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Giao Trinh Kiem Tra Khong Pha Huy Vinamain 9364
Giao Trinh Kiem Tra Khong Pha Huy Vinamain 9364
Vinamain.com
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GIO TRNH:
MC LC
Trang
CHNG 1: GII THIU PHNG PHP KIM TRA KHNG
PH HY
1.1
1.2
2.1
14
2.2
20
2.3
28
2.4
40
2.5
44
2.6
49
2.7
50
52
55
67
1. MC CH
Gio trnh ny s gip cc k s c kh nm c tng quan v cc phng php kim
tra khng ph hy nh my cng nghip.
2. PHM VI P DNG
Gio trnh ny tham kho cho cc k s c kh lm cng tc bo dng thit
b trong nh my cng nghip nh du kh, in lc, ha cht, v.v
3. TI LIU THAM KHO
Handbook Of Nondestructive Evaluation, Chuck Hellier
Practical Non-Destructive Testing, B Raj, T Jayakumar And M
Thavasimuthu.
Ultrasonic Transducers For Nondestructive Testing, Silk, M.G.
Nondestructive Testing, Cartz, L.
Ghi ch: SM: Strain Measurement, Sump: Replica Method, EVA: Extreame Value
Analysis
2. Gii thiu cc phng php
- Kim tra bng th gic v quang hc (VT)
Kim tra bng th gic lin quan n vic s dng i mt ca mt nhn vin kim tra
tm khuyt tt. Nhn vin kim tra cng c th s dng cc cng c c bit nh
knh lp, gng, hoc borescopes (dng c quang hc c n dng kim tra bn
trong ng) tip cn gn hn im kim tra. Kim tra bng th gic c th kim tra
mc t n gin n rt phc tp theo cc qui trnh.
Borescopes c gn my nh
Nguyn l:
L phng php thm thu lng: Dng ng dng ca hin tng mao dn:
- Trc tin, ta phi lm sch b mt vt kim, khi cc cht bn s c loi b v
khng che lp nhng khuyt tt h ra b mt.
- Sau ngi ta s xt mt lp cht thm thu, lp cht thm thu ny s i vo v
nm trong cc khuyt tt h b mt. C hai loi cht thm thu l cht thm thu
kh kin (c mu nhn thy c di nh sng thng) v cht thm thu hunh
quang (ch nhn thy khi chiu nh sng en).
- Ch mt thi gian cht thm thu i su vo khuyt tt.
- Sau , ta lm sch cht thm d trn b mt bng cht ty ra. Cn lu trong qu
trnh loi b cht thm d trn b mt, khng c xt trc tip cht ty ra ln b mt
vt kim trnh trng hp cht thm thu trong khuyt tt cng b lau sch.
- Sau , ngi ta p cht hin ln b mt vt kim. Cht hin c tc dng ht cht
thm thu ng li trong khuyt tt ln b mt vt kim nh hin tng mao dn
ngc.
- Lc ny nh tnh cht nhn thy (nhum mu, hay nhn thy di nh sng cc tm)
th ngi ta c th pht hin v nh gi khuyt tt.
- Cui cng, sau khi nh gi khuyt tt, ta s dng cht ty ra lm sch vt kim.
Kim tra thm thu mu l mt phng php kim tra khng ph hy dung pht
hin cc khuyt tt m trn b mt, chng hn nh nt, chng mi hoc r kh m
khng th pht hin c bng mt thng. Cht lng thm thu c ph ln trn b
mt v ngm vo cc khuyt tt. Sau mt thi gian, n c lau i. Mt cht hin hnh
khc c xt ln b mt v nhng khuyt tt, ti cht nhum mu ngm vo s
hin ra. Nhng vt ny gi l cc ch th. Tiu ch chp nhn c nh ngha l mc
ln, nh no ca ch th th c chp nhn.
Kim tra thm thu mu c dung ch yu cho tch lp, mi hn v vng nh hng
nhit
Khi gii quyt vn giy php khai thc v duy tr vic phng nga ca cng vic
xy lp trong k thut, kim tra v th khng ph hy l k thut khng th thiu.
Kim tra v th khng ph hy cng l chn la cn thit khi cht lng, tit kim,
m bo trong kinh doanh v an ton c u tin cho c thit b ang vn hnh hay
xy mi. Kim tra v th khng ph hy gim thiu ri ro r r hoc cc khuyt tt
nhm tng cng tnh ton vn trong kinh doanh v tnh an ton trong xy lp v tit
kim chi ph.
Cc v d:
- Mi hn
- Bulong
K thut gc beam
Qu trnh kim tra siu m l vic truyn sng m bc sng ngn, tn s cao vo
trong vt liu nhm xc nh khuyt tt hoc/v o b dy vt liu, cng nh pht hin
n mn.
Thit b kim tra siu m truyn thng lm vic trn nguyn l l gi mt lung xung
siu m cao t mt my bin nng c tay cm c t trn vt cn kim tra. Sng
c truyn i v mt phn b phn hi li khi gp cc khuyt tt hoc khi chm n
thnh bn kia ca vt cn siu m. Vic ghi nhn v phn tch sng phn hi th hin
ln trn mn hnh di dng bin xung v thi gian phn hi s c c cc thng
tin hu ch c. Bng cch o sng ny, ngi vn hnh nhiu kinh nghim c th
nhn din v tr v hng ca cc khuyt tt cng nh b dy vt liu mt cch tng
ng. Tiu ch chp nhn c nh ngha l mc ln, nh no ca ch th th c
chp nhn.
K thut 2 u o
Phn mm la chn
Phn mm DAC/TVG
Cc ph kin tu chn khc
V cao su bo v PLUS/RPC
Ming dn bo v mn hnh (LCD) EPLT/DP
B nh m rng EPLT/MEM
Chng trnh giao din GageView Pro
Hnh ny bn thy khi cun dy i qua im khuyt tt th xut hin tn hiu v trn
mn hnh (3 mu ng vi 3 im khuyt tt). Khi dch chuyn cun dy s c s thay
i ca t trng.
Chi tit kim tra cng di v ng nht theo mi hng th dng in xoy cng s
ng nht v cng mt phng. Nu c mt vi vi khuyt tt nh mt vt nt chng
hn, dng in xoy s b ngt qung v khi s xut hin nt t qung t nhng
dng cung trn bnh thng. Ngy nay cc k thut vin NDT s dng cc thit b
kim tra dng in xoy khc nhau, trong c thit b ch n gin l cc cun dy
c qun trn mt ming kim loi. Ngoi ra cn c cc thit b s dng cc u d
c bit, nh hnh th nghim trn, v y vo trong ng ca cc thit b trao i
nhit.
hnh bn cc k thut vin ang thc hin kim tra cc ng trao i nhit bng
phng php dng in xoy. Cc trao i nhit ny c s dng trong cc nh my
in ht nhn. Nc phng x t mt l phn ng c tun hon qua bn trong cc
ng trao i nhit v nhit c ly i bi nc lm mt i bn ngoi ng l nc
sng hoc nc t h cha, sau khi i lm mt, nc ny s c chy tr li v sng
h. iu ht sc quan trong l nc phng x v nc lm mt khng c trn ln
vi nhau. Chnh v vy m cc k thut vin s dng phng php dng in xoy
trong cc ng trao i nhit tm v pht hin cc cc khuyt tt trc khi xut hin
s r r bn trong ng.
Kim tra mi hn bng phng php dng xoy
Tm quan trng ca vic kim tra mi hn
Cht lng ca cc mi hn tr nn ngy cng quan trng v s mong ch ca khch hng
ngy cng tng. Cc sn phm v cc chi tit u c mong i l c cht lng cao v
khng b hng t xut ngoi d kin.
Nhng hng hc gy hu qu nghim trng v mt ti chnh v x hi c th c ngn chn
bng nhng k thut kim tra thch hp.
Kim tra cc mi hn cng c th gp phn lm gim gi thnh bi v pht hin c cc
khuyt tt cc giai on u ca qu trnh gia cng, gim chi ph cho vic tr li ca khch
hng v ko di tui th ca chi tit bng pht hin v sa cha bt c cc khuyt tt.
Kim tra khng ph hy bng phng php dng xoy l ng tin cy, nhanh v chi ph
khng ln thc hin bo dng v m bo an ton. Cc loi thit b dng xoy ca hng
Hin th : C th thay i module hin th: Hin th dng mn hnh in quang sng cao;
mn hnh n sc tinh th lng v mn hnh hin th mu tinh th lng.
Nhit hot ng : -100 n 550 C
Nhit bo qun : -510 n 710 C
m : 5 n 95%
Phn cp : Da trn tnh nng k thut cp 2 t ti liu MIL-PRF-28800F
cao hot ng : cao hot ng ti a cho php v khng hot ng 4600m
Hot ng trong khu vc nguy him : Hot ng an ton trong kh quyn c p sut pht n
c ch r trong cp I, on 2, nhm D, cng nh c ghi trong m ti liu ca hip hi
chy n M (National Fire Association) (NFPA 70), phn 500 v c kim tra s dng
chun qun i M MIL-STD-810E, phng php 511.3, quy trnh 1.
Ngun nui
Yu cu v ngun nui : t 85 n 240 V, 50- 60 Hz. Thi gian xc 4 gi
Bo pin yu : Hin th bo pin yu trn mn hnh
Thi gian hot ng ca pin : ln n 8 gi
o dn in
Tn s : 60 kHz hoc 480 kHz
Loi u d : u d o dn in NORTEC
c tnh o dn in : o dn in trong di t 0.9% n 110% IACS hoc 0.5 n 64
MS/m. chnh xc trong khong +/- 0.5% IACS v trong khong +/- 1.0% i vi cc gi
tr ln hn 62%. t hoc vt tiu chun BAC 5651.
o chiu dy lp ph khng dn in : trong di t 0 0.38 mm vi chnh xc +/0.025 mm
M t u d quay
Tnh tng thch : thit b c th vn hnh cng vi cc loi m t u d quay ca Nortec
v nhiu hng khc
Nortec 2000S+ l loi thit b dng xoy hai tn s, gii tn rng, mn hnh mu, tnh nng
cao p ng yu cu kim tra pht hin cc vt nt trong ng ng hoc cc kt cu, pht
hin cc khuyt tt rt nh trong cc kt cu hng khng...
Chp nh phng x l qu trnh hng cc tia phng x ti vt cn kim tra, xuyn qua
n v to nh trn phim. Phim s c em i ra v hnh nh s hin ln di dng
bng m gia cc mu trng v en.
Chp nh phng x thng gm ngun, v d nh tia X, ngun Gamma cng nh cc
phng php mi hn nh chp nh phng x thi gian thc, vi tnh ha, v tnh ha
ct lp. Mt gii php c khng th p ng tt c cc yu cu chp nh phng x.
Vic la chn ng ph thuc vo cc ng dng c th. Chng ta phi xem xt n cc
iu kin sau y: iu kin chiu chp, yu cu cht lng nh v nng sut chp
cng nh l mc chp nhn ca cc tiu chun quc t trong iu kin cng nghip
ca chng ta.
Phng php chp nh phng x truyn thng l mt phng php kim tra khng ph
hy s dng tia X hoc tia Gamma pht hin cc bt lin tc bn trong, dng o
b dy v pht hin n mn. Vi vic kim tra bng chp nh phng x, vt liu c
chp vi tia ng nht t ng v phng x hoc my chiu tia X, song song , mt
phim m bn c nh v pha sau vt liu cn chp. Sau khi ra phim, s khc nhau
v chiu dy v t trng (vd: khuyt tt vt liu) s bc l s khc nhau sng ti. Tiu
ch chp nhn c nh ngha l mc ln, nh no ca ch th th c chp nhn.
Tuy nhin, phng php chp nh phng x truyn thng c nhng hn ch nht nh
v knh thc v ti sn xut ca n. iu ny th chp nh phng x vi tnh ha khc
phc c. Vic thc hin chp nh phng x vi tnh ha cng tng t nh chp nh
phng x truyn thng, tuy nhin, n c mt s u im quan trng.
Chp mi hn
V d v chp RT
Kim tra ht t l mt phng php kim tra khng ph hy nhm pht hin cc
khuyt tt trn b mt hoc ngay bn di b mt kim loi. y l k thut nhanh v
ng tin cy pht hin v nh v cc vt nt b mt.
T thng c gi vo trong vt liu. Ti nhng ch bt lin tc, hnh thnh nn s r
t trng. Bt st t c phun ln trn b mt, nhng ch ny hp dn bt st t.
Chiu di ca cc bt lin tc c th c pht hin trn vn. Kim tra ht t khng
cho bit c chiu su ca cc bt lin tc. Tiu ch chp nhn c nh ngha l
mc ln, nh no ca ch th th c chp nhn.
Kim tra ht t c s dng trong hu ht cc kim loi c t tnh, chng hn nh thp
cc bon, hp kim thp v gang. Mc ch chnh ca th ht t l cho cc mi hn v
vng nh hng nhit. N c th p dng cho cc b mt khng qua v sinh v kh
th, nhng nh vy th nhy s gim i. Kim tra ht t hunh quang c s dng
khi yu cu nhy mc cao nht.
Cc phng php:
- Phng php Yoke
Cc bc tin hnh:
X l b mt
T ha
Bi bt t
Quan st
Kh t
Cc ng dng:
Hnh Kim tra MT bn p lc v kt qu cc vt nt l ra di n hunh quang
Lin quan ti nhng giy php khai thc v bo tr cc lp t k thut, phng php
th nghim v kim tra khng ph hy (NDT/NDE) l nhng k thut khng th thiu
c. Th nghim v kim tra khng ph hy cng cung cp s m bo cn thit khi
mun m bo cht lng, tit kim chi ph, an ninh v an ton kinh doanh cho c vic
lp t mi hoc c sn. Phng php th nghim v kim tra khng ph hy gim
thiu ri ro r r hay nhng khuyt tt khc, lm tng tnh ton vn an ton trong lp
t v tit kim chi ph.
PH LC 1:
ON-STREAM INSPECTION - PHNG PHP KIM NH THIT B
TRONG TNH TRNG H THNG THIT B VN ANG VN HNH
1. nh ngha
On-stream inspection l 1 khi nim c dng trong API 510 (API American
Petrolium Institute) ch phng php kim nh thit b trong tnh trng h thng
thit b vn ang vn hnh. K thut ny, v bn cht l 1 li ch ca Risk base
inspection (phng php kim nh da trn h s ri ro).
Nguyn tc thc hin l dng nhng bin php kim tra khng ph hy thay th cho
vic th thy lc v khm trong. lm c iu ny, i khi cn c s chun b
ngay t khi thit k v ch to h thng thit b.
2. ng dng
On-stream inspection c bit hu ch trong trng hp m chi ph ca vic dng h
thng l qu cao (sn phm h hi, nh hng nng n n nhng dy chuyn sn xut
khc, chi ph cn chnh khi khi ng li h thng cao). V d tt cho nhng h
thng loi ny l h thng s l kh thin nhin cho nhng nh my nhit in. p lc
ca vic cung cp nng lng in khng cho php h thng ngng trong thi gian
di thc hin vic kim nh thng thng. Trong 1 s trng hp khc, vic lm
sch mi cht bn trong bnh, bn khm trong c th to ra "1 thm ha mi
trng" nh bn Amoniac vi nghn khi...
3. Khi no c th p dng on-stream inspection
i vi 1 thit b p lc, vic b qua khm trong ch c chp thun khi thit b tha
mn 1 s iu kin nht nh. Hy xem nhng qui nh ny trong API 510:
Khi tc n mn tng th l nh hn 0,125 mm/nm, tui th cn li ca thit b
ln hn 10 nm v tt c nhng iu kin sau y c tha:
* c tnh n mn ca mi cht lm vic c kho st t nht 5 nm trn thit b
ang kim tra hoc ly tc n mn kho st c trn 1 thit b v mi cht
tng t.
* Khng pht hin vn g trong qu trnh khm ngoi.
* Nhit vn hnh ca kim loi khng vt qu gii hn di ca vng nhit mi
v nhit ca kim loi.
* Thit b khng nghi ng b nt hay b n mn hydrogien.
* Khng phi l loi thit b c nhiu lp.
Trong phn trch dn trn, chng ta thy c khi nim tc n mn. Vy tc an
mn l g? Cch tnh tui th cn li da trn tc ny nh th no?
Vic theo di lin tc chiu dy kim loi thit b bng siu m cho php tnh ton tc
n mn ca h thng:
Trong :
* CR l tc n mn (mm/nm)
* t 1 l chiu dy ti thi im 1 (mm)
* t 2 l chiu dy ti thi im 2 (mm)
* T l khong thi gian tnh bng nm gia 2 thi im 1 v 2
Trn c s tc n mn trn, tui th cn li ca thit b c tnh theo cng thc:
Trong :
- T R l tui th cn li ca thit b tnh bng nm (mm)
- t a l chiu dy thc t ti thi im xt (mm)
- t r l chiu dy ti thiu cho php theo tnh ton khng c tr s b mn (mm)
Qua cc cng thc trn, c th thy tt c s ph thuc vo cch xc nh chiu dy
thit b ti cc thi im khc nhau. Vic o v tnh chiu dy trung bnh a vo
cng thc trn kh phc tp khng th trnh by trong khun kh bi vit ny.
Nh cp trn, thng s tc n mn thng c xc nh trong khong thi
gian t nht l 5 nm. iu ny c ngha l phi tin hnh theo di chiu dy thit b
ngay khi a vo s dng nu mun p dng on-stream sau 5 nm.
Cng c th thy, nu gim p sut s dng, tui th cn li s tng ln! (v lc t r
s gim xung).
Nu xt c h thng thit b, on-stream inspection c th c hiu l vic kim nh
thit b trong khi h thng vn lm vic d 1 vi b phn phi ngng c khm
nghim. Vic ny c th thc hin bng cch khi thit k, ngi ta d kin trc
nhng thit b bt buc phi khm trong sau 1 thi gian nht nh v c thit b hay h
thng d phng c th khm nghim ln lt.
Vi nhng thit b ln v phc tp, c th p dng nhng phng php kim tra khng
ph hy c bit loi tr nguy c v lm gim h s ri ro ca thit b, t dn
n khng phi ngng thit b khm trong hay th thy lc.
Mt trong nhng phng php ny l Accoustic Emission (AE). Ngi ta c th lp
cc u d lin tc theo di thit b trong qu trnh s dng. Nhng kt qu ghi li
trn my tnh s cho bit tnh trng, din bin n mn ca thnh kim loi. Kt qu phn
tch tt s l c s min th thy lc v khm trong.
Cng c th dng AE kim tra thit b trong 1 thi gian khi m thit b c nng
PH LC 2:
NG DNG PHNG PHP KIM TRA SIU M T NG THAY CHO
CHP NH PHNG X TRONG KIM TRA MI HN
Tm tt
Bi vit ny a ra cc l do k thut v s la chn siu m kim tra t ng (AUT)
thay th chp nh phng x (RT) trong kim tra cht lng mi hn. Ngoi c hai l
do v k thut v thc hnh, AUT cn l k thut thch hp hn hn cho cc phng
php phn tch d liu v vt liu hin i, c bit vi hai cng ngh mi c
thng mi ho trong nhng nm gn y l k thut thi gian truyn m nhiu x
(Time-Of-Flight Diffraction- TOFD) v siu m t hp pha (Phased Array- PA).
Chun ring ASME Code Case 2235, mt chun v AUT c s dng rng ri trn
ton cu, c th c p dng ph chun cho cho hai k thut trn, cng nh tt c
cc k thut AUT khc, nu chng vt qua c php th nh gi nng lc
(Performance Demonstration) v tt c cc yu cu k thut ca chun.
Ti liu ny cng gii thiu nhiu k thut v thit b c th tho mn c tiu chun
ring ny. Bi bo cng minh ho mt ng dng in hnh ca kim tra siu m t
ng tit kim ng k thi gian kim tra v ( v vy chi ph sn xut cng c tit
kim hn) li va c cht lng kim tra tt hn hn phng php RT.
t vn
Chp nh phng x (Radiography RT) c s dng rng ri kim tra mi hn
trong nhiu thp k qua; tuy nhin RT c cc hn ch c bn c v kha cnh k thut
ln ng dng. Cc hn ch chnh v ng dng c th c k n di y:
- Vn v an ton phng x
- Vn v cp php lm vic vi ngun phng x c bit
- Lm gin on tin trnh cng vic khi tin hnh chp
- Cc cht thi ho cht
- Tn nhiu phim chp
- Vn lin quan n bo qun v nguy c gim cht lng phim
- Nng sut lm vic tng i thp.
Khng ch cn ch n an ton, vic cp giy php cng l mt vn ln cn
phi ch trng n.
Ngoi cc hn ch trn, chp nh phng x cn c cc hn ch xut pht t nguyn l
vt l c hu ca phng php, nht l i vi cc khuyt tt dng phng bao gm:
-
Khng cho bit kch thc v su ca khuyt tt, trong khi thng s ny li
rt quan trng cho cc yu cu v nh gi ti hn k thut (ECA), c ch gy t
hay tin on xu hng pht trin ca khuyt tt.
i vi cc bn cha dy, ga thnh chp v mc c hi phng x c th rt
cao.
Gii php xut di y s dng phng php kim tra siu m t ng (AUT)
thay th RT em li nhiu li ch.
Gii php AUT
AUT khc phc hiu qu mi hn ch RT gp phi v hin nay n tr thnh la
chn c nhiu u th:
Kh nng pht hin cc khuyt tt tt hn
Kh nng xc nh c chiu su ca khuyt tt
Kt qu c th lu tr v tra sot c, khng ging nh phng php kim tra
siu m truyn thng
- Php kim tra c th tu bin theo tng loi mi hn v khuyt tt
- Tuyt i an ton cho con ngi v mi trng.
V tng th, AUT thch ng tt vi cc khi nim v ECA, c bit vi cc k thut
hn t ng. Hn na, AUT gip tc kim tra nhanh hn, kh nng pht hin
khuyt tt tt hn.
-
C rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v kh nng (xc sut) pht hin khuyt tt
(Probability of Defect Detection - POD) ca cc k thut hin hnh cc iu kin
khc nhau, v hu ht cc kt qu u cho thy AUT c kh nng kim tra tt hn.
Hnh 1 di y minh ho kt qu nghin cu c bn v kh nng pht hin khuyt tt
ca cc phng php NDT ca Vin Hn c (1). Cn ch rng cc kt qu v kh
nng pht hin khuyt tt thc t ph thuc vo cc mu, cc khuyt tt, quy trnh, cc
phng php k thut, v th s c s khc nhau v kh nng pht hin khuyt tt.
Thng qua cc d liu c thng k qua cc kim tra/th nghim c bit ny, ta c
th thy TOFD c xc sut pht hin khuyt tt cao hn hn k thut xung vng t
ng . Tuy nhin, gn y, cn c thm nhiu thit b c th kt hp c TOFD v k
thut sung vng mang li kh nng pht hin khuyt tt tt hn.
UT th
cng
Chp nh
phng x
TOFD n
thun
AUT
TOFD kt hp
Phased Array
Kt lun
Ti liu ny ch ra rng AUT l k thut kim tra siu m t ng c chp nhn
hon ton bi Tiu chun v bn cha cao p v ni hi ca ASME qua chun ring
Code Case 2235. Tiu chun ny rt thun tin v linh hot v n yu cu s liu phi
c thu nhn y , quy trnh phi c lp thnh vn bn, v phi qua php th v
nng lc. C rt nhiu h thng thit b v k thut kim tra siu m t ng tho mn
chun ring ny, ch yu l TOFD, PA, PE v s kt hp gia chng.
Olympus NDT c mt s h thng p ng c cc yu cu ca chun CC 2235, t
cc h a knh cm tay n cc h PA cao cp cng vi rt nhiu b qut t ng v
bn t ng.
Ti liu tham kho
1. Bouma T. et al., 1996 NIL summary report no. FF 96-43, Dutch Welding Institute.
2. Charlesworth J.P. and J.A.G. Temple, 1989, Ultrasonic Time of Flight
Diffraction,
Research Studies Press.
3. BS7706, Guide to Setting Up and Calibration of the Ultrasonic Time-Of Flight
Diffraction (TOFD) Technique for the Detection, Location and Sizing of Flaws,
BSI
4. EN583_6, Nondestructive testing Ultrasonic examination - Part 6 : Ultrasonic
time of-flight diffraction technique as a method for defect detection and sizing,
European
Committee for Standardization.
5. ASTM E-2373-04, Standard Practice for the Use of the Ultrasonic Time-OfFlight
Diffraction (TOFD) Technique, ASTM July 2004.
6. ASME TOFD Code, ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section V Article 4
Appendix III, Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique, American Society
of
Mechanical Engineers, July 2004.
7. ASME Interpretation Manual, ASME B&PV Code Section V Article 4
Nonmandatory Appendix N, Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Interpretation,
2004.
PH LC 3:
PHNG PHP KIM NH DA TRN H S RI RO RBI
Gii thiu:
Trong phng php kim nh c p dng hin nay ti Vit nam cng nh nhiu
nc khc trn th gii, ni dung cng vic kim nh v thi hn kim nh c quy
nh mt cch c nh trong cc tiu chun, quy phm. Cho n nay, cch tip cn ny
- c tn gi l time based inspection chng t s tin cy ca n trong vic m bo
an ton cho thit b .
Tuy nhin, vic vn dng phm vi v thi hn kim nh nh nhau cho cc thit b c
nhng iu kin vn hnh v qui m khc nhau dn n lng ph khng cn thit trong
nhiu trng hp v thiu thn trng cn thit cho nhiu trng hp khc. Vi s pht
trin khng ngng cc k thut v l thuyt kim nh, cc t chc ng kim, cc
vin tiu chun v tp on cng nghip quc t nh DNV, API, ASME, ExxonMobil
v.v. pht trin phng php kim nh da trn ri ro - risk based inspection (RBI),
trong ni dung cng vic kim nh v thi hn kim nh c xc nh da trn
s phn tch ri ro ca thit b.
nh ngha:
-Tham s ri ro l s lng ha mc nguy him c tnh ton di dng tch s
kh nng xy ra (Likelihood possibility) v tm mc nh hng (consequence) ca
s kin (ND: s kin xy ra s c).
- RBI l cng c c tnh h thng gip ngi s dng a ra nhng quyt nh c lin
quan n chi ph kim nh v bo tr.
RBI c kh nng:
- nh gi kt qu kim nh hin ti xc nh u tin ca nhng cng tc kim
nh tip theo.
- nh gi nhng k hoch tng lai c nhng quyt nh (ND: quyt nh nhng
thay i cn thit trong k hoch qun l ri ro thch ng vi k hoch thay i hay
m rng sn xut)
- nh gi cc thay i lin quan n qu trnh vn hnh c bn khi chng nh hng
n s hon ho (integrity) ca thit b.
- Ch ra nhng nhn t to ra ri ro c th b b qua trong cc phng thc kim nh
khc.
- nh ra mc kim nh ti u xt trn quan im kinh t bng cch xem xt s
cn bng gia chi ph kim nh v mc gim ch s ri ro.
- Xc nh mt "mc ri ro chp nhn c" (ND: cho tng th h thng thit b).
nh lng ri ro:
- Ri ro l tng hp ca kh nng xy ra ri ro v tm mc nh hng ca ri ro.
- Mt trong nhng cch minh ha nh lng ri ro l biu din 2 yu t kh nng v
tm mc nh hng ln h trc to X-Y
II
Bn nh lng
III
nh lng
S c th
S c th
H s ph hy t 1 n
H s ph hy t 1 n
5000
5000
Vng b nh hng, h s Vng b nh hng, tn
Tnh ton nh
hng ti chnh
ca ri ro