14

22/01/56

14..1
14
-

( kW )
Reactive ( kVAR )

- P.F.
- P.F.

- P.F.
22/01/56



P.F.
P F

- Capacitors
- Non- linear Loads
Harmonic Capacitors
P.F.

22/01/56

14..2
14

kVA
22/01/56

kW + kVAR

 14.

14

600 kW,
kW 800 kVAR

kVA =

kW 2 + kVAR 2

600 2 + 800 2

22/01/56

1000

14..3.
14

P
Power
Factor
F t

Real
R
l
P
Power
POWER FACTOR =
Apparent Power

22/01/56

kW
kVA

cos


kW

= kVA x cos

kVAR = kVA x sin

= kW x tan

22/01/56

 14.
P.F. 1

P F = kW / kVA
P.F.

22/01/56

600 / 1000

0.6

60 %


14.3
14 3
380 V,
V 3,4w
1,000 A
400 kW
P.F

Real Power
= 400 kW

380

1,000
Apparent Power =
1 000
1,000
= 658.2 kVA
22/01/56

P.F.

22/01/56

= kW / kVA
=

400 / 658.2

0.61

61 %

10

3
4 , 400 / 230 V

-
120 kVA , P.F. 50 % Lagging
-

220 kW , P.F. 80 % Lagging

-
100 kW , P.F. 100 %
kVA P.F.

22/01/56

11


Real Power
=
Reactive Power =

R l Power
Real
P
=
Apparent Power =
Reactive Power =

Real Power
=
Reactive Power =
22/01/56

120 x 0.5
= 60 kW
( 1202 602 ) = 103.9
103 9 kVAR
220 kW
220 / 0.8 = 275 kVA
( 2752 2202) = 165 kVAR
100 kW
0

12

Real Power ( kW )

60

220

100

380

Reactive Power ( kVAR )

103.9
165
0
268.9

kVA = ( 3802 + 268.92 ) = 465.5

P F = ( 380 / 465.5
P.F
465 5 ) x 100 = 81
81.66 %

22/01/56

13

Leading lagging Power Factor

I

P.F. Leadingg

gg g
P.F. Lagging

P.F. Lagging
22/01/56

14

14..4.
14
Power
P
Factor
F t

a)
b)
22/01/56

Active Reactive current 100 A

Active current 80A
Reactive current 60A Capacitor

15

C i
Capacitors
P.F.
PF

22/01/56

16


PP.F.
F .

=
P.F.
=
kVAR
=
kVAR P.F. =
kVAR P.F. =
kVAR of Capacitors =

22/01/56

cos 1
cos 2
kW x ttan
kW x tan1
kW x tan
2
kW x ( tan 1 tan 2 )

17


14.4
400 kW,
P.F. 77 % lagging
P.F.
95 % lagging
Capacitors

22/01/56

18



P.F.

= cos 1 = 0.77

1 = 39.7
P.F.

= cos 2 = 0.95

2 = 18.2
18 2
kVAR Capacitors = 400 x ( tan 39.7 - tan 18.2 )
= 400 x ( 0.829 - 0.329 )
= 200
22/01/56

19

 P.F.
Origina

Corrected Power Factor

l

Power
Factor

0.80

0.81

0.82

0.83

0.84

0.85

0.86

0.87

0.88

0.89

0.90

0.91

0.92

0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.0

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75

0.982
0.937
0.893
0.850
0.809
0.769
0.730
0.692
0.655
0.619
0.583
0.549
0.516
0.483
0.451
0.419
0.388
0.358
0.328
0.299
0.270
0.242
0.214
0.186
0.159
0.132

1.008
0.962
0.919
0.876
0.835
0.795
0.756
0.718
0.681
0.645
0.609
0.575
0.542
0.509
0.474
0.445
0.414
0.384
0.354
0.325
0.296
0.268
0.240
0.212
0.185
0.158

1.034
0.989
0.945
0.902
0.861
0.821
0.782
0.744
0.707
0.671
0.635
0.601
0.568
0.535
0.503
0.471
0.440
0.410
0.380
0.351
0.322
0.294
0.266
0.238
0.211
0.184

1.060
1.015
0.971
0.928
0.887
0.847
0.808
0.770
0.733
0.697
0.661
0.627
0.594
0.569
0.529
0.497
0.466
0.436
0.406
0.377
0.348
0.320
0.292
0.264
0.237
0.210

1.086
1.041
0.997
0.954
0.913
0.873
0.834
0.796
0.759
0.723
0.687
0.653
0.620
0.587
0.555
0.523
0.492
0.462
0.432
0.403
0.374
0.346
0.318
0.290
0.263
0.236

1.112
1.067
1.023
0.980
0.939
0.899
0.860
0.822
0.785
0.749
0.713
0.679
0.646
0.613
0.581
0.549
0.518
0.488
0.458
0.429
0.400
0.372
0.344
0.316
0.289
0.262

1.139
1.094
1.050
1.007
0.966
0.926
0.887
0.849
0.812
0.776
0.740
0.706
0.673
0.640
0.608
0.576
0.545
0.515
0.485
0.456
0.427
0.399
0.371
0.342
0.316
0.289

1.165
1.120
1.076
1.033
0.992
0.952
0.913
0.875
0.838
0.802
0.766
0.732
0.699
0.666
0.634
0.602
0.571
0.541
0.511
0.482
0.453
0.425
0.397
0.369
0.342
0.315

1.192
1.147
1.103
1.060
1.019
0.979
0.940
0.902
0.865
0.829
0.793
0.759
0.726
0.693
0.661
0.629
0.598
0.568
0.538
0.509
0.480
0.452
0.424
0.396
0.369
0.342

1.220
1.175
1.131
1.088
1.047
1.007
0.968
0.930
0.893
0.857
0.821
0.787
0.754
0.721
0.689
0.657
0.626
0.596
0.566
0.537
0.508
0.480
0.452
0.424
0.397
0.370

1.248
1.203
1.159
1.116
1.075
1.035
0.996
0.958
0.921
0.885
0.849
0.815
0.782
0.749
0.717
0.685
0.654
0.624
0.594
0.565
0.536
0.508
0.480
0.452
0.425
0.398

1.276
1.231
1.187
1.144
1.103
1.063
1.024
0.986
0.949
0.913
0.877
0.843
0.810
0.777
0.745
0.713
0.682
0.652
0.622
0.593
0.564
0.536
0.508
0.480
0.453
0.426

1.306
1.261
1.217
1.174
1.133
1.093
1.054
1.016
0.979
0.943
0.907
0.873
0.840
0.807
0.775
0.743
0.712
0.682
0.652
0.623
0.594
0.566
0.538
0.510
0.483
0.456

1.337
1.292
1.248
1.205
1.164
1.124
1.085
1.047
1.010
0.974
0.938
0.904
0.871
0.838
0.806
0.774
0.743
0.713
0.683
0.654
0.625
0.597
0.569
0.541
0.514
0.487

1.369
1.374
1.280
1.237
1.196
1.156
1.117
1.079
1.042
1.006
0.970
0.936
0.903
0.870
0.838
0.806
0.775
0.745
0.715
0.686
0.657
0.629
0.601
0.573
0.546
0.519

1.403
1.358
1.314
1.271
1.230
1.190
1.151
1.113
1.076
1.040
1.004
0.970
0.937
0.904
0.872
0.840
0.809
0.779
0.749
0.720
0.691
0.663
0.635
0.607
0.580
0.553

1.440
1.395
1.351
1.308
1.267
1.227
1.188
1.150
1.113
1.077
1.041
1.007
0.974
0.941
0.909
0.877
0.846
0.816
0.786
0.757
0.728
0.700
0.672
0.644
0.617
0.590

1.481
1.436
1.392
1.349
1.308
1.268
1.229
1.191
1.154
1.118
1.082
1.048
1.015
0.982
0.950
0.918
0.887
0.857
0.827
0.798
0.769
0.741
0.713
0.685
0.658
0.631

1.529
1.484
1.440
1.397
1.356
1.316
1.277
1.239
1.202
1.166
1.130
1.096
1.063
1.030
0.998
0.966
0.935
0.905
0.875
0.846
0.817
0.789
0.761
0.733
0.706
0.679

1.589
1.544
1.500
1.457
1.416
1.376
1.337
1.299
1.262
1.226
1.190
1.156
1.123
1.090
1.068
1.026
0.995
0.965
0.935
0.906
0.877
0.849
0.821
0.793
0.766
0.739

1.732
1.687
1.643
1.600
1.559
1.519
1.480
1.442
1.405
1.369
1.333
1.299
1.266
1.233
1.201
1.169
1.138
1.108
1.078
1.049
1.020
0.992
0.964
0.936
0.909
0.882

22/01/56

20

 P.F.

P F (
)
Original
Power
F t
Factor
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.81
00.82
8
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

Corrected Power Factor

0 80
0.80

0 81
0.81

0 82
0.82

0 83
0.83

0 84
0.84

0 85
0.85

0 86
0.86

0 87
0.87

0 88
0.88

0 89
0.89

0 90
0.90

0 91
0.91

0 92
0.92

0 93
0.93

0 94
0.94

0 95
0.95

0 96
0.96

0 97
0.97

0 98
0.98

0 99
0.99

10
1.0

0.105
0.079
0.052
0.026
0.000

0.131
0.105
0.078
0.052
0.026
0.000

0.157
0.131
0.104
0.078
0.052
0.026
00.000
000

0.183
0.157
0.130
0.104
0.078
0.052
00.026
06
0.000

0.209
0.183
0.156
0.130
0.104
0.078
00.052
05
0.026
0.000

0.235
0.209
0.182
0.156
0.130
0.104
00.078
08
0.052
0.026
0.000

0.262
0.236
0.209
0.183
0.157
0.131
00.105
05
0.079
0.053
0.027
0.000

0.288
0.262
0.235
0.209
0.183
0.157
00.131
3
0.105
0.079
0.053
0.026
0.000

0.315
0.289
0.262
0.236
0.210
0.184
00.158
58
0.132
0.106
0.080
0.053
0.027
0.000

0.343
0.317
0.290
0.264
0.238
0.212
00.186
86
0.160
0.134
0.108
0.081
0.055
0.028
0.000

0.371
0.345
0.318
0.292
0.266
0.240
00.214
0.188
0.162
0.136
0.109
0.083
0.056
0.028
0.000

0.399
0.373
0.346
0.320
0.294
0.268
00.242
0.216
0.190
0.164
0.137
0.111
0.084
0.056
0.028
0.000

0.429
0.403
0.376
0.350
0.324
0.298
00.272
0.246
0.220
0.194
0.167
0.141
0.114
0.086
0.058
0.030
0.000

0.460
0.434
0.407
0.381
0.355
0.329
00.303
303
0.277
0.251
0.225
0.198
0.172
0.145
0.117
0.089
0.061
0.031
0.000

0.492
0.466
0.439
0.413
0.387
0.361
00.335
335
0.309
0.283
0.257
0.230
0.204
0.177
0.149
0.121
0.093
0.063
0.032
0.000

0.526
0.500
0.473
0.447
0.421
0.395
00.369
369
0.343
0.317
0.291
0.264
0.238
0.211
0.183
0.155
0.127
0.097
0.066
0.034
0.000

0.563
0.537
0.510
0.484
0.458
0.432
00.406
06
0.380
0.354
0.328
0.301
0.275
0.248
0.220
0.192
0.164
0.134
0.103
0.071
0.037
0.000

0.604
0.578
0.551
0.525
0.499
0.473
00.447
0.421
0.395
0.369
0.342
0.316
0.289
0.261
0.233
0.205
0.175
0.144
0.112
0.079
0.041
0.000

0.652
0.626
0.599
0.573
0.547
0.521
00.495
95
0.469
0.443
0.417
0.390
0.364
0.337
0.309
0.281
0.253
0.223
0.192
0.160
0.126
0.089
0.048
0.000

0.712
0.685
0.659
0.633
0.609
0.581
00.555
555
0.529
0.503
0.477
0.450
0.424
0.397
0.369
0.341
0.313
0.283
0.252
0.220
0.186
0.149
0.108
0.060
0.000

0.855
0.829
0.802
0.776
0.750
0.724
00.698
698
0.672
0.646
0.620
0.593
0.567
0.540
0.512
0.484
0.456
0.426
0.395
0.363
0.329
0.292
0.251
0.203
0.143
0.000

22/01/56

21

14..5
14

P.F.
1.
- PP.F.
F

kVA
-
-

22/01/56

22


14.5
14 5
Real or Active Power ( kW )

Apparent Power ( kVA )

P.F.

Power Factor ( % )

60

70

80

90

100

Real or Active Power ( kW )

600

600

600

600

600

Reactive Power ( kVAR)

800

612

450

291

Apparent Power ( kVA)

1,000

857

750

667

600

22/01/56

23


14.6
14 6
Apparent Power ( kVA )
Real or Active Power ( kW )
P.F.

Power Factor ( % )

60

70

80

90

100

Real or Active Power ( kW )

360

420

480

540

600

Reactive Power ( kVAr )

480

428

360

262

Apparent Power ( kVA )

600

600

600

600

600

22/01/56

24

2.

= 3 I ( R cos + X sin )

I
R
X

22/01/56

=
=
=
=

( A )
( )

( )

P.F
PF

P.F.
P F

25

 14.7

3
37 kW , 380 V
75 A P.F. 82 %

150 m
50 mm2 P.F.
95 %

P.F.
PF
R = 0.424 / km

X = 0.284
0 284 / km

22/01/56

26


P.F.
cos
1
sin1
V =

22/01/56

=
=

0.82
0.572

3 X 75 X (

0.424
1000

X 150 X 0.82 +

0.284
1000

X 150 X 0.572)

27

 P.F.
I

75 x 0.82 / 0.95

Cos 2
Sin 2

=
=
=

64.7 A
0 95
0.95
0.312

V =

=
22/01/56

3 X 64.7 X (

0.424
1000

X 150 X 0.95 +

0.284
1000

X 150 X 0.312)

8.26 V

28



% V ( )

% Transformer Imprdance
= Capacitors kVAR X
Tranformer kVA
U
t
= kVAR
kVA

22/01/56

29


14.8
14 8
Capacitors 200 kVAR 1,000 kVA
Ut = 6%

kVAR x U
t
% V ( ) =
kVA

22/01/56

200 6
1000

1.2 %

30

3.


P.F.
P.F.
% Loss Reduction = 100 x [ 1 - ( P.F1 / P.F2 ) 2 ]
Loss Reduction = Loss at P.F.1 x [ 1 - ( P.F1 / P.F2 ) 2 ]
22/01/56

31

22/01/56

P.F. = 0.6
P.F. = 0.85
50 %

32

 14.9

1,000 kVA , 22 kV/400-230 V
600 kW , 800 kVAR P.F. 95 %

P.F. = 13,500 W

22/01/56

33


P.F.
kVA =

P.F.1

22/01/56

kW 2 + kVAR 2
2

600 + 800

1,000

kW / kVA

600 / 1000

0.6

34


P.F.
P.F2

0.95

Loss Reduction

Loss at P.F.1 x [ 1 - ( P.F1 / P.F2 )2 ]

13,500 x [ 1 - ( 0 .6 / 0.95 )2 ]

, W
8,115

22/01/56

35

Capacitors
-

Dry Type Capacitors

- Dielectric
Polypropylene Foil
( Metallized Film )
- (
-
Self Healing
-

22/01/56

36


LV Capacitors
C it
- Capacitors Capacitance
- Capacitance Capacitors F ( Farad )
F ( Micro Farad )

1
XC =
2 f C
22/01/56

37

U
I = C = 2 f CU
C X
C
C

= UC IC = 2 f C U2C
2
2 f C U C
kVAR =
1000
VAR

22/01/56

38

 Capacitor 50 kVAR , 400 V ,

IC , XC , C , per phase
IC = 50 x 1000 / ( 3 x 400 )
= 72.2 A
XC = VC / IC
= ( 400 / 3 ) / 72.2
= 3.2 / ph
C = 1 / ( 2 x f x XC )
= 1 / ( 2 x 50 x 3.2
32)
= 995 F ( Y )
= 332 F ( )

22/01/56

39

- Reactive Power Capacitors

kVAR
-

kVAR2 = kVAR1 ( V2 / V1)2

22/01/56

40


14.10
14 10
Capacitors
80 kVAR , 525 V.
V
400 V

Reactive

22/01/56

41

kVAR2 = kVAR1 ( V2 / V1 ) 2
= 80 ( 400 / 525 ) 2
= 46 kVAR

22/01/56

42

14..7
14
P.F.
P F ( Method
M h d off Compensation
C
i )
Capacitors
P.F.
P F

4

1 Individual Compensation
1.
2 Group Compensation
2.
3. Central Compensation
4. Combined Compensation
22/01/56

43

 P.F.

PF

4

P.F.
-
( Individual Compensation )
-
( Group Compensation )
-
( Central Compensation )
22/01/56

44


Capacitors
C it

22/01/56

45

1 ( Individual Compensation )
-
Reactive Power

-
-
Reactive Power

22/01/56

46

2
( Group Compensation )
-
- P.F.
Capacitors
-

22/01/56

47

3
3.
(Central
(C t l CCompensation)
ti )
-

- Reactive Power
- P.F. Capacitors

-
Manual Control
Automatic Control
22/01/56

48

4
4.

( Combined
C bi d CCompensation
ti )
-

P.F.
Individual Compensation
- P.F.
Group Compensation
-
P.F.

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49

14..8
14
Capacitors
C it

- P.F.

Reactive Power
- Capacitors
p

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50

 Capacitors

- Capacitors
- Power Factor Controller ( P.F.C. )
-

-

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51

 P.F. Automatic
Capacitors 50 kVAR 6
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52

 Capacitors
1)
( Multi Step Operation )
- Capacitors

-
Capacitors
Program

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53

 14.2 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1
Stage
Capacitor
1

10

10

10

10

10

10
kVAR

X
10

20

30

40

50

60

- Capacitors
-

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54

 14.3 1 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 2

Stage
Capacitor
1

10

20

20

20

20

20
kVA
R

X
X

10

20

30

10

11
X

40

500

60

700

80

90

100 110

- Capacitor 1 2
- kVAR
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55

 14.4 1 : 2 : 4 : 4 : 4

Stage

10

11

12

13

14

15

Capacitor
1

10

20

40

40

40

kVAR

22/01/56

X
X

X
X

10

20

30

40

50

X
X

60

70

X
X

X
X

120

130

140 150

80

90

100 110

- Capacitor 1 2
4

56

2 )
2.)

(C li O
(Cyclic
Operation)
ti )

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14.10 (Cyclic Operation)

57

Cyclic Operation
- Capacitor
- P.F. PFC Capacitor
1 , 2 , 3
- Reactive Power
PFC Capacitor
p
1
- Reactive Power
PFC
4 , 5

- PFC 2 , 3
-
C it

Capacitors
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58

 CB , Fuse Capacitors

IC

=
=

1.3 x 1.1 x In
1.43 In

=
=

(A)
Capacitors (A)

IC
In

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59

 CB , Fuse
ICB = IFuse

22/01/56

1.3 x 1.15 x In

1 495 In
1.495

1.50 In

60


14.11
14 11
Capacitors 50 kVAR, 400 V
Fuse

In =
=
IC =
=
22/01/56

( 50 x1000 ) / (3 x 400 )
72 A
1.43 x 72
103 A

61

3 x 50 mm2 (119 A)

Fuse , CB
IFuse = 1.50 x 72
= 108 A
Fuse 125 A
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62

 14.12

1000 kVA,
kVA PP.F.
F 80 % Lagging

- 85 % Lagging
- 90 % Lagging
- 95 % Lagging

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63

Capacitors

P.F. = 80% Lagging

= cos-1 0.8
08
= 36.9
kW = kVA x P.F.
= 1000 x 0.8
= 800

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64

85 % Lagging
P.F. 85% Lagging = cos2
2 = cos-1 0.85 = 31.8

kVAR

= kW x ( tan 36.9 tan 31.8 )

= 800 x ( tan36.9 tan 31.8 )
= 104.6 kVAR

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65

90 % Lagging
P.F. 90% Lagging =
2 =

22/01/56

kVAR

cos2
cos-1 0.90 = 25.8

kW x ( tan36.9
36 9 tan25.8
2 8 )

800 x ( tan36.9 tan25.8 )

214 kVAR

66

95 % Lagging
P.F. 95% Lagging =

kVAR

cos-1 0.95

kW x ( tan36.9 tan18.2 )

800 x ( tan36.9 tan18.2 )

335 kVAR

18.2

C it
Capacitors

30%
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67

 14.13

1600 kVA
Capacitors

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68


kVAR =
=
=

30 %
0.30 x 1600
480 kVAR

Capacitors 50 kVAR 10
50 x 10 = 500 kVAR

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69

14..12 Harmonic
14

Harmonic

Non-linear Loads

( Power Quality )

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70

 Harmonic

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
THD

THD(%) =

22/01/56

H 2
C n
n= 2
C1

x 100

71


n = Harmonic
H = Harmonic
C =
Cn
Harmonic
H
i
n ( V , A )
C1 = Fundamental Frequency ( V , A )

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72




i = 110sin t + 33sin 3t +20sin 5t + 13sin 7t
THD

THD = ( 332+202+132) / 110

= 0.3702 x 100
= 37.02 %

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73

 Harmonic

( Non-linear Loads )
Harmonic Non-linear Loads 3
- Power Electronics
- Ferromagnetic Devices
- Arcing Devices
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74

1. Power Electronics

- Rectifiers
- Variable Speed Driver
- UPS
- Inverter

22/01/56

75

2. Ferromagnetic Devices

- Transformers
- Magnetic Ballasts

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76

3. Arcing Devices

- Arc Furnaces

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77

 Harmonic
Harmonic

1 Rectifiers
1.
Misfiring Thyristers
2. Motors
Hamonic Torque

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78

3. Transformers
Stress
4. Control Equipment

5. Neutral
Harmonic Neutral Overload

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79

 Harmonic Capacitors
Capacitors
I c = U / Xc ,

1
XC =
2 f C

= 2fCU

Capacitors
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80

 Capacitive Reactance
Harmonic Capacitors
Harmonic

Heating Dielectric Stress

p

Capacitor

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81

 Harmonic

Harmonic

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82

Harmonic 4
- Standard Banks
- Overrated Banks
- Detuned Banks
-
Tuned Banks

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83


Standard Banks
Harmonic
10-15

10 15 %
THD
5 %
Capacitors
p
Banks

400V , 415V

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84


Overrated
O
Banks

Harmonic
Capacitors Banks

Banks

440 V , 480 V, 500 V 525 V

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85


Detuned
D t d BBanks
k

Harmonic 20-50%
THD 10-20%

10 20%
Filter Detuned Filter Banks.

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86


Tuned
T d BBanks
k

Harmonic
Harmonic

Filter Tuned Filter Banks.

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87

Detuned Filter
Detuned Filter Filter

Reactor Capacitors
Tuned Resonance

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88

 Filter

Filt
Harmonic
H
i Tuned
T d
Resonance
nrs =

XC
XL

nrs = Harmonic
XC = Capacitive Reactance Capacitors
XL = Inductive Reactance Reactor
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89

Reactor Capacitors
Reactance

% XC
nrs =

XC
=
XL

100
% XL

Reactor XL = 7 %
Resonance frequency , f = 50 Hz
nrs = ( 100 / 7 ) = 3.78
3 8
frs = 3.78 x 50 = 189 Hz
22/01/56

90

 Tuning
T i FFrequency

Detuned Filter

22/01/56

% XL

nrs

frs ( Hz )

5.67
6
7

4.20
4 08
4.08
3.78

210
204
189

91


1)

2)

3)
Capacitors


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92

()
4) Capacitors

5)) ((Cycle
y Operation)
p
)
Capacitors
6) 600 kW,
800 kVAR P.F.
7) Phaser Diagram P.F. Lagging
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93

()
8) 1000 kVA, P.F.= 70% Lagging

P.F. = 100%
%
Capacitors
9) Capacitors 100 kVAR, 400 V, 3 ph

10) Capacitors 100 kVAR, 400 V, 3 ph

370 V, Reactive Power

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94

()
11) Capacitors

12)) Capacitors
p
25 kVAR,, 400 V,, 3 pph

13) Capacitors 100 kVAR, 400 V, 3 ph

Fuse

22/01/56

95

()
14) 1250 kVA, 22 kV/400 -230 V

Capacitors
15) Harmonic Capacitors
Overrated Banks

16) Detuned Filter Reactor 6.5%

Tuning Frequency
22/01/56

96