- 31 1989

- 1 1989

- 303 1990

- 3678 1990

- .19/3/1990

-1

-1

-2

-2

-3

-3

-4

-4

-5

-6

-5

-7

-6

-8

-9

-7

-8

-1

-9

-2

-3

-4

10

-11

-12

-13

31 1989


.

)1(

1/1 )7( ....

1/2 )7( ...
1/2/1
1/2/2

2/1 )12(.........
2/1/1
2/1/2
2/1/3

 2/2 )12( .
2/3)13( ......
2/3/1
2/3/2
2/3/3

3/1 )17(.......
3/2 )17( ....
3/3 )19( ...
3/3/1
3/3/2
3/4 )19(
3/5 )20( ..
3/6 )22(
3/6/1

)2(

3/6/2
3/6/3

4/1 )25( ...

4/2 )25( ...
4/2/1
4/2/2
4/2/3

 4/2/4
4/3 )27(......
4/4 )27( ......

5/1 )28( .........

5/2 )28( ..........
5/3 )28( ......
5/3/1
5/3/2
5/3/3
5/4 )29( ..

6/1 )31( ....

6/1/1
6/1/2
6/2 )35( ...

)3(

6/2/1

6/2/2

7/1 )37( ....

7/1/1
7/1/2
7/1/3

 7/1/4 :
7/1/5
7/1/6
7/1/7
7/1/8
7/1/9

7/2 )50(....
7/2/1
7/2/2
7/2/3
7/2/4
7/2/5
7/2/6
7/2/7
7/2/8
7/2/9
7/3 )87( .....
7/3/1
7/3/2
7/3/3
7/3/4
7/3/5
7/3/6
:
8/1 )96( .......

)4(

8/1/1
8/1/2
8/1/3

 8/2 )104( ....

8/2/1
8/2/2
8/2/3
8/2/4
8/2/5
8/3 )112( ....
8/3/1
8/3/2
8/3/3
8/4 )114( ......

9/1 )115( ........

9/1/1
9/1/2
9/1/3
9/1/4
9/1/5
9/1/6
9/2 )132(......
9/2/1
9/2/2

() :
1/ )141( ........
2/ )143( .......
() : )147( .........
() : )151( ........
)160( .................
)161( .......

)5(

)1( )13( .......

( )2 )14( .........
( )3 )16( ...........
( )4 )18( ............
( )5
)32( ...........
( )6 )33( .............
( )7 )34( ........... .
( )8 )36( ......
( )9 )42( ..........
( )10 )44(......... . .
( )11 )47( ...........
( )12 )49( .......
( )13 )57( ...........
( )14 )58( ........ .
( )15 )60( ............
( )16 )65( ...........
( )17 )76( .. ........
( )18 )81( . .. ......
( )19 )( ....... (K

( )20 )88( . ......

( )21 )89( . ......
( )22 )93( .........
( )23 )95( ..............

 )24(

)110( .............

)25( )121( ........

( )26 )122( ............
( )27 )126(. ........
( )28 )129(........ .
( )29 )145( ..........
( )30 )148( .....
( )31 )149( .........
( )32 )150( ............

)6(

)1( )20( ...........

( )2 )21(.... .........
( )3 )26( ........
( )4 )27( .........
( )5
)43( ........
( )6 )52( .........
( )7 ()52
( )8 )53( ..
( )9 )53(
( )10 )54( .......
( )11 )54(..
( )12 )62( ..
( )13 )64( ....
( )14 )69( ....
( )15 )71( ..
( )16 )74( .

( )17 )75( .
( )18 )99( .....
()
()
( )19 )100(
( )20 )102(
)21( )107( ...
)22( )109(
( )23 )113(
( )25 )125(
( )25 )127(
( )26 )137( ...
( )27 )137( .
( )29 )147( .....
( )29 )149( .....
( )30 )150( ...

)7(

1/1


.

.

.

1/2
1/2/1 :
() : (Height)
.
-:
:
.
: .

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() : (Effective Height)

 .
() ):(Bearing Wall
.
() : (Characteristic Load)
.
.
() : (Design Load)
.
() : (Thickness)
.
() : (Effective Thickness)
.
() : (Total Thickness)
.
() : (Length)
.
() : (Effective Length)
.

)9(

() ): (Column
.
() : (Structural Units)
.
() : (Category 1 Buildings)
.

() : (Category 2 Buildings)
.
() : (Characteristic Strength)

.
() : (Design Strength)
.
() :
( )1 ): (Single Leaf Walls
( ).

)10(

( )2 : (Double Leaf Walls)

.
( )3 : (Cavity Walls)

. .

( )4 : (Veneered Walls)

.

1/2/2 :
( ) : (Precast Concrete Element)
.

() : (Loadbearing Element)
.
() : (Non-Load Bearing Element)

.

)11(

() : (Primary Element)
.
() : (Connection)
.
() ): (Alternate Path

.
() ): (Progressive Collapse
.
() : (Deformation)
.
() ): (Ductility
.

)12(

1/2
2/1/1 :
( )84/1979/ ( )123/1979/ (
)276/1982/ ( .)277/1982 /

2/1/2 :
( . )154/1988/

2/1/3 :
( )33/1978 / ( /34/
.)1978

2/2
()
() . ()1

)13(

)1(

-:

()

(/)2

2/3 ): (Mortar
2/3/1 :
() ): (Cement

-:

. 1981/ 30/

115/1982/

118/1982/

219/1981/

)14(

() : (Lime)

 ( .)153/1982/
() :
(
.)96/1982/ (.)2

)2(

()

( ) ): (Plasticizers
( )

)15(

2/3/2 :

() :

-:

() :
-:
-:

2/3/3 :

(.)3

)16(

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)17(

3/1

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.

)(Deflection

) (Settlement .
.

3/2
2/1/3 .

.

.

3/2/2
.

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3/2/3 .

(3/6/3)
.

3/2/4 (. )4

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x IE - 06
4 - 8

7 - 14

11 - 15

14 - 22

6 - 8

10 - 12

11 - 13

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3/3
3/1/3 :

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3/3/2 :
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4/3

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3/5

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3/5/3
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3/6/1 :

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3/6/2 :
()

)(Expansion Joints

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 .
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()
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()
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.
()
.

)23(

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() .
) (Dowels ) (Ties .
() .
()
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()

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3/6/3 :
()
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( )
. .
() (
(3/6/2)
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()

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.
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. .
.

)25(

4/1

4/1/1
.

4/1/2
.

1/3/4 :
.
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4/2
4/2/1
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.
.

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()

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4/2/2 :

4/2/3 :

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2/4/4 :

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 4/3

3/1/4 .
.

4/3/2

4/4

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5/1

5/1/1
.

5/1/2 .

5/2
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( ) .

5/3
5/3/1: ( Lintels)
() .

() .
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3/2/5 :
() .
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()
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5/3/3 :

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5/4

5/4/1 ( ) .

4/2/5 .

5/4/3 .

)30(

4/4/5
.

5/4/5 . .

)31(

6/1

6/1/1 : ( Freestanding Walls)

()

.
()
-:
*
*

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()

.
() ( )
.
()
.

)32(

6/1/2 ): (Walls With Edge Restraint

()

 .
()

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( )5

(7/2/2) .
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)33(

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( .)6
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( )7
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6/2
2/1/6 :
()
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6/2/2 :
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)8(

)37(

7/1
7/1/1 :
() ): (Ultimate Limit State

.
.
() :

( )2/ ( )7/1/5 .
()

"
" .
()

)38(

* .
* .
* .

() ): (Serviceability Limit State

. " "
.

7/1/2 : (Stability)
() :
( )1

.
( )2

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( )3 ( )7/2 ()

) (Bracing .
( )4 .

)39(

() :
( )1

.

.
( )2 ( )


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( )3

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() :

. .

7/1/3 :
() ): (Characteristic Dead Load
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)40(

()

)(Characteristic Imposed Load

) (Q .
() ): (Characteristic Wind Load

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7/1/4 :

. .

()
=
=

() *=
=

()
=

___________________________________________________
* ) (Freestanding Walls

)41(

() :
=

() ()
.

7/1/5

() :
( )9 ( )10
.

( )7/2/1 .

() :
( )9

)42(

)9(

( / )2

2.8

3.5

5.0

7.0

10

15

0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

4.20
4.80
5.40
6.00
6.60
7.20
7.80
8.40

5.30
6.06
6.81
7.57
8.33
9.09
9.84
10.60

6.40
7.31
8.23
9.14
10.06
10.97
11.89
12.80

1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80

1.70
1.96
2.21
2.47
2.73
2.99
3.24
3.50

2.50
2.86
3.21
3.57
3.93
4.29
4.64
5.00

3.20
3.66
4.11
4.57
5.03
5.49
5.94
6.40

1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60

1.70
1.96
2.21
2.47
2.73
2.99
3.24

2.50
2.86
3.21
3.57
3.93
4.29
4.64

3.20
3.66
4.11
4.57
5.03
5.49
5.94

4.10
4.69
5.27
5.86
6.44
7.03
7.61

5.00
5.71
6.43
7.14
7.86
8.57
9.29

5.80
6.63
7.46
8.29
9.11
9.94
10.77

2.80

3.50

6.40

5.00

8.20

10.00

11.60

= h * .
= b .

)43(

() :
( )10
( )

() :
( )5
( ).

()5

( )

)44(

)10(

( /)2

2.8

5.0

3.5

7.0

10

15

0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60

1.70
1.96
2.21
2.47
2.73
2.99
3.24

2.50
2.86
3.21
3.57
3.93
4.29
4.64

3.20
3.53
3.86
4.19
4.51
4.84
5.17

4.20
4.41
4.63
4.84
5.06
5.27
5.49

5.30
5.41
5.53
5.64
5.76
5.87
5.99

6.40
6.41
6.43
6.44
6.46
6.47
6.49

2.80

3.50

5.00

5.50

5.70

6.10

6.50

1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60

1.70
1.96
2.21
2.47
2.73
2.99
3.24

2.50
2.86
3.21
3.57
3.93
4.29
4.64

3.20
3.51
3.83
4.14
4.46
4.77
5.09

4.10
4.30
4.50
4.70
4.90
5.10
5.30

5.00
5.10
5.20
5.30
5.40
5.50
5.60

5.80
5.81
5.83
5.84
5.86
5.87
5.89

2.80

3.50

5.00

5.40

5.50

5.70

5.90

= h * .
= b .

)45(


( ) :
( )1
(. )9
( )2
.

( 7/1/9 )

() :

.
() :

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7/1/6

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( )11

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(.)11


() ( )9 .

7/1/7

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= (/
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7/1/8 :

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()11
(/)2

0.5

0.4

0.3

1.5

1.1

0.9

0.3

0.9

( /: )2

)48(

7/1/9

() :

.
() :
( )1 :
.

( )2 :
- :
_ : .
-:
:

.
:
( )3 ( )2/3/3
()
.

)49(

: .
.
: .
() :
( )1
( )12 .

()12

0.35

0.28

0.20

( )2
( )12 .
( )3

)50(

7/2
7/2/1 :
() :
( )1

.
( )2

() :
( )1
.
( )2
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.

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.

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( )3 :
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) :

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= .
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6
10
20

1.0
1.0
1.0

1.4
1.2
1.0

2.0
1.4
1.0

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)58(

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-:
*
*

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= k
(.)13
( )3 :

. ( )13
( )2 (7/2/1) .

)59(

7/2/2 :
() :
( )1

. (7/1/5)
(7/2/1) .

( )2
.
( )3

( )4 .
. ()

( )5
( )15
.
( )6

)60(

)15(

()

()

()

()

75 - 50

450

450

5.0

75 - 50

900

450

2.5

100 - 75

750

450

3.0

150 - 100

450

450

5.0

() :

.

()
:
.

)61(

() () :
.
.

( ) :

*
*
*

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.

* (7/2/2) .
*
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7/2/3 :
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.
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.

7/2/4 :
.
.
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(. )12


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)63(

7/2/5 :
() :

( .)13
(7/2/5) .

() :
( )1

:
= .
=

 ()16
=
( )7/1/5 .
=
( )7/1/9 .
= .

)64(

 ()13

)65(

()16

6
8
10

12
14
16

18
20
22

24
26
27

1.00

1.00
1.00
0.97

0.93
0.89
0.83

0.77
0.70
0.62

0.53
0.45
0.40

0.88

0.88
0.88
0.88

0.87
0.83
0.77

0.70
0.64
0.56

0.47
0.38
0.33

)(B

0.66

0.66
0.66
0.66

0.66
0.66
0.64

0.57
0.51
0.43

0.34
-

0.44

0.44
0.44
0.44

0.44
0.44
0.44

0.44
0.37
0.30

)66(

( )2

:
=

(. )16

(. )16

( )7/1/5 .

( )7/1/9

)3( :

.
( )1 ( )2
(7/2/5)

)67(

7/2/6 :
- :


=
.
=
( )3 (7/1/9) .
=
( )7/1/7 .

7/2/7 :
() ..

.
()
[ ( "14" ) ]

() (
" 15 ") -:

)68(

( )1
( " 14")

( "14

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( )2

(7/2/5)
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= h .


() ( "14" )

(7/2/5) ( "15" ).

)69(

 ()14

)70(

()14


)71(

()

()15

)72(


()

()15

)73(

7/2/8 :

. ( )7/2/5
( )7/2/7
( )7/2/5 .

7/2/9 :
() :

. ( )16 ( )17 .
(. )17

)74(

()
:

(
(. )17

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(

7/1/6) .

()
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)75(

()
.

()


.

( )V
.

( )VIII () .


()17

)76(

()17

( )

( "" )

.1

3.0

2.5

2.0

.2

5.0

4.0

3.5

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5.0

4.0

3.0

() :

-:
* :
- :

:


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( )1 .
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.

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=
(Orthogonal Ratio)

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.
= (. )18
= .
= .
= .

:
= (. )11
= .
= .

)79(

( )18

( )11 .
:
:

( )3

 :
:
=
=
=
= :(Section Modulus)
:
. .

)80(

.
( )4 :


.


.
.

)Ratios

(Orthogonal


)81(

)18(

Values of
1.75

1.50

1.25

1.00

0.75

0.50

0.30

0.090
0.092
0.093
0.095
0.097
0.099
0.101
0.103
0.104
0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

0.085
0.087
0.089
0.091
0.093
0.095
0.098
0.100
0.101
0.062
0.063
0.065
0.066
0.067
0.069
0.070
0.071
0.072

0.079
0.081
0.083
0.085
0.088
0.090
0.093
0.095
0.097
0.059
0.060
0.061
0.062
0.064
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.070

0.071
0.073
0.075
0.077
0.080
0.083
0.087
0.089
0.091
0.053
0.055
0.056
0.058
0.059
0.061
0.063
0.065
0.066

0.059
0.061
0.064
0.066
0.069
0.073
0.077
0.080
0.082
0.046
0.047
0.049
0.051
0.053
0.055
0.057
0.059
0.061

0.045
0.047
0.049
0.051
0.053
0.056
0.061
0.064
0.067
0.035
0.036
0.037
0.039
0.042
0.044
0.047
0.049
0.051

0.031
0.032
0.034
0.035
0.038
0.040
0.043
0.045
0.048
0.024
0.025
0.027
0.028
0.030
0.031
0.034
0.035
0.037

1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30

0.050
0.050
0.051
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054
0.054
0.055
0.045
0.046
0.047
0.047
0.048
0.050
0.051
0.051
0.052

0.048
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.053
0.054
0.043
0.043
0.044
0.045
0.046
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.051

0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.051
0.052
0.052
0.040
0.040
0.041
0.043
0.044
0.045
0.047
0.048
0.049

0.042
0.043
0.043
0.044
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.035
0.036
0.038
0.039
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.044
0.046

0.037
0.038
0.039
0.040
0.041
0.043
0.044
0.045
0.046
0.029
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.035
0.037
0.039
0.040
0.041

0.028
0.029
0.031
0.032
0.034
0.035
0.038
0.039
0.040
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.025
0.026
0.028
0.031
0.032
0.034

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024
0.025
0.027
0.029
0.030
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.023

1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30

)82(

)18(

Values of

1.75
0.066
0.068
0.071
0.073
0.076
0.080
0.084
0.086
0.089

1.50
0.059
0.062
0.064
0.067
0.070
0.074
0.078
0.081
0.083

1.25
0.051
0.054
0.056
0.059
0.062
0.066
0.071
0.074
0.077

1.00
0.042
0.044
0.046
0.049
0.053
0.057
0.062
0.064
0.068

0.75
0.030
0.032
0.035
0.037
0.040
0.044
0.049
0.052
0.055

0.50
0.018
0.019
0.021
0.023
0.025
0.028
0.032
0.035
0.038

0.30
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.014
0.017
0.018
0.020

1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.htm35
0.30

0.051
0.052
0.054
0.055
0.057
0.059
0.062
0.063
0.065
0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.040
0.041
0.043
0.045
0.046
0.047
0.033
0.034
0.035
0.037
0.038
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.044

0.046
0.048
0.049
0.051
0.053
0.056
0.058
0.060
0.062
0.037
0.038
0.039
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.045
0.046
0.047
0.033
0.034
0.035
0.037
0.038
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.044
0.030
0.030
0.032
0.033
0.035
0.037
0.039
0.040
0.042

0.041
0.042
0.044
0.046
0.048
0.051
0.054
0.055
0.057
0.033
0.034
0.035
0.037
0.038
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.044
0.029
0.030
0.032
0.033
0.035
0.036
0.039
0.040
0.041
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.030
0.031
0.033
0.035
0.037
0.038

0.034
0.036
0.037
0.039
0.042
0.044
0.048
0.050
0.052
0.028
0.029
0.031
0.032
0.034
0.036
0.038
0.039
0.041
0.024
0.025
0.027
0.028
0.030
0.032
0.034
0.036
0.037
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.025
0.026
0.028
0.031
0.032
0.034

0.026
0.027
0.029
0.031
0.033
0.036
0.039
0.041
0.044
0.022
0.023
0.024
0.026
0.028
0.030
0.032
0.033
0.035
0.018
0.019
0.020
0.022
0.024
0.025
0.028
0.029
0.031
0.015
0.016
0.017
0.019
0.020
0.022
0.024
0.026
0.028

0.016
0.017
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.024
0.027
0.029
0.031
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.017
0.019
0.021
0.023
0.025
0.026
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.017
0.019
0.021
0.022
0.009
0.010
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.014
0.016
0.017
0.019

0.008
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.015
0.016
0.018
0.007
0.008
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.014
0.016
0.005
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010

1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30


)83(

()18

Values of

1.75
0.151
0.162
0.175
0.191
0.211
0.237
0.272
0.296
0.325
0.108
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.138
0.149
0.164
0.173
0.183

1.50
0.122
0.131
0.142
0.156
0.173
0.195
0.225
0.244
0.269
0.091
0.097
0.103
0.110
0.119
0.130
0.144
0.152
0.162

1.25
0.096
0.103
0.111
0.121
0.135
0.153
0.177
0.194
0.214
0.074
0.079
0.084
0.091
0.099
0.109
0.121
0.129
0.139

1.00
0.071
0.076
0.083
0.091
0.100
0.113
0.131
0.144
0.160
0.056
0.060
0.065
0.070
0.077
0.085
0.097
0.104
0.112

0.75
0.046
0.050
0.054
0.060
0.067
0.077
0.090
0.098
0.108
0.038
0.041
0.045
0.049
0.054
0.061
0.069
0.075
0.082

0.50
0.023
0.026
0.028
0.032
0.036
0.042
0.050
0.055
0.062
0.021
0.023
0.025
0.028
0.031
0.035
0.041
0.045
0.050

0.30
0.009
0.010
0.012
0.013
0.015
0.018
0.021
0.024
0.027
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.019
0.021
0.024

1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30

0.088
0.093
0.099
0.106
0.115
0.126
0.139
0.148
0.158

0.073
0.078
0.084
0.090
0.098
0.108
0.121
0.129
0.138

0.059
0.063
0.067
0.073
0.080
0.089
0.100
0.108
0.116

0.044
0.047
0.051
0.056
0.061
0.068
0.078
0.084
0.092

0.029
0.032
0.034
0.038
0.042
0.048
0.055
0.060
0.066

0.015
0.017
0.018
0.021
0.023
0.027
0.032
0.035
0.039

0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018

1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30

)84(

() :
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8/1
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( Structural

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()

 ) (Creep ) (Shrinkage
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8/1/2 :
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( .)19
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8/1/3 :
() :
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( )4 ( ) :
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( )6 ( ) :

( )7 :
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2/8
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8/2/2 :
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8/2/3 :
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3/3/8 :
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1.5

3.0

1.3

3.0

1.2

3.0

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1.3

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0.7

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1.00
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.

=
= .

)147(

()

1/

-:
( )1 .
) (2 .
( )3 .
( )4

2/

2/1/ : ( )28
( .)30

) (BS 443 .

()28

)148(

)30(

( )

( /)2

( )

( )

370

0.08 +3.15

5 + 150

5 + 75

530

13

35

0.08 + 2.60

5 + 200

280

5 + 100

2/2/ :
( )29
( .)31 ) (Coating

). (BS 443

)149(

()29

()31

()

( /)2

( )

( )

370

0.08 + 4.5

5 + 150

280

530

5 + 65

5 + 50

200

460

)150(

2/3/ : ( )30
( . )32

). (BS 729

)30(

()32

()

(/)2

()

430

31

5+150

280

3.20

4.83

35

5+200
5+255
5+350

)151(

) (

)(
Stress
Tensile Stress
Loads
Snow Loads
Imposed Loads

Wind Loads

Dead Loads

Groove

Height

Clear Height

Effective Height

Support

Consignment

Floor

Straightness

Stability

Continuity
Cement
Portland Cement
Frame

Aluminum

Absorption

Sliding
Buckling
Strain

) (


Overturning

Collapse

Curing

)152(

)(

Span
Sill

Simple

Panel

)(
Corrosion
Thermal Effect

Fastening, Fixing

Freezing

Weathering

Structural analysis

Gradation

Deflection

Wetting

Reinforcing

Finishes

Cracking

Deformation

Elastic Deformation
Flashing
Hardening
Structural design
Parapet

Bonding

Tolerances

Inspection

Contraction

Pointing

Bond

Expansion

Butt

)153(

)(
Fixed

Stability

)(
Beam
Rigid

Lateral

Coping

Wall

Bearing Wall
Freestanding Wall
External Wall
Return Wall
Non Bearing Wall
Intersecting Wall
Cavity Wall
Double Leaf Wall
Single Leaf Wall
Veneered Wall
Lime

) (

Dry hydrated Lime

Beams

)(
Accident

Edge

Restrained Edge

Limit State

Serviceable Limit State

Building Stone

Heat

Lateral Movement

Load

)154(

Design Load
Imposed Load

Wind Load

Breaking Load

Concentrated Load

Characteristic Load

Dead Load

)(
Zinc
Clinker

Concrete

Properties

Option

)(

Dowel

Support

Lateral Support

Support

Rotation

)(
Tie

Horizontal Tie

Vertical Tie

Moisture

Aggregate

Fine Aggregate

Support

Ash

)(
Angle , Corner

Right Angle

)155(

Alloy
Copper Alloy

)(

Jamb

Thickness

Effective Thickness
Misuse

)(
Lath

Metal Lath

)(
Impact

Stiffness

Hard

)(
Quality Control

)(
Separating Layer

Damp Proof Coarse

Designation

Block, Brick

Concrete Block

Sand Lime Brick

Fired Clay Brick

Length

Effective Length

)156(

Putty
Lime Putty
Member
Structural Member

)(

Slab

Column

Sample

)(
Penetration

Cover

Concrete Cover

Unrestrained

)(
Joint

Contraction Joint

Expansion Joint

Movement Joint

Vertical Joint

Structural Opening

Vents

Cavity

Composite Action
Steel
Mild Steel
Stainless Steel

)(
Malleability
Base
Cutting , Shear

)157(

Bar

Reinforcing Bar

Structural Unit

Top

Lintel

Consistency

Force

Shear Force

)(
Pier

Bulk Density

Pointing

Groove Pointing

Flush Pointing

Recessed Pointing

Carborandom

Chemicals

)(
Eccentricity
Rolls

)(
Building
Framed Building

Hardened

Peripheral

Admixtures

Tie

Butterfly Tie

Rigid Tie

)158(

Wire Tie


Strip Tie
Double Triangle Tie
Vertical Twist Tie
Area
Gross Area

Straight

Plane

Solid

Coefficient, Factor

Friction Coefficient

Safety Factor

Reduction Factor

Reduction Coefficient

Expansion Coefficient

Stiffness Coefficient
Modulus

Section Modulus

Rapture Modulus

Cantilever

) (

Enhanced

Dimensions
Strength
Flexural Strength
Design Strength
Breaking Strength
Compressive Breaking Strength

Characteristic Strength

Critical Section

Restrained
Bracing

Cube

)159(

Mortar

Cement Mortar

Cement Lime Mortar

Plasticizer

Sieve

Prism

)(
Copper

Slenderness

Orthogonal Ratio

Slenderness Ratio

Permeability

Specimen

)(
Settlement

Frame

)(
Specific Gravity

Joint

Lapping Joint

)160(


1. STRUCTURAL

USE OF MASONRY (BS: 5628)

Part 1 : Unreinforced Masonry
British Standards Institution.

2. WALLING (CP : 121)

British Standards Institution.

3. CURTIN, W.G. SHAW, G . BECK, J . K. AND BARY , W. A.

" Structural Masonry Designers Manual
Granada Publishing, 1982.

4. SAA BRICKWORK CODE (AS 1640)

Standards Association of Australia

5. ROBERT FISHER

" WALLS "

Macmillan Publishing, 1972.

6. SMITH . S.

" BRICKWORK"
Macmillan Publishing, 1972.

7. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE PANEL CONCRETE STRUCTURES Portland Cement

Association.

)161(

. " " .1
: .2

1981 - 30 -

 1978 - 33 -
1978 - 34 -
1979 - 84 -
1982 - 96 -
1982 - 115 -
1982 - 118 -
1979 - 123 -
1982 - 153 -
1980 - 154 -
1981 - 219 -
1982 - 276 -
1982 - 277 -

.3 :
BS: 443
BS: 729
BS: 4551
BS: 4887

.4 :
ASTM C97
ASTM C99

)162(

)(SI Units

'

"

/2

/2

)163(

9,81

9,81 .

9,81 /

0,0981 /

9,81 /

9,81 /

0,102

0,102

1 .

0,102 /

1 /

10,20 /

1 /

0,102 /

1 /

0,102 /

1 /

:
.

:
.

: -:

: ( . )/
.

 : ( )/

.

:
.

:
.