-

: (Institutional Approach)
: , ,

?


-


-
-

(Institutional Approach)

: - ,
, , (civil servants)
! -
( ) (,
), (political institution)
!

,
,
, ,
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,
! ,

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-
,

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(variations)
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?
( )
: , ,
!
, ,
, - ,


-, ,
!
:
!

!
(Ersson) (a rule that has been
institutionalized) ! (soft and hard institutions) !
(Hard Institutions)
(
) !
- , -,

!

, !
(Soft Institutions), !
(practices) (institutionalization)
!
!
!

!
, ,
, !

1:

?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_system (accessed on 1.5.2015 6:24 pm)
- ?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_institutionalism (accessed on 1.5.2015 6:26 pm)

( )
!

, !
,
! !


!
Modern Democracies (1921), (Herman Finer) Theory and Practice
of Modern Government (Carl Friedrich) Constitutional Government and
Democracy (1937), | 1950 60
(dominated) !
1970 80
- (New-Institutionalism)


!

2:
Dexter Boniface and J. C. Sharman

: An Analytic Revolution in Comparative Politics ? by Dexter
Boniface and J. C. Sharman Comparative Politics Vol. 33, No. 4 (Jul., 2001), pp. 475-493

http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/422445?uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21106660998573
Accessed on 2.5.15, 11:35 a.m.

-
(Formal-Legal Approach)
, -
(early comparativists)

!
,
! (FormalLegal Approach) ! 1903 American Political


Science Association !

!
(forms of government), ,
!

(Natural and Universal) !
(Raymond Gettell)
! (W.W. Willoughby)
,
!
!
, !
(James Dealey) The Development of the State (Willoughby) An
Examination of the Nature of the State !
!

!
(description)
! /
! 1930
, (parochial) -
(Eurocentric) !
- (Non-Western)
!
, !
1930 ! 1910 1920

, ! (Great
Depression) (Totalitarianism) !

! 1960 1970 - (Non-Statist) !



, - (emergence of modern nationstate),
,
-
( , ) !
- , , (Liberation Movements)
!
! ,
!
, (interdisciplinary) !
!
!
(political system) ,
(functions) (structures) !

3:
The Behavioral Approach in Political Science by Robert A. Dahl (The American Political
Science Review, vol.55 no.4, 1961, pg 763-772)

http://www.uky.edu/~clthyn2/PS671/Dahl_APSR1961.pdf (Accessed on: 1.5.15, 5:58 pm)

(System Theory)
Ervin Laszlo David Easton !
Ervin Laszlo

! - , , ,
!
-
(Almond) - ! -

!
, !
!
!
,


! ,
, !


,
, ,
!
!
!
: ,
! : ! , ,
!
, !

: -
: http://www.dadalos.org/politik_int/politik/systemtheorie.htm
Accessed on: 1.5.2015, 6:30 pm
,

! , ,
: (interaction) !

- (Structural-Functional Analysis)



!

!
!
,


!
!
!



!

: (12 1911 25 2002)

: http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/proceedings/490207.pdf
Accessed on: 1.5.15, 6:29 p.m
-
(Structural Functional Analysis) !

(part)


, ,
(functions) !

4:

Comparative Political Systems by Gabriel A. Almond The Journal of Politics Vol. 18, No. 3
(Aug., 1956), pp. 391-409 http://www.jstor.org/stable/212725510.2307/2127255 Accessed on:

28.5.15, 11:10 a.m.

4 ,
1
! !
!
2 ,
- !
3 ( ) (multifunctional)
! ,

,
!
4 !
!

!
- - !
,
!
, ,
! - (input or policy-influencing
side) - (output or decision making and policy
implementation) :


(Inputs)- (Political Socialization)
- (Interest Articulation)
- (Interest Aggregation)

- (Political Communication)

(Outputs)- - (Rule-Making)
-

- (Rule-Implementation)

- (Rule-Adjudication)

, |
! , ,
!
-, -

|

!
- ,


!

! , - (lobbying),
|


!


! - -,
, , ,
|


5:

:
: http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v4/n2/fig_tab/nclimate2107_F1.html

Accessed on: 1.5.15, 5:40 p.m.

(New Institutionalism)
1960 70 !

1980 1990
!
( )
! , , ,

(force)

: (to bring the state back) !

6: :
1. Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics by

Stephen D. Krasner Comparative Politics Vol. 16, No. 2 (Jan., 1984), pp. 223-246.
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/421608?uid=2&uid=4&sid=21106660998573

Accessed on: 22.4.15, 3:17 p.m.

2. Bringing the state back in (yet again): reviews, revisions, rejections, and

redirections, International Review of Sociology, 11 (2), 149-173, 2001. By bob

Jessop

http://bobjessop.org/2014/11/24/bringing-the-state-back-in-yet-again-reviews-revisionsrejections-and-redirections/
Accessed on: 29.4.15, 10:25 a.m.

!
,
: (pattern), , ,
!

- -

(inclusive) , , - ,
, ,

|
-
1. (Sociological Institutionalism)
2. (Rational Choice Institutionalism)
3. (Historical Institutionalism)
4. (Interpretive Institutionalism)
!

(Durkheim) (Weber) (collective
institutions), !
! - (Philip Selznick),
(Campbell), (James March and Johan Olsen) !
,




!

!

,
(collective choices)
(rationality)
!
! !
(personal incentives) (motivated)
! (Tullock) !


(Brennan and Buchanan), (Robert Bates).
, , ,

!

!
,
!
- - (unintended consequences)
! - (mere
story-telling) (path dependency)
- (self-reinforcing) ! -

Katzenstein, Pierson, Kathleen Thelen, Wolfgang Streeck

7:
Structuring Politics : Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis 1992 Edited by Sven
Steinmo and Kethleen Thelen
http://assets.cambridge.org/97805214/17808/sample/9780521417808ws.pdf

Accessed on: 2.5.15, 12:05 p.m.

(Discursive

Institutionalism), (Ideational Institutionalism), (Constructivist

Institutionalism) ! (ideas and interpretations)


, , (constructions), (identities), , -

!


!
!
,
!

8:
Analyzing Change in International Politics: The New Institutionalism and the Interpretative
Approach by Katzenstein, P. J. (1990). MPIfG Discussion Paper, (90/10)

http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/faces/viewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=escidoc:1235915
Accessed on: 29.4.15, 7:15 p.m.
Ideas, Constructivism, and Complementarity in Insititutionalism by Richard R. Weiner, 2007
http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1244&context=facultypublications
Accessed on: 29.4.15, 7:20 p.m.

(Finnemore)
: (interests are not just out there but they are constructed through social
interaction) !
(physical entity)

! - Steinberger, Finnemore, Wendt, Parsons, Valentino !

9: -
Rational

Historical

Sociological

Interpretive

Institutionalism

Institutionalism

Institutionalism

Institutionalism

Rational behavior

Historical

Cultural

Ideas

and interest

and regularities

and frames

discourse

Calculation

Path-dependency

Appropriateness

communication

Ability to explain

Static continuity

Static continuity

Static continuity

Dynamic

change

Through

Through

Through

and continuity

Object

of

explanation
Logic

of

Choice

rules

norms

and

explanation
fixed

preferences,
stable institutions

dependency

Path-

Cultural

norms

and

ideational frames

change

Through
and

ideas
discursive

interactions


Problem
explanation

of

Economic

Historical

Cultural

determinism

determinism

determinism
relativism

Ideational
or

determinism

or

relativism

: Todd Landman & Neil Robinson ed. Comparative Politics, Sage: London, 2009 page 138

, -
, , ,
- !
!

!

!
-
(hegemonic claim) !
- :
! -
,
!
- - (Neo-Statist) !

- !

,
! -,

!
- !
(


(. .) ) ,
|

(governance institutions)
! -
!

10: -

1. Neo-Statism in Third World Studies: A Critique by Supriya Roy Chowdhury (Third World
Quarterly, vol.20 no. 6 pg 1089-1107, 1999)
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3993660?uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=2
1106660998573
Accessed on: 2.5.15, 11:25 a.m.
2. New Institutionalism, same old Eurocentrism by Cristian Solar
http://www.academia.edu/9271679/New_Institutionalism_same_old_Eurocentrism
Accessed on: 2.5.15, 11:30 a.m.
3. Why Neo-Institutionalism Cant Explain the Modern World: A Pamphlet by Deirdre N
McCloskey
http://www.deirdremccloskey.com/docs/AgainstNorth.pdf
Accessed on: 2.5.15, 11:36 a.m.

4. New Institutionalism Meets International Political Economy: A New Approach to the

Study of Regional Integration Dynamics in and Outside of Europe by Krapohl Sebastian

http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/13049 Accessed on: 2.5.15, 11:45 a.m.

, : -

: !
,


!

:
!


:
(Structures)- , ,
,
!
(Statism)-
!
- (Liberation Movements)-
!
(International Forces)- , ,
, , , ,
|
- (Interdisciplinary)

|
(Values) , ,
|
(Pattern) |
(Parochial)-

| !



1.

2. !
3. !
4. - !

-
1 ! - ?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
: (4)
2 American Political Science Association ?
(1) 1905
(2) 1903
(3) 1952
(4) 1950
: (2)1903
3
?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
:
4 ! ?


(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
:

:
1 Bringing The State Back In (1985).. !
: (Theda Skocpol)
2 .......... !
:
3 ...............
!
:
4

............ !

:
Peter A. Hall Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms

Political Studies

Association Blackwell Publishers: Oxford UK 1996

, , : , 2006.
, , : , 1986.
Vivien Schmidt Comparative Institutional Analysis in Todd Landman & Neil Robinson ed.

Comparative Politics, Sage: London, 2009, 125-140.

Mark Pennington Theory Institutions and Comparative Politics in Judith Bara and Mark
Pennington ed. Comparative Politics: Explaining Democratic System , sage: London, 2009, 14-39.


Frank L. Wilson The Study of Political Institutions in Howard J. Wiarda ed. New Directions in

Comparative Politics. Westview Press: USA, 2002, 189-209.

Mehran Kamrava, Understanding Comparative Politics, Routledge: London, 2008.
Rod Hague and Martin Harrop, Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction , Palgrave
Macmillan: UK, 2013.