nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh nhit
phn, v.v. Du ho dn dng (gi tt l du ho v k hiu l KO - Kerosene Oil) c
dng thp sng, un nu, v.v.
Bng 3.1-4. Du ho theo tiu chun ASTM - D.3699-90
Cc ch tiu
Mc qui nh
Phng php th
1. Thnh phn ct , [ 0C] : - t10 , max

- FBP , max
2. im chp la cc kn , [ 0C] , min
205
300
38
ASTM - D.86
1,0 / 1,9
ASTM - D.445
3. nht ng hc
min/max
40 0C , [cSt] ,
4. Hm lng lu hunh , [ % wt ] , max

- Loi 1- K
- Loi 2- K
5. Hm lng mercaptan , [ % wt ] , max
6. im ng c , [ 0C ] , max
7. n mn ng 100 0C , 3 gi , max
8. Mu Saybolt , min
ASTM - D.56
ASTM - D.1266
0,04
0,03
0,003
ASTM - D.3227
- 30
ASTM - D.2386
No. 3
ASTM - D.130
+ 16
ASTM - D.156
8) Gas oil l tn gi thng mi ca phn on du m c nhit si trong

khong 180 - 360 0C, cha cc loi hydrocarbon c s nguyn t carbon trong phn t t
11 n 18. Gas oil c coi l loi nhin liu thch hp nht cho ng c diesel cao tc .
Ngoi ra, gas oil cng c dng lm nguyn liu trong cng ngh nhit phn v
cracking.
PGS. TS.
73
9) Du solar - cn c gi l du diesel tu thu (marine diesel oil) - l phn

on ca du m c nhit si trong khong 300 400 0C. Du solar c s dng cho
nhiu mc ch khc nhau, nh : lm nhin liu cho ng c diesel c tc quay trung
bnh v thp (n < 1000 vg/ph) ; lm cht bi trn-lm mt trong cc qu trnh ct, dp, ti
kim loi ; tm da v dng trong cng nghip dt, v.v.
10) Fuel Oil (FO) l tn gi chung ca loi nhin liu cha cc phn on ca
du m c nhit si > 350 0C. Tu thuc vo nhit chng ct, cng ngh ch bin,
cch thc pha ch,v.v., FO c nhiu tn gi thng mi khc nhau, nh : mazout, du
cn, du nng, du t l, Bunkier B, Bunkier C, v.v.
Mazout l phn cn li sau chng ct du m p sut kh quyn, chim khong
mt na khi lng du m. Mazout c nht v hm lng tp cht cao hn nhiu so
vi cc phn ct ; n c s dng lm nhin liu cho ng c diesel thp tc, dng
t l hoc l nguyn liu cho cc cng on ch bin du m tip theo nh chng ct
chn khng, cracking, v.v.
11) Benzol l phn chng ct ca nha than (coal tar), n cha khong 70 %
benzene (C6H6), 20 % toluene (C7H8), 10 % xylene (C8H10) v mt lng nh cc hp
cht cha lu hunh (S). Benzol c kh nng chng kch n kh cao (RON 105) nn l
loi nhin liu tt cho ng c pht ho bng tia la. Trc kia, benzol thng c s
dng ho trn vi xng vi hm lng c th ti 40 % lm nhin liu cho ng c
xng.
12) Alcohol l dn xut ca hydrocarbon c cha nhm hydroxyl (OH) nguyn
t carbon bo ho. Tu theo c im ca nguyn t carbon kt hp vi nhm OH m
alcohol c gi l bc nht ( CH2 OH ) , bc hai ( CH OH ) v bc ba ( C OH ).
Cc hp cht m nhm OH ni vi nguyn t C c ni i c gi l enol, cn ni vi
nguyn t C ca vng thm th c gi l phenol.
Cho n nay c hai loi alcohol c s dng quy m cng nghip lm nhin
liu cho ng c pht ho bng tia la l ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) v methyl alcohol
(CH3OH). Chng c gi l etanol v metanol nu khng cha nc.
Etanol l cht lng khng mu, c sn xut bng cch ln men cc sn phm
nng nghip nh ng cc, khoai ty, ma ng ,v.v.
Metanol l cht lng trong sut c mi c trng, c sn xut bng cch chng
kh g hoc tng hp t than v hydrogen. Khc vi etanol, metanol c th gy nhim
c nng cho c th con ngi v ng vt khi thm nhp vo c th.
Cho n nay c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu s dng metanol v etanol lm
nhin liu cho ng c pht ho bng tia la. Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng,
etanol v metanol c th dng di dng nguyn cht hoc hn hp vi xng chy
ng c xng. Nu s dng di dng nguyn cht, ch cn ci hon mt s b phn ca
h thng cung cp nhin liu v h thng khi ng vic khi ng ng c c d
dng hn.
PGS. TS.
74
Bng 3.1-5. Tnh cht nhit ng c bn ca mt s loi nhin liu lng [6]
Tnh cht
Khi
lng
ring, [kg/dm3]
Xng
0,720,76
Ethanol
0,789
Methanol
0,793
Benzol
0,88
Gas oil
0,840,88
Du ho
0,81
p sut hi
bo ho [bar]
0,6-0,8
0,18
0,3
0,01
0,15-0,20
Nhit
[kJ/kg]
4300044000
27000
19500
40500
3500044000
40500
920
1150
380
tr,
Nhit n ho 315-350
hi, [kJ/kg]
3.2. YU CU I VI NHIN LIU DNG CHO CT

Qu trnh t chy nhin liu cc loi ng c t trong (CT) hin nay ch
c php din ra trong mt thi gian rt ngn, t vi phn trm n vi phn ngn ca 1
giy. Tu thuc vo chng loi ng c m nhin liu phi p ng nhng yu cu khc
nhau. ng c hnh thnh hn hp chy bn ngoi nh ng c carburetor v ng c
phun xng, nhin liu phi l loi d bay hi ho trn nhanh v u vi khng kh i
vo xylanh. ng c diesel, nhin liu phi c phun vo bung t di dng sng
m v ho trn u vi khng kh c np vo trong xylanh trc trong khong
thi gian ngn nht c th.
Nhng yu cu c bn m nhin liu dng cho CT phi p ng bao gm :
- Ho trn d dng vi khng kh v chy nhanh,
- Khi chy to ra nhiu nhit t mt n v th tch nhin liu,
- Khng li tro cn sau khi chy v sn phm chy khng gy nhim mi
trng,
- Vn chuyn, bo qun v phn phi d dng.
Nhin liu kh c u im ln nht l d ho trn vi khng kh to thnh hn
hp chy ng nht v c s octane cao hn xng, v vy n c th l nhin liu tt cho
ng c pht ho bng tia la in. Khi chy hon ton, nhin liu kh hu nh khng
li tro cn. Nhc im c bn ca nhin liu kh l c nhit tr ng vi mt n v th
tch thp, do khi s dng cho ng c t phi c cha trong cc bnh c p sut
ln (ti 200 bar), tm hot ng ca t cng b hn ch.
Than cng tng c s dng chy CT . R. Diesel ng k ti M
ngy 16 thng 7 nm 1895 bng sng ch s 542846, trong m t loi ng c chy
bng than di dng bt t bc chy khi c np vo cylindre cha khng kh b nn
n p sut v nhit cao. ng c hot ng theo nguyn l ni trn c hiu sut kh
cao nhng sm b thay th bng loi ng c dng nhin liu lng tin li hn nhiu.
Trong thi gian xy ra cuc khng hong nng lng thp k 70, tng s dng than
PGS. TS.
75
thay th nhin liu gc du m li c cp n. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu s

dng than bt chy ng c tuabin kh, than bt ho trn vi nc hoc du chy
ng c diesel cho nhng kt qu kh quan.
Cho n nay, nhin liu lng vn l loi c s dng ph bin nht cho cc loi
CT. So vi nhin liu kh, nhin liu lng c u im hn hn l vn chuyn, bo
qun v phn phi d dng; c nhit tr th tch ln, do rt thch hp cho ng c trang
b trn cc phng tin c gii di ng. Nhc im ca nhin liu lng l kh to ra mt
hn hp chy ng nht trong mt khong thi gian ngn do i hi phi c thi gian
phun nh v ho hi nhin liu.
3.3. CC LOI HYDROCARBON C TRONG DU M

Du m l nguyn liu gc ch bin ra hu ht cc loi nhin liu v cht bi
trn dng cho CT hin nay. Cho n nay, chng ta vn cha bit c mt cch chnh
xc ngun gc cng nh qu trnh hnh thnh du m trong lng t. C nhiu bng
chng cho thy rng, du m c hnh thnh t xc ng vt v thc vt qua qu trnh
ko di hng triu nm. Hm lng cc cht ho hc trong du m dao ng trong phm
vi nh sau : 81 87 % C ; 10 14 % H2 ; 0 6 % S ; 0 7 % O2 ; 0 1,2 % N2 . Ngoi
ra, trong du m cn c rt nhiu nguyn t khc vi hm lng rt nh.
Mc d ch c hai nguyn t ch yu l C v H, nhng du m l mt cht rt
phc tp v mt ho hc. Cc nguyn t C v H trong du m c kh nng kt hp vi
nhau theo nhng cch thc v t l rt khc nhau, to thnh nhng hp cht c gi l
hydrocarbon (CnHm). Tnh cht l ho ca nhin liu v cht bi trn c sn xut t
du m ph thuc rt nhiu vo hm lng ca cc nhm hydrocarbon khc nhau c
trong nguyn liu gc. C th chia tt c hydrocarbon c trong du m thnh 4 nhm :
Parafin (CnH2n + 2), Naphthene (CnH2n), Aromatic (CnH2n - 6) v nhm cc loi
hydrocarbon khc.
1) Parafin l loi hydrocarbon c cng thc ho hc chung l CnH2n + 2. Cc phn

t ca parafin thng c cu trc mch thng vi lin kt n gia 2 nguyn t carbon
(C) v hon ton c bo ho bng nhng nguyn t hydro (H) nn c gi l
hydrocarbon bo ho. V d :
H
H
Metane( CH 4 )
n-Propane (C 3H8)
n-Pentane (C 5H12)
Ch n t trc tn gi ca cc parafin ch l loi parafin thng (normal

paraffin).
PGS. TS.
76
Trong du m, ngoi cc parafin thng, cn c cc ng phn (isomer) ca

chng. l cc hydrocarbon c cng s nguyn t carbon v hydro trong mt phn t,
nhng c cu trc phn t khc nhau. Di y l th d v cu trc phn t ca 3 isomer
ca n-heptane l methylhexane, dimethylpentane v ethylpentane. Chng u c cng
thc ho hc nh ca n-heptane (C7H16) nhng c cu trc phn t kiu mch nhnh vi
cc nhm methyl (CH3) v ethyl (C2H5) .
H
H
C
H
H
2-Methylhexane (C 7H16)
2,2-Dimethylpentane (C 7H16)
3-Ethylpentane (C 7H16)
Trong tn gi ca isomer ni trn, methyl v ethyl l tn cc nhm CH3 v C2H5 ;

pentane, hexane ch s nguyn t carbon cn li trong phn cu trc mch thng; cc s
2, 3 ch v tr ca nguyn t carbon lin kt vi cc nhm methyl v ethyl.
2) Naphthene cn gi l Cyclane hoc Cycloparafin, c cng thc ho hc chung

l CnH2n . Phn t ca naphthene c cu trc kiu mch vng, trong vng mi nguyn
t C lin kt vi 2 nguyn t C khc bng mi lin kt n. V d :
H
C
C
H
C
H
H
Cyclopropane ( C3 H6 )
PGS. TS.
H
H
H
H
Methylcyclopentane ( C 6H12 )
77
3) Aromatics - cn gi l hydrocarbon thm - l hydrocarbon c cng thc ho

hc chung l CnH2n 6 v cu trc phn t c nhn benzene vi 6 nguyn t C lin kt vi
nhau bng 3 lin kt i v 3 lin kt n. V d :
H
H
C
H
Methylenzene ( C 7 H 8 )
(Toluene)
Benzene ( C 6 H 6 )
H
1,4 Dimethylbenzene ( C 8H 10 )
4) Mt s loi hydrocarbon khc

Olefin (CnH2n) c cu trc phn t kiu mch thng ging nh ca parafin nhng
c mt lin kt i gia 2 nguyn t C. Vi cng s lng nguyn t C, phn t olefin c
s nguyn t H t hn, v vy olefin c gi l hydrocarbon cha bo ho. V d :
H H
H H H
H-C-C-C=C-C-C-C-H
3- Heptene (C7H14)
H H H H H H H
Mi lin kt i c th nm bt k v tr no. Ch s bn ng trc tn ca
olefin ch v tr ca mi lin kt i tnh t pha c s nguyn t C t hn.
Diolefin (CnH2n-2) c cu trc phn t ging nh ca olefin, nhng c 2 mi lin

kt i trong mch thng. V d :
H H
H-C=C-C-C-C=C-C-H
H H H H H
PGS. TS.
1,5- Heptadiene (C7H12)
H H
78
3.4. QUAN H GIA CU TRC PHN T CA HYDROCARBON

V TNH CHNG KCH N CA NHIN LIU
Cu trc phn t ca hydrocarbon c nh hng rt ln n tnh chng kch n
ca nhin liu.
Cu trc phn t ca parafin v tnh chng kch n c mi quan h nh sau :
- Mch carbon cng di th tnh chng kch n cng km.
- Cc nhm methyl v tr th 2 hoc gia mch carbon c tc dng lm tng
tnh chng kch n.
Mt s th nghim cho thy rng : cc hydrocarbon cha bo ho c tnh chng
kch n tt hn cc hydrocarbon bo ho tng ng, tr cc trng hp ethylene (C2H4),
acetylene (C2H2) v propylene (C4H8) .
Tnh chng kch n v cu trc phn t ca aromatic v ca naphthene c quan h
nh sau :
- Naphthene c tnh chng kch n km hn nhiu so vi aromatic tng ng. Th
d cyclohexane (C6H12) c tnh chng kch n km hn benzene (C6H6).
- Mt lin kt i c hiu qu chng kch n km hn hai hoc ba lin kt i.
- Tng chiu di mch cu trc v mt pha s lm gim kh nng chng kch n,
trong khi phn nhnh cu trc li lm tng kh nng chng kch n.
Ni chung, cu trc phn t ca hydrocarbon cng chc th tnh chng kch n
cng cao.
3.5. THNH PHN HO HC CA NHIN LIU GC DU M

Nhin liu lng c ch bin t du m u c thnh phn ho hc ch yu l
carbon (C) v hydro (H2). Ngoi ra, chng cng c th cha mt s cht khc vi hm
lng rt nh nh : lu hunh (S), oxy (O2), v.v. Thnh phn ho hc ca nhin liu lng
thng c th hin nh sau :
c + h + s + of + ... = 1 [kg]
(3.5-1)
trong : c, h, s, of l s phn trm tnh theo khi lng ca cc cht carbon, hydro, lu
hunh, oxy, v.v. c trong 1 kg nhin liu.
Nhin liu kh dng cho CT thng l mt hn hp cc loi kh chy v kh
tr, v d : CH4, C2H2, H2, CO, CO2, N2, v.v. Ngi ta thng dng cng thc ho hc
ca cht kh th hin hm lng tnh theo % th tch ca cht kh v biu din
thnh phn ca 1 m3 hoc 1 kmol nhin liu kh nh sau :
CnHmOr + N2 = 1
PGS. TS.
[m3 hoc kmole]
(3.5-2)
79
3.6. XNG T
V l thuyt, xng c th l nhin liu cho tt c cc loi ng c nhit nh ng
c hi nc, ng c diesel, turbine kh, ng c phn lc, v.v. Tuy nhin, xut pht t
tnh kinh t v hiu qu khai thc k thut ng c, cho n nay xng c s dng ch
yu cho loi CT hnh thnh hn hp chy t bn ngoi v pht ho bng tia la in.
Cc ch tiu k thut c bn ca xng t bao gm : tnh chng kch n, tnh ho
hi, nhit tr, hm lng tp cht, hm lng nha, n nh oxy ho, tnh chng ng
bng, tnh chng n mn, v.v. Di y s cp n hai ch tiu c ngha nht i vi
ng c xng hin nay, l : tnh chng kch n v tnh ho hi.

1) Tnh chng kch n
Tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu l kh nng m bo cho ngn la lan truyn v
t chy phn ho kh pha trc ngn la mt cch u n v khng c hin tng kch
n (xem mc 5.4.2). Tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu c th c nh gi bng nhiu
ch tiu khc nhau, v d :
T s nn hu ch cao nht (HUCR - Highest Useful Compression Ratio) - t
s nn xut hin kch n nghe r khi ng c hot ng trong iu kin nhit xc
nh, gc nh la sm v thnh phn ho kh c iu chnh c sut tiu hao nhin

liu nh nht.
T s nn ti hn (CCR - Critical Compression Ratio) - t s nn c xc
nh tng t nh vi HUCR, ch khc l gi tr ti bt u xut hin kch n.

S octane (Octane Number - ON) - l s % th tch ca cht isooctane ( 2, 2,
4-trimethylpentane C8H18 ) c trong hn hp vi cht n-heptane ( C7H16 ) nu hn hp
ny v nhin liu th nghim tng ng v tnh chng kch n.
Hin nay, s octane l ch tiu nh gi tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu c s
dng ph bin nht tt c cc nc. Tu thuc vo phng php xc nh s octane, c
th phn bit Research Octane Number (RON) , Motor Octane Number Method (MON),
R1000C , Road Octane Number (Road ON) .
S octan RON v MON c xc nh trn mt loi ng c th nghim c tiu
chun ho bng cch so snh tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu th nghim vi tnh chng
kch n ca nhin liu chun trong nhng iu kin quy c nh nhau.
Trn th trng hin nay c nhiu loi ng c th nghim nh : ASTM-CFR
(M), -9 (Lin x), BAST-IG (c). Chng u c c im chung l to hn hp
chy bng carburetor, pht ho bng tia la in, c t s nn thay i c.
Nhin liu chun l hn hp ca isooctane v n-heptane vi nhng t l th tch
khc nhau. Isooctane c tnh chng kch n tt, quy c ly ON = 100 ; n-heptane c
PGS. TS.
80
tnh chng kch n km, quy c ly ON = 0. Khi trn isooctane vi n-heptane theo
nhng t l khc nhau, ta c mt lot nhin liu chun c tnh chng kch n khc
nhau. T l isooctane trong hn hp cng ln th tnh chng kch n ca hn hp cng
cao.
xc nh s octane ca nhin liu, cho ng c chy bng nhin liu th

nghim trong cc iu kin quy c v tng t s nn cho ti khi xut hin kch n. Sau
cho ng c chy bng nhin liu chun v xc nh loi nhin liu chun cng gy
kch n cng t s nn . Gi s nhin liu chun cha 83 % isooctane v 17 % nheptane (tnh theo th tch) th nhin liu th nghim c s octane ON = 83.
S octane yu cu (ONR ) m bo cho ng c khng b kch n ph thuc vo
hng lot yu t nh : t s nn ca ng c, ng knh xylanh, vt liu ch to piston
v np xylanh, phng php v ch lm mt ng c, cu hnh ca bung t, v tr
t buji, ch lm vic ca ng c, v.v. Trong s nhng yu t trn, t s nn c

ngha hn c v lin quan nhiu n kh nng xut hin kch n.
2) Tnh ho hi
Nhng cht lng n cht c nhit si c nh, v d : p sut kh quyn tiu
chun, nhit ca nc ang si lun lun bng 100 0C, ca ethanol l 78 0C, ca
methanol l 65 0C. Ngc li, nhit si ca hn hp nhiu loi cht lng khc nhau s
thay i trong qu trnh si. S d nh vy l v mi cht lng trong hn hp c nhng
tnh cht ring ca mnh, trong c nhit si. V d : xng t si trong khong nhit
30 210 0C ; khi mu xng c gia nhit, nhng phn t hydrocarbon c nhit si

thp nht trong xng s si khi nhit ca xng t ti 30 0C ; nhit ca xng tip
tc c tng ln v hydrocarbon c nhit si cao hn s si ; s hydrocarbon cui
cng s si khi nhit ca xng t ti 210 0C.
Tnh ho hi l thut ng c s dng biu t kh nng ho hi, phm vi
nhit si v hm lng cc thnh phn c nhit si khc nhau c trong mu th.
Chng ta c th gp cc thut ng khc c ngha tng ng nh : ho hi, thnh
phn chng ct, tnh ho hi cn bng, v.v. Tnh ho hi ca xng c nh gi bng 2
i lng : p sut hi bo ho v ng cong chng ct.

p sut hi bo ho l p sut hi ca cht lng trng thi cn bng gia th
hi v th lng c xc nh trong nhng iu kin quy c. Trong nhiu ti liu
chuyn ngnh, thut ng Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) c s dng thay v p sut hi
bo ho, l p sut hi bo ho c xc nh nhit 100 0F (37,8 0C) bng mt
dng c tiu chun ho .
PGS. TS.
81
ng cong chng ct l ng cong biu din mi quan h gia s % th

tch mu th ho hi v nhit chng ct.
IBP t10
t50
t90
FBP
Th tch ct [%]
100
90
2
50
1
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
Nhit chng ct [ C ]
H. 3.6-1. ng cong chng ct ca xng t (1) v ca gas oil (2)

Trong cc bng ch tiu k thut ca nhin liu, ngi ta thng cho gi tr ca
cc im c trng ca ng cong chng ct, bao gm : IBP, t10 , t50 , t90 , t98 v FBP.
Tnh ho hi ca xng c nh hng n hng lot tnh nng ca ng c, nh : tnh
nng khi ng lnh, tnh nng chy khng ti v khi ng nng, hin tng nt hi,
thi gian chy m my v tng tc, lng tiu th nhin liu, mc lm long du bi
trn, v.v.
nh hng n tnh nng khi ng lnh - Chng ta bit rng, khi ng
c ng c, ho kh phi c t l khng kh - hi nhin liu thch hp v nhit

cao. Khi ng c trng thi lnh, phn ln lng xng c ht ra khi carburetor bm
trn vch ng np hoc tn ti di dng ht lng v ch c mt lng rt nh xng ho
hi. Hn hp khng kh - hi xng c hnh thnh trong xylanh c th qu long v
khng th bc chy c. Xng c t10 cng cao th hm lng hydrocarbon d bay hi c
trong xng cng t, do vy cng kh khi ng ng c trng thi lnh.
Hin tng nt hi (vapor lock) l hin tng suy gim lng xng cung cp
vo xylanh ca ng c do c nhiu hi xng hnh thnh trong h thng nhin liu ca
ng c.
S xut hin hin tung nt hi ph thuc rt nhiu vo t10 v RVP ca xng. Nu
xng c t10 thp v RVP cao, mt lng hi xng ng k s hnh thnh trong bm xng
v ng ng dn xng. Hi xng tch t di dng cc ti hi s b nn ri li dn n
trong qu trnh bm xng hot ng. Kt qu l lng xng thc t c bm i cung cp
cho carburetor s gim hoc khng c, lm cho ng c yu hoc dng hn.
PGS. TS.
82
nh hng n chy khng ti v khi ng nng - Khi ng c chy khng

ti trng thi nng, v d : sau mt thi gian di lm vic ch y ti trong thi tit
nng, nhit truyn t cc b phn nng ca ng c n bm xng v carburetor s lm
cc phn nh ca xng ho hi trong bung phao v trong ng dn nhin liu. Nu kh
nng thng hi khng tt, p sut trong bung phao tng cao c th y xng qua ng
phun chnh vo ng ng np v to ra trong hn hp qu m c th lm cht my
v vic khi ng li cng kh khn. Nhit t10 ca xng cng thp th hin tng ni
trn cng nghim trng.
Tc chy m my v tnh nng tng tc
Thi gian chy m my s c rt ngn nu c mt lng xng ln bay hi
nhanh ngay sau khi ng c c khi ng tng ti. Tuy nhin, tnh d bay hi ca
xng trong giai on chy m cng khng i hi phi cao nh khi khi ng v iu
kin m bo cho xng bay hi trong giai on chy m tt hn (tc ca khng kh
i qua carburetor v chuyn ng ri trong ng ng np cng nh trong xylanh cao

hn).
Khi mun tng tc ng c, ngi iu khin s m nhanh bm ga. Khi mt
lng ln khng kh s i vo xylanh, ng thi bm tng tc cng b sung thm xng
vo ng ng np. Nu xng bay hi qu nhanh th hn hp chy trong xylanh s qu
m. Ngc li, nu xng bay hi chm th hn hp chy c trong xylanh ti nhng thi
im u ca qu trnh tng tc s qu long. Tip theo , lng xng c bm tng
tc b sung s bay hi v lm cho hn hp chy qu m. Hn hp chy qu long hoc
qu m u lm cho cht lng qu trnh chy xu. Kt qu l ng c tng tc km
hoc lm vic cng.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng, phn chng ct gia ca xng (V% = 50 70)
c nh hng mnh nht n tc chy m v tnh nng tng tc.
Lng tiu th nhin liu - Xng c tnh ho hi qu km s lm tng lng
nhin liu chy rt v sut tiu th nhin liu. Ngc li, xng cng d bay hi th lng
xng tht thot do bay hi t h thng nhin liu ra ngoi cng nhiu.
Mc lm long du bi trn - Nu xng c t90 qu cao, tc l cha nhiu
hydrocarbon kh ho hi, mt phn xng vo trong xylanh vn dng ht lng. Mt
phn xng lng bm trn vch xylanh s ra tri lp du bi trn, mt phn khc lt qua
khe h gia piston v xylanh xung cacte v lm long du bi trn. Kt qu l c lng
tiu th nhin liu v cng hao mn chi tit ca ng c u tng.
PGS. TS.
83
3.7. NHIN LIU DIESEL

3.7.1. PHN LOI NHIN LIU DIESEL
ng c diesel c th chy bng nhiu loi nhin liu khc nhau, trong c c
than , kh t v nhin liu tng hp. Tuy nhin, loi nhin liu diesel c s dng
rng ri nht v hiu qu nht hin nay l mt s phn on ca du m, sau y gi
chung l nhin liu diesel hoc du diesel (Diesel Oil - DO).
Tu thuc vo phm vi nhit si, hm lng tp cht, nht, v.v. , du diesel
c nhiu tn gi khc nhau, nh : gas oil, du diesel tu thu, du solar, mazout, du nh,
du nng, du cn , v.v. Tuy nhin, xp mt mu du diesel vo loi no, ta phi cn
c vo ch tiu k thut ca n c quy nh bi cc t chc c chc nng tiu chun
ho (v d : ca Lin x, ASTM - M, TCVN - Vit nam, PN - Ba lan, DIN - c
, v.v ) hoc ca cc hng ch to ng c c danh ting. Cc ch tiu k thut thng
c th hin di hnh thc mt bng cc tr s ca cc tnh cht c trng cho kh
nng v hiu qu s dng ca mt loi nhin liu c th vo mt mc ch xc nh.
M, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) l c quan hng u

trong lnh vc thit lp cc ch tiu k thut cng nh phng php xc nh cc ch tiu
i vi hng lot cc loi sn phm, trong c sn phm du m. Theo ASTM D975, du diesel c chia thnh 3 nhm vi k hiu No. 1-D , No. 2-D v No. 4-D
(Bng 3.7-1).
No. 1-D : nhin liu dng cho ng c diesel lm vic trong nhng iu kin
ti v tc quay thng xuyn thay i. Loi nhin liu ny thng l sn phm chng
ct trc tip t du m.
No. 2-D : nhin liu cho ng c diesel cng nghip v ng c xe c gii c
ch lm vic nng. Loi ny thng cha sn phm chng ct trc tip v sn phm
cracking.
No. 4-D : nhin liu cho ng c diesel thp tc v trung tc. Loi nhin liu
ny thng l hn hp ca sn phm chng ct trc tip hoc ca sn phm cracking vi
du cn.
Bng 3.7-1. Ch tiu k thut ca nhin liu diesel theo ASTM D975
Ch tiu k thut
S cetane , min
nht ng hc 40 0C : 0
t90 , [ C] :
-
PGS. TS.
min
max
min
max
Loi nhin liu

No. 1-D
No. 2-D
No. 4-D
40
40
30
1,3
1,9
5,5
2,4
4,1
24,0
...
282
...
288
238
...
84
Bng 3.7-2. Nhin liu diesel - PETROLIMEX

Ch tiu k thut
1. S cetane, min
2. Thnh phn chng ct, [0C] : - t50 , max
- t90 , max
0
2
3. nht 40 C, [mm /s]
Mc quy nh
45
48
290
270
370
350
1,8 5,0
1,8 5,0
4. Nhit chp la cc kn, [0C] , min
60
60
5. Nhit ng c [0C] , max
6. Hm lng tro , [% wt] , max
0,02
0,01
7. Hm lng nc , [% vol.] ,
0,05
0,05
8. Hm lng lu hunh , [% wt] , max
1,0
0,5
9. Khi lng ring 20 0C, [g/cm3] , max
0,87
0,87
10. n mn ng, [3 h/50 0C] , max
N-1
N-1
11. Mu (ASTM. D1500) , max
N-2
N-2
T gc ca ngi khai thc k thut ng c, c th phn nhin liu diesel gc

du m thnh 2 nhm : nhin liu chng ct v du nng.
Du diesel
Nhin liu
chng ct
Gasoil
Du cn
Du solar
Mazout
+ Gasoil
Mazout
H. 3.7-1. Phn loi nhin liu diesel gc du m

Nhin liu chng ct (cn gi l nhin liu nh) ch cha cc phn on du m
c chng ct trong phm vi nhit t 180 400 0C. Du cn (cn gi l du nng)
c th l mazout thun tu hoc l hn hp ca mazout vi gas oil. Trong s du diesel
thng dng, gas oil l loi c nht, mt v hm lng tp cht thp nht ; cn
mazout c nht, mt v hm lng tp cht cao nht. ng c chy bng nhin liu
chng ct ch cn c trang b h thng lc thng dng , nh lc bng n, bng giy
hoc lc kiu khe h . Khi chy bng du cn, ng c cn c trang b h thng x l
nhin liu thch hp nh thit b sy nng, thit b ra, thit b lc ly tm, v.v. lm
gim nht v loi b tp cht trc khi a nhin liu n bm cao p.
PGS. TS.
85
Gas oil l loi nhin liu thch hp nht cho ng c diesel hin nay. Tuy nhin,
cho n nay, gas oil c s dng ch yu cho ng c diesel cao tc. gim chi ph
khai thc i vi hu ht ng c diesel thp tc v cng sut ln, ngi ta ch s dng
gas oil mt s ch c bit nh khi ng, chy m, c ng (maneuver) ; phn
ln thi gian hot ng cn li, ng c chy bng du cn c gi thnh thp hn. Du
solar (cn gi l du diesel tu thu - Marine Diesel Oil ) c s dng ch yu cho
ng c diesel trung hoc thp tc.
3.7.2. TIU K THUT CA NHIN LIU DIESEL

Cc ch k thut quan trng ca nhin liu diesel bao gm : nhit tr, tnh t bc
chy, hm lng tp cht v nht.
1) nht
nht ca nhin liu diesel c nh hng ch yu n cht lng qu trnh phun
nhin liu. nht qu cao lm cho cc tia nhin liu kh phn tn thnh cc ht nh v
c th bm trn thnh xylanh. Ngc li, nht qu thp li lm cho cc tia nhin liu
qu ngn, khng bao trm ht khng gian ca bung t. C hai trng hp trn u dn
n cht lng qu trnh to hn hp chy khng cao, lng nhin liu chy rt v chy
khng hon ton tng. Ngoi ra, nht ca nhin liu qu thp c th nh hng xu
n cht lng nh lng v nh thi ca h thng phun do lm tng mc r r ti
cc cp siu chnh xc ca bm cao p v vi phun , ng thi tng cng mi mn ca
cc chi tit chuyn ng c bi trn bng nhin liu.
Mc d khng phi l mt ch tiu k thut c nh hng quyt nh n cht
lng hot ng ca ng c, nhng ngi ta thng cn c vo nht phn loi
du diesel nng. S d nh vy l v :
- nht l mt i lng d xc nh.
- nht c lin quan n nhiu tnh cht khc ca du diesel. V d : nu
nhin liu nng c nht di 3500 sec Redwood, th s cetane thng cao hn 25 v
hm lng tp cht cng thng thp hn mc quy nh. Nh vy, trong trng hp
khng c t liu cn thit, c th xp loi du diesel vi chnh xc nht nh nu
bit nht ca n.
2) Tnh t bc chy
Tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu l tnh cht lin quan n kh nng t pht ho khi
hn hp nhin liu - khng kh chu tc dng ca p sut v nhit ln.
nh lng tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu, c th s dng cc i lng di
y :
Thi gian chm chy (Ignition Lag - i) l khong thi gian tnh t thi im
hn hp chy chu tc dng ca p sut v nhit ln n thi im xut hin
nhng trung tm chy u tin. Trong trng hp ng c diesel, thi gian chm chy
(i) c tnh t thi im nhin liu bt u c phun vo bung t n thi im
nhin liu pht ho .
PGS. TS.
86
Nhin liu c tnh t bc chy cng cao th thi gian chm chy (i) cng ngn, v
ngc li. Thi gian chm chy l i lng phn nh tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu
diesel theo cch m chng ta mong mun nht, bi v n c nh hng mnh v trc tip
n ton b din bin v cht lng ca qu trnh chy ng c diesel. Tuy nhin, thi
gian chm chy ca nhin liu diesel ng c thc t ch ko di t vi phn vn n
vi phn ngn ca mt giy . o trc tip mt khong thi gian ngn nh vy l mt vic
rt kh, cho nn ngi ta s dng mt s i lng khc nh gi tnh t bc chy
trn c s cc tnh cht l-ho ca nhin liu c lin quan mt thit vi thi gian chm
chy, hoc so snh tnh t bc chy ca mu th v ca nhin liu chun.
Hng s nht -T trng (Viscosity Gravity Number - VG) l mt thng s
c tnh ton trn c s nht v t trng ca du diesel . Tu thuc vo n v c
chn ca nht , ca t trng v quan im ca tc gi , cng thc tnh VG c nhng
dng khc nhau. V d , theo [5] , gia nht, t trng v hng s nht-t trng c
mi quan h nh sau :
d = 1.0820 VG + (0.776 0.72 VG) [log log ( - 4 ) ] 0.0887
(3.7-1)
0
0
trong : d - t trng 60 F; - nht ng hc 100 F , [mSt]; VG - hng s
nht-t trng.
Ch s diesel (Diesel Index - DI) l thng s c tnh ton trn c s t trng
v im aniline ca nhin liu theo cng thc [5] :
DI = 0A . 0,01 0API
(3.7-2)
0
0
0
trong : A - im aniline, [ F]; API - t trng tnh theo thang API.
Bi v nht, t trng v im aniline u l nhng i lng c quan h cht
ch vi thnh phn ho hc ca du diesel xt t gc hm lng cc nhm
hydrocarbon, nn hng s nht-t trng v ch s diesel s phn nh tnh t bc chy
ca nhin liu. Khi c xc nh bng cng thc (3.7-1) v (3.7-2), VG cng nh th
thi gian chm chy cng ngn , tnh t bc chy cng cao ; ngc li, DI cng nh th
thi gian chm chy cng di.
S cetane (Cetane Number - CN) l i lng nh gi tnh t bc chy ca
nhin liu bng cch so snh n vi nhin liu chun. V tr s, l s phn trm th
tnh ca cht n-cetane (C16H34) c trong hn hp vi cht -methylnaphthalen
(C10H7CH3) nu hn hp ny tng ng vi nhin liu th nghim v tnh t bc
chy. Nhin liu chun l hn hp vi nhng t l th tch khc nhau ca n-C16H34 v C10H7CH3. n- C16H34 l mt hydrocarbon loi parafin thng c tnh t bc chy rt tt,
ngi ta quy c s cetane ca n bng 100 ; cn -C10H7CH3 l mt hydrocarbon
thm, cha mt nhm methyl trn ln vi cc nguyn t hydrogen , kh t bc chy ,
c s cetane quy c bng 0.
Phng php xc nh s cetane c p dng ph bin hin nay l so snh t s
nn ti hn (th) ca nhin liu th nghim v ca nhin liu chun trn mt loi ng c
th nghim c tiu chun ho v hot ng mt ch quy c.
PGS. TS.
87
0,96
90
VG
0,92
70
DI
0,88
50
0,84
30
0,80
Ch s diesel (DI)
Hng s nht - T trng (VG)
Trn th trng hin nay c nhiu loi ng c th nghim c s dng xc

nh tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu, nh 9-3 , 9 - 3 M (Lin x) , CFR (M) ,
v.v. Khi th nghim theo tiu chun ASTM D613-61T , iu kin hot ng ca ng c
nh sau :
Tc quay
: 900 rpm
Gc phun sm nhin liu : 13 0
Nhit nc lm mt : 212 0F
Nhit khng kh np : 150 0F.
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
S cetane (CN)
H. 3.7-2. Quan h gia VG , DI v CN

Tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu c nh hng trc tip n din bin qu trnh
chy ng c diesel v qua nh hng n cc ch tiu cht lng ca ng c. Thi
gian chm chy di s dn n hng lot hu qu sau y :
- Lm tng ph ti c hc tc dng ln c cu truyn lc ca ng c do lng
nhin liu tp trung trong giai on chm chy nhiu hn dn n tng tc tng p
sut (wp) v p sut chy cc i (pz).
- Lm gim cng sut v hiu sut ca ng c do lng nhin liu chy rt
tng.
ng c diesel c tc quay cng cao th yu cu nhin liu phi c tnh t bc
chy cng tt. ng c cao tc hin nay yu cu nhin liu phi c CN 45 ; ng c
trung tc - CN 35 ; ng c thp tc - CN 25. Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta
s dng cc ph gia nng cao tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu diesel.
Bng 37-3. nh hng ca mt s cht ph gia n tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu
Cht ph gia
Acetone peroxide
Ethyl nitrate
Isoamyl nitrate
PGS. TS.
Hm lng cht ph gia (% wt) v mc tng tnh t bc chy

1%
2%
3%
4%
14
21
27
33
12
18
23
28
11
19
24
29
88
3.8. TNH MI CHT CNG TC

Mi cht cng tc (MCCT) l nhng cht tham gia vo qu trnh t chy nhin
liu, sau tip nhn nhit nng sinh ra trong qu trnh nhin liu chy v dn n to
ra c nng. Tnh MCCT l mt trong nhng cng on u tin trong quy trnh tnh ton
v thit k CT. Thng thng, ngi ta xc nh s lng MCCT cn thit tng ng
vi 1 n v s lng nhin liu - 1 kg nhin liu lng hoc 1 kmol (hoc 1 m3) nhin liu
kh.
3.8.1. LNG KHNG KH
Khng kh c a vo khng gian cng tc ca CT nhm 2 mc ch : t
chy nhin liu v qut bung t.
Lng khng kh cn thit t chy mt n v s lng nhin liu c xc
nh trn c s cn bng khi lng cc phng trnh phn ng ho hc m t qu trnh
chy nhin liu nh sau :
Trng hp chy hon ton nhin liu lng :
C + O2 = CO2
(3.8-1a)
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O
(3.8-1b)
S
+ O2 = SO2
(3.8-1c)
Trng hp chy hon ton nhin liu kh :
m
r
C nH mOr + n +
O 2 = nCO
4
2
m
H 2O
2
(3.8-1d)
Nu k hiu c, h, s v of l hm lng tnh theo khi lng ca carbon (C), hydro

(H2), lu hynh (S) v oxy (O2) c trong nhin liu lng ; k hiu CnHmOr l hm lng
tnh theo th tch ca mi loi kh c trong nhin liu kh, ta c cc phng trnh cn
bng khi lng cc phng trnh phn ng ho hc (3.11) nh sau :
Trng hp nhin liu lng tnh bng kg :
8
11
c [ kg ]O 2 =
c [ kg ]CO 2
3
3
h [ kg ] H 2 + 8 h [ kg ]O 2 = 9 h [ kg ] H 2 O
c [ kg ]C +
(3.8-2a)
(3.8-2b)
s [ kg ] S + s [ kg ]O 2 = 2 s [ kg ] SO 2
(3.8-2c)
i vi nhin liu lng tnh bng kmol :

c [ kg ] C +
c
c
[ kmol ] O 2 =
[ kmol ] CO
12
12
h [ kg ] H 2 +
(3.8-2d)
h
h
[ kmol ]O 2 = [ kmol ] H 2 O
4
2
(3.8-2e)
s
s
[ kmol ]O 2 =
[ kmol ] SO 2
32
32
i vi nhin liu kh :
s [ kg ] S +
(3.8-2f)
m r
1[ kmol ]C n H m O r + n +
[ kmol ]O 2 =
4
2
m
n [ kmol ]CO 2 +
[ kmol ] H 2 O
2
PGS. TS.
(3.8-2g)
-
89
T cc phng trnh (3.8-1) ta c :

S kg oxy l thuyt cn thit t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu lng :
8
O0 = c + 8h + s o f
3
(3.8-3a)
S kmol oxy l thuyt cn thit t chy hon ton 1 kg

nhin liu lng :
O0 =
[kg/ kg]
c h s of
+ +
12 4 32 32
[kmol/ kg]
(3.8-3b)
S kmol oxy l thuyt cn thit t chy hon ton 1 kmol

nhin liu kh :
n +
O0 =
m r
C n H m O r
4 2
[kmol/kmol]
(3.8-3c)
V hm lng ca oxy trong khng kh l 0,23 % tnh theo khi lng hoc 21 %
tnh theo th tch, ta c :
S kg khng kh l thuyt cn thit t chy hon ton 1 kg
nhin liu (L0)
L0 =
1 8
c + 8 h + s of
0,23 3
[kg/kg]
(3.8-4)
S kmol khng kh l thuyt cn thit t chy hon ton 1 kg

nhin liu (M0 )
- i vi nhin liu lng
M0 =
1 c h s of
+ +
0,21 12 4 32 32
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-5a)
[kmol/kmol]
(3.8-5b)
- i vi nhin liu kh :
M0 =
1
m r
n + C n H m Or
0,21
4 2
m bo cho nhin liu c t chy hon ton th lng khng kh thc t

np vo khng gian cng tc ca xylanh phi bng hoc ln hn lng khng kh l
thuyt cn thit (L0) c xc nh bng phng php trnh by trn. Mt khc, trong
hot ng thc t ca ng c xng v ng c ga, c nhng ch lm vic yu cu L <
L0. Nh vy, L c th ln hn, bng hoc nh hn L0. nh gi mc khc nhau
gia L v L0, ngi ta dng i lng c tn gi l H s d lng khng kh () v
lng khng kh thc t cn thit c xc nh nh sau :
S kg khng kh thc t cn thit t chy 1 kg nhin liu (L)
L = . L0
[kg/kg]
(3.8-6)
S kmol khng kh thc t cn thit t chy 1 kg nhin liu (M )

M = . M0
[kmol/ kg]
(3.8-7)
PGS. TS.
90
3.8.2. LNG HN HP KH CNG TC
S kg hn hp chy ng vi 1 kg nhin liu ( L1 )

L 1 = 1 + . L0
[kg/kg]
(3.8-8)
S kmol hn hp chy ng vi 1 n v s lng nhin liu (M1)
Hn hp chy (HHC) bao gm khng kh v nhin liu. ng c diesel chy

bng nhin liu lng, hn hp chy c hnh thnh bn trong khng gian cng tc ca
xylanh khi nhin liu c phun vo cui hnh trnh nn. Th tch nhin liu lng l rt
nh so vi th tch ca khng kh nn khi tnh s kmol HHC ng c diesel chy bng
nhin liu lng, ngi ta thng b qua th tch ca nhin liu. Vi gi nh nh vy, s
kmol HHC ng vi 1 kg nhin liu lng ng c diesel c coi nh bng s kmol
khng kh :
M 1 = . M0
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-9a)
ng c xng, HHC c hnh thnh t bn ngoi khng gian cng tc ca

xylanh, nn nu xt v th tch, ngoi th tch khng kh cn c th tch hi ca 1 kg
nhin liu, v vy :
M1 = M 0 +
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-9b)
trong , f l phn t lng ca nhin liu.

Trong trng hp ng c chy bng nhin liu kh, M1 c xc nh bng cng
thc :
M1 = 1 + .M0
[kmol/kmol]
(3.8-9c)
S kmol MCCT ti thi im u qu trnh nn (Ma) - MCCT ti thi im
cui qu trnh nn bao gm HHC v kh st, nh vy :

Ma = M1 + Mr = M1 ( 1 + r )
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-10)
S kmol MCCT ti thi im cui qu trnh nn (Mc) - MCCT ti thi
im cui qu trnh nn (Mc) cng bao gm HHC v kh st, nhng c s lng nh hn

lng MCCT ti thi im u qu trnh nn (Ma) do lt kh qua khe h gia piston v
xylanh. Tuy nhin, lng kh lt thng rt nh trong trng hp ng c c tnh trng
k thut tt, nn khi thit k s b c th coi Mc = Ma :
Mc = M1 ( 1 + r )
PGS. TS.
[kmol/kg
(3.8-11)
91
3.8.3. LNG SN PHM CHY TRONG TRNG HP

CHY HON TON
Khi tnh ton MCCT, nhin liu c coi l s chy hon ton khi c hoc d
khng kh ( 1) v chy khng hon ton khi < 1.
Sn phm chy hon ton bao gm dioxide carbon (CO2), hi nc (H2O), oxyt
lu hunh (SO2), oxy d (O2) v nit c trong khng kh (N2). K hiu M2 l s kmol sn
phm chy , M CO2 , M H 2O , M SO2 , M O2 , M N 2 l s kmol cc cht kh CO2, H2O, SO2 ,
O2 v N2 c trong sn phm chy ng vi 1 n v s lng nhin liu, cn c vo
phng trnh (3.8-2) ta c :
i vi nhin liu lng
c
12
h
=
2
s
=
32
M CO2 =
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-12a)
M H 2O
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-12b)
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-12c)
M O2 = 0,21 ( 1) M 0
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-12d)
M N2 = 0,79 M 0
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-12e)
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-13)
[kmol/kmol]
(3.8-14a)
M H 2O =
[kmol/kmol]
(3.8-14b)
M O2
[kmol/kmol]
(3.8-14c)
[kmol/kmol]
(3.8-14d)
M SO2
(M 2 ) 1 = M i = M 0 + h +
4
of
32
i vi nhin liu kh
M CO2 = n C n H m Or
m
Cn H mOr
2
= 0,21 ( 1) M 0
M N 2 = 0,79 M 0 + N 2
trong N2 l hm lng tnh theo th tch ca nit c trong nhin liu kh.
(M 2 ) 1 = 1 + M 0 + m + r 1 Cn H mOr
4
(3.8-15)
3.8.4. LNG SN PHM CHY TRONG TRNG HP

CHY KHNG HON TON
Trong trng hp < 1, do thiu oxy nn mt phn C v H2 khng c oxy ho
hon ton thnh CO2 v H2O v trong sn phm chy s c thm CO v H2. Kt qu phn
tch thnh phn sn phm chy khng hon ton CT cho thy rng : t s gia hm
lng hydro cha chy M H 2 v hm lng oxyt carbon (MCO) c trong sn phm chy
PGS. TS.
92
hu nh khng i v khng ph thuc vo h s d lng khng kh (). K hiu t s

ny l K, ta c :
M H2
K=
(3.8-16)
M CO
Tr s ca K ph thuc ch yu vo t s gia hm lng hydro (h) v hm lng
carbon (c) ca nhin liu. K 0,3 vi nhin liu c h/c = 0,13 ; K = 0,45 0,50 vi nhin
liu c h/c = 0,17 0,19.
Lng CO2 v CO
Phng trnh phn ng ho hc gia C v O2 v phng trnh cn bng khi lng
trong iu kin thiu oxy c dng nh sau :
2 C + O 2 = 2 CO
(3.8-17a)
24[ kg ]C + 32[ kg ]O 2 = 56[ kg ]CO

24[ kg ]C + 1[ kmol ]O 2 = 2[ kmol ]CO
(3.8-17b)
(3.8-17c)
4
7
[ kg ]O 2 = [ kg ]CO
3
3
1
1
1[ kg ]C +
[ kmol ]O 2 =
[ kmol ]CO
24
12
K hiu C l phn carbon b oxy ho thnh CO, ta c :
1[ kg ]C +
4
3
(3.8-17d)
(3.8-17e)
7
3
C c[ kg ]C + C c[ kg ]O2 = C c[ kg ]CO
hoc C c[ kg ]C +
C c
24
[ kmol ]O2 =
C c
12
(3.8-18a)
[ kg ]CO
(3.8-18b)
Khi ton b s C trong nhin liu chy thnh CO2 v CO th t cc phng trnh
(3.12d) v (3.28b), tng s sn phm chy C s l :
M CO 2 + M CO =
c
c c
(1 C ) + C
=
12
12
12
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-19)
Lng H2O v H2
K hiu H l phn H2 cha chy v (1 - H) l phn H2 chy thnh H2O, t
phng trnh (3.12e) ta c :
( H 1) h[ kg ] H 2 +
1H
1H
h[ kmol ]O 2 =
h[ kmol ] H 2 O
4
2
(3.8-20)
Lng H2 c trong sn phm chy :
M H2 =
H
2
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-21)
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-22)
Tng lng H2O v H2 c trong sn phm chy :
M H 2O + M H 2 =
PGS. TS.
1 H
h
h+ H h =
2
2
2
93
Tng lng sn phm chy trong trng hp chy khng hon ton
(M 2 ) <1
= M
CO
+ M
CO
+ M
H 2O
+ M
H2
+ M
N2
c h
+ + 0,79 M 0
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-23)
12 2
Lng oxy cn thit trong trng hp chy khng hon ton
c
(1 C )
= M CO 2
t chy C thnh CO2 :
(3.8-24a)
12
C c M CO
=
t chy C thnh CO :
(3.8-24b)
24
2
=
(1 H )
t chy H2 :
Tng lng oxy cn thit
CO
CO
H 2O
h M H 2O
=
4
2
= 0 , 21 M
(3.8-24c)
of
32
c
h o o
=
+ f + f
12 4 32 32
Hm lng cc cht kh c trong sn phm chy
T phng trnh (3.8-16), (3.8-19) v (3.8-22) :
c
M CO
12
h
h
= M H 2 = K M CO
2
2
(3.8-25)
M CO 2 =
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-26)
M H 2O
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-27)
Thay (3.8-26) v (3.8-27) vo (3.8-25) ta c :
c h o o
c
M
1h
M CO + CO + K M CO = + f + f
12
2
22
12 4 32 32
c h o M
c h of
+
+ f = CO (1 + K )
hoc
12 4 32
2
12 4 32
hoc
0, 21(1 ) M 0 =
M CO
(1 + K )
2
(3.8-29)
T cc phng trnh (3.8-16), (3.8-26), (3.8-27) v (3.8-29) ta c :

1
M CO = 0,42
M0
[kmol/kg]
1+ K
c
1
M CO2 =
0, 42
M0
[kmol/kg]
12
1+ K
1
M H 2 = 0, 42 K
M0
[kmol/kg]
1+ K
h
1
M H 2O = 0, 42 K
M0
[kmol/kg]
2
1+ K
M N 2 = 0,79 M 0
[kmol/kg]
PGS. TS.
(3.8-28)
(3.8-30)
(3.8-31)
(3.8-32)
(3.8-33)
(3.8-34)
94
3.8.5. H S BIN I PHN T

So snh cc biu thc (3.8-9) vi (3.8-13), (3.8-15) v (3.8-23) ta thy rng s
kmol sn phm chy (M2) v s kmol hn hp chy (M1) khng bng nhau. Nu k hiu
M l i lng nh gi s thay i s kmol ca MCCT do nhin liu chy, ta c :
i vi ng c diesel, t biu thc (3.8-9a) v (3.8-13) :
M = (M 2 ) >1 M 1 = M 0 +
h of
+
M0 =
4 32
of
8
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-35a)
i vi ng c xng khi >1, t biu thc (3.8-9b) v (3.8-13) :
M = (M 2 ) >1 M 1 = M 0 +
h+
=
h+
1
h o f
+
M0 +
4 32
f
of
8 1
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-35b)
i vi ng c xng khi < 1, t biu thc (3.8-9b) v (3.8-23) :
c h
1
+ + 0,79 M 0 M 0 +
f
12 2
of
h+
8 1
= 0,21 (1 ) M 0 +
[kmol/kg]
(3.8-45c)
4
f
M = (M 2 ) <1 M 1 =
Cc biu thc (3.8-35a), (3.8-35b) v (3.8-35c) cho thy rng : khi t chy nhin
liu lng, s kmol (phn t) sn phm chy nhiu hn so vi s kmol hn hp chy (M
> 0). Hin tng ny lm tng p sut sau khi chy nu gi th tch khng i hoc lm
tng th tch nu gi p sut khng i.
i vi nhin liu kh vi 1, t biu thc (3.19c) v (3.25) :
m r
M = + 1 C n H m Or
4 2
[kmol/kmol]
(3.8-35d)
T (3.45d) thy rng : M ph thuc vo hm lng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t

ho hc c trong cc cht kh CnHmOr v M c th ln hn, bng hoc nh hn 0.
H s bin i phn t l thuyt (0) - S thay i s kmol ca MCCT sau
khi nhin liu chy so vi trc khi chy c nh gi bng i lng gi l H s bin
i phn t l thuyt :
0 =
M 2 M 1 + M
M
=
= 1+
M1
M1
M1
PGS. TS.
(3.8-36a)
95
- H s bin i phn t l thuyt ng c diesel :
h+
of
8
4
M0
0 = 1+
(3.8-36b)
- H s bin i phn t l thuyt ng c xng khi 1 :
h+
( 0 ) 1 = 1 +
of
8 1
M0 +
f
(3.8-36c)
- H s bin i phn t l thuyt ng c xng khi < 1 :
0,21 (1 ) M 0 +
( 0 ) <1 = 1 +
M0 +
h+
of
8 1
f
(3.8-36d)
- H s bin i phn t l thuyt ng c ga :
0 = 1 +
M
M0 +1
(3.8-36e)
H s bin i phn t thc t ( x) - CT thc t, MCCT ti thi im

trc qu trnh chy bao gm hn hp chy (M1) v kh st (Mr). Sau khi chy, M1
chuyn thnh M2, cn Mr khng i. T s gia s MCCT sau v trc khi chy c
gi l H s bin i phn t thc t :
X =
M 1 + M r + M X M 1 (1 + r ) + M X
=
M1 + M r
M 1 (1 + r )
M X
M 2 M1
x
x
( 1) x
M1
M1
= 1+
=1+
=1+ 0
1+ r
1+ r
1+ r
(3.8-37)
trong x l phn nhin liu bc chy tnh t u qu trnh chy n thi im ang
xt. Nu coi z l thi im kt thc qu trnh chy, khi x =1 v h s bin i phn t
thc t ti z s bng :
Z = 1+
PGS. TS.
0 1
1+ r
(3.8-38)
96
Chng 4
QA TRNH NP - X
4.1. CC THNG S C TRNG CA QU TRNH NP-X
a)
b)
p 0 , T0
p 0 , T0
r
pa
LM
c)
p k , Tk
K
b
a
po
pr
p s , Ts
CT
CT V
p x , Tx
X
r
po
pk
pa
pr
CT
CT V
H. 4.1-1. Mt s thng s c trng ca qu trnh np-x

a) S h thng np-x, b) Qu trnh np-x ng c
4 k khng tng p, c) Qu trnh np-x ng c 4 k tng p
K- ng gp kh np; X - ng gp kh thi; T- turbine kh thi; N- my nn
kh tng p; LM - thit b lm mt kh tng p; p0, T0 - p sut v nhit
kh quyn; ps , Ts - p sut v nhit ca kh np sau my nn;
pk , Tk - p sut v nhit kh mi; px , Tx - p sut v nhit kh thi;
pa - p sut cui qu trnh np; pr - p sut kh st.
PGS. TS.
97
Nh chng ta bit, hot ng ca CT c tnh chu k, tc l c cc chu trnh

cng tc k tip nhau. thc hin c chu trnh cng tc tip theo, phi x ht kh thi
ra khi khng gian cng tc ca xylanh ri np vo kh mi. Qu trnh np kh mi v
x kh thi c lin quan mt thit vi nhau v c gi chung l qu trnh np-x hoc
qu trnh thay i kh hoc qu trnh trao i kh.
Do s thay i tit din lu thng v vn tc ca piston cng nh nh hng ca
hng lot hin tng kh ng khc nn p sut ca MCCT trong xylanh trong qu trnh
np-x bin i rt phc tp. H. 4.1-2 gii thiu mt v d v th cng thu c khi
dng thit b ghi p sut c nhy cao. Tuy nhin, s dao ng ca p sut ca MCCT
trong qu trnh np-x c nh hng khng ng k n tng din tch th cng nn
khi tnh v v chu trnh, ngi ta thng qui c p sut ca MCCT trong thi gian din
ra qu trnh x v np l khng i (H. 4.1-1b v H. 4.1-1c).
a)
b)
p
p
po
po
CT
CT V
CT V
H. 4.1-2. p sut ca MCCT trong qu trnh np-x

c o bng thit b c nhy cao
1) p sut kh np (pk )
p sut kh np (pk) l p sut c xc nh ti khng gian cha kh np trc
khi vo khng gian cng tc ca xylanh (trc xupp np i vi ng c 4 k hoc
trc ca np i vi ng c 2 k).
pk = p0 - p0
- ng c 4 k khng tng p
pk = ps - pm
- ng c 4 k tng p v 2 k
trong : p0 - p sut kh quyn; ps - p sut sau my nn kh np; p0 - tn tht p sut
do lc cn ca lc kh v ng ng np; pm - tn tht p sut do lc cn ca thit b
lm mt kh tng p.
Tr s ca p0 ph thuc vo c im cu to, cht lng ch to, tnh trng k
thut ca lc kh v ng ng np.
Tr s ca pm ph thuc ch yu vo c im cu to ca thit b lm mt.
p sut ps c quyt nh bi phng php tng p v mc cng ho ng
c.
PGS. TS.
98
Bng 4.1-1. p sut kh np CT

Loi ng c
ng c thp tc, cng sut ln

ng c c cng sut v tc trung bnh
ng c t, my ko
ng c cng ho cao
p sut kh np (pk)
Tng p truyn
Tng p bng
ng c kh
turbine kh thi
(1,1 1,2) p0
(1,3 1,7) p0
(1,2 1,4) p0
(1,5 3,0) p0
(1,2 1,5) p0
(1,5 1,7) p0
5,0 p0
2) Nhit kh np (Tk )
Nhit kh np (Tk) l nhit c xc nh ti khng gian cha kh np trc
khi vo khng gian cng tc ca xyalanh.
p
Tk = T0 s
p0
m 1
m
Tm
(4.1-1)
trong : po , T0 - p sut v nhit kh quyn; ps - p sut kh np sau my nn; m ch s nn a bin; Tm - mc lm mt kh tng p.

Ch s nn a bin trong my nn tng p (m) ph thuc vo loi my nn. Mc
h nhit khi qua thit b lm mt kh tng p (Tm) ph thuc vo mc tng p,
thit b v phng php lm mt kh tng p.
Tm = 25 0 50 0
m = 1,45 1,60
- My nn piston
m = 1,65 1,80
- My nn roto
m = 1,45 1,80
- My nn ly tm
3) p sut cui qu trnh np (pa )

p sut cui qu trnh np (pa) l mt trong nhng thng s lin quan trc tip
n lng kh mi c np vo khng gian cng tc ca xylanh trong mi chu trnh, t
quyt nh cng sut m ng c c th pht ra. hiu r hn nh hng ca cc
yu t khc nhau n pa , chng ta vit phng trnh Bernoullie cho dng kh np ti cc
v tr trc v sau ca np nh sau :
2
wk2
pa
wn2
2 wn
+ g Hk +
=
+ n
+ n
+ g Ha
2
2
2
k
a
pk
(4.1-2)
trong : pk , pa - p sut ca kh np trc ca np v p sut trong xylanh; Hk , Ha cao ca ca np v cao ca khng gian cng tc ti v tr ang xt; a - mt ca
kh np trong xylanh; wk - vn tc ca kh np trc ca np; wn - vn tc trung bnh ca
kh np ti ca np; n - h s tnh n nh hng ca tit din lu thng ca ca np;
n - h s cn ca ng ng np.
PGS. TS.
99
C th xem Hk Ha , k a v wk << wn , t biu thc (4.1-2) ta c :
p a = p k p a = n2 + n
k
2
wn2
(4.1-3)
T phng trnh lin tc ca dng kh np ta c :
wn = C m
AP S n AP
=
30 An
An
(4.1-4)
trong : Cm - vn tc trung bnh ca piston, [m/s]; Ap - tit in nh piston, [m 2]; An

- tit din lu thng ca ca np, [m 2]; S - hnh trnh ca piston, [m]; n - tc quay
ca ng c, [rpm].
Kt hp (4.3) v (4.4) ta c :
k S Ap
n2
n2

pa = + n
= Kn 2
2 30 An2
An
2
n
(4.1-5)
T biu thc (4.1-5) ta thy, gim tn tht p sut trn ng ng np, qua
tng p sut ca kh np trong khng gian cng tc ca xylanh, c th p dng cc bin
php sau :
- Gim sc cn ca h thng np bng cch to ng ng np c tit din lu
thng ln v hnh dng kh ng tt.
- Tng ng knh ca xupap np hoc dng nhiu xupap.
Tr s ca p sut cui qu trnh np nm trong phm vi nh sau [1] :
pa = (0,80 0,90) pk
- ng c 4 k tng p
pa = (0,90 0,96) pk
pa = (0,85 1,05) pk
- ng c 2 k
4) p sut (pr ) v nhit kh st (Tr )

p sut kh st (pr) v Nhit kh st (Tr) l p sut v nhit ca kh st trong
khng gian cng tc ca xylanh ti thi im cui qu trnh x.
p sut kh st ln hn p sut trong ng ng x do sc cn kh ng ca ca
x, ng x, bnh tiu m v thit b tn dng nhit kh thi (nu c). Tng t nh i vi
p sut cui qu trnh np (pa), p sut kh st (pr) c th c th hin nh sau :
n2
pr = p x + pr = p x + K x 2
Ax
(4.1-6)
trong : px - p sut trong ng ng x; px - khng p trong h thng x; n - tc

quay ca ng c; Ax - tit din lu thng ca ca x; Kx - h s.
Nhit kh st (Tr) ph thuc ch yu vo h s d lng khng kh, t s nn
v cng trao i nhit gia MCCT vi vch xylanh trong qu trnh dn n v x.
PGS. TS.
100
Tr s ca pr v Tr nm trong phm vi sau :

pr = (1,03 1,06) p0
- ng c thp tc
pr = (1,05 1,10) p0
- ng c cao tc
pr = 700 900 K
- ng c diesel
Tr = 900 1000 K
- ng c xng
Tr = 750 1000 K
- ng c chy bng nhin liu kh.
5) Nhit cui qu trnh np (Ta)

MCCT cui qu trnh np bao gm kh mi v kh st. Nhit ca MCCT cui
qu trnh np (Ta) ln hn nhit ca kh np (Tk) do nhn nhit t cc b mt nng
(vch ng np, b mt xupap np, vch xylanh) v ho trn vi kh st c nhit cao
hn. C th xc nh Ta t phng trnh cn bng nhit ca kh mi v kh st ti nhng
thi im trc v sau khi ho trn, vi gi nh rng qu trnh ho trn din ra trong
iu kin pa = const v nhit kh st (Tr) khng i khi kh st dn n t p sut pr
xung pa , nh sau :
m1 c p (Tk + Tk ) + mr c'p' Tr = (m1 + mr ) c'p Ta
(4.1-7)
trong : cP - t nhit ng p ca kh mi; c''P - t nhit ng p ca kh st; c'P - t

nhit ng p ca hn hp kh cng tc cui qu trnh np; Tk - mc sy nng kh
mi, [K]
Mc sy nng kh mi (Tk) ph thuc vo nhit ca cc b mt tip xc,
vn tc ca dng kh np, thi gian din ra qu trnh np, v.v. Tk ng c xng thng
thp hn ng c diesel do mt phn nhit truyn t b mt nng c s dng ho
hi cc ht xng trong qu trnh np.
Tr s ca cP , c''P v c'P ph thuc vo nhit v thnh phn ca kh mi, kh st
v hn hp kh mi-kh st. Nhit v thnh phn ca kh mi v hn hp kh mi - kh
st khc nhau khng nhiu nn c th xem cP = c'P ; cn c''P = 1. cP , trong 1 l h
s hiu nh t nhit. 1 ph thuc vo h s d lng khng kh () v nhit kh st
(Tr).
Chia c 2 v phng trnh (4.1-7) cho m 1 v thay C'p = Cp , C''p = 1. Cp, m1/mr =
r , sau khi bin i ta c :
Ta =
Tk + Tk + 1 r Tr
1+ r
(4.1-8)
Tr s ca Tk , 1 v Ta nm trong phm vi sau :

- ng c diesel
Tk = 20 40 0C
0
Tk = 0 20 C
- ng c xng
1 = 1,5 1,8
- ng c diesel
1 = 1,11 1,17
- ng c xng
Ta = 310 350 K
Ta = 320 400 K
- ng c 4 k tng p v 2 k.
PGS. TS.
101
6) H s kh st ( r )
H s kh st (r) l i lng c xc nh bng t s gia lng kh st (m r) v
lng kh mi c np vo khng gian cng tc ca xylanh (m 1) :
r =
mr
m1
(4.1-9)
H s kh st l i lng nh gi lng kh thi cn st li trong khng gian

cng tc sau mi chu trnh, tc l nh gi cht lng qu trnh x.
H s kh st ph thuc ch yu vo phng php np-x v c tr s nm trong
phm vi sau [2] :
r = 0,01 0,03
- ng c 4 k
r = 0,03 0,06
- ng c 2 k qut thng
r = 0,06 0,20
- ng c 2 k qut vng c my nn ring
r = 0,25 0,40
- ng c 2 k dng hp cacte lm my nn.
7) H s np (v )
H s np (v) c xc nh bng t s gia lng kh mi thc t c np vo
xylanh trong mt chu trnh (m1) v lng kh mi so snh cha y dung tch cng tc
ca xylanh iu kin p sut v nhit trc ca np (m s) :
v =
m1
ms
(4.1-10)
Lng kh mi so snh (m s) c th xc nh c theo phng trnh trng thi ti

c a n p :
ms =
p k Vs
Rk Tk
(4.1-11)
Lng kh mi thc t m 1 bao gm :

- Lng kh mi c trong xylanh ti thi im cui hnh trnh np (m' a),
- Lng kh mi c np thm .
Lng hn hp kh cng tc ti thi im cui hnh trnh np (ma) bng tng
lng kh mi cui hnh trnh np (m'a) v vi lng kh st (mr). Phng trnh trng thi
ti thi im cui hnh trnh np c dng nh sau :
m a = m a' + m r =
pa Va
R a Ta
(4.1-12)
Lng hn hp kh cng tc ti thi im cui qu trnh np (m
a1)
bng tng
lng kh mi (m 1) v lng kh st (m r) :
m a1 = m 1 + m r = m 1(1 + r)
PGS. TS.
(4.1-13a)
-
102
Nu dng H s np thm (2) nh gi mc np thm, c th vit biu thc

(4.1-13a) di dng khc nh sau :
m a1 = m 1(1 + r) = 2 . m a
(4.1-13b)
2 c tr s khong 1,02 1,07, tu thuc vo phng php np v gc phi

kh.
T cc biu thc (4.13b) v (4.12) ta c :
ma
1
p V
= 2
a a
1+ r
1 + r R a Ta
m1 = 2
(4.1-14)
Th m s t (4.1-11) v m1 t (4.1-14) vo (4.1-10), ng thi thay xem Ra = Rk v

thay Va = Vs + Vc = Vs +
v = 2
Vs
= Vs
, sau khi rt gn ta c :
1
1
p T
a k
1 + r 1 p k Ta
(4.1-15)
Tr s ca v nm trong phm vi sau [2] :

v = 0,65 0,80
- ng c xng 4 k
v = 0,75 0,90
- ng c diesel 4 k
v = 0,40 0,80
- ng c 2 k.
8) H s qut (q )
Trong mt s trng hp, c bit i vi ng c 2 k v ng c tng p, mt
lng nht nh kh mi c ch ng cho thot ra khi khng gian cng tc ca xylanh
qua xupap x hoc ca x cng vi kh thi nhm mc ch gim lng kh st v lm
mt bung t,. nh gi lng kh mi ni trn, ngi ta dng i lng gi l H s
qut (q) :
q =
Mq
(4.1-16)
M1
trong Mq l lng kh mi i qua ca np hoc xupap np vo khng gian cng tc

ca xylanh.
PGS. TS.
103
4.2. QU TRNH NP - X NG C 4 K
4.2.1. DIN BIN V CC THNG S C TRNG
a)
Ax
An
b1
d1
CD
r1
a1
CT
CD
c)
b)
p
CT
d1
r1
po
a1
r1
CT
xs
nm
d1
b1
a
CD V
Np
xm
ns
b1
a1
CD
H. 4.2-1. th biu din qu trnh np-x ng c 4 k

a) S thay i tit din lu thng ca xupap x (Ax)
v xupap np (An); b) th cng ; c) th gc
Qu trnh np-x ng c 4 k ko di t thi im xupap x bt u m n
thi im xupap np ng hon ton. Cn c vo c im lm vic ca c cu np-x,
c th chia qu trnh np-x ng c 4 k thnh 5 giai on : x t do, x cng bc,
qut bung t, np chnh v np thm.
1) X t do
Giai on X t do (cn gi l giai on X sm) ko di t thi im xupap x
bt u m (im b1- H. 4.3) n thi im piston ti CD trong hnh trnh dn n. Gc
quay ca trc khuu tnh t im xupap x bt u m n CD trong hnh trnh dn n
c gi l Gc x sm (xs).
Trong giai on x t do, MCCT trong khng gian cng tc ca xylanh t thot ra
ngoi qua xupap x. nhng thi im u ca giai on x t do, kh thi lu ng vi
tc truyn m do chnh lch kh ln gia p sut trong v ngoi xylanh. Chnh do
chnh lch kh ln v p sut nn ch trong mt thi gian ngn ca giai on x t do
c khong 60 70 % tng lng kh thi t thot ra ngoi.
PGS. TS.
104
2) X cng bc
Giai on X cng bc ko di t thi im piston ri CD trong hnh trnh x
n thi im xupap np bt u m (im d1). Gc quay trc khuu tnh t im xupap

np bt u m n CT trong hnh trnh x c gi l Gc np sm (ns). Trong giai
on ny kh thi c piston y ra khi khng gian cng tc qua xupap x.

3) Qut bung t
Giai on Qut bung t ko di t thi im xupap np bt u m n thi
im xupap x ng hon ton (im r1). Gc quay trc khuu tnh t CT n im

xupap x ng hon ton c gi l Gc x mun (xm).
Trong giai on qut bung t, c xupap np v xupap x u m v c th c
mt lng kh mi cng kh thi thot ra khi khng gian cng tc qua xupap x.
4) Np chnh
Giai on Np chnh ko di t thi im xupap x ng hon ton n thi im
piston ti CD trong hnh trnh np. Phn ln lng kh mi c np vo khng gian
cng tc ca xylanh trong giai on np chnh.
5) Np thm
Giai on Np thm ko di t thi im piston ri CD trong hnh trnh nn n
thi im xupap np ng hon ton (im a1). Gc quay trc khuu ng vi giai on
np thm c gi l Gc np mun (nm). Trong giai on np thm s c mt lng
nht nh kh mi c b sung vo khng gian cng tc ca xylanh.
T nhng iu trnh by trn, c th rt ra mt s nhn xt sau :
Qu trnh np-x ng c 4 k c iu khin bng c cu np-x kiu
xupap. Thi im bt u m v ng hon ton ca cc xupap c th khng trng vi
CT hoc CD.
Kh thi c piston "y" ra khi khng gian cng tc ca xylanh qua xupap
x, cn kh mi c piston "ht" vo khng gian cng tc qua xupap np.
Qu trnh np-x ng c 4 k din ra trong khong thi gian ln hn 360 0
gc quay trc khuu. Trong khong thi gian trn, ch c mt giai on ngn, trong c
xupap np v x cng m.
PGS. TS.
105
4.2.2. NH HNG CA GC PHI KH N CHT LNG

QU TRNH NP-X NG C 4 K
Cc gc x sm (xs), x mun (xm), np sm (ns) v np mun (nm) c gi
l cc Gc phi kh. Cc v tr ca trc khuu tng ng vi cc thi im bt u m v
ng hon ton cc xupap (cc im b1, d1, r1 v a1) c gi l cc Thi im phi kh.
a)
b)
b1s
b1 b
1m
b1
bm
b
po
po
b
bs
CD V
CD V
p
c)
d)
rs
r1s
d1m
d1
po
po
r1
CT
CT
e)
po
a1
a1s
a
as
CD V
H. 4.2-2. nh hng ca gc phi kh n qu trnh np-x ng c 4 k
PGS. TS.
106
1) Gc x sm
Xupap x c m trc khi piston ti CD trong hnh trnh dn n nhm mc
ch mt lng ng k kh thi t thot ra khi khng gian cng tc ca xylanh, qua
gim c cng tiu hao cho vic y kh thi trong hnh trnh x v gim lng kh
st. Gi s b1 l thi im bt u m xupap x ti u v ng x c th hin bng
ng lin trn H. 42-1a v H. 4.2-1b.
Nu xupap x m qu sm (im b1s - H. 4.2-1a), tc l khi m p sut trong
xylanh vn cn kh cao, s c nhng im li hi nh sau :
- Lng ph nhiu cng dn n,
- Cng tiu hao cho vic y kh thi trong giai on x cng bc s nh hn do
c mt phn ln sn phm chy t thot ra ngoi trong hnh trnh dn n.
- Lng kh st t hn.
Tuy nhin, phn cng lng ph vn ln hn v kt qu l cng sut ng c s
gim nu m xupap x qu sm.
Nu xupap x m qu mun (im b1m - H. 4.2-1b), tc l khi piston n qu
gn CD trong hnh trnh dn n, th :
- Kh thi bt u thot ra khi khng gian cng tc ca xylanh khi p sut trong
kh thp, do phn cng dn n b lng ph s t hn.
- Cng tiu hao cho vic y kh thi trong giai on x cng bc ln hn,
- Lng kh st nhiu hn.
Kt qu cui cng l h s kh st s ln hn v cng sut ng c cng gim khi
m xupap x qu mun do phn cng dn n tn dng c khng b p ni phn cng
tiu hao cho vic y kh thi ra ngoi.
2) Gc x mun
Xupap x c ng kn sau khi piston ri CT trong hnh trnh np nhm
mc ch gim lng kh st, bi v mc d tc dng "y" ca piston chm dt nhng
do qun tnh ca dng kh thi v chnh lch p sut nn mt lng kh thi s b "ht" ra
khi xylanh nhng thi im u ca hnh trnh np. Thm ch mt lng nht nh
kh mi cng c ht ra ng ng x nu cc gc np sm (ns) v x mun (xm) c
tr s thch hp. Hin tng ny c gi l qut bung t. Gi s r1 l thi im ng
kn xupap x ti u, ng p sut tng ng l ng lin (H. 4.2-1c).
Nu gc x mun qu nh, tc l xupap x ng qu sm (im r1s) th tit din
lu thng ca xupap x s rt nh ti nhng thi im piston gn CT. Trong iu
kin , kh thi khng kp thot ra ngoi v b nn li , ri sau s dn n (ng -----)
v lm chm li qu trnh np v kh mi ch c th i vo xylanh khi p sut trong
nh hn p sut trc xupap np. Kt qu l h s kh st tng v h s np gim khi gc
x mun qu nh.
Nu gc x mun qu ln cng c hu qu tng t nh trng hp gc x mun
qu nh, v khi s c mt lng nht nh kh thi trong ng x c ht ngc tr li
khng gian cng tc ca xylanh.
PGS. TS.
107
3) Gc np sm
Xupap np c m trc khi piston ti CT trong hnh trnh x nhm mc ch
tng lng kh np vo xylanh nh m bo tit din lu thng ca xupap np ln
giai on u ca hnh trnh np. Gi s d1 l thi im bt u m xupap np ti u v
ng p sut c th hin bng ng lin trn H. 4.2-1d.
Nu gc np sm (ns) qu nh, tc l thi im bt u m xupap np qu gn
CT (im d1m), th tit din lu thng ca xupap np ti nhng thi im piston gn
CT s nh, sc cn kh ng tng s lm cho p sut trong xylanh giai on u hnh
trnh np thp hn. Kt qu l lng kh np s gim v cng tiu hao cho qu trnh npx cng tng.
Nu xupap np m qu sm th hu qu cng tng t nh trng hp xupap np
m qu mun, v khi mt lng nht nh kh thi s b y vo ng ng np ri sau
quay tr li khng gian cng tc ca xylanh.
4) Gc np mun
Vic m xupap np c duy tr mt thi gian sau khi piston ri CD trong
hnh trnh nn nhm mc ch tng lng kh mi c np vo xylanh. Bi v, mc d
piston bt u i ln nhng do qun tnh ca dng kh np v chnh lch p sut, mt
lng nht nh kh mi vn tip tc i vo xylanh nhng thi im u ca hnh trnh
nn.
Nu xupap np ng qu sm (im a1s - H. 4.2-1e) th tit din lu thng ca
xupap np khi piston gn CD s nh. iu lm gim hiu qu np thm.
Nu xupap np ng qu mun th mt phn kh mi s b y ngc tr li
ng ng np.
Qua phn tch trn ta thy, cc gc phi kh c nh hng trc tip n cht
lng qu trnh np-x, qua nh hng n cc ch tiu kinh t-k thut ca ng c.
Vic la chn hoc iu chnh ng cc gc phi kh s nh hng trc tip n cng
sut v hiu sut ca ng c. Gc phi kh ln hay nh tu thuc trc ht vo tc
quay ca ng c v phng php np-x. Thng thng, tr s ca cc gc phi kh
c la chn bng con ng thc nghim.
Bng 4.2-1. Gc phi kh ca mt s ng c
ng c
Zill - 130
Peugeot 404
Gaz - 21
D6
D50
PGS. TS.
n
[rpm]
3200
5400
4000
1500
740
ns
0
[ gqtk]
31
0
24
20
80
nm
0
[ gqtk]
83
30,5
64
48
50
xs
xm
[ gqtk]
67
35
58
48
50
[ gqtk]
47
4,5
30
20
54
108
4.3. QU TRNH NP - X NG C 2 K
4.3.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
ng c 2 k khng dng piston "y" kh thi ra ngoi v "ht" kh mi vo
xylanh nh ng c 4 k m kh mi phi c nn n p sut cao hn p sut kh
quyn ri c "thi" vo xylanh "qut" kh thi ra ngoi, ng thi np y khng
gian cng tc ca xylanh. H. 4-5 m t cc ng c tnh qut ng c 2 k.
ng c tnh qut l tng (a) ng vi kh nng qut c xy dng trn c s

gi nh rng : kh mi khi vo xylanh khng b trn ln vi kh thi m to thnh mt
piston kh y kh thi ra ngoi theo nguyn tc mt i mt, tc l mt th tch kh mi
vo xylanh s y cng mt th tch kh thi ra ngoi.
ng c tnh qut ho trn (b) ng vi trng hp kh mi i vo xylanh s

ho trn u vi kh thi, sau cng kh thi thot ra ngoi. Phng n ny khng c li
v a ht kh thi ra ngoi, cn phi c lng kh mi v cng ln.
Phng n qut l tng cng khng c tnh kh thi v kh mi i vo xylanh phi
c vn ng ri vi cng thch hp to iu kin cho nhin liu ho hi v ho
trn nhanh vi khng kh . Bi vy khng th trnh khi tnh trng mt phn kh mi trn
ln vi kh thi. Cc ng c tnh qut thc t nm trong vng c c gii hn bi hai
ng c tnh qut l tng (a) v qut ho trn (b) ni trn.
Vx
V
[%]
80
60
40
20
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vq [%]
V
H. 4.3-1. c tnh qut ng c 2 k
PGS. TS.
109
4.3.2. CC H THNG QUT - X IN HNH

Cn c vo c im cu to v phng hng chuyn ng ca dng kh qut, c
th chia cc h thng qut-x ng c 2 k thnh 2 nhm : h thng qut vng v h
thng qut thng.
a)
b)
c)
d)
H. 4.3-2. S cc h thng qut-x ca ng c 2 k

a) Qut vng ngang, b) Qut vng ngc
c) Qut thng qua xupap, d) Qut thng qua ca
1) H thng qut vng

h thng qut vng, cc ca qut v ca x c b tr phn di ca xylanh
v c ng, m bng piston ca ng c. Kh mi c thi vo xylanh qua ca qut,
lc u men theo thnh xylanh i ln pha np, ti np dng kh s i chiu v i vng
xung hng ti cc ca x.
Da theo v tr cc ca trn chu vi xylanh, ngi ta chia h thng qut vng thnh
h thng qut vng ngang, h thng qut vng ngc v h thng qut vng hn hp.
Qut vng ngang (H. 4.3-2a) - cc ca x v ca qut c b tr i din
nhau trn chu vi ca xylanh.
Qut vng ngc (H. 4.3-2b) - cc ca x v ca qut c b tr cng mt
bn trn chu vi ca xylanh.
Qut vng hn hp l dng hn hp qut vng ngang v qut vng ngc.
2) H thng qut thng
C hai kiu h thng qut thng : qut thng qua xupap x v qut thng qua ca
x. H thng qut thng qua xupap x c cc xupap x tng t nh ng c 4 k (H.
4.3-2c), cc ca qut c b tr phn di ca xylanh. H thng qut thng qua ca x
(H. 4.3-2d) c cc ca x v ca qut b tr 2 u i din ca xylanh.
PGS. TS.
110
Qut thng l phng n hon thin nht i vi ng c 2 k hin nay. Do dng

kh qut ch vn ng theo mt chiu nn t b ho trn vi kh thi v xylanh c qut
tng i sch. Do d dng b tr cc ca qut trn ton chu vi ca xylanh theo hng
tip tuyn nn c th to ra c vn ng xoy lc mnh ca khng kh sau khi vo
xylanh v lm cho qu trnh hnh thnh hn hp chy v t chy nhin liu tt hn.
Ngoi ra, s c lp ca c cu np v x cho php chn c cc gc phi kh tt nht.
Nhc im c bn ca h thng qut thng l c kt cu phc tp. ng c s dng
phng n qut thng qua xupap x phi c thm xupap x (t 1 n 4 chic) v hng
lot cc b phn lin quan n vic iu khin cc xupap . H thng qut thng qua
ca x ch s dng c cho loi ng c piston i nh (2 piston trong 1 xylanh). Loi
ng c ny phi c 2 trc khuu hoc nu ch dng 1 trc khuu th phi c c cu ng
b kh phc tp.
4.3.3. DIN BIN QU TRNH NP - X NG C 2 K

Qu trnh np-x ng c 2 k c th chia thnh 3 giai on : x t do, qut v
np thm (hoc lt kh).
1) Giai on I - X t do
Giai on x t do ko di t thi im c cu x bt u m (im b1 - H. 4.3-3)
n thi im kh qut bt u i vo khng gian cng tc ca xylanh (im n - H. 4.33).
Ti thi im bt u m ca qut (im d1), p sut trong xylanh (pd1) thng
cao hn p sut kh np (pk). trnh hin tng kh thi lt vo khng gian cha kh
np, c th lp van mt chiu ca np, van ny s t ng m khi p sut trong xylanh
gim xung thp hn p sut kh np. Bin php ny c p dng ch yu cho ng c
thp tc, cng sut ln.
2) Giai on II - Qut
Giai on qut (cn gi l Giai on x cng bc) bt u t thi im kh qut
i vo khng gian cng tc ca xylanh v kt thc ti thi im mt trong hai c cu np hoc x - ng (im r1 - H. 4.3-3 hoc a1 - H. 4.3-3) . Trong giai on ny c c cu
qut v x u m v ng thi din ra hai qu trnh c lin quan mt thit vi nhau : kh
mi i vo xylanh v kh thi b kh mi y ra ngoi.
Trong thi gian u ca giai on qut, mc d kh mi i vo xylanh nhng do
tc dng "ht" ca dng kh thi nn p sut trong xylanh c th gim xung thp hn p
sut kh np (im O - H. 4.3-3). Tit din lu thng ca ca qut tng ln s lm tng
lu lng kh qut vo xylanh ng thi lm p sut trong xylanh tng ln v dao ng
xung quanh tr s p sut trung bnh trong qu trnh qut-x (pN).
Trong giai on qut bao gi cng c mt lng nht nh kh mi v kh thi ho
trn vi nhau v c th cng thot ra ngoi. Lng kh mi thot ra khi xylanh nhiu
hay t tu thuc vo mc hon ho ca h thng qut-x v yu cu nh trc i vi
PGS. TS.
111
qu trnh np-x. i vi ng c diesel, c bit l ng c tng p, ngi ta ch ng

cho mt phn khng kh qut thot ra ngoi cng vi kh thi nhm mc ch qut sch
xylanh v lm mt bung t. Ngc li, i vi ng c xng v ng c ga 2 k, phi
chp nhn mt lng nht nh kh thi lu li trong xylanh trnh tn tht nhin liu
qua ca x.
p
a)
b1
d1
a
po
pa
px
pk
a1
CD
p
b)
b1
d1
po
pa
px
pk
r1
a1
o
V
CD
c)
An
Ax
An
Ax
b1
d)
d1
An
Ax
CD
a1
CD r1
a1
r1
An
Ax
b1
d1
H. 4.3-3. Qu trnh qut-x ng c 2 k
PGS. TS.
112
a)
b)
A
An
Ax
An
b1
Ax
d1
a1
r1
c)
b1
a1 r1
d1
d)
Ax
An
An
Ax
b1
a1 r1
d1
e)
b1
d1
f)
Ax
Ax
r1
a1
An
An
b1
r1 a1
d1
b1 d1
r1 a1
H. 4.3-4. th Thi gian-Tit din ca cc loi h thng

qut-x ca ng c 2 k
PGS. TS.
113
3) Giai on III - Lt kh hoc np thm

Giai on III l Giai on lt kh nu ca qut ng trc hoc l Giai on np
thm nu c cu x ng trc. Ch nhng h thng qut-x c gc phi kh khng i
xng (H. 4.3-4d, e, f) mi c th thc hin giai on np thm.
Qua tm hiu h thng v din bin qu trnh np-x ng c 2 k, c th rt ra
mt s nhn xt sau :
Ton b qu trnh np-x ng c 2 k ch din ra trong mt phn hnh trnh
ca piston (120 150 0 gqtk) xung quanh CD.
Kh np vo xylanh ng c 2 k phi c p sut cao hn p sut kh quyn, v
vy ng c 2 k phi c my nn kh. Tuy nhin, nhn chung h thng np-x ca ng

c 2 k c cu to n gin hn so vi ng c 4 k.
Tng t nh ng c 4 k, c cu qut-x ca ng c 2 k phi m bo
cho ca x hoc xupap x m sm hn ca qut. Yu cu ny d dng c thc hin i

vi h thng qut thng v c cu np v x c s c lp tng i vi nhau. Trong
trng hp h thng qut vng, nu cao mp trn ca ca x bng hoc thp hn ca
qut th phi lp van mt chiu trn ca qut ngn nga kh thi lt vo khng gian
cha kh qut.
PGS. TS.
114
Chng 5
QU TRNH CHY
5.1. KHI NIM CHUNG

Chy CT l mt qu trnh ho hc c km theo to nhit. Phng trnh phn
ng ho hc gia cc phn t nhin liu v khng kh CT c th c biu din nh
sau :
m r
C n H m O r + n + (O 2 + 3,76 N 2 ) =
4 2
m
m r
nCO 2 + H 2 O + 3,76 n + N 2
(5.1-1)
2
4 2
V d, phng trnh (5.1) vit cho nhin liu l octane (C8H18) s c dng :
18
C 8 H 18 + 8 +
(O 2 + 3,76 N 2 ) = 8CO 2 + 9 H 2 O + 47 N 2
4
(5.1-2)
T phng trnh (5.1-2) ta thy, t chy hon ton 1 phn t octane cn phi
c t nht 12,5 phn t oxy, tng ng vi 59,5 phn t khng kh. Nu tnh theo khi
lng th cn phi c t nht 15,03 kg khng kh t chy hon ton 1 kg octane.
Nu s dng lng khng kh nhiu hn lng khng kh l thuyt c th t
chy hon ton nhin liu trong iu kin thc t th trong kh thi s c oxy d. V d
phng trnh ho hc ca qu trnh chy octane vi lng khng kh d 20 % s c dng
:
18
C8 H 18 + 1,2 8 + (O2 + 3,76 N 2 ) 8CO2 + 9 H 2 O + 56,4 N 2 + 2,5O2

4
(5.1-3)
Nu lng khng kh np vo ng c t hn lng khng kh l thuyt th nhin
liu s chy khng hon ton v trong kh thi s c thm cc sn phm khc, nh : CO,
H2, CnHm, C,v.v. V d : phng trnh chy octane vi lng khng kh bng 80 % lng
khng kh l thuyt s c dng :
18
C 8 H 8 + 0,8 8 + (O 2 + 3,76 N 2 ) aCO + bCO 2 + cH 2 + dH 2 O
4
+ eC+ 37,6N2
(5.1-4)
trong : a, b, c, d v e l s kmol ca mi loi sn phm chy.
PGS. TS.
115
Cc phn ng ho hc gia cc phn t nhin liu v oxy gii thiu trn l s

th hin kt qu cui cng ca hng lot qu trnh l-ho din ra t thi im cc phn t
nhin liu v oxy chu tc ng ca nhit v p sut cao c th din ra cc qu
trnh ho hc. Kt qu nghin cu qu trnh chy nhin liu CT ch ra rng, cc
phn ng oxy ho cc phn t nhin liu din ra vi nhiu giai on v theo kiu phn
ng dy chuyn, trong s hnh thnh cc phn t hot tnh trung gian ng vai tr
quyt nh trong s m u v pht trin ca cc phn ng oxy ho. Chy hay n nhit l
giai on cc phn ng oxy ho nhin liu din ra vi tc ln vi s tn ti ca ngn
la nng lan truyn t khu vc chy sang khu vc hn hp kh cng tc cha chy. S
chy ca nhin liu thng bt u t nhng trung tm chy u tin . Chng ta qui c
gi thi im xut hin nhng tm chy u tin l thi im pht ho. C ch hnh
thnh nhng trung tm chy u tin, tc l c ch ca s pht ho CT vn cha
c l gii mt cch hon chnh. Phn di y s gii thiu mt s l thuyt c tha
nhn tng i rng ri [1], [4], [5] v cc khi nim c bn lin quan n s pht ho v
chy ca nhin liu CT lm c s cho vic phn tch din bin v nh hng ca
nhng yu t khc nhau n cht lng ca qu trnh chy ng c xng v ng c
diesel.
1) L thuyt pht ho do nhit

L thuyt pht ho do nhit l gii s hnh thnh nhng trung tm chy u tin l
nh gia tc dng ca phn ng to nhit, tc l s pht trin cc phn ng ch da vo
nhit nng do bn thn ca cc phn ng to ra t sy nng v lm tng tc phn ng.
a)
b)
[q 2]P1
q2
p2
q1
C1
q1
p1
C0
C1
T0.0
c)
C2
p0
T0.1
T0.2
T0.0
T0.1
p
p2
N
p0
Khng n
p1
T0.2 T0.0
T0.1
H. 5.1-1. Gii hn pht ho ca hn hp chy

PGS. TS.
116
Chng ta s xem xt iu kin pht ho ca mt hn hp chy (HHC) c cha

trong khng gian cng tc ca xylanh vi nhng d liu sau y : V - th tch ca khng
gian cng tc, A - din tch vch xylanh , T0 - nhit ca vch xylanh , T - nhit ca
HHC, p - p sut trong xylanh, wh - tc phn ng ho hc, H - nhit tr ca HHC, k h s trao i nhit gia HHC v vch xylanh.
Tc to nhit ca cc phn ng chy (q1) v tc truyn nhit cho vch
xylanh (q2) c th c biu din nh sau :
q1 = w h . H
(5.1-5)
q2 = k . A . ( T - T0 )
(5.1-6)
Nu thay gi tr ca wh (xem mc 5.2.2) vo cng thc (5.1-5) th s thy q1 l
mt hm vi nhiu bin s, trong c nhit (T) v p sut (p). i vi q2 , nu thay
i nhit T0 vi gi nh h s trao i nhit (k) khng i th dc ca ng q2 =
f(T) khng i, nhng im gc ca hm q2 = f(T) s thay i. H. 5.1-1 biu din cc
hm s q1 = f(T) v q2 = f(T) ng vi 3 tr s p sut trong xylanh p0 , p1 , p2 v 3 nhit
ca vch T0. 0 , T0.1 , T0.2 khc nhau, trong p2 > p0 > p1 v T0.2 < T0.0 < T0.1 .
Xt trng hp p sut ca HHC l p1 , nhit ban u ca HHC v ca vch
xylanh l T0.0 (H. 5.1-1a). nhng thi im u ca qu trnh chy, do q1 > q2 nn nhit
ca HHC s tng n nhit T1 tng ng vi im 1 , ti q1 = q2 . Khi nhit
ca HHC vt qu tr s T1 th nhit ca HHC s gim tr li do khi q2 > q1. Trong
trng hp ny s khng c pht ho do nhit ca khu vc phn ng khng tng lin
tc n tr s gii hn pht ho. im 1 l trng thi cn bng nhit ng vi nhit vch
xylanh l T0.0 v p sut ca HHC l p1 . Nu nng cao nhit vch xylanh th nhit
tng ng vi trng thi cn bng nhit cng c nng cao dn. Khi nhit vch
xylanh c nng cao ti tr s T0.1 th ng q1 tip tuyn vi ng q2 ti im C1 . Ti
thi im C1 , ch cn lm tng nhit hoc p sut ca HHC mt t th s dn n hin
tng tng nhit lin tc ri pht ho. im C1 c gi l trng thi cn bng nhit
gii hn, cn nhit TC1 - nhit pht ho ng vi T0.1 v p1. Nu thay i p sut ca
HHC v nhit ca vch xylanh th im cn bng nhit gii hn cng thay i. Trn
H. 5.1-1b : im C0 ng vi p0 v T0.0 ; im C2 ng vi p2 v T02 .
Cn c vo l thuyt pht ho trnh by trn v nu ch xt s nh hng ca
yu t p sut v nhit th c th ch ra nhng vng, ti HHC c th hoc khng th
pht ho (H. 5.1-1c) . Nh vy, nhit pht ho khng phi l mt i lng vt l c
trng cho mt loi nhin liu m l mt thng s thay i theo iu kin din ra qu trnh
t chy nhin liu.
2) L thuyt pht ho do phn ng dy chuyn

L thuyt pht ho do phn ng dy chuyn cho rng iu kin duy nht m bo
s pht ho l tc phn nhnh phn ng dy chuyn ln hn tc lm gin on
phn ng dy chuyn. Ni dung c bn ca l thuyt ny nh sau : nh mt nng lng
kch thch ban u no s xut hin nhng phn t hot tnh - nhng gc ho hc c
PGS. TS.
117
ho tr t do v c nng lng hot ho ln. Nhng phn t hot tnh ny c kh nng

gy phn ng ho hc vi cc phn t trung ho to ra nhng phn t hot tnh mi
theo kiu phn ng dy chuyn. Trong qu trnh phn ng, mt s phn t hot tnh c
kh nng to ra nhng phn t hot tnh mi v lm phn nhnh dy chuyn, ng thi
cng c th c nhng phn t hot tnh tc dng vi kh tr hoc va chm vi vch
xylanh c nhit thp v b t nhnh dy chuyn.
V d phn ng dy chuyn gia hydro (H2) v oxy (O2) vi s tham gia ca nhn
t th ba (M) c th din ra nh sau :
- Pht sinh phn t hot tnh v phn ng dy chuyn :
H2 + M 2H + M
H2 + O2 + M 2OH + M
- Phn nhnh dy chuyn :
H + O2 OH + O
OH + H2 H2O + H
O + H2 OH + H
- t nhnh dy chuyn :
1
H2 + M
2
O + H 2 + M H 2O + M
H +M
Tc pht trin ca phn ng dy chuyn v qu trnh pht ho do phn ng dy

chuyn c th c biu din nh sau :
w = w0 e wh
(5.1-7)
trong : w - tc phn ng dy chuyn; w0 - tc ban u ca phn ng ph thuc
vo nng ban u ca cc phn t hot tnh; wh - tc phn ng ho hc hai phn
t; - thi gian.
w
1
wi
2
3
0
H.5.1-2. Tc phn ng dy chuyn
PGS. TS.
118
Qu trnh pht trin ca cc phn ng dy chuyn c th din ra theo mt trong hai

kh nng nh sau :
Kh nng th nht - tc phn nhnh dy chuyn ln hn tc t nhnh. Khi
, sau mt thi gian i , ti khu vc phn ng s tch lu c mt s lng ln cc

phn t hot tnh lm tng t ngt tc phn ng v gy pht ho (ng 1 trn H.
5.1-2).
Kh nng th hai - tc phn nhnh dy chuyn s gim sau khi t ti tr s
cc i no , sau tc t nhnh tng dn v khng dn n pht ho (ng 2 v
3).
Nh vy, phn ng dy chuyn c dn n pht ho hay khng cn tu thuc vo
iu kin m bo cho s tch nhnh dy chuyn din ra vi tc ln hn tc t

nhnh dy chuyn. S pht ho s din ra khi tc phn ng dy chuyn t n tr s
gi hn wi .
c) S pht ho ca nhin liu hydrocarbon CT
S pht ho ng c xng - ng c xng , nhit rt cao ca tia la
in (khong 10 000 0C) c th ph v cu trc ca cc phn t nhin liu v oxy to

ra cc phn t hot tnh. Nhng phn t hot tnh ny s lm pht trin phn ng dy
chuyn vi tc c xc nh theo cng thc (5.1-7). Cng vi s gia tc ca phn
ng dy chuyn, tc to nhit ti khu vc phn ng cng tng theo. Khi tc to

nhit ln hn tc truyn nhit t khu vc phn ng ra ngoi th chuyn sang giai on
t nng cao nhit ca HHC v dn n pht ho.
S pht ho ng c diesel - ng c diesel, nhit trong xylanh ti thi
im phun nhin liu khng cao c th ph hu cu trc ca cc phn t CnHm v

O2 (TC 700 900 0C). Tuy nhin, nhit tng i thp (300 400 0C) vn c th
din ra phn ng ho hc gia cc phn t CnHm v O2 vi s hnh thnh nhng cht
peroxide. V d :
C7H16 + O2 C7H15OOH
Khi tch t n mt nng gii hn, cc cht peroxide ROOH d dng t phn
hu nhit trong bung t nh sau :
ROOH
Peroxides
hoc
ROOH
PGS. TS.
(R
H)
+ (R
aldehydes
ketones
RO
R) + (R
CH
CH
olefins
+ OH
119
R)
Sn phm ca s phn hu cc cht peroxide c th l cc cht c tnh hot ho

yu nh aldehyde, ketone, olefin, v.v. v cc phn t hot tnh, v d RO, OH, v.v. Cc
phn t hot tnh mi c hnh thnh d dng phn ng vi cc phn t CnHm v O2
to ra nhng phn t hot tnh mi v lm xut hin phn ng dy chuyn ri c th kt
thc bng s xut hin nhng trung tm chy u tin. S hnh thnh cc phn t hot
tnh l kt qu ca hng lot qu trnh ho hc trung gian c gi l cc phn ng tin
ngn la (Preflame Reactions) .Thi im HHC t bc chy l thi im xut hin trong
bung t nhng trung tm chy u tin (First Hot Flame Foci). l nhng khu vc
tp trung nhng phn t hot tnh vi nng ln sao cho tc to nhit t cc phn
ng ho hc gia chng vi nhau v gia chng vi cc phn t nhin liu ln hn tc
truyn nhit t khu vc phn ng ra ngoi. Trong iu kin nh vy, s t gia tc dy
chuyn lm cho phn ng t n tc m bo vic t bc chy v chy ca HHC
xung quanh.
Qua phn tch trn ta thy, cc phn ng oxy ho nhin liu CT u thuc
loi phn ng dy chuyn. Nhng v cc phn ng dy chuyn u l phn ng to
nhit nn trong qu trnh phn ng, HHC cng t sy nng v s t sy nng cng
nh hng ti pht ho. Nh vy, s pht ho CT va do phn ng dy chuyn va
do nhit.
5.2. CC THNG S C TRNG CA QU TRNH CHY

5.2.1. THI GIAN CHM CHY
Thi gian chm chy (Ignition Lag) l khong thi gian cn thit HHC pht
ho khi chu tc dng ca p sut v nhit ln. i vi ng c xng, thi gian
chm chy c tnh t thi im xut hin tia la in gia hai cc ca buji n thi
im xut hin nhng trung tm chy u tin; cn ng c diesel - thi gian chm
chy ko di t thi im nhin liu thc t bt u c phun vo bung t n thi
im xut hin nhng trung tm chy u tin. Thi gian chm chy c th c tnh
bng giy (i) hoc bng gc quay ca trc khuu (i).
Thi gian chm chy vt l v thi gian chm chy ho hc
Nhiu th nghim c tin hnh nhm mc ch xc nh thi gian chm chy.
H. 5.2-2 gii thiu kt qu th nghim bng cch phun hn hp ca 33 % isooctane v 67
% n-heptane vo mt bnh cha khng kh v mt bnh khc cha nit c t nng .
Kt qu th nghim chng t s tn ti cc qu trnh vt l v ho hc din ra trong giai
on chm chy. Thi gian din ra cc qu trnh ho hi nhin liu, ho trn hi nhin
liu vi khng kh v sy nng hn hp chy n nhit t bc chy c gi l thi
gian chm chy vt l (i.ph) . Thi gian tnh t thi im xut hin cc phn ng tin
ngn la n thi im xut hin nhng trung tm chy u tin c gi l thi gian
chm chy ho hc (i. ch).
i = i. ph + i. ch
PGS. TS.
120
nh hng ca giai on chm chy n cht lng qu trnh chy

nh hng ca giai on chm chy n din bin v cht lng qu trnh chy
ng c xng v diesel khng hon ton nh nhau. Giai on chm chy ng c xng
din ra trong khong thi gian rt ngn v khng c nh hng ng k n cht lng
ca ton b qu trnh chy. Ngc li, giai on chm chy ng c diesel din ra
trong mt khong thi gian kh di so vi tng thi gian dnh cho qa trnh chy v c
nh hng rt ln n din bin ca cc giai on tip theo ca qu trnh chy. Giai on
chm chy ng c diesel ko di s lm cho lng nhin liu chy rt , tc tng p
sut (wp.m) v p sut chy cc i (pz) u tng.
a)
b)
p
z'
z
ec
ec
cf
ci
cf
CT
ci
CT
H. 5.2-1. Cc im c trng trn th cng ch th trong qu trnh chy.

a) ng c xng , b) ng c diesel
cf - thi im buji nh la (ng c xng) hoc thi im phun nhin liu
thc t (ng c desel) ; ci - thi im pht ho ; ec- thi im kt thc
qu trnh chy ; - gc nh la sm (ng c xng) hoc gc phun sm
(ng c diesel) ; i - gc chm chy
Thay i ni nng [cal]
10
i.ph
i.ph
i.ch
i.ch
0
1
-10
-20
N2
N2
-30
0
4
8
Thi gian chm chy [ms]
12
H. 5.2-2. Thi gian chm chy vt l v ho hc [5]

1- Tc1 = 1300 0 F ,
pc1 = 465 psia ,
gf = 0,108 g ;
0
2- Tc1 = 900 F ,
pc1 = 465 psia ,
gf = 0,139 g.
PGS. TS.
121
5.2.2. TC CHY
Tc chy (wC) c nh ngha l s lng nhin liu tham gia phn ng chy
trong mt n v thi gian. Tc chy c vai tr c bit quan trng i vi cht lng
chu trnh cng tc ca CT v n quyt nh c im bin thin ca nhit v p
sut ca MCCT trong qu trnh chy, ko theo l hng lot ch tiu kinh t - k thut
ca ng c.
Tc chy CT ph thuc vo tc phn ng ho hc (wh) ca nhin liu
vi oxy v vn tc lan truyn ngn la (u).
1) Tc phn ng ho hc
Mi quan h gia tc phn ng ho hc ca nhin liu vi oxy v cc i lng
lin quan c th biu din bng cng thc di y [1] :
N
wh = F p e
Ea
RT
(5.2-1)
trong : F - hng s, ph thuc vo tnh cht l ho ca hn hp chy; p - p sut ; T nhit ; N - i lng c trng cho th t cc giai on ca phn ng; Ea - nng
lng kch hot; R - hng s ca cht kh.
Hng s F c trng cho s ln va chm ca cc phn t tham gia phn ng. S
ln va chm cng nhiu th xc sut xy ra phn ng cng cao v tc phn ng cng
ln. Hng s F ph thuc vo hng lot yu t, nh : loi nhin liu, thnh phn ca
HHC, hm lng kh st, nhit v p sut trong xylanh, v.v.
Nng lng kch hot (Ea) l s nng lng b sung tiu hao cho vic kch hot
mt b phn phn t c kh nng tham gia phn ng khi va chm. Phn ng ch c th
xy ra khi cc phn t va chm nhau, nhng khng nht thit mi ln va chm u gy ra
phn ng. kch hot phn ng th nng lng ca cc phn t va chm cn phi ln
ph c lin kt bn trong ca phn t. phn ng c th xy ra th thi k trc

khi bt u phn ng cn phi lm cho mt b phn cc phn t c d tr nng lng E >
E1 + Ea = E2 , trong : E1 - hiu ng nhit ca phn ng, E2 - s nng lng b sung
cn thit tiu hao cho vic thc hin phn ng c to nhit. Cc phn t c nng
lng ln v c kh nng gy ra phn ng khi va chm c gi l cc phn t hot
tnh. Cc phn ng khc nhau c cc tr s nng lng kch hot (Ea) khc nhau. Ea cng
nh th phn ng xy ra cng d dng v din ra nhanh. Ea = 0 c ngha l nng lng
tng cng ca hai phn t va chm nhau ph v lin kt bn trong ca cc phn t
v lm cho phn ng xy ra. Trong trng hp , mi ln va chm s gy ra phn ng.
Tm hiu qu trnh chy t gc ca ngi khai thc k thut CT, c th lit
k nhng yu t nh hng n tc phn ng ho hc (wh) sau y :
PGS. TS.
122
Tnh cht ho hc ca nhin liu - Nhin liu c thnh phn nguyn t v cu

trc phn t khc nhau s c nng lng kch hot (Ea) khc nhau. Nng lng kch hot
cng nh th phn ng bt u cng d dng v din ra nhanh. Trong trng hp Ea = 0,
phn ng s din ra sau mi ln va chm gia cc phn t ca cc cht tham gia phn
ng.
p sut v nhit trong khng gian cng tc - p sut v nhit c lin
quan n tn sut va chm gia cc phn t nhin liu v oxy, qua nh hng n
nng lng kch hot phn ng. Nhit v p sut cng cao th kh nng xy ra phn
ng cng ln v tc phn ng cng cao. Ni chung, nh hng ca nhit n tc
chy nhin liu CT mnh hn nhiu so vi nh hng ca p sut.
Thnh phn HHC - HHC qa ngho hoc qu giu u c tc phn ng ho
hc thp. iu ny c lin quan n tn sut va chm v lng nhit tiu hao cho vic
sy nng cc phn t khng kh hoc nhin liu d qu mc. Tc phn ng ho hc s
tng khi HHC c lm giu dn v t ti tr s ln nht ng vi = 0,85 0,90. Hin
tng ny c gii thch bi s phn t nhin liu v s phn t khng kh c trong
HHC thc t rt khc nhau, v d : t chy hon ton 1 phn t heptane (C7H16) cn
phi c t nht 11 phn t oxygen hoc 52,5 phn t khng kh. Vi HHC hi m, tn
sut va chm gia cc phn t nhin liu v oxy s ln hn.
Hm lng kh st - Tc phn ng ho hc gim theo chiu tng ca h s
kh st do tn sut va chm gia cc phn t tham gia phn ng gim v tn tht nhit
cho cc phn t kh tr tng.
Cht ph gia - Mt s cht, v d : tetraethyl ch - (C2H5)4Pb , Toluene C6H5CH3 , benzene - C6H6 , v.v. c pha vo mt s loi xng lm gim tc phn
ng ho hc nhm ngn chn hin tng kch n. Ngc li, mt s loi nhin liu
diesel li c pha cht c tc dng lm gim thi gian chm chy v tng tc phn
ng ho hc , v d : acetone peroxide, ethyl nitrate, isoamyl nitrate, v.v.
2) Vn tc lan truyn ngn la

HHC ng nht CT c pht ho mt v tr no trong bung t ri t
ngn la lan truyn v pha hn hp nhin liu-khng kh cha chy. Gia vng
chy v vng cha chy trong bung t c phn cch bi mt vng ang chy gi l
ngn la hay mng la. Trong ngn la, cc phn ng oxy ho nhin liu ang din ra
vi tc rt ln. Gia ngn la v vng HHC cha chy cng nh gia ngn la v
vng chy tn ti gradient rt ln v nhit v nng ca MCCT trong bung t
(H. 5.2-3).
Vn tc lan truyn ngn la ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, nh : cng dn
nhit v khuych tn ca nhng phn t hot tnh t khu vc chy sang khu vc cha
chy, tnh cht l-ho ca hn hp kh cng tc, c tnh chuyn ng ca hn hp kh
trong bung t , v.v. Vn tc m ngn la lan truyn t lp ny n lp khc do s
PGS. TS.
123
khuych tn ca nhng phn t hot tnh v do dn nhit theo phng php tuyn vi b
mt ca mng la c gi l vn tc ca ngn la trong trng hp chy tng (gi tt l
vn tc chy tng - un ). Vn tc chy tng c quyt nh ch yu bi tc phn ng
ho hc v h s dn nhit ca HHC. HHC hi m ( = 0,85 0,90) c vn tc chy
tng ln nht. Cc loi nhin liu hydrocarbon c vn tc chy tng cc i khong 0,35
0,55 cm/s p sut p = 1 bar v nhit t = 20 0C [4].
T
T
O2
CO2
T0
Tz
un
H. 5.2-3. c im bin thin nhit v nng

ca MCCT trong ngn la chy tng
un
[cm/s]
2
40
30
20
0
10
12
Hm lng hi nhin liu trong HHC [ %]
H. 5.2-4. nh hng ca thnh phn HHC n vn tc chy tng

1- Hexane , 2- Benzol , 3- Propane, 4- Propene, 5- Methane
Yu t c nh hng quyt nh n vn tc lan truyn ngn la trong ng c
thc t l chuyn ng ri ca kh trong bung t. Vi cng chuyn ng ri nh,
vn tc ngn la c tng ln l nh tng cng s cung cp nhit v cc phn t hot
tnh t ngn la cho hn hp chy (H. 5.2-5a). Khi c chuyn ng ri mnh th hnh
dng ngn la thay i, cc khi kh chuyn ng ri lon v kt qu l lm tng b mt
v vn tc ca ngn la (H. 5.2-5b). Ngoi cc yu t k trn, vn tc lan truyn ngn la
cn ph thuc vo hng lot thng s kt cu v vn hnh ca ng c nh : t s nn, s
lng buji, tc v ti , v.v. Vn tc lan truyn ngn la ng c hin nay c tr s
trung bnh khong 20 30 m/s [4].
PGS. TS.
124
C th biu din mi quan h gia vn tc lan trn ngn la trong trng hp c

vn ng ri ca kh trong bung t (gi tt l vn tc chy ri - u ), vn tc chy tng
(un) v cng chuyn ng ri (u') nh sau [4] :
u = un + K. u'
(5.2-2)
trong K l h s t l.
Spark -20 0
a)
- 12
HHC
-8
-40
00
40
Sn phm
chy
80
14 0
10
Spark -20 0
b)
- 14,5 0
+ 3,5 0
- 11,9
- 9,3 0
- 6,7 0
- 4,1 0
- 0,9 0
- 1,7 0
H. 5.2-5. nh hng ca chuyn ng ri n tnh cht ca ngn la

a) Vn ng ri yu b) Vn ng ri mnh
3) Tc chy ca HHC khng ng nht

Cch thc chy ca HHC khng ng nht nh trng hp HHC turbine kh
hoc ng c diesel khng ging nh trng hp HHC ng nht c m t trn.
Tc chy (wc ) ca HHC khng ng nht c quyt nh ch yu bi tc ho hi
v ho trn hi nhin liu vi khng kh, bi v tc phn ng ho hc thng ln hn
rt nhiu so vi tc ho hi v ho trn. Mt khc, qu trnh chy c th din ra vi
HHC khng ng nht rt long ( 4), v trong HHC khng ng nht lun tn ti
nhng khu vc c thnh phn HHC tt nht cho s bc chy ( = 0,85 - 0,90) ; ti nhng
khu vc s xut hin nhng trung tm chy ri ngn la s lan ra nhng khu vc vi
HHC long hn. Cng chnh v s khng ng nht ca HHC m ng c diesel c th
xut hin khi en v b hng trong kh thi ngay c vi HHC kh long ( 1,4). Bi
v, mc d HHC c h s d lng khng kh trung bnh ln hn 1, nhng vn c nhng
khu vc c HHC rt m , cc phn t hydrocarbon b phn hu thnh C v cc
cht khc trong iu kin nhit cao v thiu oxy.
PGS. TS.
125
5.2.3. TC TNG P SUT V P SUT CHY CC I

Tc tng p sut v p sut chy cc i l hai thng s c nh hng quyt
nh n ph ti c hc tc dng ln c cu truyn lc v cc b phn lin quan. Nhiu

chi tit chu tc dng ca lc kh th, nh nh piston, thanh truyn, lt xylanh, v.v. c
tnh ton bn trn c s p sut chy cc i. Trong khi tc ng ca p sut chy cc i
c th c coi nh ph ti tnh th tc ng ca tc tng p sut li mang tnh cht
ng. Chnh s thay i p sut mt cch t ngt s gy nn nhng bin dng c tnh
chu k ca vt liu, t s xut hin thm ng sut ng trong cc chi tit chu lc. Khi
tc tng p sut ln, ng c s lm vic "cng", n v rung ng mnh.
Trong qu trnh chy, ch giai on tnh t thi im nhin liu pht ho (im ci
- H. 5.2-1) n thi im p sut chy t gi tr cc i (im z) c tc tng p sut
ln nht v c nh hng quyt nh n cht lng qu trnh chy. Bi vy tc tng
p sut trong giai on ny c coi l i din cho nh hng ca tc tng p sut
trong c qu trnh chy v c c trng bi thng s Tc tng p sut trung bnh
(wp.) :
wp =
p p z pci
=
z ci
(5.2-3)
trong : wp - tc tng p sut trung bnh trong qu trnh chy, [bar/ 0gqtk]; pz , pci
- p sut trong xylanh ti im z v ci, [bar]; z , ci - gc quay ca trc khuu ti im
z v ci , [0gqtk].
Thng thng, tc tng p sut trung bnh c duy tr mc wp = 4 5 bar/
0
gqtk i vi ng c diesel v wp = 1,5 2,5 bar/ 0gqtk i vi ng c xng.
PGS. TS.
126
5.3. QU TRNH TO HN HP CHY

5.3.1. C IM QU TRNH TO HN HP CHY
Qu trnh to hn hp chy (HHC) bao gm tt c nhng s thay i v trng thi,
thnh phn, nhit v p sut ca hn hp nhin liu - khng kh tnh t thi im
nhin liu bt u c ho trn vi khng kh n thi im hn hp hi nhin liu khng kh bc chy. m bo cho nhin liu chy nhanh, chy hon ton v chy gn
CT vi tc tng p sut v p sut chy cc i khng qu ln, qu trnh to HHC
phi tho mn nhng yu cu ph hp vi phng php t chc qu trnh chy tng
loi ng c.
Qua tm hiu c im kt cu, nguyn l hot ng ca ng c xng v ng c
diesel c th rt ra mt s nhn xt c lin quan n qu trnh to HHC nh sau :
1.
2.
3.
4.
ng c xng
HHC c hnh thnh t bn ngoi 1.
HHC trong bung t ti thi im 2.
pht ho c th coi l ng nht do qu
trnh to HHC din ra trong mt
khong thi gian di .
Nhin liu c pht ho bng tia la 3.
in c nhit rt cao.
Nhin liu thng l loi d bay hi.
4.
ng c diesel
HHC c hnh thnh bn trong
HHC ti thi im pht ho l khng
ng nht do thi gian chun b
HHC rt ngn v nhin liu thng l
loi kh bay hi.
Nhin liu t pht ho di tc ng
ca p sut v nhit cao ca khng
kh trong bung t.
Nhin liu thng l loi kh bay hi.
Cn lu rng : khng phi nhin liu quyt nh nguyn l hot ng ca ng

c m ngc li. Vic s dng cc loi nhin liu d bay hi ( xng, alcohol, benzol, kh
t ho lng, v.v.) cho ng c xng v nhin liu kh bay hi hn (gas oil, du solar,
mazout, v.v.) cho ng c diesel c quyt nh trc ht bi cc ch tiu cht lng c
bn ca nhin liu (s octane, s cetane, nhit tr) v hiu qu kinh t khi dng cc loi
nhin liu .
c im hnh thnh HHC bn ngoi i vi ng c xng cng khng phi l
bt bin. c nhng th nghim ng c pht ho bng tia la chy bng xng c
phun trc tip vo khng gian cng tc ca xylanh, nhng nhng li ch m gii php
ny mang li khng tng xng vi nhng bt li km theo nn tt c ng c xng ph
bin hin nay u thuc loi hnh thnh HHC bn ngoi.
Tt c cc b phn c chc nng thc hin qu trnh to ra HHC c gi chung l
h thng to HHC. ng c xng, b ch ho kh hoc h thng phun xng l nhng
b phn c vai tr chnh trong vic thc hin qu trnh to HHC ; cn ng c diesel h thng phun nhin liu. Ngoi ra, cu hnh ca bung t, h thng np-x cng c vai
tr nht nh trong vic to ra HHC theo nhng tiu ch nh trc.
PGS. TS.
127
5.3.2. CHT LNG QU TRNH TO HHC NG C XNG

Cht lng qu trnh to HHC ng c xng c th c nh gi thng qua 3
i lng chnh : ng nht ca HHC, cht lng nh lng v thnh phn ca HHC.
1) ng nht ca HHC
HHC c coi l ng nht nu n c thnh phn nh nhau ti mi khu vc trong
bung t. ng nht ca HHC c nh hng trc tip n cng sut , hiu sut v
c hi ca kh thi ca ng c. HHC cng ng nht th lng khng kh thc t cn
thit t chy hon ton mt n v khi lng nhin liu s cng nh. Ni cch khc
l ng nht cng ln th ng c c th lm vic vi HHC c h s d lng khng
kh () cng nh m vn m bo yu cu t chy hon ton nhin liu. Nu HHC
khng ng nht, s c nhng khu vc trong bung t thiu hoc tha oxy. Ti khu vc
thiu oxy, nhin liu chy khng hon ton s lm gim hiu sut nhit ca ng c v
tng hm lng cc cht c hi trong kh thi. Vic tha oxy qu mc cng lm gim
hiu sut ca ng c do phi tiu hao nng lng cho vic sy nng, np v x phn
khng kh d qu mc, ng thi gim hiu qu s dng dung tch cng tc ca xylanh.
ng nht ca HHC c quyt nh bi cc yu t : tnh cht vt l ca nhin
liu ( tnh ho hi, sc cng b mt, nht), nhit ca khng kh v ca cc b mt
tip xc vi HHC (vch ng ng np, nh piston, thnh xylanh), chuyn ng ri ca
kh trong ng ng np v trong xylanh, v.v...
2) Thnh phn ca hn hp chy ( )
Trong lnh vc CT, thnh phn ca HHC thng c nh gi bng i lng
c tn l h s d lng khng kh :
G
L
= K
L0 G0K
(5.3-1)
trong : L0 - lng khng kh l thuyt cn thit t chy hon ton 1 n v s

lng nhin liu; L - lng khng kh thc t cn thit t chy 1 n v s lng
nhin liu trong ng c; G0K - lu lng khng kh l thuyt cn thit t chy
hon ton nhin liu; GK - lu lng khng kh thc t i vo khng gian cng tc ca
ng c.
HHC c < 1 c gi l hn hp m (hoc hn hp giu) ; > 1 - hn hp
long (hoc hn hp ngho) ; = 1 - hn hp l thuyt hoc hn hp ho nh lng.
3) Cht lng nh lng

Cht lng nh lng c nh ngha l kh nng iu chnh lng nhin liu
chu trnh cho ph hp vi ch lm vic ca ng c v kh nng phn b ng u
HHC cho cc xylanh ca ng c nhiu xylanh.
i vi ng c xng nhiu xylanh, HHC c cung cp cho tng xylanh phi
nh nhau v phng din s lng v thnh phn. Mc khc nhau v s lng gia
PGS. TS.
128
lng nhin liu chu trnh cc xylanh ca cng mt ng c c c trng bng i

lng " nh lng khng ng u gct " :
g ct = 2
g ct . max g ct . min
100
g ctmax + g ct . min
(5.3-2)
trong gct.max v gct.min l lng nhin liu chu trnh ln nht v nh nht cc xylanh
vi cng mt v tr ca c cu iu khin.
S phn b khng ng u HHC cho cc xylanh s dn n nhng hu qu sau
y :
- Gim cng sut danh ngha v tng sut tiu hao nhin liu.
- Ph ti c v ph ti nhit khng ng u cc xylanh.
- C th xut hin hin tng kch n mt s xylanh do thnh chng ct ca
nhin liu nhng xylanh c s octane nh.
- Tng hm lng cc cht c hi trong kh thi, v.v.
Cc bin php thng c s dng nhm hn ch nh lng khng ng u
ng c xng bao gm :
- Kt cu h thng np hp l.
- Sy nng ng ng np bng nhit ca kh thi tng cng s bay hi ca
xng trong ng np.
- S dng h thng phun xng nhiu im.
5.3.3. CHT LNG QU TRNH TO HHC NG C DIESEL

Cht lng ca qu trnh to HHC ng c diesel c nh gi thng qua cc
i lng : ng nht ca HHC, cht lng nh lng, cht lng nh thi v quy
lut hnh thnh HHC.
1) ng nht ca HHC
ng nht ca HHC cng c nh hng n tnh nng v cc ch tiu khc ca
ng c diesel tng t nh i vi ng c xng. Tuy nhin, c im qu trnh to
HHC ng c diesel rt khc so vi ng c xng, c th : HHC ca ng c diesel
c hnh thnh bn trong khng gian cng tc ca xylanh trong mt khong thi gian
rt ngn so vi thi gian din ra ton b chu trnh cng tc, cho nn thc t rt kh to ra
mt HHC ng nht ti thi im nhin liu pht ho. Chnh v vy m cc bin php
ng nht ho HHC ng c diesel phc tp v a dng hn nhiu. C th lit k di
y mt s bin php ph bin :
- Phun nhin liu vo bung t di dng sng m bng cch nn nhin liu
n p sut rt cao (khong 100 1500 bar) ri phun qua cc l c tit din lu thng
rt nh.
- Phi hp cu trc v m ca cc tia nhin liu vi hnh dng v kch thc ca
bung t.
PGS. TS.
129
- To chuyn ng ri mnh ca kh trong bung t bng cch khot lm nh

piston, hng ng ng np theo phng tip tuyn.
- S dng bung t ngn cch to ra chuyn ng ri mnh ca kh trong
bung t, to ra hiu nng nhit v hiu nng phun th cp, v.v.
2) Cht lng nh lng - Cht lng nh lng ca h thng to HHC ca

ng c diesel c nh gi bng hai thng s : lng nhin liu chu trnh (gct) v
nh lng khng ng u (gct). nh ngha v nh hng ca gct , gct n tnh nng
v cc ch tiu khc ca ng c diesel cng tng t nh i vi ng c xng. Tuy
nhin, qu trnh to HHC ng c xng v diesel c nhiu c im khc nhau, nn cc
bin php nh lng chnh xc cng rt khc nhau. ng c diesel, kh mi l khng
kh thun tu cho nn chc nng nh lng thc t ch do h thng phun nhin liu thc
hin. Cc h thng phun nhin liu kiu Bosch c in c th p ng c yu cu nh
lng cho nhng ng c c n < 3000 rpm. tc quay cng cao, nh hng mang
tnh ngu nhin ca hng lot hin tng thu ng trong h thng bm cao p - ng cao
p - vi phun nhin liu s lm cho s khc nhau v lng nhin liu chu trnh, thi im
bt u v kt thc phun nhin liu cng ln. Vi nhng ng c c tc quay cao , cn
phi s dng nhng gii php thch hp hn ch nh lng khng ng u, v d
: s dng h thng phun nhin liu vi BCA phn phi , h thng phun nhin liu vi
BCA - VP lin hp, h thng phun nhin liu iu khin in t, v.v.
3) Cht lng nh thi
Nh chng ta bit, HHC ng c diesel c hnh thnh bn trong khng
gian cng tc ca xylanh v thi im bt u qu trnh to HHC cng chnh l thi im
bt u qu trnh chy. Bi vy, khc vi ng c xng, thi im hnh thnh HHC
ng c diesel c nh hng trc tip n hng lot thng s cng tc v ch tiu cht
lng ca ng c. Cht lng nh thi ca h thng to HHC ng c diesel c
hiu l kh nng nh thi im bt u v kt thc qu trnh phun nhin liu mt cch
chnh xc. Cht lng nh thi ng c diesel hon ton do h thng phun nhin liu
quyt nh v c c trng bng 2 thng s : gc phun sm nhin liu v nh thi
khng ng u.
Gc phun sm nhin liu () - l gc quay ca trc khuu tnh t thi im
nhin liu thc t c phun vo bung t n thi im piston ca ng c ti CT
trong hnh trnh nn. Gc phun sm nhin liu l i lng c trng cho thi im bt
u qu trnh to HHC ng c diesel.
nh thi khng ng u () - l i lng nh gi mc khc nhau
v gc phun sm cc xylanh khc nhau ca ng c nhiu xylanh. N c xc nh
bng cng thc sau :
min
= 2 max
100
(5.3-3)
max + min
PGS. TS.
130
Trong thc t khng th ch to hoc iu chnh c h thng phun nhin liu c

gct = 0 % v = 0 % , tc l lng nhin liu chu trnh v thi im cp liu cho cc
xylanh hon ton bng nhau mi ch lm vic ca ng c. Tr s ln nht cho php
ca gct v c nh ch to quy nh v phi c kim chnh nh k trong qu
trnh khai thc ng c. Vi gct v ln hn tr s cho php, ng c s khng t
c cng sut thit k (Nen), sut tiu hao nhin liu tng, ph ti c v nhit tc dng
khng ng u tt c cc xylanh, v.v.
4) Quy lut phun nhin liu

Quy lut phun nhin liu l khi nim bao hm thi gian phun v c im phn
b tc phun. C th biu din quy lut phun di dng vi phn hoc di dng tch
phn.
Quy lut phun di dng vi phn - l hm s th hin c im thay i tc
phun tc thi theo gc quay trc khuu trong qu trnh phun (xem H. 1.3-35a).
Quy lut phun di dng tch phn - l hm s th hin c im thay i theo
gc quay trc khuu ca lng nhin liu c phun vo bung t tnh t thi im bt
u phun (H. 1.3-35b).
Quy lut phun nhin liu c nh hng quyt nh n quy lut hnh thnh HHC,
c bit l i vi phng php to HHC kiu th tch, qua nh hng n hng lot
ch tiu cht lng ca ng c diesel. Vic la chn quy lut phun nhin liu nh th
no l tu thuc vo tnh nng ca ng c v cch thc t chc qu trnh chy .
PGS. TS.
131
5.4. QU TRNH CHY NG C XNG

Cn c vo c im bin thin ca p sut ca MCCT trong xylanh, c th chia
qu trnh chy ng c xng thnh 3 giai on : chm chy, chy chnh v chy rt.
I II
III
z
ec
c
cf
ci
CT
H. 5.4-1. Qu trnh chy ng c xng trn th cng m rng

cf - Thi im bougie nh la, ci - Thi im nhin liu pht ho,
z - Thi im p sut chy t gi tr cc i , ec - Thi im kt thc
qu trnh chy , i - Gc chm chy, - Gc nh la sm.
Giai on I - Giai on chm chy
Giai on chm chy ko di t thi im buji nh la ( im cf ) n thi im
nhin liu pht ho. Vic xc nh thi im pht ho rt kh thc hin trong iu kin
thc t nn ngi ta thng quy c thi im cui giai on chm chy l lc ng p
sut chy tch khi ng nn (im ci). Nhng trung tm chy u tin ng c xng
c hnh thnh ti khu vc gn 2 cc ca buji di tc dng ca nhit rt cao
(khong 10.000 0C) ca tia la in. Trong giai on chm chy, p sut ca MCCT hu
nh khng thay i so vi ng nn do tc to nhit cn rt thp. Thng s c trng
cho giai on ny l thi gian chm chy (i) hoc gc chm chy (i). Tr s ca i
hoc i ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht l ho ca hn hp kh cng tc (loi nhin liu,
, r , T, p) v cng ca tia la in.
Giai on II - Giai on chy chnh
Giai on chy chnh ko di t thi im nhin liu pht ho (im ci) n thi
im p sut chy t gi tr cc i (im z).
PGS. TS.
132
Do c ho hi v ho trn u vi khng kh theo mt t l thch hp nn

sau khi c pht ho, nhin liu bc chy mnh lit trong mng la lan truyn t nhng
trung tm chy u tin ra khp khng gian bung t . Tc lan truyn ngn la ph
thuc rt nhiu vo cng chuyn ng ri ca MCCT trong bung t. Tc to
nhit rt ln trong mt khng gian cng tc nh lm cho p sut tng ln rt nhanh. Nhit
lng cung cp cho MCCT c sinh ra ch yu trong giai on ny ca qu trnh chy.
Qu trnh cp nhit y gn ging vi cp nhit ng tch.
Giai on chy chnh ng c xng thng c nh gi bng 2 i lng l p
sut chy cc i (pz) v tc tng p sut trung bnh (wp).
Giai on III - Giai on chy rt
Nu c t chc tt th qu trnh chy s kt thc sau khi piston ri CT
khong 10 30 0 gqtk. Ngc li, qu trnh chy c th tip tc trn ng dn n. Giai
on chy sau khi piston ri xa CT c gi l chy rt.
Chy rt l hin tng c hi v mi phng din, v :
- Tng tn tht nhit theo kh thi do kh thi c nhit cao hn.
- Tng tn tht nhit truyn cho mi cht lm mt do MCCT c nhit cao hn
khi piston ri xa CT.
- Nhit cao ca MCCT trong xylanh c duy tr trong thi gian di c th
gy qu ti nhit cho ng c, v.v.
5.4.2. NHNG HIN TNG CHY KHNG BNH THNG

NG C XNG
HHC ng c xng c pht ho nh tia la in c nhit rt cao. Mc d
din ra rt nhanh nhng qu trnh chy khng xy ra tc th trong ton b khng gian
bung t m ngn la xut pht t khu vc gn hai cc ca buji lan truyn theo tng
lp, phn chia khng gian ca bung t thnh hai vng : vng sau ngn la cha sn
phm chy v vng trc ngn la cha ho kh cha chy (H. 5.4-2). Nu tt c nhin
liu c t chy trong khng gian cng tc ca xylanh bi ngn la xut pht t tia la
in ca buji th qu trnh chy c gi l chy bnh thng. ng c xng cng c
th xut hin mt s hin tng chy khng bnh thng, nh : kch n, chy sm, n
trong ng x, n trong ng np, v.v.
1) Kch n
Kch n l hin tng t bc chy mt cch t ngt ca phn ho kh trong vng
pha trc ngn la.
Hin tng kch n c th nhn bit qua mt s biu hin c trng sau y :
- Xut hin ting g kim loi do sng xung kch phn x nhiu ln trong bung
t. Tc chy ca phn ho kh b kch n rt ln s to nn p sut v nhit cc
b rt cao ti khu vc kch n. Vn tc lan truyn ngn la kch n c th t ti 2000
m/s, trong khi vn tc ca ngn la chy bnh thng khng vt qu 40 m/s ng c
PGS. TS.
133
xng hin nay. S chnh lch p sut gia khu vc kch n v phn khng gian cn li
ca bung t s lm xut hin sng xung kch lan truyn vi vn tc truyn m. Sng
xung kch phn x nhiu ln trong khng gian bung t s to ra ting g kim loi c
trng ca hin tng kch n.
- ng c x khi en do mt phn nhin liu v sn phm chy b phn hu di
tc dng ca p sut v nhit rt cao ti khu vc kch n.
- th cng c hnh rng ca.
1 2
3
4
cf
H. 5.4-2. S lan truyn ngn la
trong trng hp kch n ng c
xng
1- Ngn la t buji; 2- Ho kh cha
chy; 3- Ngn la t tm kch n; 4Tm kch n
TDC
H. 5.4-3. th cng khi c kch n
Kch n l hin tng rt c hi, v :

- Cng sut ca ng c gim, sut tiu th nhin liu tng do mt phn nng
lng phi tiu hao cho s lan truyn ca sng xung kch, tn tht nhit cho mi cht lm
mt tng, mt phn nng lng tiu hao cho s phn hu nhin liu v sn phm chy .
- Do s lan truyn v phn x nhiu ln ca sng xung kch trong bung t, s
truyn nhit t kh nng cho vch xylanh s c tng cng v mng du bi trn trn
b mt ca cc chi tit thuc c cu truyn lc c th b ph hu dn n hng lot h
hng nh h thng lm mt b qu ti, kt piston, b xecmang, v.v.
Nguyn nhn v bn cht hin tng kch n ng c xng cha c l gii
mt cch ton din. Tuy nhin, nhiu tc gi cho rng kch n l kt qu ca hng lot
phn ng tin ngn la (preflame reactions) din ra trong iu kin nhit v p sut
cao ti vng trc ngn la cha phn ho kh cha chy (thng gi l ho kh cui end mixture) b chn p bi mng la lan truyn t buji. Trong thi gian din ra cc phn
ng tin ngn la trong nhng iu kin thch hp s xut hin cc cht peroxide c tnh
cht nh cht n. Cc cht peroxide s t bc chy vi tc rt ln nu nng ca
chng vt qu tr s ti hn v gy ra hin tng kch n. Kh nng xut hin kch n
c quyt nh bi 3 nhm yu t sau y :
PGS. TS.
134
- Tnh cht ca HHC.

- c im cu to ca ng c.
- Ch lm vic ca ng c.
Vi HHC c thnh phn khc nhau v loi nhin liu khc nhau, tnh cht v tc
ca cc phn ng tin ngn la s khc nhau , do d kh nng xut hin kch n cng
khc nhau. V d xng cha nhiu hydrocarbon loi parafin mch thng d b kch n hn
xng cha nhiu hydrocarbon loi aromatic mch vng do vic ph v cu trc ca cc
phn t aromatic kh hn so vi cc phn t parafin.
c im cu to ca ng c (v d : cu hnh ca bung t, s lng v v tr

ca buji, t s nn, vt liu ch to piston v np xylanh, v.v.) v ch lm vic ca
ng c ( v d : tc quay, ti, ch lm mt, v.v.) c lin quan trc tip n p sut
v nhit ca phn ho kh cha chy. Tt c nhng yu t gp phn lm tng p sut
v nhit ca phn ho kh cui cng nh thi gian m phn ho kh chu tc dng
ca p sut v nhit cao u c th lm tng kh nng kch n.
2) Chy sm
Chy sm l hin tng ho kh c t chy bi nhng vt th c nhit
cao (cc cc ca buji, nm xupap x, mui than ang chy, v.v.) trc khi c tia la in
ca buji.
Qu trnh lan truyn ngn la trong trng hp chy sm cng tng t nh khi
chy bnh thng. Nu hin tng chy sm xut hin ng hoc rt gn thi im buji
nh la th n khng gy tc hi g ng k. Ngc li, nu ho kh c t chy sm
hn nhiu so vi thi im nh la ti u s dn n hng lot hu qu , nh :
- Cng sut v hiu sut ca ng c gim do cng tiu hao cho qu trnh nn
tng bi v phi nn MCCT c p sut cao hn.
- Ph ti c v ph ti nhit ca ng c tng do p sut v nhit cc i ca
MCCT cao hn.
- Chy sm rt d ko theo kch n do p sut v nhit trong xylanh cao hn.
- Chy sm c xu hng xut hin sm hn sau mi chu trnh cng tc v lm
cho nhng hu qu k trn cng nghim trng hn. ng c nhiu xylanh, chy sm
thng xut hin v pht trin khng ging nhau trong cc xylanh khc nhau. Nu chy
sm ch xut hin trong mt hoc vi xylanh th rt kh pht hin do ting n ca ng
c trong qu trnh lm vic. iu c th gy hu qu rt nghim trng nh gy thanh
truyn, trc khuu, v.v. nu trong mt xylanh no chy sm xy ra khi piston cn
rt xa so vi CT trong hnh trnh nn.
Hin tng chy sm ng c xng c th khc phc bng cch chn " nng"
ca buji ph hp vi c im ca ng c, ngn nga hin tng kt mui than trong
bung t, v.v.
PGS. TS.
135
zs
b
bs
a
cs
H. 5.4-4. th cng khi chy bnh thng (aczba)

v khi chy sm (acszsbsa)
a)
b)
H. 5.4-5. Buji "nng" (a) v Buji "lnh" (b)
3) Nhng hin tng chy khng bnh thng khc

N trong ng x - l hin tng nhin liu pht ho trong ng ng x ca
ng c. Nguyn nhn ch yu ca hin tng ny l do hn hp chy qu m (nhin
liu s chy khng hon ton) hoc qu long (tc chy nh, chy rt tng), hoc do
hin tng b la mt vi xylanh, v.v. dn n tnh trng tn ti mt lng hn hp
chy trong ng ng x. Lng hn hp chy ny s pht ho nu tip xc vi vt th
c nhit cao, v d mui than nng trong kh thi. Hin tng n trong ng x
c th khc phc bng cch iu chnh ng b ch ho kh hn hp chy c thnh
phn thch hp v khc phc hin tng b la.
PGS. TS.
136
N trong ng np - Hin tng n trong ng np c th xut hin trong qu

trnh khi ng ng c hoc khi ng c chy nhng ch tc thp. Nguyn nhn
ca hin tng ny l sn phm chy lt vo ng ng np v nu sn phm chy c
nhit cao hoc trong sn phm chy c nhng vt th c nhit cao s lm cho
ho kh trong ng np pht ho.
Hin tng kh tt my sau khi ngt in - Trong mt s trng hp, ng
c vn tip tc hot ng ch khng ti sau khi ngt in n buji vi nhng
ting n anh v khng n nh. Nguyn nhn ch yu ca hin tng ny l ng c c
t s nn cao nn nhit kh cao cui hnh trnh nn kt hp vi nhng yu t khc
(v d trong bung t c nhng vt th c nhit cao hn bnh thng) c kh nng
lm cho nhin liu pht ho. Hin tng ny c khc phc bng cch trang b mt c
cu cho php ct hon ton nhin liu n bung t ca ng c.
5.4.3. NHNG YU T NH HNG N

QU TRNH CHY NG C XNG
Din bin v cht lng qu trnh chy ng c xng chu tc ng trc tip v
gin tip ca hng lot yu t kt cu v khai thc, nh : t s nn , vt liu ch to piston
v np xylanh, cu hnh ca bung t v v tr t buji, loi nhin liu, thnh phn ca
HHC, gc nh la sm, ti, tc quay , v.v.
1) T s nn ( )
Tng t s nn s lm tng p sut v nhit ca MCCT ti thi im buji nh
la v lm gim h s kh st. iu ny c nh hng tt n qu trnh chy. Tuy nhin,
t s nn cng ln th ng c lm vic cng cng v kh nng kch n cng cao. Nhng
yu t quan trng cn phi xem xt n khi la chn t s nn cho ng c xng bao gm
: loi nhin liu c s dng, mi cht v ch lm mt, ch lm vic ca ng c ,
vt liu ch to piston v np xylanh, kch thc ca xylanh, v.v.
2) Cu hnh ca bung t v v tr t buji
Vi tc di chuyn ngn la nh nhau, tc chy v tc tng p sut trong
xylanh s t l thun vi din tch b mt ngn la. Nu t buji phn hp ca bung
t (H. 5.4-6a), tc chy giai on u s nh do b mt mng la nh. V vy, tc
tng p sut giai on u ca qu trnh chy s thp hn so vi giai on sau.
Trong trng hp ngc li, nu buji c t phn rng ca bung t th tc tng
p sut giai on u s cao hn (H. 5.4-6b). S kt hp 2 dng bung t k trn c
th m bo cho tc tng p sut chy gn nh khng i trong sut qu trnh chy
(H. 5.4-6c). c im ny c li dng cho bung t kiu Ricardo (H. 5.4-7). Nh
hnh dng v v tr t buji thch hp nn p sut chy tng u n trong qu trnh chy,
ng c lm vic " mm " , kh nng kch n thp.
H. 5.4-8 th hin s lan truyn ngn la trong bung t vi buji t trung
tm v cnh bung t. Trong trng hp th nht, ngn la lan truyn khp khng
PGS. TS.
137
gian bung t sau khi trc khuu quay c 30 0 (H. 5.4-8a) , trong trng hp th hai sau 40 0 (H. 5.4-8b). Kt qu l tc chy v kh nng xut hin kch n trong 2 trng
hp k trn s khc nhau. Tc tng p sut trong trng hp th nht cao hn nhng
kh nng kch n thp hn do thi gian m phn ho kh sau cng chu tc dng ca p
sut v nhit cao ngn hn.
a)
b)
c)
H. 5.4-6. nh hng ca cu hnh bung t v v tr buji

n din bin qu trnh chy
150
100
200
300
H. 5.4-7. S lan truyn ngn

la trong bung t Ricardo
25
150
250
35
100
200
300
400
H. 5.4-8. S lan truyn ngn la trong

bung t ph thuc vo v tr t buji
3) Loi nhin liu

Nhng tnh cht ca nhin liu c nh hng trc tip nht n qu trnh chy
ng c xng bao gm tnh chng kch n v tnh ho hi.
Tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu l kh nng m bo cho ngn la lan
truyn v t chy phn HHC pha trc ngn la mt cch u n m khng gy ra
kch n. Phng php nh lng tnh chng kch n c s dng ph bin nht
hin nay l xc nh s octane (Octane Number - ON) ca nhin liu. Nhin liu dng
PGS. TS.
138
cho ng c xng hin i thng phi l loi c tnh chng kch n tt v nhng loi
ng c ny c t s nn kh cao m bo c sut tiu th nhin liu thp.
Tnh ho hi ca nhin liu l thut ng biu t khi nim bao hm kh nng
d ho hi, phm vi nhit si v hm lng cc thnh phn c nhit si khc nhau
trong mu th. Tnh ho hi c nh hng trc tip n qu trnh chy, qua nh hng
n tnh nng khi ng lnh, khi ng nng, chy khng ti, tng tc thi gian chy
m my, v.v.
4) Thnh phn ca hn hp chy

Thnh phn HHC ( ) c nh hng trc tip n tc phn ng ho hc gia
nhin liu v oxy v qua nh hng n cc thng s cng tc khc ca ng c.
nh hng ca n hiu sut l thuyt ( t )
Hiu sut ca chu trnh l thuyt ca ng c xng c xc nh bng cng thc
(xem mc 2.2) :
tV =
Wt
1
= 1 k 1
Q1
vng HHC m ( 1), t gim mnh theo chiu gim ca do phn nhin liu
chy khng hon ton tng. vng HHC long ( 1), nhin liu chy hon ton v
lng nhit chu trnh l khng i (Q1 = const). Mt khc, theo chiu tng ca trong
vng 1, nhit dung ring ca MCCT s gim v c lng nhit chu trnh ng vi 1
n v s lng kh mi, nhit ca MCCT trong qu trnh chy v dn n, hm lng
tng i ca cc kh nhiu nguyn t (CO2 , H2O) u gim . Kt qu l h s on
nhit (k) s tng i cht v lm cho hiu sut l thuyt (t) tng nh theo chiu tng ca
.
t , i
0,40
i
4
0,32
1
0,24
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
H. 5.4-9. nh hng ca n t v i
1- vi ti b phn, 2- vi 100 % ti, 3- vi hai bougie cho mi xylanh,
4- vi kh mi phn lp , 5- vi bung t trc
PGS. TS.
139
nh hng n hiu sut ch th ( i )

Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh thc, tc l hiu sut ch th (i) cng s tng khi
HHC c lm long dn do hiu sut l thuyt tng (i = t . t-i). Tuy nhin, khc vi
hiu sut l thuyt, hiu sut ch th ch tng n mt gii hn nht nh, ti qu trnh
chy nhin liu vn din ra bnh thng. Khi HHC qu long, qu trnh chy nhin liu s
din ra chm v khng n nh, c th c hin tng "b la" (misfiring), tt c nhng
yu t u gp phn lm gim hiu sut ch th ca ng c.
Gii hn long c ch ( e )
Tr s ca h s d lng khng kh, ti hiu sut ch th t gi tr cc i,
c gi l gii hn long c ch (e). Tr s e c quyt nh bi hng lot yu t kt
cu v vn hnh, nh : loi bung t, s lng buji, nng lng ca tia la in, nhit
v p sut ti thi im t chy nhin liu, v.v. C gng tng e ng c xng
khng ch nhm mc ch tng hiu sut nhit m cn c tc dng gim c hi ca
kh thi.
H. 5.4-10 gii thiu s nguyn l gii php t chy bng bung t trc
(precombustion chamber ignition) nhm mc ch tng e ng c xng. Ton b th
tch bung t ca ng c c chia thnh 2 phn : bung t ph v bung t chnh.
Bung t ph c cung cp HHC m qua mt xupap ph, cn bung t chnh c
cung cp HHC long qua xupap np chnh. HHC trong bung t ph c t chy
bng tia la in ca buji. HHC trong bung t chnh c t chy bng ngn la
phun ra t bung t ph. Vi gii php nh trn, ng c c th hot ng vi HHC c
h s d lng khng kh trung bnh ln hn nhiu ( 1,5) so vi phng php t
chy c in .
1
2
H. 5.4-10. S h thng t chy bng bung t trc ng c xng

PGS. TS.
140
Ne
ge
Ngho
Giu
Ne.max
Ne
ge
ge.min
=1
H. 5.4-11. nh hng ca n Ne v ge ca ng c xng

nh hng n cng sut c ch (Ne) v sut tiu th nhin liu (ge)
H. 5.4-11 gii thiu dng in hnh ca ng Ne v ge theo c tnh iu chnh
thnh phn HHC ca ng c xng, tc l ng cong th hin c im bin thin ca
Ne v ge theo khi ng c chy tc quay khng i trong iu kin gi nguyn v
tr ca bm ga.
Theo c tnh iu chnh thnh phn HHC ca ng c xng, Ne gim dn theo
chiu tng ca do tc cp nhit gim. Khi HHC c lm m dn, cng sut ca
ng c s tng v t ti tr s cc i ng vi = N , ti lng nhin liu c
tng thm do gim cn bng vi lng nhin liu chy khng hon ton do thiu
oxygen. Nu tip tc lm m HHC, cng sut ca ng c s gim do cht lng qu
trnh chy b nh hng, lng nhin liu chy khng hon ton tng.
V phng din hiu qu bin i nng lng, ge s gim mnh theo chiu tng
ca trong phm vi < 1 do lng nhin liu chy khng hon ton gim. Tr s ca h
s d lng khng kh ng vi sut tiu hao nhin liu cc tiu (g) tu thuc vo nhiu
yu t, nh : ti, tc quay, gii hn long c ch, v.v. Nu tip tc lm long HHC (
> g), sut tiu th nhin liu s tng do tc chy gim, qu trnh chy khng n nh .
- Khi khi ng ng c ngui, cn phi cung cp HHC c h s d lng
khng kh danh ngha rt nh ( < 0,3 - 0,4) c th to ra c HHC c ch m
c th pht ho trong iu kin p sut v nhit trong cylindre cn thp.
- Khi ng c hot ng nhng ch ti nh hoc khng ti, cn cung cp
cho ng c HHC m ( = 0,4 - 0,8) ng c c th chy n nh, v nhng ch
ti ni trn iu kin hnh thnh HHC v t chy nhin liu khng thun li.
- nhng ch ti v tc quay trung bnh, cn to ra HHC hi long ( =
1,05 - 1,15) nhin liu chy hon ton.
- Mun ng c t c cng sut ln nht, cn phi to ra HHC hi m ( =
0,85 - 0,90) .
PGS. TS.
141
5) Gc nh la sm ()
H. 5.4-12 th hin 3 th cng ca mt ng c ng vi 3 gc nh la sm
khc nhau. Nu gc nh la sm qu nh ( thi im nh la qu gn CT ) th thi
gian chy ko di do nhin liu chy trong iu kin chuyn ng ri ca MCT yu dn,
lng nhin liu chy rt tng . Hu qu l cng sut ca ng c gim, sut tiu th
nhin liu tng, ng c nng hn. im c li trong trng hp gc nh la sm nh
l ng c lm vic " mm " hn do tc tng p sut (wp.m) v p sut chy cc i
(pz) c tr s nh. Ngc li, nu gc nh la sm qu ln th tc hi cng tng t nh
trng hp chy sm .
p
[bar]
1
2
40
3
30
20
10
1 > 2 > 3
0
60
20 TDC 20
H. 5.4-12. nh hng ca gc nh la sm n th cng ca ng c xng

Gc nh la sm ng c xng hin i thng x dch trong khong 20 35 0
gqtk. Gc nh la sm c coi l ti u (opt) khi ti nhng ch tiu cht lng
quan trng ca ng c ( cng sut, hiu sut, sch ca kh thi, v.v.) t tr s cao
nht , ng thi m bo khng c kch n. Gc nh la sm ti u ph thuc vo hng
lot yu t, nh : tc quay, ti, t s nn, v.v.
6) Tc quay (n)
Tc quay va c nh hng tt va c nh hng xu n qu trnh chy
ng c xng. Nhng nh hng tt bao gm : tng tc chy do tng cng vn
ng ri ca MCCT, gim kh nng xut hin kch n do vn tc lan truyn ngn la v
h s kh st tng. Nhng nh hng xu bao gm : tng lng nhin liu chy rt do
gc chm chy tng. Mc nh hng ca tc quay n thi gian chy (c - tnh
bng giy) thng yu hn so vi nh hng n gc chy ( c - tnh bng 0 gqtk) . Tuy
nhin, nu gc nh la sm () v thnh phn HHC () c iu chnh thch hp vi
PGS. TS.
142
s thay i ca tc quay th ng p sut chy ch thay i rt t khi tc quay

thay i ( H. 5.4-13b). Chnh c im ny cho php ch to nhng ng c xng vi
tc quay rt ln m vn m bo hiu sut nhit trong gii hn c th chp nhn c.
1
2
cf.1
cf
a)
cf.3
TDC
TDC
b)
H. 5.4-13. nh hng ca tc quay n th cng ch th ca ng c xng

1- 1000 rpm , 2- 2000 rpm , 3- 3000 rpm
opt
[0]
2000 rpm
8
1000 rpm
4
500 rpm
0
0
50
100 [mm Hg]
H. 5.4-14. Quan h gia tc quay, ti v gc phun sm ti u ng c xng
7) Ti ca ng c
Ti ca ng c xng c iu chnh bng cch thay i m ca bm ga,
qua thay i lng v thnh phn HHC i vo xylanh. Tng t nh tc quay, ti
va c nh hng tt va c nh hng xu n qu trnh chy. Khi tng ti, p sut v
nhit ca ng c v ca MCCT trong xylanh cao hn , h s kh st gim. iu ny
c nh hng tt n qu trnh chy v nhin liu d pht ho v chy nhanh hn. Tuy
nhin, khi lng nhin liu chu trnh tng th thi gian cn thit t chy lng nhin
liu cng phi nhiu hn. Trong nhng iu kin thc t, nh hng tch cc ca ti
n qu trnh chy ng c xng chim u th hn, cho nn c th gim gc nh la
sm khi tng ti.
PGS. TS.
143
4.5.4.. YU CU I VI QU TRNH CHY NG C XNG

Qu trnh chy c coi l c cht lng cao khi p ng c 2 yu cu c bn
sau y :
1) Nhin liu phi chy hon ton, chy nhanh v chy gn CT.
2) Tc tng p sut trung bnh (wp.m) v p sut chy cc i (pz) c tr s va
phi.
Yu cu th nht m bo cho ng c c hiu sut nhit cao v sn phm chy c
t cc cht c hi. Nu nhin liu chy hon ton, khng nhng lng nhit to ra
cung cp cho MCCT l ln nht m trong kh thi s khng c cc thnh phn c hi
nh carbon monoxide (CO), carboxylic acids (CnHm.COOH), ketones
(CnHm.CO),
hydrocarbon (CnHm),v.v. Nhin liu chy cng nhanh v chy cng gn CT th hiu qu
sinh ra c nng cng cao. Tuy nhin, khi wp v pz s c tr s ln lm cho ng c lm
vic "cng" , ph ti c hc s ln.
PGS. TS.
144
5.5. QU TRNH CHY NG C DIESEL

a)
T
p
z'
T = f( )
ci
cf
y
z'
ef
ec
p = f( )
ci
cf
i
b)
g c t.x
ef
ci
c)
cf
d Q /d
d Q /d
cf
CT
H. 5.5-1. Cc th m t qu trnh chy ng c diesel

a) th cng khai trin, b) Quy lut phun nhin liu dng tch phn
c) Quy lut phun nhin liu dng vi phn v H s to nhit
cf - Thi im nhin liu bt u c phun vo bung t, ci - Thi im
nhin liu pht ho, z - Thi im p sut chy t gi tr cc i ,
'
z - Thi im p sut chy cc i bt u gim, ef - Thi im kt thc
qu trnh phun nhin liu, ec - Thi im kt thc qu trnh chy ,
i - Gc chm chy, - Gc phun sm nhin liu.
PGS. TS.
145
Cn c vo c im bin thin ca p sut ca MCCT trong xylanh, c th chia

qu trnh chy ng c diesel thnh 4 giai on (H. 5.5-1).
Giai on I - Giai on chm chy
Giai on chm chy ko di t thi im nhin liu bt u thc t c phun
vo bung t (im cf) n thi im nhin liu pht ho (im ci). Trong giai on ny
din ra hng lot qu trnh l ho i vi nhin liu, nh ph v tia nhin liu thnh
nhng ht nh, sy nng v ho hi cc ht nhin liu bng khng kh nn trong bung
t, ho trn hi nhin liu vi khng kh nn, sy nng hi n nhit t pht ho, cc
phn ng tin ngn la v cui cng l hnh thnh cc trung tm chy u tin. ng p
sut chy trong giai on chm chy hu nh trng vi ng nn do tc to nhit t
cc phn ng tin ngn la rt nh, thm ch nhit v p sut trong xylanh gim cht t
khi nhin liu mi c phun vo bung t do mt phn nhit ca MCCT tiu hao
ho hi nhin liu.
Giai on chm chy ng c diesel ko di khong vi phn ngn giy, di hn
nhiu so vi trng hp ng c xng. Lng nhin liu c phun vo bung t trong
giai on chm chy gI = (30 40) % gct ; i khi gI = 100 % gct mt s loi ng c
diesel cao tc.
Giai on II - Giai on chy khng iu khin
Giai on II ko di t thi im ng chy tch khi ng nn (im ci) n
thi im p sut chy t n tr s cc i pz (im z). Trong giai on ny, lng
nhin liu c phun vo trong giai on chm chy (gI) cng vi nhin liu c
phun vo u giai on II (g'II) bc chy mnh lit trong iu kin nhit cao v nng
oxy ln. Ngn la t cc trung tm chy u tin pht trin ra khp khng gian bung
t. Tc to nhit rt ln trong iu kin th tch ca khng gian cng tc nh lm cho
nhit v p sut trong xylanh tng ln mnh lit. ng p sut rt dc nn c th coi
giai on II ca qu trnh chy ng c diesel tng ng vi qu trnh cp nhit ng
tch ca chu trnh l thuyt cp nhit hn hp.
Cc thng s c trng cho giai on chy khng iu khin bao gm : p sut
chy cc i (pz), tc tng p sut trung bnh (wp), t s tng p sut = pz / pc..
Tr s ca pz , wp v ph thuc trc ht vo thi im phun nhin liu, quy
lut to HHC v thi gian chm chy.
Giai on III - Giai on chy c iu khin
Khc vi ng c xng, trong qu trnh chy ng c diesel c giai on p sut
trong xylanh c duy tr gn nh khng i (on z - z'), c gi l giai on chy c
iu khin . c im ny l kt qu tc ng ng thi ca 2 yu t : yu t lm tng p
sut do nhin liu tip tc chy v yu t lm gim p sut do th tch ca khng gian
cng tc tng dn. Giai on chy c iu khin di hay ngn ph thuc ch yu vo quy
lut to HHC v tc ca ng c. ng c thp tc, ngi ta thng ko di qu
trnh phun nhin liu c th m bo lng nhin liu phun vo bung t trong giai
PGS. TS.
146
on chm chy l t , do ng c lm vic "mm" hn . Mt phn ln nhin liu s

chy trong giai on III nn p sut cc i c duy tr trong thi gian di hn. Ngc
li, m bo cho nhin liu ng c cao tc chy gn CT, thi gian phun nhin
liu phi ngn, phn ln lng nhin liu chu trnh c phun vo bung t trong giai
on chm chy v chy u giai on II. Bi vy hnh dng th cng ca ng c
diesel cao tc khng khc nhiu so vi ca ng c xng.
Vo cui giai on III, phn ln lng nhin liu chu trnh chy, c p sut v
nhit trong xylanh u rt ln, nng oxy gim ng k, nng kh tr (CO2 , H2O
, ...) tng. Nu cht lng qu trnh to HHC chy khng tt, s c khu vc trong bung
t tp trung nhiu nhin liu hoc cc ht nhin liu cha ho hi ; lng oxy cn li
kh tip xc vi cc phn t nhin liu. Trong iu kin thiu oxy, p sut v nhit
cao, cc phn t nhin liu s b phn hu thnh C , H ,... lm cho kh thi c mu en.
Giai on VI - Giai on chy rt
Hin tng chy rt ng c diesel thng nghim trng hn ng c xng v
ng c diesel rt kh to ra mt HHC ng nht trong mt thi gian rt ngn. V vy,
mc d p dng nhiu bin php ho hi v ho trn nhanh nhin liu vi khng
kh trong bung t, i vi ng c diesel vn phi s dng h s d lng khng kh
kh ln ( = 1,3 2,0) m bo cho nhin liu chy hon ton.
Chy rt ng c diesel cng gy ra nhng tc hi nh ng c xng. Nguyn
nhn chnh lm tng chy rt ng c diesel l gc phun sm qu nh, cu trc tia
nhin liu khng ph hp , chuyn ng ri ca MCCT trong bung t khng ln,
nhin liu c s cetane thp.
5.5.2. NHNG YU T NH HNG N QU TRNH CHY

NG C DIESEL
1) T s nn
Tng t s nn s c nh hng tt n qu trnh chy v phng din nhit ng
hc v nhit v p sut ti thi im phun nhin liu (Tcf , pcf) s tng, thi gian chm
chy ( i ) gim. Tuy nhin , tng t s nn s lm tng p sut chy cc i, do cc
chi tit chu lc s phi c kch thc ln hn. Tiu ch u tin chn t s nn cho
ng c diesel l m bo khi ng c ng c mi iu kin khai thc.
2) Cu hnh ca bung t
Cu hnh ca bung t l mt trong nhng yu t c nh hng trc tip nht n
din bin v cht lng ca qu trnh chy v ko theo n l hng lot ch tiu kinh t-k
thut ca ng c , nh : sut tiu th nhin liu, p sut ch th trung bnh, tc tng p
sut v p sut chy cc i, c hi ca kh thi, tnh nng khi ng ca ng c,
v.v. Do c im qu trnh to HHC v pht ho nhin liu , bung t ca ng c
diesel thng c cu hnh phc tp hn nhiu so vi ng c xng. Mi c gng hon
thin bung t ng c diesel tp trung trc ht vo vn rt ngn giai on chm
PGS. TS.
147
chy, ho hi nhanh v ho trn hi nhin liu vi khng kh trong bung t theo mt

quy lut ph hp vi c im t chc qu trnh chy v tnh nng k thut ca ng c.
3) Tnh cht l ho ca nhin liu

Cc tnh cht l ho ca nhin liu c nh hng trc tip n din bin qu trnh
chy ng c diesel bao gm : tnh t bc chy, nht v tnh ho hi.
Hin nay, tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu thng c nh lng bng s cetane
(Cetane Number - CN). Nhin liu c CN cng ln th thi gian chm chy (i) cng
ngn. Nu cc iu kin khc nh nhau m i ngn th lng nhin liu chy u giai
on chy khng iu khin s t hn, thi gian chy ton b lng nhin liu phun vo
bung t cng ngn hn. Kt qu l khng nhng ng c lm vic mm hn m cc
ch tiu khc (v d : cng sut, hiu sut, c kh thi. v.v.) cng c ci thin. iu
ny c bit c ngha i vi ng c cao tc , thi gian dnh cho qu trnh to
HHC v chy rt ngn. Nh vy, t gc qu trnh chy, nhin liu diesel c CN cng
ln cng tt. ng c diesel c tc quay cng cao th yu cu nhin liu phi c CN
cng ln.
nht v tnh ho hi ca nhin liu c lin quan trc tip n tc hnh thnh
HHC, t nh hng n din bin qu trnh chy. Tuy nhin trong thc t, ng c
diesel c th chy c bng cc loi nhin liu c nht v tnh ho hi rt khc nhau,
bao gm t xng n du nng. S d nh vy l v c nhiu bin php khc m bo
tc to HHC trong trng hp nhin liu c nht cao v tnh ho hi km, nh :
sy nng nhin liu, phun nhin liu thnh nhng ht nh hn, to chuyn ng ri trong
bung t mnh hn , s dng cc cht ph gia gim sc cng b mt ,v.v.
4) Cu trc ca cc tia nhin liu , quy lut phun nhin liu
v quy lut to HHC
Cu trc ca cc tia nhin liu c nh hng trc tip n qu trnh to HHC.
Trong trng hp to HHC kiu th tch thun tu, cu trc cc tia nhin liu c vai tr
quyt nh trong vic m bo nhin liu ho hi, ho trn nhanh hi nhin liu vi
khng kh trong bung t. Nu cc tia nhin liu qu ngn, ht nhin liu ln th tc
to HHC s thp, lng nhin liu chy rt , thm ch chy khng hon ton s nhiu.
Cc tia nhin liu qu di s lm cho mt phn nhin liu bm trn vch bung t v
ko theo l hng lot hu qu nh chy rt, chy khng hon ton, ph hu mng du bi
trn trn thnh xylanh,v.v. Trong cc trng hp khc, nh hng ca cu trc tia nhin
liu c mc khc nhau tu thuc vo phng php to HHC. V d trong trng hp
s dng bung t kiu M hoc bung t ngn cch (xem chng 5), cht lng HHC
ch yu do bung t quyt nh , cu trc ca cc tia nhin liu ch gi vai tr th yu.
Quy lut phun nhin liu l khi nim bao hm thi gian phun nhin liu v
quy lut phn b tc phun. Quy lut to HHC l khi nim bao hm thi gian to
HHC v quy lut phn b tc to HHC. Quy lut to HHC mi l yu t nh hng
trc tip n din bin qu trnh chy. Vi phng php to HHC kiu th tch thng
PGS. TS.
148
dng (ton b lng nhin liu chu trnh c phun trc tip vo bung t v ho trn
ngay vi ton b khi khng kh c trong bung t ) th quy lut phun nhin liu quyt
nh quy lut to HHC. Vi mt s phng php to HHC khc (v d : to HHC kiu b
mt bng bung t kiu M, bng bung t ngn cch ,v.v.), quy lut phun nhin liu
v quy lut to HHC rt khc nhau. C th tt c lng nhin liu chu trnh c phun
vo bung t trong mt thi gian rt ngn, nhng s ho hi nhin liu v ho trn hi
vi khng kh bc chy li c iu chnh theo mt quy lut khc.
Vi nhng iu kin khc nh nhau (v d : cng mt loi nhin liu, lng nhin
liu chu trnh - gct , gc phun sm - ,v.v.) nhng c th thu c nhng th cng
khc nhau nu thay i quy lut to HHC. H. 5.5-2. th hin nh hng ca quy lut
phun nhin liu n din bin qu trnh chy trong trng hp p dng phng php to
HHC kiu th tch, trong c th coi quy lut to HHC trng vi quy lut phun nhin
liu.
a)
T
p
z1
z'1
ef
z2
ec1
cf
ec2
ci
b)
z'2
gct.x
2
1
cf ci
ef
H. 5.5-2. nh hng ca quy lut phun nhin liu

n th cng ch th ca ng c diesel
Vi quy lut phun 1 (H. 5.2-2b), lng nhin liu c phun vo bung t trong
giai on chm chy ln hn (gI.1 > gI.2) s dn n tc tng p sut (wp) v p sut
chy cc i (pz) ln hn ( th cng 1). Kt qu l ng c lm vic cng hn, nhng
PGS. TS.
149
cng do MCCT sinh ra s ln hn. Vi quy lut phun 2, ng c s lm vic mm hn do

lng nhin liu chy trong giai on 2 t hn dn n wp v pz nh hn, nhng cng sut
v hiu sut ca ng c s gim do lng nhin liu chy rt nhiu hn.
5) Gc phun sm nhin liu ()

Tng t nh ng c xng, nhin liu ng c diesel cng phi c pht
ho trc khi piston ti CT qu trnh chy din ra xung quanh CT. Gc quay trc
khuu tnh t thi im nhin liu bt u c phun vo bung t n thi im piston
ti CT c gi l gc phun sm (). H. 5.2-3 th hin nh hng ca gc phun sm
n c im bin thin p sut chy, cng sut v tiu th nhin liu ng c diesel.
Nu qu ln, nhin liu c phun vo bung t khi p sut v nhit ca
khng kh nn vn cn thp, qu trnh chun b cho nhin liu pht ho din ra chm. Kt
qu l ti thi im pht ho, trong bung t tp trung mt phn ln lng nhin liu
chu trnh (gI ln). Lng nhin liu ny s bc chy mnh lit trong iu kin nng
oxy ln v th tch ca khng gian cng tc nh, p sut chy cc i (pz) v tc tng
p sut (wp) s ln v ng c lm vic " cng " (ng 1).
Nu qu nh, ng c lm vic " mm " hn nhng cng sut v hiu sut ca
ng c s gim do lng nhin liu chy rt nhiu hn.
p
[bar]
80
2
3
60
40
cf3
cf2
20
cf1
i.3
i.2
i.1
0
40
CT
40
[ 0 gqtk]
H. 5.2-3. nh hng ca gc phun sm nhin liu

n mt s thng s cng tc ca ng c diesel
PGS. TS.
150
Ne
Ne
Ge
ge
Ne
n1 = 2000
Ne.max
n1 = 1500
rpm
rpm
Ge
ge
n1 = 1000
rpm
ge.min
opt
fs
opt .1
opt .2
opt .3
fs
H. 5.2-4. Quan h gia gc phun sm ti u (opt) vi cng sut (Ne) ,

lng tiu th nhin liu gi (Ge), sut tiu th nhin liu (ge)
v tc quay ca ng c (n)
Tr s gc phun sm ti u (opt) ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t, nh : cu hnh
bung t, t s nn, loi nhin liu, ch lm vic ca ng c , v.v. i vi mt loi
ng c c th, opt c la chn bng con ng thc nghim v c nh ch to quy
nh trong ti liu hng dn khai thc k thut ng c. Nhng loi ng c c ch
lm vic thng xuyn thay i trong phm vi rng thng c trang b thit b t ng
iu chnh gc phun sm m bo opt trn c s x l cc thng s cng tc ca ng
c nh tc quay, ti, nhit v p sut kh np, v.v.
6) Tc quay ca ng c (n)
Tc quay nh hng n qu trnh chy theo hai chiu tri ngc nhau. Tc
quay tng s lm tng cht lng phun nhin liu v tng cng chuyn ng ri ca
MCCT, iu c nh hng tt n qu trnh chy. Tuy nhin, tc quay cng cao th
gc chy cng ln. Nu tc to HHC khng tho ng th lng nhin liu chy rt s
tng nhanh. Chnh v vy, nng cao tc quay ca ng c diesel, ngui ta phi p
dng cc bin php nhm tng tc qu trnh to HHC, pht ho v chy, v d : s dng
nhin liu c s cetane cao, h thng phun nhin liu kiu bm cao p-vi phun lin hp
vi p sut phun rt ln (ti 1500 bar) phun nhin liu thnh ht rt nh, bung t
ngn cch to hiu ng nhit, hiu ng phun th cp v chuyn ng ri rt mnh ca
MCCT, v.v.
7) Ti ca ng c
Ti ca ng c cng nh hng n qu trnh chy theo hai chiu hng ngc
nhau. nhng ch ti ln hn, nhit v p sut trong xylanh cao hn s c tc
dng tng tc chy. Tuy nhin, t chy hon ton lng nhin liu chu trnh ln
hn cn phi c nhiu thi gian hn. Khc vi ng c xng, mc tng tc chy
thng khng b p ht mc tng thi gian chy nn ng c diesel thng phi
tng gc phun sm khi tng ti m bo yu cu chy gn CT.
PGS. TS.
151
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Tt Tin
Nguyn l ng c t trong
NXB Gio dc 2000
2. Quch nh Lin, Nguyn Vn Nhn
ng c t trong tu c - Phn I
NXB Nng nghip 1992
3. PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn
ng c t trong
Bi ging - Nha trang - 2004
4. Hong Xun Quc
H thng phun xng in t dng trn xe du lch
NXB Khoa hc v K thut - H ni 1996
5. V. Arkhangelski, M. Khovakh, et all
Motor vehicle engine
Mir Publishers - Moscow 1979
6. H Tn Chn, Nguyn c Ph
Kt cu v tnh ton CT . Tp 1, 2, 3
NXB Gio dc 1996
PGS. TS.
152

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TRNG I HC NHA TRANG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn

(Ti liu lu hnh ni b)

Nha trang - 2010

TNG QUAN V NG C T TRONG

1.1. NH NGHA V PHN LOI NG C T TRONG

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

Bng 1.1-1. Phn loi tng qut ng c t trong

Loi nhin liu

ng c chy bng nhin liu lng d bay hi

ng c pht ho bng tia la (Spark Ignition Engine) l loi CT hot

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

ng c diesel (Diesel Engine) l loi CT hot ng theo nguyn l :

nhin liu t pht ho khi c phun vo bung t cha khng kh b nn n p sut v

ng c 4 k - loi CT c chu trnh cng tc c hon thnh sau 4 hnh

ng c 2 k - loi CT c chu trnh cng tc c hon thnh sau 2 hnh

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

1.2. MT S THUT NG V KHI NIM THNG DNG

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

trong : D - ng knh ca xylanh; S - hnh trnh ca piston.

H. 1.2-2. CT, CD v th tch khng gian cng tc ca xylanh

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

Hn hp chy (HHC) - hn hp ca nhin liu v khng kh.

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

1.3.1.2. KHI XYLANH

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

H. 1.3-4. Thn ng c v lt xylanh

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

1.3.2. H THNG TRUYN LC

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

Xecmang du c chc nng san u du bi trn trn mt gng ca xylanh v

H. 1.3-7. Tc dng lm kn bung t ca xecmang kh

H. 1.3-8. Hin tng xecmang bm du ln bung t (a, b)

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

H.1.3-9. Cht piston v cc phng php nh v cht piston

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

H. 1.3-10. Cc chi tit ca nhm thanh truyn

H. 1.3-11. Thanh truyn vi u to kiu lch

1.3.2.5. TRC KHUU

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

- m khuu lin kt c chnh vi c bin,

H. 1.3-12. Trc khuu

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

H. 1.3-13. C cu phn phi kh ca ng c 2 k qut vng (a)

H. 1.3-14. Cc kiu b tr v dn ng xupap

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

H. 1.3-15. Xupap c gn thm vt liu chu nhit

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

Bi trn bng vung to l dng mt s chi tit chuyn ng ca ng c vung

H. 1.3-16. Bi trn bng cch vung to

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

H. 1.3-17. H thng bi trn tun hon cacte t (a) v cacte kh (b)

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

H. 1.3-18. H thng lm mt trc tip

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

H. 1.3-19. H thng lm mt gin tip ca ng c thu

H. 1.3-20. H thng lm mt gin tip bng nc ca ng c t

Nguyn Vn Nhn - NG C T TRONG (1)

1.3.6. H THNG NHIN LIU CA NG C DIESEL