006-บทที่ 6 การต่อลงดิน

6
22/01/56
6 1
6.1
( Grounding Earthing )
NEC Article 250 Grounding

IEC 364-5-54 Earthing Arrangement
and Protective Conductors
...
4

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1.

2
2.

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6 2
6.2
2
1.
( System Grounding )
2.
( Equipment Grounding )
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-

( Neutral Point )

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1
1.
( Grounding Electrode or Grounding Electrode System )

2.
( Grounding Electrode Conductor )
3.
( Grounded Conductor )
4.
( Main Bonding Jumper )
5.
( Equipment Grounding Conductor )
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2
1
4
2
5
6.1
6 1

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6.3
( System Grounding )

1. ( Over Voltage )

( Lightning ) Surge ( Line

Surge ) ( H.V. Lines )
2
2.

3.
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( AC System Grounding )
3
1. 50 V
2. 50 - 1000 V
3
3.
1 kV
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50 V ( NEC )
...
NEC
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10
50 V
-
150 V
-

( Ungrounded System )
-
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11

50 -1000 V
6.2
1 2
1 3
3 3
3 4
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12
1 3
1 2
H
H1
H2
3 4
A
B
N
C
3 4
3 3
B
N
6.2 50 V-1 kV
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13

1 kV

( Mobile Portable Equipment )
1 kV
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14
3300 V
6.3

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15

1 kV
6.4
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16
6600 V
6.4
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17
( Grounding
G di Electrode
El t d Conductor
C d t )

1.
( Grounded Conductor )
2
2.

3.
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18
()
6.5
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19
-

-
-

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20
( NEC )

-

-
RMC , IMC , PVC , EMT
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21
- 6.6
-

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22
6.6
6 6
( Raceway )
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23

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24
( )
-

-
Grounding Pit
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25
Steel Cover
Steel Reinforcement
Copper Ground Rod
6.7
6 7 Grounding Pit
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26

-
( Exothermic Welding )
- ,
-
-

-

Exothermic
E th i W
Welding
ldi
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27
Lid
Starting Po
Powder
der
Graphite Mould
Weld Metal Powder
Steel disc
Weld Cavity
Tap Hole
Cable
Earth Rod
6.8 Exothermic Weldingg

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28
-
-
-
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29
- 6.1
-

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30
6.1
6 1
(
) ( mm2 )
35
35 50
50
95
95 185
185 300
300 500
500
(
) ( mm2 )
10 ( )
16
25
35
50
70
95
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31

6.1
15 ( 45 ) A
1 2 2 x 16 mm2
4
6.1
16 mm2
10 mm2
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32

6.2

400 A 3 4 4
2 ( 4 x 150 mm2 )
( IMC ) 2 x 80 mm ( 3 )
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33

2 x 150 = 300 mm2
6.1
185 - 300 mm2
50 mm2
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34

6.3
6 3

1000 kVA 22 kV / 400-230 V
3 4
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35
1000 kVA 400 / 230V

1000103
In
= 1000
= 1443 A
3 400
IC 1.25
1 25 x 1443
= 1804 A
4
6 ( 3 x 240, 1 x 120 mm2 )
6 x 240 = 1440 mm2
6.1 500 mm2
95 mm2
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36
( Grounded
G d d CConductor
d t )
-

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37
( Grounded
G d d Conductor
C d t ) (
)
-
Neutral
Neutral
6.9
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38
()
6.9
6 9
(
)
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39
1 kV

6.10
6.10
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40
1
1.
( )
6.1
500 mm2
12.5%
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41

2.
(
)
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42

6.4
6 4
3
500 mm2 1
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43
6.1
6 1
300-500
300 500 mm2
70 mm2
70 mm 2
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44
6.5
3
500 mm2 3
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45

500 mm2 3
= 3 x 500 = 1500 mm2

500 mm2
= 0.125 x 1500
= 187.5
240 mm2
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46

240 mm 2
12.5%

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47

3 4
-
Neutral
- Neutral
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48

3 4
Neutral
-
50 %
- 6.3 1000 kVA
LV 400/230 V 3 4
6 ( 3 x 240 , 1 x 120 mm2 )
-
Neutral 6 ( 1 x 120 mm2 )
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49
6 4
6.4

( Service Equipment Grounding )
-

Neutral
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50
1.
( Equipment Grounding Conductors )
2. ( Grounded Conductors )
3
3.
4. ( Grounding Electrode Conductors )
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51

( Supply Side ) 6.11
()

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6.11
52
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53
6.12
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54


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55
()
6.13
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56
-
- 6.1
- 500 mm2
12.5 %
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57
-
( Exothermic Welding )
-
-

-
-
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58
6.6
3

500 mm2 1
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59

6.1 300-500 mm2
70 mm2
4 500 mm 2
70 mm2
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60
6.7
3
400 mm2
2
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61
= 2 x 400 = 800 mm2
500 mm2
= 0.125 x 800
= 100 mm2

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120 mm2
62
2 ( 4x400 mm2 )
120 mm2
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63
6.14
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64
- (
1 )

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65
6.15
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66
-
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67
-

- Neutral
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68
6.16
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69
6 5
6.5
( Separately Derive System )
-
-
Neutral
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70
6.17
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71
6.18
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72
6.19

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73

- ( Service )
-
-

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74
6 6
6.6

( Equipment Grounding )
-
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75

1.

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76
(
)
2.

3.
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77
1
1.
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78

( )
2.
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79
3.
( Fixed Equipment )
( Hard Wires )

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80
( 2.40 m ) 5 ( 1.5 m )

(

) 6.20
-
( )
-

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81
2.40 m
15 m
1.5
6.20

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82
4.
-
-
-
-

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83
5.

150 V
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84
-
-

-
-

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85

( )
-

-

-

-
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86


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87
6.21

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88
( Effective Grounding )

- ( Continuity )
-
( Low Impedance )
- ( Ampacity )
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89
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AC , MI MC
90
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6.2
.
91
( )
-

-

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92

( )
-
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93

( )
-

= 1.15 In
In
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94
6.2

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(A)
16
20
40
70
100
200
400
500
800
1,000
1,250
2,000
2,500
4,000
6,000
( )
( mm2 )
1.5 *
2.5 *
4*
6*
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
185
240
400
95
:
-

100 m
-
100 m

...
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96
6.8

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97
6.2

300 A
25 mm2
1 100 A 10 mm2
2 20 A 2.5 mm2
Bonding Jumper

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98

6.9
6 9
500 A
2
1
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99
35 mm
500
AMP
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100
1

2

6.2 500 A
35 mm2
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101

6.10
6 10
20 A , 40 A , 15 A 20 A

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102
200 AMP
40 AMP
4 mm2
40 A
15 AMP
20 AMP
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103
40 A
6.2 40 A
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4 mm2
104

6.11
6 11
22 kW , 380 V , 44 A , 3
4
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105

IC
1.25 x In
1.25 x 44
55 A
T-4
3 x 16 mm2 ( 56 A )
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106
IL = 1.15 x In
= 50.6 A
6 mm2
3 x 16 mm2
G - 6 mm2
32 mm ( 1 1/4 )
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107
6 7
6.7
( Computer Grounding )
-
-
( Noise )
-
-
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108
1.
( Power
P
Di t ib ti Grounding
Distribution
G di )
2.
( High Frequency Grounding )
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109

( Power Distribution Grounding )
-
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110
(High
(Hi h FFrequency G
Grounding
di )
-
50 Hz
-
- 30 MHz
-
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111

(High Frequency Grounding ) ( )
- Signal Reference Grid

600 x 600 mm
( Raised Floor )
-
Signal Reference Grid
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112

NEC 250
1.
2.
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113
- ( Multiple Grounding )
6.22
Ground
G d Loop
L
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114
-
( Central Radial Grounding )

( Computer Ground Bus )

g Ground Point )
( Single
Ground Loop 6.22
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115
A
B
C
N
()
A
B
C
N
Signal Reference Grounding
()
6.22
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116
( Grounding Electrode )
-
( Isolated Ground System ) 6.23
- Isolated Ground System
6.24
117
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.
C
C =
6.23
10 kA
C
10 kV
C =
6.24
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118
6.8
( G
Grounding
di El
Electrode
t d System
S t )
( Earth )
-
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119

( )

- ( Saline Water )
-
( Compositions )
- ( Size of Particles )
-
( Compactness
C
)
- ( Temperature )
- ( Moisture )
- ( Weather Conditions )
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120
( )
= 1 / .( 6.1 )
( -m )
( Mho/m )
(10-100 -m )
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121
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( -m )
10
100
1000
500 - 1000
10000
122
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123

1.

22/01/56
124
)
2.

3.
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125

22/01/56
126

2
1. ( Existing Electrode )
2. ( Made Electrode )
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127
-
-
-
-
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128
- ( Ground Rods )
-
( Concrete Encased Electrode )
- ( Buried Plate )
- ( Ring )
- ( Grid )
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129
1
1.
( Ground
G d Rod
R d)
-
-
5/8 ( 16 mm )
- 2.4 m
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130
1
1.
( Ground Rod ) (
( )
-

( Copper Clad or Copper Encased Steel )

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131
2
2.
( Concrete Encased Electrode )

-
( Semi-Conducting Medium )
30 - m 20 o
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132
2
2.
( Concrete Encased Electrode ) ( )

-
( Concrete
C
t FFoundation
d ti )
( Reinforcing Bar )
2 ( 50 mm )
20 ( 6 m )
12.7
12 7 mm
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133
6.25
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134
3
3.
( Buried Plate )
-
-
0.18 m2
-
6 mm
-

1.5 mm
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135
4
4.
( Ring )
-
20
( 6 m )
35 mm2
-

2.5 ( 0.76 m )
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136

6.26
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137
5
5.
( Grid )
-
0.5
0 5
( 0.15
0 15 m )
10-12 ( 3.0-3.7m )
-

( Step Voltage )
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138

1. ( Deep Rod Earthing )
4L
1
1
R
=
ln
2L
( )
L
( m )
r

( m )
( -m )
In
Natural Logarithm
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139

6.12
6 12 ( r ) 8 mm 3 m
= 100 -m
L
r
R
=
3000 mm
=
8 mm
43000 1 = 33.5
ln
= 2100
8
3
2 16 mm
100 ln 43000 1
R
= 2
= 29.8
29 8
16
23
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140

6.12
6 12 ( )
2
4
33.55 29.8
33
29 8100
33.5
22/01/56
= 11.0
11 0 %
141

6.12
6 12 ( )
6 m
100
4
6000
ln
R = 26
8 1 = 18.6
2
2

33.5 18.6100 = 44.5 %
33.5
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142

6.13
6 13 ( r ) 12 mm 3 m
100 -m
22/01/56
= 3000 mm
r
R
=
=
=
12 mm
100 ln 43000 1
12
2 3
31.3
143
2
2.
0.5 m
6.27
6.27
6 27
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144
22/01/56
ln 22L
L 1
r
L
145
6.14 ( r ) 10 mm 20 m

100 - m

L
r
R
22/01/56
=
=
20000 mm.
10 mm.
100 ln 40000 1
10
20
11.6
146

...
...
1. ( Ground Rod )
2. ( Buried Plate )
3.
5
4
4.

22/01/56
147
( Measurement of Soil Resistivity )

- ( Wenner )
Bridge Meter
22/01/56
148
- " Earth Resistance Meter "

4
4

" a "
0.3 m-0.5 m
= 2aR
22/01/56
(-m)
149
" a "

6.28 Earth Resistance Meter

" a
1
( Probe )
a = 0.75L
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150
( Measurement of Earth Resistance )

-

Current Electrode
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151

( Measurement of Earth Resistance ) ( )
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-

( 100 -m )
Current Electrode

Current Electrode

Current Electrode
152
6.29 Current Electrode Probe

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153

- Current Electrode Probe
Earth Electrode
-

Electrode
E t l Current
External
C
t PProbe
b
Probe
P b
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154

Earth Electrode - Current Electrode
=
a
Earth Electrode - Probe
= 0.6 a
I ) a 40 m L 4 m
ii )
a 10L m L
>
4m
a 40 m
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155
6.9
( Resistance to Ground )
-
5
-
5

25
- 25

1

22/01/56
156

1.

2.
3.
4.
3 4
5.
22/01/56
157
()
6. 30(100) A ,
3 4
7.
630 kVA , 22 kV / 400-230
400 230 V 3 4
8.

9. 3 4
300 mm2 6
158
22/01/56
.
()
10.
11.

12. 110 kW , 380 V , 205 A

3 T-4
2
13.
22/01/56
159
()
14.
= 100 - m
15. 50 m = 26 mm
= 200 - m

22/01/56
160

1.

( Separately Derived System )
2. ( Soil Resistivity )
3
3.
4. Soil Resistivity
5.
Soil Resistivity
Wenner
Electrode 5m
10 Resistivity
6
6.
Ground Resistance
22/01/56
161

006-บทที่ 6 การต่อลงดิน

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006-บทที่ 6 การต่อลงดิน

Uploaded by

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6

NEC Article 250 Grounding

( Grounding Electrode or Grounding Electrode System )

( Lightning ) Surge ( Line

( Equipment Grounding Conductor )

Copper Ground Rod

Weld Metal Powder

6.8 Exothermic Weldingg

1000 kVA 400 / 230V

= 3 x 500 = 1500 mm2

( Main Bonding Jumper )

= 2 x 400 = 800 mm2

( Separately Derive System )

( Computer Ground Bus )

Signal Reference Grounding

( Copper Clad or Copper Encased Steel )

( Concrete Encased Electrode )

( Concrete Encased Electrode ) ( )

( Measurement of Soil Resistivity )

- " Earth Resistance Meter "

6.28 Earth Resistance Meter

( Measurement of Earth Resistance )

6.29 Current Electrode Probe

12. 110 kW , 380 V , 205 A

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